MSU ANTR 350 Unit 1 Cartilage and Bone

Bones produced through intramembranous ossification

-Flat bones of the skull -Mandible -Maxilla

Which statements characterize Endosteum?

-It contains osteoblasts -It contains osteoclasts -It is active during bone repair -It lines medullary cavities

Which statements characterize Periosteum?

-It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones. -It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. -It helps to heal bone fractures. -It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone.

What statements characterize bone remodelling?

-It occurs at the periosteal and edosteal surfaces of the bone. -It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. -It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-Nutrients pass through them -They extend from lacunae to lacunae -They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Osteoprogenitor cells

-Produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast -Are stem cells

Long bones include

-The thigh bone -The bones of the fingers -The bones of the toes -The bones of the palms

Which statements characterize Central canals of osteons

-They are a cylindrical channel -They contain blood vessels. -They contain nerves.

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

-They are rings of bone tissue. -They contain collagen fibers. -Their numbers vary among osteons.

Which statements characterize bone markings

-They are sites of articulation. -They can be used in skeletal remains to determine a persons gender -They mark points of attachment for tendons and ligaments -They indicate sites of blood vessels.

Which statements characterize osteocytes?

-They reside in the lacunae -They detect mechanical stress on the bone -They maintain bone matrix

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

-They secrete hydrochloric acid -They are phagocytic -They reabsorb bone matrix -They have ruffled borders

The steps of Endochondral Ossification (5)

1. Hyaline cartilage model forms 2. Periosteal bone collar forms 3. Primary ossification center appears 4. Secondary Ossification Centers appear. 5. Epiphyseal plates become epiphyseal lines

Zones of an epiphyseal plate in order (starting closer to the epiphysis).

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification

Central Canal

A cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon. Travelling within it are blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone.

Ramus

Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

A bone's growth in diameter is called

Appositional growth

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called

Articular cartilage

What are examples of short bones?

Bones of the wrist, some bones of the foot

Short bones

Bones that have a length about equal to their width

Zone of calcified cartilage

Calcification kills chondrocytes in this region

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Chondrocytes become aligned into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge in this region

An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature ____ bone.

Compact

Flat bones have surfaces composed of ___ bone with internally placed ____ bone.

Compact;Spongy

The elongated cylindrical shaft of the long bone is called its

Diaphysis

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called

Endosteum

Lengthwise bone growth is complete when

Epiphyseal lines form

The secondary ossification centers form in the _____ of long bones

Epiphyses

The secondary ossification centers form in the ______ of long bones

Epiphyses

The expanded end of a long bone is called the

Epiphysis

Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones of the skull

Osteocytes

Housed in lacunae and occur between concentric lamellae

Trochanter

Massive, rough projection found only on the femur

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

Medullary cavity

The region of a mature bone between diaphysis and the epiphysis is the

Metaphysis

Zone of ossification

New matrix of bone is deposited in this region.

Which blood vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?

Nutrient Artery

The process of bone formation is called

Ossification

Bone destroying cells

Osteoclasts

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called

Osteocytes

The release of stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix is called

Osteolysis

Spine

Pointed, slender proc

Osteoblasts function to

Produce osteoids

Epicondyle

Projection next to a condyle

Periosteal blood vessels

Provide blood to the external circumferential lamellae and the superficial osteons within the compact bone at the external edge of the bone.

Metaphyseal Blood vessels

Provide the blood supply to the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, which is the region where new bone ossification forms bone connective tissue to replace epiphyseal plate cartilage.

Epiphyseal arteries/veins

Provide the blood supply to the epiphyses of the bone

Perforating Canals

Resemble central canals in that they also contain blood vessels and nerves. However, perforating canals run perpendicular to the central canals and help connect multiple central canals, creating a vascular and innervation connection among the multiple osteons.

Concentric Lamellae

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon. Each lamella contains collagen fibers oriented in perpendicular directions.

Circumferential lamellae

Rings of bone immediately internal o the periosteum of the bone or internal to the endosteum. These regions appear during the formation of the bone.

A cavity or hollow space in a bone is called a

Sinus

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called

Spongy bone.

Nutrient Artery/vein

Supply the diaphysis of a long bone. One nutrient artery enters and one nutrient vein leaves the bone via a nutrient foramen. These vessels branch and extend along the length of the shaft toward the epiphyses and into the central canal of osteons within compact bone and the marrow cavity.

Interstitial lamellae

The leftover parts of osteons that have been partially reabsorbed. Incomplete and typically have no central canal.

Primary Ossification center

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification. The first major center of bone formation.

Zone of resting cartilage

This region secures the epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate

Canaliculi

Tiny, interconnecting channels within the bone connective tissue that extend from each lacuna, travel through the lamellae, and connect to other lacunae and the central canal. They house osteocyte cytoplasmic projections that permit intercellular communication. Nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes can travel through these passageways between the central canal and the osteocytes.

A smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process of a bone is called a

Trochlea