Motor learning quiz 10

Identify a true statement about Peterson and Peterson's research (1959) on the duration of information in working memory.

It showed that one tends to lose information from working memory after only about 20 to 30 sec.

Visuospatial sketchpad

It stores visually detected spatial information.

Consider a situation where novice baseball players were asked to observe the pitching action of an expert player. In this case, a characteristic that influences remembering the expert's movements better is the _____ of the movement.

meaningfulness

Consider a situation where novice boxers were instructed to observe the defense technique of an expert. The expert showed a combination of movements that are commonly used in boxing. The combination of familiar movements helped the novice boxers establish a solid defense strategy. In this case, a characteristic that influenced remembering the expert's movements better is the _____ of the movement.

meaningfulness

According to Endel Tulving, _____ is the capacity that permits organisms to benefit from their past experiences.

memory

A characteristic of proactive interference is that it is a reason for forgetting _____ held in working memory.

movement information

According to William James, secondary memory is allocated to ideas or data that are _____.

never lost

Activity that occurs prior to the presentation of information that is to be remembered and negatively affects the remembering of that information is known as

proactive interference

Activity that occurs prior to the presentation of information that is to be remembered and negatively affects the remembering of that information is known as _____ ______

proactive interference

Working memory serves as a temporary workspace to integrate recently presented information with information retrieved from long-term memory to carry out _____ activities.

problem-solving

Knowledge that enables a person to actually perform a skill is known as

procedural knowledge

The memory system that enables us to know ''how to do'' something, as opposed to enabling us to know ''what to do'' is known as _____.

procedural memory

''Perform the skill of pitching the ball that I just demonstrated to you.'' The given statement exemplifies a _____ test.

recall

An explicit memory test that requires a person to produce a required response with few, if any, available cues or aids is known as a _____.

recall test

The question ''Which of these is a land-locked country in the Northern Hemisphere?'' is an example of a(n) _____ test.

recognition

An explicit memory test that requires a person to select a correct response from several alternative responses is known as a(n) _____.

recognition test

If an interfering activity occurs after one performs a movement he or she needs to remember and results in poorer retention performance than if no activity had occurred, the forgetting is said to be due to ____ ____

retroactive interference

According to Tulving, _____ can be characterized by ''representing states of the world that are not perceptually present'' to us right now.

semantic memory

In terms of _____, items maintained in working memory can vary in size.

storage capacity

In the context of the role of proactive interference in long-term memory, when people actively practice a skill, they _____.

strengthen its representation in memory

The grouping of information into units that must be remembered in a way that is meaningful to an individual is known as _____.

subjective organization

One of the advantages of using visual metaphoric imagery and verbal labels in the learning of complex motor skills is that they direct a performer's attention focus to _____.

the outcome of the movements

When forgetting occurs with the passing of time, the cause is generally termed _____ in the memory literature.

trace decay

True or false: In the context of retroactive interference effects in working memory, activity during the retention interval causes interference that increases recall performance error only when there is a certain amount of activity.

true

The use of _____ as a memory strategy involves developing in one's mind a picture of what a movement is like.

visual metaphoric imagery

A form of a recognition test is a(n) _____.

matching test

A functional system in the structure of memory that operates to temporarily store and use recently presented information is known as .______ _______

working memory

Which of the following is an example of a recall test?

''Show me how to tie a knot.''

While recalling a movement, if the location information is totally unreliable and only distance information will aid recall, which of the following kinds of strategy do people use to help remember the distance of the criterion movement?

A nonkinesthetic strategy, such as counting

Intentional memory situation

A person stores information to which he or she gives conscious attention.

Incidental memory situation

A person stores more information, as would be shown by good memory performance.

Which of the following is an example of subjective organization?

Actors breaking their dialogue scripts into manageable chunks before memorizing

Which of the following is an example of visual metaphoric imagery as a memory strategy?

Asking swimming students to picture picking an apple from a tree and bringing it down to put it in a basket to understand sidestroke

Identify the subsystems of Baddeley's conception of working memory that store different types of information rather than coordinate the information. (Check all that apply.)

Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad

Which of the following words is considered synonymous with memory?

Retention

involves the search through long-term memory for information that must be accessed and used in order to perform a task at hand.

Retrieval

Identify the information contained in long-term memory. (Check all that apply.)

Specific past events General knowledge

Identify a true statement about the role of visual information in learning a new motor skill.

The addition of visual information negatively influences how limb positions are remembered.

Storage

The process of placing information in long-term memory

Rehearsal

The process that enables the transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory

Identify a true statement about the use of visual metaphoric imagery and verbal labels in the learning of complex motor skills.

They help change an abstract, complex array of movements to a more concrete, meaningful set of movements.

The effects of proactive interference in long-term memory can be overcome by _____ the information.

actively rehearsing

The encoding specificity principle is applicable in a _____ situation.

closed skill

Knowledge about personally experienced events, along with their temporal associations, in subjective time is stored in _____.

episodic memory

A form of a recall test is a(n) _____.

essay test

form of a recall test is a(n) _____.

essay test

True or false: One implication that the intentional and incidental memory research provides for instructional situations is that memory performance and skill learning are hindered by telling students when they begin to practice a skill that they will be tested on the skill later.

false

True or false: Working memory's capacity for storing information increases with the increase in the size of chunks of information.

false

A paper-and-pencil test was administered to student drivers in a high school on what they would do in specific driving situations. Following this, their actual driving skills were also tested. The results showed that the student drivers knew what to do in specific situations but couldn't actually do it while driving. The actual driving test in the given scenario exemplifies the use of _____.

implicit memory tests

Consider a situation where a person is asked to verbally describe the process of changing a car tire. If the person is unable to describe the process despite knowing how to change a car tire, it demonstrates the fact that he or she possesses procedural knowledge about changing a car tire. This knowledge can be assessed through _____.

implicit memory tests

A component system in the structure of memory that serves as a relatively permanent storage repository for information is known as ______

long term memory

Identity the structural components of memory according to Atkinson and Shiffrin. (Check all that apply.)

A long-term store A short-term store A sensory register

Research evidence from the cognitive psychology and neuropsychologist approaches to the study of human memory provides convincing evidence that the memory system comprises at least _____ components.

2

Cognitive psychology approach

Inferences about the structure and function of memory are based on observing the behavior of individuals in memory situations.

Which of the following is a true statement about trace decay?

It can be effectively tested as a cause of forgetting only in working memory.

Identify a true statement about the memory model presented by Atkinson and Shiffrin.

It conjectured that memory structure should be thought of as similar to computer hardware.

Central executive

It coordinates the information in working memory.

Neuropsychologist approach

It explains the structure of memory in terms of what is occurring in the nervous system during behavioral changes related to memory.

Which of the following is a true statement about semantic memory?

It includes specific factual knowledge as well as conceptual knowledge.

Which of the following is true of the first experiment published relating working memory storage duration to motor skills by Adams and Dijkstra in 1966?

It indicated that arm positions in space that are experienced one time each are lost from working memory at a rate comparable to that of words.

Which of the following is a true statement about procedural memory?

It is critical for the performance of motor skills.

Which of the following is a true statement about procedural knowledge?

It is difficult to verbalize.

Identify a true statement about retroactive interference in working memory.

It is highly influenced by the degree of similarity between an interfering activity and the movement that must be remembered.

Phonological loop

It is responsible for the short-term storage of verbal information.

Which of the following options best describes declarative knowledge?

It is the knowledge about what to do specifically in a situation.

Which of the following is a true statement about episodic memory?

It is the memory system that enables people to ''mentally 'travel back' in time.''

Which of the following is a true statement about declarative knowledge?

It is typically verbalizable.

Which of the following is true about retroactive interference?

It results in poorer retention performance than if no activity had occurred.

Secondary memory

Memory that is for ''properly recollected objects''

Primary memory

Memory that makes us aware of the ''just past''

In order to increase a movement's meaningfulness, which of the following strategies should be used by an instructor? (Check all that apply.)

Verbal labels Visual imagery

Sheila, a physical therapist, often teaches the squat movement by having her patients visualize themselves sitting down on a toilet seat rather than describing each of the joint motions involved in the movement. Which memory strategy does Sheila use in the given scenario?

Visual metaphoric imagery