Motivation

Lipostatic hypothesi

(brain monitors amount ogf body fat) DNA of obese mouse lacks copies of gene called ob , called ob/ob mice. Protein encoded by ob tene = hormone telling brain that fat reserves are normal if this protein is missing, brain „thinks" fat reserves are low = animals are abnormally motivated to eat. hormone, leptin ..

Turner Syndrome X0

, konur, lágvaxnar, receding jaw, webbed neck, siruospatial and memory difficulties, ovaries abnormal, estrogen replacement therapy for breast development and menstruation. Ekki til karlmenn með eitt chromasone.

Cannon-Bard theory

, við erum döpur af því að við erum að gráta..... nýtt; emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression.

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used for:

-Diagnosing neurological condition -Conforming seizures of epilepsy -Study cognitive processes -Study sleep

A student is focusing on an essay he is writing on Abraham Lincoln. What type of attention is he using?

-Endogenous attention. -Top-down attention.

The brain controls:

All releases of steroids

Which part of the brain plays a special role in fear?

Amygdala

The assembly of macromolecules such as glycogen and triglycerides from simple precursors is called ___________

Anabolism Anabolism is a process where energy is assembled and stored either as glycogen or triglycerides (fat)

lateral hypothalamus syndrome

Anorexia

Warm- and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain?

Anterior hypothalamus

What is being described by the following: "Motor or non-fluent aphasia where patients have difficulty with speaking and repeating things, characterized with anomia, paraphrasic errors and telegraphic style of speech"?

Broca's Aphasia

What is the lipostatic hypothesis about?

Feeding behavior aims at a specific amount of body fat.

In Wernicke's aphasia the speech is __________ but comprehension is __________

Fluent - poor

BURST SUPPRESSION:

GETUR SÝNT DOWN-REGULATED BRAIN ACTIVITI EINS OG EPILEPSY, COMA...

Control of Sex Hormones by Pituitary and Hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus causes release of LH and FSH in anterior pituitary gland cells throughout anterior pituitary secrete gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

How did the surgery affect HM memory system?

H.M was seizure free after surgery d) perception, intelligence and personality remained the same e) he suffered from severe anterograde amnesia

MCH=melanin concentrating hormone

Have widespread connections in brain, esp. cerebral cortex -MCH system: motivates search for food

What change in mind did happen to Phineas Cage due to his lesion?

He became impulsive and irreverent

Hormonal Control of Sex

Hormones = chemicals released into bloodstream regulate physiological processes endocrine glands: ovaries and testes release sex hormones pituitary gland: regulates release crucial for development and function of reproductive system and sexual behavior

ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and obesity

What brain region plays a very important role in regulations of temperature, fluid, balance and energy balance?

Hypothalamus

Which brain region is essential for feeding behavior regulation?

Hypothalamus

Feeding is stimulated when neurons in periventricular zone of __________ detect a drop in level of a hormone released by fat cells:

Hypothalamus Feeding is stimulated when neurons in perivantrucular zone of hypothalamus detect a drop in level of a hormone released by fat cells.

Aphasia in Bilinguas

If you have stroke and speak two languages • order in which languages were learned • fluency achieved in each language • how recently language was used • affect consequences of stroke • language learned earlier and more fluently tends to be preserved • it seems that the second language uses different populations of neurons

What is the most common symptom of amygdala lesions in humans?

Inability to recognize the facial expression of fear

What happens when people don't believe they have free will?

Increased anti-social behaviour

Standard Model of Consolidation

Information comes through neocortex - sensory systems sent to medial temporal lobe for processing changes in synapses: synaptic consolidation

Which brain areas are part of the Default Mode Network:

Medial Prefrontal Cortex Posterior Parietal Cortex Posterior cingulate cortex

What is Broca's aphasia?

Motor or non-fluent aphasia Difficulty in speech production Maintain language comprehension

Which kind of learning involves a change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus?

Nonassociative learning

Principal Male and Female Hormones

Some hormones are proteins: cannot cross the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane act at receptors with extracellular binding sites

What is memory consolidation:

Structural changes in synapses

What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex?

THALAMUS

Glycogen reservers are found in adipose tissue. True or false?

TRUE

People with Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease show procedural memory deficits.

TRUE

Several critiques have been made on Libets work and implications for free will. One of which point to a potential bias in the readiness potential onset measurement and put into question if the readiness potential is the best indicator of spontaneous decision processes

TRUE

Lesion in parietal partial cortex can lead to neglect and have people act as if half of the universe no longer exists.

TURE

fMRI of brain areas that are rich in oxytocin, sometimes referred to as the cuddly neurotransmitter in humans, has shown brain activity to be associated with love and bonding. True or false?

TURE

What does the Cannon-Bard theory propose?

That emotional feelings can result independently from emotional expression.

What does a compatibilist believe about free will?

That free will is better conceived of as an ability to exercise agency.

What is the alternative (dualism) view of consciousness?

That mind and body are different things and can't be fully explained by the other.

Another theory states that emotional feelings can result independently from emotional expression, what theory is this?

The Cannon Bard theory

There is a theory that an individual smiles and as a consequence of that he feels happy. What theory is this?

The James Lange theory

,,We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body" describes what emotion theory?

The James-Lange theory

(from Broca)

The Limbic System, limbic lobe: ring around brain stem and corpus callosum. It is cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum, brain stem, Hippocampus, Temoral lobe, this is the Limbic lobe.

Conduction aphasia results from lesion in what brain area?

The arcuate fasciculus.

What is the role of subplate neurons?

The attract the appropriate thalamic axons to different parts of the developing cortex Subplate is a layer of neurons lying below the cortical plate early in development; when the cortical plate has differentiated into the six layers of the neocortex, the subplate disappears.

According to the James-Lange theory...

The bodkily changes cause emotion

From what region in the brain are hypophysiotropic hormones released?

The hypothalamus.

What happens when the dopamine axons passing through the lateral hypothalamus are destroyed?

The individual lacks the motivation to seek food but enjoys food when it is available.

Where are the neurons that incite the feeding behavior located in the brain?

The lateral hypothalamus

What controls engorgement and erection?

The parasympathetic division of ANS

What happens when a person has an abnormally decreased blood levels of leptin?

The person becomes obese. Leptin regulates body mass by acting directly on neurons of the hypothalamus that decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure.

What is cell differentiation?

The process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized.

Wilder Penfield:

Wake-surgeries and electrical stimulation stimulation affecting speech in terms of vocalization speech arrest speech difficulties similar to aphasia

Planum Temporale is part of:

Wernicke's area

When does the body store body fat?

When intake of energy exceeds use of energy.

Strabismus is...

When the eyes are not perfectly aligned

Vagus nerve:

When your stomach is full, mechanosensory neurons in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via which nerve?

Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory

Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory

Language disorders have ...

a genetic component

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

Function of the Default Mode Network sentinel hypothesis.

a) Decreases from DMN activity are less when person switches from rest to peripheral vision task than to foveal vision task b) DMN becomes activated when broadly monitoring peripheral visual field

What illness does EEG mostly measure?

a) Epilepsy

Which of the following applies to the default mode network?

a) Resting state brain activity b) Synchronized activity of the medial prefrontal

Humans that lack leptin _______

a) crave food b) have slowed metabolism c) become obese

Hypothalamic neurons maintain homeostasis by responding to a sensory stimulus with ...

a) somatic motor responses b) visceromotor responses c) humoral motor responses

Broca?

a. Broca area is on the left front of the cortex b. people who have vocabulary and understanding of concepts c. cannot create normal sentences

Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following?

a. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory

What is bottom-up

a. visual attention b. stimulus attracts attention without cognitive input c. color, movement, light

Imaging of Language PET or fMRI

a: generate words b: listen to story c: silently repeat sentence

Hormone leptin is released by __________ acts directly on neurons of ________________.

adipocytes, hypothalamus

Glycogen reserves are found in adipose tissue

adipose tissue

Hebb and the Cell Assembly:

all cells in assembly reciprocally interconnected activation can lead to consolidation consolidation=growth process makes reciprocal connections more effective !!1! neurons that fire together, wire together destruction of only a fraction of the cells would not eliminate memory Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected

3 types of neuronstransmitter

amin, aminoacids and peptide peptide are the biggest and build of aminoacid

6 basic of motion

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness og surprise

Ovaries and testes, activated by brain:

anterior pituitary hormones

,,Partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage" this is the definition of what?

aphasia

Cell death

apoptosis: systematic disassembly of the neuron • this is different from necrosis: • accidental death resulting from injury

Steroids

are fatty and can easily pass through cell membranes and bind to receptors within cytoplasm Concentration of receptors: steroid effects in different areas of the brain

classical conditioning

associate a stimulus that evokes a measurable response with a second stimulus that normally does not evoke this response

covert attention:

attention to objects imaged on parts of retina outside fovea

Reconsolidation Memories

can be erased after consolidation by electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) e.g. training rats in an experiment with classical conditioning retrograde amnesia induced by ECS can eliminate conditioning

,,Daughter cells migrate along thin fibers of radial glial cells" is a part of what process?

cell migration

Memory acquisition means ..

changes of firing patterns

CT

computed tomography

Long term storage depends on ...

consolidation and reconsolidation

Declarative vs. Nondeclarative Memory

declarative memories: conscious recollection ...nondeclarative memories: operates "automatically" therefore we have also the following names for... declarative memory: explicit memory nondeclarative memory: implicit memory

somatic motor response:

decreases feeding behavior

,,brain areas that always decrease their activity during any kind of activation" this is the definition of what?

default mode network

sexual dimorphism:

difference between sexes have a physiological basis behavior of males and females are quite different • finding, attracting and keeping a mate • copulating • giving birth • nursing and nurturing offspring

amnesia:

diseases or injuries cause loss of memory • concussion • chronic alcoholism • encephalitis • brain tumor • stroke movie

abnormaliti in serotonin regulation :

eating disorders anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa.

Polyandry

ein kona og margir menn

Polygyni

einn karl og margar konur

Monogamy

einn maki

Dimensional Emotion Theories

emotions (even basic emotions) can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements combined in different ways and differing amounts

Axons grow under specific ...

environmental circumstances

What hormones are essential in women for development and maturation of reproductive system?

estradiol and progesterone

Declarative Memory

facts episodic memory / events where in the brain is this information stored? memory in the brain is known as engram or memory trace

Which emotion is first of all related to the amygdala?

fear

lesions:

flattening of emotion

For what circumstances is it better to use MEG rather than EEG?

for localizing sources of neural activity particularly those deep below surface

Libet and colleagues' results undermined certain conceptions of...

free will

Frontal lobe:

frontal eye fields (FEF) connections to areas influenced by attention V2, V3, V4, MT and parietal cortex

Central Nervous System (CNS):

growth is aborted in Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): axons are capable of regeneration over long distances

What heppens when the ob gene is missing?

he brain does not know about the fat reserves in the body

born with genitals intermediate in form between male and female:

hermaphroditism

neurons generated in

hippacampus

What neuron continuously generated across life

hippocampa

London taxi driver

hippocampus is important for spatial memory

anomia

inability to find words • overlearned things can be said • e.g. days of week • telegraphic style of speeck • content words are mainly used

Anomia

inability to name things

oxytocin and vasopressin:

increase parenting behavior • spend more time with offspring • receptor is the key • administering vasopressin or oxytocin to naturally promiscous montane voles does not evoke bonding or parenting as in prairie voles • they don't have the receptors! oxytocin increases • during breastfeeding in mothers

visceromotor response:

increases tone of sympathetic division of ANS raises metabolic rate (partly by rise of temperature)

Sexual behavior is ...

influenced of genes

The effects of elevated leptin on the hypothalamus

injection of anorectic peptides αMSH or CART into brain mimics response to elevated leptin levels

selective attention:

instruction to focus on one feature

substrate

insulin level are maximal

sensitization:

intensifies responses to all stimuli, even ones that previously evoked little or no reaction

Working Memory

interest in quantification of working memories e.g. digit span test more words can be held in memory if they are • short • common • chunked nto meaningful groups • of emotional valence (negative/positive) • arousing information in WM might be converted into LTM prefrontal cortex necessary for retaining information in working memory !!

Klinefelter syndrome XXY eða XXX eða XYY

karlmenn, næstum eðlilega grein, small testes, reduced testosterone, less muscular body, less body hair, increassed breast tissue, infertility. Erfitt að fókusa, oft of þungir.

attempt to get animals to speak human

language 1940: psychologists raised chimpanzees like human children - no success 1960s: John Lily flooded a small house so that a dolphin could live around the clock with humans

(Hypothalamic regulatory response) 3. Somatic motor response

lateral hypothalamic neurons incite appropriate somatic motor behavioral response, fleira þarf að koma til. Visceromotor responses; skelfur úr kulda.... Somatic motor responses; seek generate warmth by moving, drink, eat....

habituation:

learn to ignore stimuli that lack meaning

Polygamy

marga maka

MOST IMPORTANT DESTRUCTION OF Default Mode Network are:

medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex hippocampus lateral temporal cortex

Irritable feeling:

medial thalamus, „to be about to recall a memory"(without success)

shifts in selectivity are a cellular correlate of..

memory acquisition

lesions in parietal cortex:

neglect

(Hypothalamic regulatory response) 2. Viseromotor response:

neurons in hypothalamus adjust balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) sympathetic (exiting)= automatic processes of increasing heart rate, speeding up breathing, blood flows to muscles..... parasympathetic (relaxing)= regeneration, relaxation, recovery.

overt attention:

object of interest imaged on fovea

Attention is a cue process linking together other concepts such as ...

onsciousness and cognition

hypertonicity is detected by vascular organ of the lamina terminalis:

osmometric thirst that is linked to the chemicals we have in the blood.

Subtle brain differences between prairie and montane voles:

oxytocin and vasopressin, peptide neurotransmitters synthesized in hypothalamus, released into bloodstream by neurosecretory terminals in posterior pituitary gland.

Declarative, nondeclarative, and working memory have distinct underlying ...

physiological structures

neurons in hippocampus selectively respond when rat is in a particular location in its environment microelectrode in hippocampus cell fires when rat is in a specific corner neuron is a ------- and has a ------

place cell/field

affective dimensions valence:

pleasant - unpleasant

αMSH/CART neurons:

project axons to regions of nervous system that orchestrate this coordinated response

bilateral amygdalectomy in animals:

reduced fear and aggression e.g. rats would approach a cat without fear

Temperture regultion

regulated by TSH

Rise of leptin:

release of anorectic peptides aMSH and CART from arcuate nucleus. Activate MC4 receptor, inhibit feeding behavior and increase metabolism.

retinal input of light some species:

seasonal variation in reproductive behavior

Septal stimulation:

sexual feeling.

divided attention:

simultaneously monitor all features

preoptic area of humans:

small dimorphisms research is controversial and inconclusive

Research about brain & sexuality is delayed because of ...

society's reluctance to talk about it

What cognitive processes are not associated with different RP components (Libet 1982)?

sometimes spontaneous unconsciousness

Model oscillator:

source of excitation, feedback connections, synaptic excitation and inhibition.

In the brain are ...

specialized language areas

Sperry:

split-brain animals animal sometimes acted as if they had two separate brains

hormones =

steroids synthesized from cholesterol

Fall of leptin:

stimulates release of NPY and AgRP from arcuate nucelus neurons, release of MCH and Orexin from lateral hypothalamic area. Stimulate feeding and decrease metabolism.

(Hypothalamic regulatory response) 1. humoral response:

stimulation or inhibition of release of pituitary hormones into bloodstream

conditional stimulus =

stimulus that normally does not evoke the same response

unconditional stimulus = stimulus that normally evokes the response

stimulus that normally evokes the response

Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation

systems consolidation does not ever relinquish engrams entirely to neocortex each time an episodic memory is retrieved it occurs in a context different from initial experience recalled information combines new sensory input forms a new memory trace involves both, hippocampus and neocortex explains partial loss of memory memories with multiple traces are more likely to be preserved

EEG analysis has a lots of tricks and it is necessary to have some ...

technical know-how

The hypothalamus plays a role in regulation of

temperature, fluid balance, energy balance. The hypothalamus is the ventral part of the diencephalon, involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland.

ACTH er

tengt parasympathetic activity

Sex-determining region (SRY) of the Y chromoseme, codes for protein:

testis-determining factor (TDF).

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus causes release of LH and FSH in

the anterior pituitary gland

Phineas Gage experienced an injury that changed his personality, in what brain region did this injury occur?

the left frontal lobe

Self awareness, complex planning and problem solving are all associated with what part of the brain?

the prefrontal cortex

The best indicator of spontaneous decision processes may NOT be ....

the readiness potential

critical period in brain development

time span in which specific input is needed for development

essential thing for LTP to ocur

timinig of input and EPSP

Attention directed by brain is known as?

top-down attention

What type of amnesia is described as ,,sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that lasts for a period of minutes to days" ?

transient global amnesia

Amnesia = damage to medial temporal lobe (specifically hippocampus

true

Cell Differentiation is process by which a cell takes appearance and characteristics of a neuron

true

Recording magnetic fields of neurons is just like listening to footsteps of mouse in a rock concert

true

When it comes to memory acquisition, postsynaptic spikes consistently follow induced EPSPs (Excitatory postsynaptic potential), and the synapse grows stronger. But when postsynaptic spikes consistently precede the EPSP, synapse grows weaker

true

When it comes to the long-term regulation of feeding behaviour, AgRP and aMSH act as antagonistic neurotransmitters that bind to the MC4 receptor on neurons in hypothalamus. When MC4 is activated it inhibits feeding, but when MC4 is inhibited it stimulates feeding.

true

Wisconsin card-sorting test

use memory of previous cards and errors in order to plan next card placement people with prefrontal lesions have difficulty on this task when sorting category is changed continue to sort according to rule that no longer applies similar problem: trace path through maze return to blind alleys do not learn from recent experience

volumetric thirst:

vasopressin = antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on kidneys: increase water retention

binocular rivalry:

visual effect different images are seen by two eyes perceptual awareness alternates between the two images one eye sees vertical lines other eye sees horizontal lines person will perceive alternations at random times between only vertical lines only horizontal lines sometimes patchwork of two orientations

James-Lange theory:

visual system sends image of spider to brain, brain issues commands to somatic and autonomic nervous system. Þú ferð að svitna og færð kalda fingur eða hvað sem gerist þegar þú verður hrædd. ..þú hoppar ekki úr rúminu af því að þú hræðist kóngulóna heldur verður þú hrædd vegna viðbragða líkamans...hraður hjartsláttur oþh. Samkvæmt James-Lange, getum við ekki verið reið ef ivð höfum ekki þessi lífeðlileg viðbrögð.

why is this so hard for animals?

vocal tracts are not structured to make sounds humans make chimpanzees: larynx is much higher chimpanzees use gestures and facial expressions 66 types of gestures of chimpanzees decoded - more elaborated than e.g. honey bee

arousal:

weak - strong emotion

anorectic peptides:

αMSH/CART og andstæðan er þá orexigenic peptides: NPY/AgRP

The EEG is the sum of neural activity. Neural oscillations can be linked to specific ...

• cognition and disease • disease and physiologic states • physiologic states and cognition

The Electroencephalogram

• diagnosis of neurological condition • seizures of epilepsy • research • study cognitive processes • study sleep

The hypothalamus is relevant for ...

• homeostasis • organization of coordinated visceral and somatic motor response • emotion

thirst stimulated by :

• hypovolemia= decrease in blood volume • hypertonicity= increase in concentration of dissolved substances in blood

orexigenic (feeding) peptides NPY and AgRP

• inhibit secretion of TSH and ACTH • activate parasympathetic division of ANS • stimulate feeding behavior

The brain is NOT silent when being at ...

• rest • attention night

Emotional experience is result of interaction among

• sensory stimuli and brain circuitry • past experiences • activity of neurotransmitter systems

Leptin ______

Decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure

Which actions are part of the sympathicus system:

-Inhibit salvia production -Stimulate the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and noradrenaline - Rise the heart rate -Inhibit the gallbladder In short, the sympathetic nervous system is "exciting", preparing you to either "fight or flight". Opposite of the parasympathetic nervous system that is "relaxing".

What are the immature neurons in the brain called?

-Neural precursor cells. -Neuroblasts.

What both terminates a meal and inhibits feeding for some time afterwards?

-Satiety signals. -The peptide Cholecystokinin (CCK). satiety signals and d. CCK, because CCK is one type of satiety signals.

Which of the following are part of the Nondeclarative Memory

-Skeletal musculature - Procedural memory - Emotional responses

Which of the following applies to the amygdala?

-The amygdala plays a special role in fear -Klüver-Bucy Syndrome is due to lesions in the amygdala -Lesions most commonly affect the ability to recognize fear in faces The amygdala is an almond shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe thought to be involved in emotion and certain types of learning and memory.

According to Libet's research, what criteria must be met for people to become consciously aware of electrical stimulation of the skin?

-The intensity of the stimulation must exceed a certain threshold level. -The duration of the stimulation must exceed a certain threshold level.

What are the correct applications for an MRI? Choose one or more options.

-View soft tissue -Detect ligament and tendon injuries -Detecting spinal cord injuries -Detecting brain tumours

Oxytocin increases when

-during breastfeeding in mothers -during sexual intercour

What are some of the downsides of MRI? Choose one or more options.

-patients have to lie still for 10 min - 2 hours -Patients with metallic implants, tattoos etc. are contraindicated -Can cause patients with claustrophobia discomfort

What effects does elevated leptin have on the hypothalamus

-visceromotor response: increases tone of sympathetic division of ANS, raises metabolic rate (partly by rise of temperature) - somatic motor response decreases feeding behaviour - αMSH/CART neurons project axons to regions of nervous system that orchestrate this coordinated response

Which is a consequence of leptin deficiency?

. Increased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus

2 tegundir af aggression;

1.predatory aggression, til dæmis ljón að elta bráð level of arrousal is not that high, it is not associated with high levesl of activity in sympathetic division of ANS. Ljónið þarf ekki að hafa hot head, vill bara fá að borða 2. Affective aggression, for show, hig levels of sympathetic activity, vocalization . ég er dóminnat, þetta er svæðið mitt osfv.

The Papez Circuit

1930s: limbic structures are involved in emotion Papez circuit structures are connected by major fiber tracts Papez circuit structures: limbic system tumors near cingulate cortex: fear, irritability, depression activity from neocortical areas add emotional coloring to experiences Hypothalamus: governs behavioral expression of emotion in cooperation with neocortex bidirectional communication between cortex and hypothalamus: compatible with both theories James-Lange/Cannon-Bard hippocampus: affected by rabies-virus abnormal cytoplasmic bodies, especially in hippocampus rabies: hyperemotional respones exaggerated fear and aggressiveness because hippocampus is involved in these emotions anterior thalamus: lesions cause emotional disturbances spontaneous laughing and crying

How many chromosomes do most people have?

46

What part of the brain was removed from HM brain?

8cm medial temporal lobe cortex amygdala 2/3 of hippocampus

Efferent means:

A From the brain to the body

gastic distention

A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.

Wada test?

A fast-acting barbiturate is injected into the neck and ipsilaterally carried with bloodstream into the brain, resulting in an instant paralysation of contralateral limbs. Each hemisphere is anesthetized in turn to see the impact on speech.

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

In which part in the amygdala goes information from the auditory and visual sensory system?

Basolateral nuclei

When is LH highest in women? (lutenising hormoen???)

Before egg expulsion

When did the readiness potentials begin in the brains of the participants in Libet's experiment?

Before the participants were aware of wanting to move.

Majority of neocortical neurons are born:

Between 5th week and 5th month of pregnancy

Normally menstruation occurs when ________

Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

What is stimulus that attract our attention without any cognitive input called?

Bottom up attention

What is the default mode network (DMN)?

Brain areas that are more active at rest.

Hz or lower is the condition of deep sleep in the brain. What are these rhythms called?

Delta

What is the mechanism that causes axons growing together to stick together called?

Fasciculation.

To detect cancer you need to use what kind of imaging?

CT

What is being described by the following: "Daughter cells move along thin fibres of radial glial cells and follow a radial path from ventricular zone toward surface of brain"?

Cell Migration

Body reactions to a meal:

Cephalic phase, lyktin kemur líkamlegu við brögðum af stað. parasympathetic and enteric divisions of ANS • secretion of saliva in mouth / digestive juices in stomach Gastric phase garnagaul. these responses grow more intense when starting to chew, swallow, and fill stomach with food Substrate (intestinal) phase: maginn fullur, matur á leið í þarma, næringarefnin byrjuð að fara í

Korsakoff's syndrome is the result from

Chronic alcoholism Korsakoff syndrome is caused by poor nutrition (vitamin B1 deficiency) associated with prolonged ingestion of alcohol.

The Papez Circuit goes as follows:

Cingulate cortex - Hippocampus - Hypothalamus - Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus The Papez circuit is a circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex, proposed by Papez to be an emotion system.

The Wernicke-Geschwind model of language processing predicted a form of aphasia that would result from a lesion that disconnects Wernicke's area from Broca's area while leaving both areas intact. What type of aphasia is this?

Conduction aphasia

Which type of memories are described as easily formed and easily forgotten conscious recollections. Choose one or more options.

Declarative memories

EEG RHYTHIMS:

Delta <=4HZ - deep sleep. Hægasta...frá 1 til 4 hertz SLOOOW Theta 4-7 Hz - sleep and working memory, Alpha 8-13 Hz - base rhythm, occipital, sjáum Alpha þegar við lokum augunum en hverfur þegar við opnum augun. (10 waves per sec) (er eins og klukka í heilanum??) FAAAAAST OR HIGH Mu like alpha - movement.. Læra. Beta: 15-30 Hz - movement, Gamma: 30-90 Hz - binding, motor..., Spindles: brief 8-14 Hz waves during sleep,

The slowest EEG frequency range we record:

Delta: <=4Hz - deep sleep

In Broca's aphasia the speech is _____________ but comprehension is _____________

Disturbed - intact

Which doctor was the first to perform the frontal lobotomy surgery?

Dr. Moniz

When were tens of thousands lobotomies performed?

During World War II

declarative memories

Easy to form

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Emotional experience can be independent of emotional expression.

Dimensional emotion theories

Emotions can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements combined in different ways

Female:

Estradiol and Progesterone secreted by ovaries estrogen levels increase at puberty control maturation of female reproductive system development of breasts

How do neurons of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) respond when the blood becomes hypertonic

Excite magnocellular neurosecretory cells that secrete vasopressin and stimulate osmometric thirst

Phineas Gage

Explosion: Passage of iron rod through head below left eye left frontal lobe, exited top of head 9cm hole Phineas was carried to an ox cart sat upright on ride to nearby hotel walked up a lot of stairs Infection developed a month later: Phineas was out of bed and walked personality was drastically and permanently changed before: well-balanced mind after: irreverent, indulging, impatient, capricious, little deference for fellows, obstinate, Emotions are so different Rather several systems are involved some structures involved in emotion are also involved in other functions no one-to-one relationship conclusion: limbic system is NOT the single, discrete emotion system

When a person remembers almost every day of their live they have

Extraordinary memory

Light __________ production of melatonin in pineal gland _______ gonadropin sectretion because of _______ effect of melatonin on gonadotropin release

Inhibits - increasing - inhibitory Light inhibits production of melatonin in pineal gland increasing gonadropin sectretion because of inhibitory effect of melatonin on gonadotropin release

Selective attention

Instruction to focus on one feature

What does the following symptoms describe?. Symptoms are: sweating, tremor, anxiety, dizziness, double vision, starves neurons in brain.

Insulin shock Hypoglycemia (insulin shock) happens when levels of blood sugar (glucose) are very low. If it's not treated it can cause epileptic seizures and loss of consciousness.

What does protein synthesis do?

It converts a temporary synaptic change into a long-lasting one.

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

It regulates sex hormones

Subplate neurons

LTD

What part of the brain has much to do with language?

Left hemisphere

What is being described by the following? A protein discovered in 1994 and was used for treating ob mice. This protein is released by adipocytes (fat cells) and acts directly on neurons of hypothalamus. It decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure.

Leptin

Salience map is ...?

Locations of conspicuous features

Types of Declarative Memory

Long-term memory can recall them days, months or years after being stored Short-term memory is held only for some hours vulnerable to disruption can be erased by head trauma or electroconvulsive therapy whereas long-term memory is spared by these inferences

What does an EEG show when an individual's brain is in a drugged state?

Low frequency and high amplitude.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Lætur vita að það er komið nóg af mat

Neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that receive a direct projection from leptin-sensitive cells in the arcuate nucleus contain

MCH and orexin

When localizing sources of neural activity particularly those deep below surface, it is best to use

MEG

What is the difference between an EEG (Electroencephalogram) and an MEG (Magnetoencephalography)?

MEG is better than EEG for localizing sources of neural activity , particularly neural activity that is deep below the surface.

When recording brain waves _____ is better than _____ for localizing sources of neural activity particularly those deep below surface.

MEG/EEG

A second population of lateral hypothalamic neurons with widespread cortical connections contain peptide ____________

Orexin Orexin is a type of orexigenic peptide that stimulates feeding behavior, orexin promotes meal initiation (going to the fridge, take something out..). MCH on the other hand prolonges consumption of food (when you're already eating it).

The masculinization of the fetal brain is due to...

Organizational effects (prenaltaly)

Which type of attention is this? "Object of interest imaged on fovea"

Overt attention

Behavioral Consequences of Attention ______ object of interest imaged on fovea and ________ attention to objects imaged on parts of retina outside fovea.

Overt attention/Covert attention.

What hormone seems to be necessary for females to establish a preference for their mates?

Oxytocin.

,,Visualize link between psychological processes, disorders and brain activity" is a description related to what kind of imaging?

PET

Some brain regions are said to play special role in certain emotions. If there is a lesion on the amygdala, what could occur to what emotion?

People will be less afraid

What is Wernicke aphasia?

People with Wernicke's aphasia speak fluently and grammatically correct, but what they say is complete nonsense

Bottom-up + top-down modulation together: forms a

Priority map

What type of memory is the striatum important for?

Procedural memory.

process of neurogenesis

Proliferation-migration-differenation

Who was the first man to record the electrical activity of the brain in 1875?

Richard Caton

Which hemisphere is dominant in understanding spatial relationships:

Right hemisphere

Which form is the conscious experience typically accessed through?

Self-report

According to Hebb, what happens when one is deprived of sensory experiences

Sensory deprivation inhibits neural development and inhibits normal functioning

What neurotransmitter may be involved in regulating aggression?

Serotonin

Which neurotransmitter plays a special role in Agression?

Serotonin

Which memory can be erased by head trauma or electroconvulsive therapy?

Short-term memory

Libet et al. (1983) researched a phenomenon about the brain activity that signals the readiness to initiate an act. They found that the brain evidently 'decides' to initiate, or, at the least, prepare to initiate the act at a time before there is any reportable subjective awareness that such a decision has taken place, which may indicate that there are constraints on our ability to make conscious, free decisions. What is this phenomenon called?

The readiness potential

Which of the following are associated with procedural memory?

The striatum Habit learning The T-maze task

Which part of the autonomous nervous system is responsible for orgasm?

The sympathetic division

What happens when postsynaptic spikes consistently precede the EPSPs?

The synapse grows weaker.

The autonomic nervous system was formerly called _____________ and is part of _______________

The vegetative system The peripheral nervous system.

What is special about neurons and nutrition?

They can only use glucose

What did William Levy and Oswald Steward discover about the importance of timing for LTP (Long-Term Potentiation) in the early 1980s?

They found that LTP occurred if a postsynaptic action potential occurred simultaneously with, or slightly after, presynaptic release of glutamate.

Kreiman, Koch and Fried performed a study with invasive recordings of neurons in entorhinal cortex in patients with epilepsy. What did they find? Choose one or more options.

They identified neurons that respond to specific stimuli They found a neuron that fires not only to visual stimuli but also when stimuli are imagined

What are the characterstics of Wernicke's aphasia?

Those with Wernicke's aphasia speak fluently and grammatically correct, but what they say is complete nonsense.

Antidepressant drugs that act to elevate brain serotonin levels are also effective for bulimia nervosa.

Ture

The autonomic nervous system is divided into _____ antagonistic parts with separate anatomical structures.

Two

A gene critical for normal human language has recently been discovered called FOXP2. What are the known differences between the human version of this gene and the corresponding gene in other primates?

Two amino acids

Imagine if you step on a toy. Your reflexes are that you pull your foot away immediately. What kind of a behaviour is this?

Unconscious behavior

transient global amnesia:

• sudden onset of anterograde amnesia • lasts for a period of minutes to days • often accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recent events • patient appears disoriented • consciousness is unaffected • working memory is unaffected • after attack: permanent memory gap causes: • brief cerebral ischemia • concussion • seizures • drugs (e.g. antidiarrheal drug clioquinol) • cold showers • even sex