Motor Learning 7-12
In information theory, a 4-bit decision would have _____ alternatives: A.2 B.4 C.8 D.16
16
A 3-bit decision will require ________ yes/no decisions to arrive at the correct answer.
8
Based on research evidence, which of the following best describes the organization of postural muscle preparation for performing a well-learned skill? A.A flexibly organized synergy of onset orders for the muscles involved B.A randomly organized set of onset orders for the muscles involved C.A rigid temporal organization that specifies the onset order for the muscles involved D.Postural muscle preparation is not a part of the action preparation process
A flexibly organized synergy of onset orders for the muscles involved
According to Bernstein, appropriately organized practice is best described as: A.A form or repetition without repetition B.Repetition of a particular movement pattern C.Repetition of a particular pattern of neuromotor processes D.None of these
A form or repetition without repetition
Automatization of motor skills is associated with _____________ in cortical brain activity. A.A reduction B.An increase C.No change D.Strange oscillations
A reduction
Use of a transfer test evaluates this performance characteristic associated with motor skill learning: A.Adaptability B.Consistency C.Improvement D.Persistence
Adaptability
Performing a skill with a minimum expenditure of energy is usually associated with which stage of learning? A.Beginning stage B.Intermediate stage C.Advanced stage D.All stages of learning
Advanced stage
Vigilance research indicates that when we must maintain alertness over long periods of time our motor performance will: A.Always be impaired B.Be impaired only when the stimuli occur infrequently C.Improve if the stimuli have occurred infrequently D.Not be affected
Always be impaired
The playing of a guitar is a good example of performing: A.An asymmetric bimanual skill B.A symmetric bimanual skill C.A prehension skill D.A manual aiming skill
An asymmetric bimanual skill
The advantage of fast and accurate visual search while performing a motor skill is that visual search enables the performer to: A.Anticipate the action required B.Ignore the timing of the initiation of the required action C.Monitor his or her own limb movement D.Perform another task at the same time
Anticipate the action required
The term used to describe performing a skill or component of a skill without attention capacity being required is: A.Attentional focus B.Automaticity C.Limited attention capacity D.Primary task performance
Automaticity
According to Fitts and Posner, the learner moves through three stages when learning a motor skill. These are the cognitive, the associative, and the: A.Fixated B.Diversified C.Verbal D.Autonomous
Autonomous
When the context characteristics of the presentation and recall conditions in a memory test are considered, memory performance will: A.Be better the more similar the two contexts B.Be better the more dissimilar the two contexts C.Not be affected by the similarity or dissimilarity of the two contexts D.There is not enough evidence to make a conclusion
Be better the more similar the two contexts
Consider the following two prehension situations: a person reaches to pick up a cup to: (a) drink from it; (b) move it to a different location on the table. The kinematic characteristics of the transport phase for these two situations would: A. be similar B. Be different C. depend on the color of the cup D. not be predictable
Be different
Which of the follow describes why verbal labels and visual metaphoric imagery aid the learning of complex motor skill? They: A.Reduce the complexity of the skill that needs to be performed B.Change an abstract array of movements to a more meaningful form C.Direct the performer's attention to the movements to be performed D.Increase the cognitive processing requirement for learning the skill
Change an abstract array of movements to a more meaningful form
The Index of Difficulty (ID) that can be derived from Fitts' law demonstrates that the same task can have various levels of difficulty and the same amount of: A.Movement speed B.Response choices C. Complexity D.Performance variability
Complexity
Results of an experiment show that Condition B performs better than Condition A during practice, but Condition A performs better than Condition B during a retention test. This finding suggests that: A.Condition A is better for learning B.Condition B is better for learning C.Neither A nor B is better for learning D.No conclusion about learning is possible
Condition A is better for learning
As a person learns a new skill the attention demanded by the skill will: A.Increase B.Decrease C.Not change D.Be impossible to predict
Decrease
Ericsson and colleagues refer to the type of practice that is essential for the attainment of expertise as: A.Mental practice B.Physical practice C.Deliberate practice D.Repetitive practice
Deliberate practice
As a person practices a skill, an important change that occurs is the capability to: A.Succeed on every attempt B.Detect and correct errors C.Involve more muscles in the action D.Direct attention to individual parts of the movement
Detect and correct errors
Fitts' Law specifies that performance will show a speed-accuracy trade-off in a rapid manual aiming task according to the relationship between which two characteristics of the task? A.Distance to move and target size B.Distance to move and movement speed C.Target size and movement speed D.Target size and type of target
Distance to move and target size
The research procedure most commonly used to investigate attention-limit issues for motor skill learning and performance is known as the: A.Attentional focus procedure B.Dual-task procedure C.Event occlusion procedure D.Temporal occlusion procedure
Dual-task procedure
In Kahneman's model of attention, which allocation policy factor would explain why a golfer is distracted by a sudden noise in the middle of her backswing? A.Effects of arousal B.Enduring dispositions C.Evaluation of demands D.Momentary intentions
Enduring dispositions
Because we can write our signature relatively legibly with a pen held by either hand, either foot, or even by our teeth, researchers often describe handwriting as a good example of Bernstein's concept of motor: A. Programs B. Equivalence C. Independence D. COmplexity
Equivalence
According to Ericsson: A.Experts reach a stage of effortless automaticity in their performance B.Expert attempts to avoid the stagnation associated with complete automaticity C.Experts engage in conscious controlled processing, though in a more sophisticated way than novices D.Expert attempts to avoid the stagnation associated with complete automaticity and Experts engage in conscious controlled processing, though in a more sophisticated way than novices
Expert attempts to avoid the stagnation associated with complete automaticity and Experts engage in conscious controlled processing, though in a more sophisticated way than novices
According to Bernstein, during the last phase of skill acquisition, learners: A.Freeze degrees of freedom B.Unfreeze degrees of freedom C.Exploit passive forces to minimize energy costs D.Develop coordinative structures
Exploit passive forces to minimize energy costs
If you have to hit a large target or a small target as rapidly as possible after an auditory signal, your reaction time would be: A.Faster for the small target B.Faster for the large target C.The same for both targets D.Impossible to determine
Faster for the large target
If you need to perform a fast sequence of 3 movements, how will your RT for initiating this movement sequence compare to your RT for initiating a sequence of 6 movements? The RT for the 3 movements will be: A.Faster than for the 6 movements B.Slower than for the 6 movements C.The same for both movement sequences D.RT cannot be measured in these movement situations
Faster than for the 6 movements
The theory that indicates we select certain cues in the environment during visual search is known as the: A.Attentional spotlight theory B.Feature integration theory C.Flexible attention capacity theory D.Multiple resources theory
Feature integration theory
To determine how long it takes to discriminate a stimulus using Donders' method you would: A.Find reaction time (RT) for the discrimination RT task and subtract RT for the simple RT task B.Find RT for the discrimination RT task and subtract RT for the choice RT task C.Find RT for the choice RT task and subtract RT for the simple RT task D.Find RT for the choice RT task and subtract RT for the discrimination RT task
Find reaction time for the discrimination RT task and subtract RT for the simple RT task
The Kahneman model of attention is an example of which type of limited-capacity theory? A.Dual-task theory B.Fixed-capacity theory C.Flexible-capacity theory D.Multiple-resource theory
Flexible-capacity theory
Which of the following attention focusing instructions is likely to lead to the best long-jump performance: A.Focus on jumping as far from the start line as possible B.Focus on swinging the arms as high as possible during the jump C.Focus on extending the knees as forcefully as possible at take-off D.Focus on extending the whole body at take-off
Focus on jumping as far from the start line as possible
According to Bernstein, during the early phase of skill acquisition, learners tend to: A.Freeze degrees of freedom B.Unfreeze degrees of freedom C.Select efficient movement patterns D.None of these
Freeze degrees of freedom
When a person learning handwriting moves the three arm segments as if two of the segments were one, this person demonstrates an early learning characteristic known as: A.Freezing degrees of freedom B.Freeing degrees of freedom C.The power law of practice D.Movement specific learning
Freezing degrees of freedom
When participants cannot see their hands during catching they typically make: A.No errors in catching B.Hand positioning errors C.Grasping errors D.An equal number of hand positioning and grasping errors
Hand positioning errors
The rhythmic structure of the movements involved in gait can be observed A.Only in leg movements B.Only in arm movements C.In arm and leg movements D.None of these
In arm and leg movements
Changes in EMG patterns occur as a person becomes more skilled. These changes show that a person: A.Increases in movement efficiency and coordination B.Decreases in movement efficiency and coordination C.Increases in movement efficiency but decreases in coordination D.Decreases in movement efficiency but increases in coordination
Increases in movement efficiency and coordination
While driving a car on a freeway, experienced drivers typically look: A.At the speedometer more than novices B.Into the rear- and side-view mirrors more than novices C.In a smaller scanning range than novices D.In ways that are similar to novices
Into the rear- and side-view mirrors more than novices
The most commonly accepted reason serial discrete motor skills seem to be forgotten more quickly than continuous motor skills is that serial discrete motor skills are: A.Difficult to perform B.Very complex C.Largely verbal D.Not attention demanding
Largely verbal
The duration of the "quiet eye" period tends to be __________ in elite performers compared to sub-elite performers: A.Shorter B.Longer C.More variable D.Harder to determine
Longer
In Kahneman's model of attention, the instruction to "Watch the ball all the way from the pitcher's hand until it meets the bat" is an example of which allocation policy factor? A.Effects of arousal B.Enduring dispositions C.Evaluation of demands D.Momentary intentions
Momentary intentions
If a novice and highly skilled typist were required to perform a verbal secondary task while typing on a keyboard the novice's typing performance would be: A.More negatively influenced than the skilled typist's B.More positively influenced than the skilled typist's C.No different from the skilled typist's D.Impossible to assess
More negatively influenced than the skilled typist's
A theory of attention capacity that argues against a central capacity limit is the: A.Dual-task theory B.Fixed-capacity theory C.Flexible-capacity theory D.Multiple-resource theory
Multiple-resource theory
A ___________ curve shows larger increases in performance during early practice trials than in later trials. A.Linear B.Negatively accelerating C.Ogive D.Positively accelerating
Negatively accelerating
When participants in a memory experiment were given clock-face labels to associate with curvilinear limb positioning movements, retention tests results showed that the criterion positions were remembered with: A.More error than unlabeled positions B.No increase in error during a 60-sec retention interval C.Large increase in error during a 60-sec retention interval D.No error at all
No increase in error during a 60-sec retention interval
The brain areas that are active during the early stage of learning are typically: A.The same as the areas active in the later stages of learning B.Not the same as the areas active in the later stages of learning C.Only those areas associated with cognitive and verbal activity D.The same for the learning of all types of motor skills
Not the same as the areas active in the later stages of learning
Hick's Law states that reaction time (RT) will increase logarithmically as the: A.Arousal level of the individual increases B.Distance required by the movement increases C.Movement complexity increases D.Number of response choices increases
Number of response choices increases
The three phases of prehension are called the transport phase, the grasp phase, and the ________ phase.
Obect manipulation
Which of the following has the highest degree of stimulus-response compatibility? Three response buttons are located on a table top; three stimulus lights are located: A.In a horizontal arrangement beside the set of response buttons B.In a vertical arrangement beside the set of response buttons C.On the table top directly behind the response buttons D.On a vertical panel but directly behind the response buttons
On the table top directly behind the response buttons
An individual demonstrates the following performance characteristics - periods of rapid improvement followed by steady state and then improvement. Which term describes the period of steady state? A.Ceiling effect B.Floor effect C.Performance plateau D.Steady-state performance
Performance plateau
If fatigue depresses practice performance, but not retention test performance, then fatigue would be classified as a: A.Learning variable B.Performance variable C.Practice variable D.Performance and learning variable
Performance variable
If you are standing with your arms at your side, and must move one arm as rapidly as possible to point to a target located at shoulder level in front of you, EMG would show that the muscles you activated first were the: A.Agonist arm muscles B.Antagonist arm muscles C.Arm muscles of the opposite arm D.Postural leg muscles
Postural leg muscles
Research related to movement complexity has shown that the longer movement preparation time is due to a longer: A.Motor time B.Premotor time C.Response time D.Motor and Premotor time
Premotor time
In 1890, William James used which two terms to distinguish between memory of recent events and memory for information stored permanently? A.Short-term memory and long-term memory B.Working memory and long-term memory C.Primary memory and secondary memory D.Perceptual memory and permanent memory
Primary memory and secondary memory
Research investigations by Ste.-Marie and colleagues have shown that gymnastics judges' scoring is often biased due to the effects of: A.Trace decay B.Proactive interference C.Retroactive interference D.Context effects
Proactive interference
If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes, you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the: A.Episodic memory system B.Semantic memory system C.Procedural memory system D.Muscle memory system
Procedural memory system
Which of the following effects best describe the results of research concerning the effectiveness of general visual training programs for athletes? These programs: A.Help athletes improve their performance of skills B.Provide little benefit in terms of performance improvement C.Work best for novice athletes D.Work best for highly skilled athletes
Provide little benefit in terms of performance improvemen
Consider the following performance situation: You are a basketball player guarding an opponent who has the ball. You know that about 80% of the time in this situation the player will move to your right and take a shot. So, you prepare to move in that direction. But, unexpectedly the player moves to your left. Which of the following describes your RT in this situation? A.RT will be faster than if you had not prepared to move to the right B.RT will be slower than if you had not prepared to move to the right C.RT will be the same as if you had not prepared to move to the right D.It is not possible to predict RT without more information about the situation
RT will be slower than if you had not prepared to move to the right
The most common performance measure used for inferring the amount of time required for action preparation is: A.Motor time B.Movement time C.Reaction time D.Response time
Reaction time
Gentile's learning stages model indicates that in the first stage of learning, the learner must learn to discriminate between which two types of environmental context conditions? A.Real vs. not real B.Visual vs. verbal C.Regulatory vs. nonregulatory D.Environmental vs. internal
Regulatory vs. nonregulatory
An essential component of the definition of learning is that it: A.Can be directly observed. B.Can be observed during practice. C.Results in consistently correct performance. D.Results in relatively permanent improvement.
Results in relatively permanent improvement.
Performing the same skill one week after practice is required for this learning assessment: A.Performance test B.Practice observation C.Retention test D.Transfer test
Retention test
In a memory experiment, when information not to be recalled is presented after information to be recalled, the experiment is designed to test the effect of: A.Trace decay B.Proactive interference C.Retroactive interference D.Context effects
Retroactive interference
Research with highly skilled long jumpers reveals that the jumpers: A.Have remarkably consistent strides during their run up B.Show large inconsistencies in their strides at the beginning of the run up C.Show large inconsistencies in their last few strides before take off D.Show large inconsistencies throughout the entire run up
Show large inconsitencies in their last few strides before take off
The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory proposed that memory should be considered in terms of: A.Structural characteristics B.Structure and control processes C.Functional rather than structural characteristics D.Levels of processing characteristics
Structure and control processes
In addition to serving as a temporary storage system, working memory also serves as a: A.Permanent storage system B.Library of information C.Procedural knowledge storage location D.Temporary workspace
Temporary workspace
The end-state-comfort effect shows that a person plans a reaching movement based on: A.The most comfortable initial position of the hand B.The most comfortable final position of the hand C.The most comfortable initial and final position of the hand D.Their psychological state at the end of the movement
The most comfortable final position of the hand
To achieve the fastest reaction time out of the blocks, a sprinter should focus on: A.Lifting the head as quickly as possible B.Driving the knee as quickly as possible C.Pushing against the blocks as forcefully as possible D.The sound of the gun
The sound of the gun
Which of the following statements reflects the appropriate view of the spatial and temporal control underlying the performance of an asymmetric bimanual action? A. The two arms prefer to move independently of each other B. The two arms prefer to move together as one unit C. The preferred arm always dominates the other arm D. The two arms cannot perform an asymmetric bimanual action
The two arms prefer to move together as one unite
In a two-hand aiming task in which the right hand must move to a target that has an ID of 4, and the left hand must simultaneously move to a target that has an ID of 2, when will each hand arrive at the target? A. The right hand will arrive much earlier than the left hand B. The left hand will arrive much earlier than the right hand C. The two hands will arrive at approximately the same time D. The preferred hand will arrive first regardless of the ID
The two hands will arrive at approximately the same time.
The performance of a skill in a new situation or a variation of a practiced skill is the hallmark of a: A.Performance test B.Practice observation C.Retention test D.Transfer test
Transfer test
Although Fitts' law is based on manual aiming tasks, research has shown that it applies to prehension actions as well.
True
For skills that involve a starting signal and require movement as quickly as possible after this signal (e.g., swimming, sprint), the amount of time between the warning and start signal should be: A.As constant as possible for every start B.As short as possible for every start C.The same for every start D.Varied for every start
Varied for every start
What do baseball batters tend to adjust relative to the oncoming speed of the pitch? A.When they initiate their step forward B.When they initiate their swing C.The speed of their swing D.The length of their swing
When they initiate their swing
Nideffer has shown that attention focusing should be considered in terms of: A.Width of focus B.Direction of focus C.Width and direction of focus D.Intensity of focus
Width and direction of focus
The ________ hypothesis proposes better motor skill performance when a person focuses attention on the effects of an action rather than on the movements
action effect
From the dynamical systems perspective, the tendency for the two arms to prefer to move in tight spatial and temporal synchrony is the result of: A.A single generalized motor program B.Two separate motor programs C.An attractor D.Motor equivalence
an attractor
The factor in Kahneman's model of attention that influences the available capacity is ________.
arousal
When you reach to grasp an object, which of the folllowing describes when the fingers begin to close? A. At a consistent percentage of the total movement time B. at a point that depends on the total movement time C.at a point nust before contact with the obect D. at contact with the object
at a consistent percentage of the total movement time
In terms of capacity, working memory is comparable to what other information processing component? ________
attention
The term used to indicate that a person performs a skill without requiring attention capacity is:
automaticity
A key term in the definition of learning refers to the potential for a person to perform a skill at a higher level than performed before beginning to practice the skill is A.Improvement B.Capability C.Stability D.Persistence
capability
Eye movement recordings allow researchers to record information only for ________ vision.
central (foveal)`
An organization process that results in increasing the size of working memory and involves combining smaller units of information to make larger ones is an activity commonly called ________.
chunking
According to the Fitts and Posner model, the stage of learning during which the learner makes a large number of errors and tries to answer a lot of "how to" questions is the ________ stage.
cognitive
One reason why proactive interference affects memory performance is that interfering movements similar to the criterion-to-be-recalled movement create ________ so that the distinctiveness of the criterion movement is reduced.
confusion
When using changes in coordination dynamics to assess learning, two important criteria to observe of the developing new coordination pattern are A.consistency and stability B.adaptability and persistence C.change and performance improvement D.coordination dynamics cannot be used for the assessment of learning
consistency and stability
An important change in muscle activity that results from practice is that the activation pattern for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs becomes more ________ from trial to trial.
consistent
Two important characteristics of performance changes associated with learning a motor skill are that performance shows improvement and that performance becomes increasingly more ________ as practice progresses.
consistent
Two commonly used types of transfer tests that are used to assess motor skill learning involve the performance of a novel skill variation and a novel _______ variation
context
According to Gentile, an important goal for the learner during the first stage of learning is to acquire a ________ pattern that will allow the person some degree of success at achieving the action goal of the skill.
coordination (movement coordination)
For most physical activities for which visual search is important, skilled performers extract reliable information ________ in time than novices.
earlier
The ________ principle proposes that the best memory test performance will occur when the practice and test conditions match.
encoding specificity
During the performance of a skill, if a person is distracted by someone saying his or her name, it is an example of the attention capacity allocation policy factor that Kahneman's model called ________.
enduring dispositions
If a skill is performed efficiently, then it is being performed with a minimum amount of expended ________.
energy
That a person can adapt their handwriting to different surfaces, sizes, forces, etc., is an example of what Bernstein referred to as motor ________.
equivalence
A recognition test is an example of an implicit memory test
false
A simple reaction time situation involves two signals and one response.
false
According to Fitts' Law, a person's movement time will be faster for a task with an ID of 6 than for an ID of 3.
false
According to motor learning and control research, visual search only refers to active seeking for cues in the environment to respond to.
false
Anticipatory postural adjustments are only necessary when large movements are made.
false
Attention focused on one's own movements typically leads to better skill performance than attention focused on the intended outcome of the skill.
false
Central pattern generators, which are involved in the control of gait, are thought to be located primarily in the brain.
false
Continuous visual contact with a ball is essential for successful catching
false
Conversations with a passenger lead to more driving errors than cell phone conversations.
false
Experts are similar to novices in how they use visual information to anticipate the actions of others.
false
Fitts' law only applies to reciprocal tapping tasks
false
Gait transitions, from walking to running and running to walking, occur at the same speed for all people.
false
General vision training programs facilitate the use of effective visual search strategies more successfully than activity-specific visual training programs.
false
General vision training programs have consistently been shown to improve sports performance.
false
Hick's Law relates to reaction time situations that involve various complexities of movement.
false
In the experiment by Lee, Swinnen, and Verschueren, participants practiced an asymmetrical bimanual coordination task that they did not learn to perform in three days of practice.
false
It is not necessary that functional activities are used during prehension practice or therapy.
false
Learners in the later stages of learning typically "freeze degrees of freedom" in their attempt to control the multiple degrees of freedom of a complex motor skill.
false
Postural preparation, which occurs prior to performing variations of the same activity, involves the same sequence of activation of postural muscles.
false
Practice performance provides a reliable means of determining how well a person will perform in a transfer test situation.
false
Requiring a person to perform a skill under stressful conditions, which have not been experienced during practice, is an effective way to give a retention test.
false
Research shows that expertise in all fields is the result of a minimum of 5 years of "deliberate" practice.
false
Skilled baseball batters typically watch the ball continuously onto the bat.
false
The Fitts and Posner stages of learning model proposes that learners engage in the highest amount of cognitive activity during the associative stage.
false
The dual-task procedure is commonly used to evaluate whether a person's attention focus is external or internal.
false
The fractionating of reaction time (RT) involves the use of EEG and EMG.
false
The kinematic characteristics of a prehension action are the same as those for the actions of reaching or pointing.
false
The ratios of number of arm swings to leg swings for walking and running are both 1:1 (i.e., one arm swing for one leg swing).
false
There are very few differences between experts and novices in terms of how they search the environment for critical sources of information.
false
To graphically represent a performance curve for a performance outcome measure for a series of practice trials, the trials should be displayed on the y-axis.
false
Visual search differs when someone is asked to point to an object versus grasp the object.
false
When location and distance characteristics of limb positioning movements are compared in memory tests, distance characteristics are typically recalled with more accuracy
false
The general finding about the relationship between stimulus-response compatibility and reaction time is that as stimulus-response compatibility relationship becomes more compatible, reaction time becomes ________.
faster
To walk through an environment cluttered with objects that need to be avoided, a person needs to visually ________ on the objects he or she wants to avoid.
fixate
Gentile's learning stages model indicates that in the second stage of learning, one goal of the learner is related specifically to closed skills. This goal is called: A. Fixation B. Diversification C. Relevant D. Irrelevant
fixation
The process involved when people direct attention to specific regulatory features in the environment and/or to action preparation activities is known as attention: A.Capacity B.Demands C.Focus D.Switching
focus
The interval of time between the warning signal and the "go" signal in a reaction time task is called the ________.
foreperiod
The term used in the study of memory to indicate that information that was once learned is no longer in memory or is not retrievable at the moment is ________.
forgetting
A predominant view of gait control is that at the nervous system level, gait is controlled by central pattern ________.
generators
When we remember characteristics of a performance context that we were not instructed to remember, we demonstrate the influence of memory
incidental
A characteristic of changes in the coordination among limb segments during the learning stages is the development of more inter-segmental ________ as learning progresses from early to later stages.
independence (synergy)
Research evidence shows that the visual system can search the environment and automatically extract ________ features of the environment
invariant
Two important functions of working memory are to serve as a: (1) storage location for information just presented; (2) workspace to integrate information you just received with information retrieved from ________.
long=term memory
Limited-capacity theories that propose more than one central information-processing mechanism, each with its own limited capacity, are called ________ theories.
multiple-resource
According to Gentile's model, the goal of diversification in the second stage of learning is specifically related to ________ motor skills.
open
In the motor learning research literature, which term refers to "observable behavior"? A.Learning B.Performance C.Practice D.Skill
performance
The term used to describe the change in the areas of the brain that are active in the different stages of learning is.
plasticity
The negatively accelerated rate of improvement, which is typical of performance changes for beginners learning a skill, has been mathematically formalized and is known as the _______ law of practice.
power
The abbreviation PRP refers to the ________.
psychological refractory period
Highly skilled free throw shooters in basketball exhibit a final eye movement fixation just prior to releasing the ball that is known as the eye.
quiet
According to Gentile, the characteristics of an object that specify the movement characteristics required for grasping it are called ________ conditions.
regulatory
Research indicates that skilled performers direct their visual attention more quickly to ________ conditions in the environment than novices.
regulatory
To test the "relatively permanent improvement" part of our definition of learning, the preferred type of learning assessment test is a ________ test.
retention
In a memory experiment, when information that is not to be recalled is presented during the retention interval, the experiment is investigating the effect of ________ interference on memory performance.
retroactive
The process of directing visual attention to locate relevant environmental context cues is known as visual: A.Attention switching B.Feedback C.Information D.Search
search
If you prepare to move left in a right-left choice movement situation, but the signal tells you to move right, your reaction time will be ________ than if you had prepared to move either direction.
slower
Reaction time (RT) will be ________ as the duration of a required movement increases
slower
Feature integration theory proposes that we direct an attentional ________ over wide or narrow areas of an environment that must be searched visually when performing a skill.
spotlight
Two important criteria for determining learning when assessing the dynamics of movement coordination are the consistency and ________ of the coordination patterns.
stability
When a person walks or runs, an essential goal of the motor control system is the maintenance of head _______.
stability
The _______ effect is the slowing of reaction time when a person must name a color's name but the color is different from the printed name, compared to when the printed name and its color are the same.
stroop
The term used to describe a bimanual coordination task that requires the two hands to simultaneously perform movements that have the same spatial and temporal characteristics is ________.
symmetric
One of the current views of how we control prehension is that the transport and grasp phases function: A. as one unit B. synergistically C. as two motor programs D.independently
synergistically
A performer characteristic that does not change across the stages of learning is the reliance on the sensory information that was available during the early stage.
true
A retention test typically follows a period of time after practice of a skill has ceased.
true
According to Gentile's stages of learning model, the learner's goals for the later stages depend on whether the skill is an open or closed skill.
true
According to research studies of putting in golf, skilled golfers typically are not consciously aware of their eye movements during putting.
true
An experiment by Millslagle supported the benefit of subjective organization in memory by showing that experienced basketball players performed better on a recognition test of structured plays they had previously seen than of unstructured plays.
true
An expert's knowledge about an activity is organized into more concepts than a novice's.
true
An important distinction between the terms performance and learning is that learning is relatively permanent but performance is temporary
true
An important performance characteristic often associated with learning is that the person becomes increasingly more capable of adapting performance of the skill to new performance contexts and situations.
true
Athletes who engage in pre-performance rituals, such as the routine a basketball player goes through prior to shooting a free throw, are actually preparing the rhythm of the movements required by the activity.
true
Declarative knowledge stored in long-term memory is easier to verbalize than procedural knowledge.
true
During the preparation phase of putting a key in a keyhole, you use vision to assess the regulatory conditions.
true
Experts use long-term working memory when they need access to a large amount of relevant knowledge while performing an activity
true
Fitts' Law predicts movement speed based on specific accuracy requirements in a task.
true
For a series of 10 trials, reaction times will be faster when the foreperiods are the same amounts of time compared to when the foreperiods are different amounts of time
true
Highly skilled people are often unable to describe how they perform the skill at which they excel.
true
It is likely that multiple factors explain why spontaneous gait transitions occur
true
It is widely believed that the relationship between arousal and performance takes the form of an inverted U.
true
Kahneman views attention as cognitive effort.
true
Kahneman's model of attention proposes that the mental resources needed to perform activities must come from one central pool that can vary in its capacity.
true
Multiple resource theories of attention focus on the types of demands placed on various information processing and response outcome structures.
true
Patterns of coordination can be organized to exploit passive forces and minimize energy costs.
true
Performance expectations can influence action planning.
true
Research evidence has shown that learning continues during a performance plateau.
true
Research shows that anticipatory postural adjustments are impaired in hemiparetic poststroke patients.
true
Some learning theorists argue that the information in the semantic and episodic memory systems should be considered declarative knowledge.
true
Telling a beginning golf student that the backswing should stop when the club is pointing at a certain clockface hour is an example of attaching a meaningful verbal label to a movement that must be remembered.
true
The "atypical" posture and gait characteristics we often observe in children and adults with cerebral palsy can be related to strategies the individuals have developed in order to maintain a stable head position during locomotion
true
The assessment of changes in coordination dynamics is one of several ways to assess motor skill learning.
true
The classic experiment by Henry and Rogers showed that the reaction time (RT) associated with a three-part rapid movement is slower than the RT associated with a one-part rapid movement.
true
The encoding specificity principle predicts that practicing basketball free-throws as they would be shot in an actual game increases the probability of successful free-throw shooting in a game.
true
The feature integration theory is a prominent theory to explain how we select certain cues in the performance environment and ignore others.
true
The interference that results from consciously monitoring proceduralized aspects of performance has been referred to as the deautomatization-of skills hypothesis.
true
The number of degrees of freedom and the complexity of the underlying control mechanism can either increase or decrease during learning.
true
The reason we have difficulty tapping our head and rubbing our belly at the same time with our two hands is that our motor control system is organized in such a way that our two hands prefer to move in the same ways at the same time.
true
The serve in tennis is a good example of an asymmetric bimanual skill
true
The study of attention as it relates to the learning and performance of motor skills involves issues related to the simultaneous performance of multiple activities and the selection of relevant information in the performance environment.
true
Vigilance tasks involve the long-term maintenance of alertness in situations in which signals that must be responded to occur infrequently and irregularly.
true
Vision provides body-scaled information to facilitate our interactions with objects and surfaces.
true
When a person is asked to recall a movement they experienced, but had not been told to remember, the memory test is assessing incidental memory.
true
researchers have not agreed on a motor control explanation for fitt's law
true
Research has shown that the relationship between eye movement recordings and visual attention is that eye movement recordings: A.are precise indicators of what a person is visually attending to B.cannot tell us anything about what a person is visually attending to C.overestimate what a person is visually attending to D.underestimate what a person is visually attending to
underestimate what a person is visually attending to
If a person's performance is represented on a graph, the performance measure (such as movement time) is put on the ________ axis.
y(vertical)
