Motivation - Ch. 12
Last year, Diana's boss promised her a big bonus if she met her goals. At the end of the year, after Diana had exceeded her goals, she found her bonus was very small. In the future, Diana's _____ will probably be ____.
instrumentality; low. Rationale: Instrumentality is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome.
When a manager stops nagging a subordinate, the manager is using
negative reinforcement. Rationale: Negative reinforcement involves taking out something negative from the situation (the nagging).
Good: You use the free employee financial advisor regularly, and each time you do, you feel good about choosing to work there.
Intrinsic Rewards
Note: When you got to work yesterday there was a note on your desk thanking you for your dedication. This made you feel satisfied with your work.
Intrinsic Rewards
Experienced meaningfulness of work Experienced responsibility for work outcomes Knowledge(Information) of actual results of the work
Three Psychological States
Desire is created to get things like food or water
Unfulfilled need
Patty prefers working alone, is comfortable taking moderate risks, and feels good when accomplishing a goal. Patty probably has a
high need for achievement. Rationale: Patty finds satisfaction in achieving her goals.
You make a choice for how to get things like food or water
Behviors
Attention:a behavior is less likely to be repeated in the future because it isn't given any attention
Extinction
Membership: Your favorite perk at your company is the complimentary membership to your local health-club-it would otherwise be really expensive to join
Extrinsic Rewards
Information tells you whether your choices worked or not
Feedback
A workplace that provides a close-knit, family culture
Love
You search for ways to get things like food or water
Motivation
These can be either intrinsic or extrinsic
Rewards
Company-provided benefits such as health insurance and pension plans
Safety
Employees feel that they are able to reach their full potential on the job.
Self-Actualization
Bethany is writing a paper for her Management class. She already has a strong A in the class, and only needs to get a C on the paper to keep her A. As she prepares the final version of the paper, she takes special care that the paper is well-written, insightful, and error-free, something that she can be proud of. Bethany is experiencing
An intrinsic reward. Rationale: Bethany is not just focused on getting an A, but finds pleasure in doing a well-done job.
How: employees are motivated at their jobs because they are given a lot of discretion about how to do their work in their supervisor doesn't micromanage them
Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory
Three: Focuses on the three needs of relatedness competence and autonomy me
Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory
Madison is going to try really hard to succeed at her project because she has a high need for achievement.
Does not apply
Ryo is not very excited about meeting his performance goals this quarter because he has compared his goals to his coworker's goals and doesn't feel they are equitable. What element of expectancy theory does this correspond with?
Does not apply
Employees receive personal, handwritten notes from their supervisors to recognize exemplary work.
Esteem
Darius isn't confident about tackling a new project because he's not at all familiar with the software platform. What element of expectancy theory does this correspond with?
Expectancy
Lucy wants to attend training before she takes on a new job role. What element of expectancy theory does this correspond with?
Expectancy
Early:an employee arrives to work 10 minutes early every day in order to get organized and be ready to go for the day everyone else at the office always arrives 15 minutes late and no one notices or cares that the employee arrives early every day the employee decides to stop arriving early
Extinction
Office: You moved to a bigger, much nicer office when you got promoted
Extrinsic Rewards
Quartar: You received a $100 gift card to your favorite restaurant after being named employee of the quarter
Extrinsic Rewards
Star: You get to use the best parking spot as a reward for being this month's star employee.
Extrinsic Rewards
Skill Variety (High Work Motivation) Task Identity (High Work Motivation) Task Significance (High Work Motivation) Autonomy (High Work Performance/Satisfaction) Feedback (Low absenteeism and turnover)
Five Core Job Characteristics
Factors: focuses on motivating in hygiene factors in a job
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Weeks: an employee hates going to work because the air conditioner has been broken for weeks and it is extremely hot in the office
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
An example is Interpersonal relationships One of the examples of Hygiene Factors is Interpersonal relationships as it is necessary for employees to have healthy working relationship with the fellow employees. Related to job context - working conditions One of the important aspects of Hygiene is the working conditions at the job, that includes, environment, job type, etc. Related to dissatisfaction It is related to Hygiene Factors as it is at one end of the spectrum in Hygiene scale Lower level needs Hygiene Factors are considered to be minimum as it is defined in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs at lower levels.
Hygiene Factors
Adnan's boss dangles rewards in front of employees as performance incentives, but sadly Adnan knows that even when employees perform well, most of them never see any actual rewards.
Instrumentality
Catalina knows that she will receive a huge year-end bonus if she meets her sales goals.
Instrumentality
Promotion: You get to use the best parking spot as a reward for being this month's star employee
Intrinsic Rewards
Valued: Winning employee of the month made you feel that you were special and that your work was valued.
Intrinsic Rewards
Continues: an employee continues working at a job because it allows him to put a roof over his family's head
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Focuses: Focuses on needs such as love esteem physiological needs safety in self actualization
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Needs: focuses on needs such as power affiliation and achievement
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
Promotion: An employee seeks out a promotion because it will allow him or her to have the authority over more workers
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
Ignored:a behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future because it is ignored an employee constantly whines
Not part of reinforcement theory
Receives: A behavior is less likely to be repeated in the future because a person receives something that she wanted when she engages in the behavior
Not part of reinforcement theory
At this time in his life, Mateo would rather have more time off than he would a bonus check. What element of expectancy theory does this correspond with?
Valence
Thu could care less about meeting her goals this quarter because the reward is a $500 Omaha Steaks gift card and Thu is a vegetarian What element of expectancy theory does this correspond with?
Valence
In Earl's department at Pencilchicken, Inc. employees get money based on how much the department has been able to save in costs. This is an example of a ____________ compensation plan.
gainsharing. Rationale: Gainsharing is the distribution of savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity
Higher-level needs Motivating Factors are considered to be growth based or additional needs as it is defined in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs at higher levels. Related to Satisfaction It is related to Motivating Factors as it is at one end of the spectrum in motivators scale An example is a responsibility One of the examples of Motivating Factors is responsibility given to the individual employees as it gives ownership of the work. Related to job content - What you do Though the working conditions, company culture and policies, salary are defined as Hygiene factors, "What one can do" is aspect of motivation and hence to be classified under Motivating Factors
Motivating Factors
Engage:a behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future because a person is relieved of something he does not enjoy when he engages in the behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Reminders:a supervisor continually reminds an employee both in person and over email about complying with the new procedure the reminders are tiresome and annoying when the company finally starts complying with the procedure of the supervisors email and personal reminders stop happening
Negative Reinforcement
A manager tells her employees that they will all be paid the same regardless of their performance levels and will not have a chance to earn bonuses. Within a few months, employees' performance levels have increased dramatically.
Not part of reinforcement theory
Continues: an employee constantly whines until he gets his way regarding everything from vacation days to the temperature in the office the organization continues to give into the employee each time he whines the employee eventually stop spending in order to get his way
Not part of reinforcement theory
Employee month salaries
Physiological
Goal: A sales employee reaches a lofty quarterly goal and receives a highly prized bonus. The sales employee plans to work even harder in the next quarter
Positive Reinforcement
Likely: a behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future because a person receives something that he or she wants when choosing to engage in the behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Reduction: an airline institutes a policy that passengers who arrived late for check-in lose their chance to choose their airplane seat within a few months there is a 75% reduction in late checkins
Punishment
Something: a behavior is less likely to be repeated in the future because a person gets something he didn't want or loses something he wanted when he engages in the behavior
Punishment