MUH2017 Test 2 Study

Larry Knechtel and Carol Kaye

Two bassists in Phil Spector's Wrecking Crew.

Charles Seeger and Alan Lomax

Two folklorists who documented the rich literature of folk in decades preceding its revival.

Glen Campbell and Tommy Tedesco

Two guitarists in Phil Spector's Wrecking Crew.

The Chad Mitchell Trio and the Limelighters

Two pop-oriented folk groups that had successful albums but no hit singles.

Ernest Evans

Went by the stage name Chubby Checker, covered "The Twist" on Dick Clark's show American Bandstand.

Teenage Symphonies

What Phil Spector referred to the singles he produced using the Wall of Sound as.

London

Where the UK blues revival was mostly centered in.

William Mann

A Times music critic who named Lennon and McCartney the "outstanding English composers of 1963".

The Rooftop Singers

A folk band more oriented toward the pop market known for "Walk Right In" in 1963.

Harry Belafonte

A folk singer known for "Jamaica Farewell" and "Banana Boat (Day-O)". Enjoyed several hits employing a calypso sound.

Bubblegum Music

A segment of the market inaugurated by the emergence of teen idols in the late 1950s.

Peter Quaife

Bass player for the Kinks.

John Entwistle

Bass player for the Who.

Paul Samwell-Smith

Bass player for the Yardbirds.

Chas Chandler

Bassist for the Animals who later went on to manage Jimi Hendrix.

Paul McCartney

Bassist for the Beatles.

Bill Wyman

Bassist for the Rolling Stones.

Dave Clark Five

A Beatles-like group that fared better in the US, with seven Top 40 American hits in 1964 alone, and nearly as many in 1965, including "Glad All Over" and "Over and Over". Their success led some in the business to predict that they would topple the Beatles. However, this never turned out the be the case.

Gerry and the Pacemakers

A Beatles-like group that was nearly as popular as the Beatles themselves in the UK. Released "How Do You Do It?" Followed by "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone". The band eventually scored seven Top 40 hits in the US through 1966, with "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" rising as high as number four in summer 1964 but they were never as popular in America as they were in Britain.

The Beatles

A British band that started as a skiffle band called the Quarry Men and then moved on to rock and roll as the popularity of skiffle waned. Their first recorded features Buddy Holly's "That'll Be the Day" performed in close imitation of Holly's record. They also recorded an original song that emulated Holly's style, known as "In Spite of All the Danger". They played for one of Larry Parnes' singers, Johnny Gentle, on a brief tour of Scotland and later traveled to Hamburg for three extended stays, playing 106, 92, and 48 nights. Their first gig was the small Indra Club and they later moved to the larger Kaiserkeller. Their agent was Allan Williams, who had already sent another Liverpool band, Derry and the Seniors, to Hamburg. Other bands in the city at the time included the Jets and Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. At one point they played the Star Club and shared the bill with Little Richard.

Mantovani

A British orchestra leader who placed twenty-six albums in the American Top 40 between 1955 and 1963, and two singles in the US pop Top 40- the movie themes from Around the World in Eighty Days and Exodus.

Tommy Steele

A British teen-idol singer modeled on Elvis Presley on Decca who hit in 1956 with "Rock with the Caveman" and followed later with "Singin' the Blues" and sixteen more hits through 1961.

Cliff Richards

A British teen-idol who was known as the most successful British rocker. He worked for EMI and scored twenty-seven UK hit singles from 1958 to 1963. His backup band, the Shadows, was the English equivalent of the Ventures and placed a series of instrumental hits on the UK charts, beginning with "Apache" in 1960. Only one of his records cross the Atlantic before 1964: "Living Doll", which went to number thirty on the US charts in 1959.

The Searchers

A Liverpool band that did relatively well in the US, placing five singles in the Top 40 in 1964.

Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas

A Liverpool band that did relatively well in the US, placing four singles in the Top 40 in 1964.

Duane Eddy and the Ventures

A band famous for "Rebel Rouser" in 1958 which was followed by a series of instrumental hits through 1962 including "Walk, Don't Run" in 1960. The band was driven by two guitars, bass, and drums and had placed five hits in the Top 40 by 1964.

The Spencer Davis Group

A band known for "Keep On Runnin'" in 1965, "Somebody Help Me" in 1966, "Gimme Some Lovin'" in 1966, and "I'm a Man" in 1967.

The Hollies

A band that found popularity in America with the "Manchester sound", placing six hits in the US Top 40, including "Bus Stop". Their music emphasized and expanded the precise harmony singing heard on many Beatles records, a feature that their lead vocalist, Graham Nash would further develop with the group Crosby, Stills, and Nash at the end of the decade.

The Weavers

A band that included Pete Seeger, Ronnie Gilbert, Lee Hayes, and Fred Hellerman. Had a series of pop hits, including "Good Night Irene", "So Long (It's Been Good to Know Ya)", and "On Top of Old Smoky". Had their career cut short when they were blacklisted for reportedly being in sympathy with the Communist Party.

The Drifters

A band that once featured Ben E. King and recorded "There Goes My Baby" with Leiber and Stoller. At first featured Clyde McPhatter and scored a series of R&B hits in the mid-1950s. They began to flounder and Atlantic was reluctant to let the group dissolve since the name had become strongly associated with a string of hits. Their manager found another vocal group, the Crowns, to take over as them. After the Crowns took over they performed "Save the Last Dance for Me", "Up on the Roof", and "On Broadway".

Freddie and the Dreamers

A band that topped the US charts early in 1965 with "I'm Telling You Now" following with three more Top 40 hits that year.

The Graham Bond Organization

A band which featured Jack Bruce, future Cream drummer Ginger Baker, and John McLaughlin.

Zoot Money's Big Roll Band

A band which featured future Police guitarist Any Summers.

The Who

A band who claimed no real roots in the blues but played the London rhythm and blues clubs regularly. Originally formed as the Detours and known for "I Can See for Miles", "I Am the Face", "I Can't Explain", "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere", "Substitute", and "I'm a Boy". They billed their music as "maximum R&B" and quickly became popular among the Mod subculture in London.

The Kinks

A band who emerged from the same R&B roots as the Stones-type groups but performed mostly with package tours that featured more pop-oriented acts. Known for "All Day and All of the Night" and "Tired of Waiting for You".

Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames

A blues band known for "Yeh Yeh" in 1965 and "Get Away" in 1966.

The Animals

A blues-based band hailing from Newcastle that enjoyed success in both the UK and the US. They played clubs in the north of England and even did a two-month stint at Hamburg's Star Club before moving to London in early 1964. They got a crucial break when they were chosen to play on a UK tour featuring Chuck Berry as headliner. Some of their famous songs include a cover of Nina Simone's "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil's "We've Gotta Get Out of This Place" and "It's My Life", "Inside Looking Out", and the Gerry Goffin-Carole King song "Don't Bring Me Down".

Brill Building

A building which housed many of the most important and established music practices. It was also known as a set of business practices in which songwriters or songwriting teams would work all day writing new pop songs. These songs would then be selected and matched to an appropriate performing group, who were almost never the songwriters themselves.

"Good Boy" Teen Idol

A clean-cut and respectable young man middle-class parents would allow their daughters to date. Ex. Pat Boone, The Beatles

Aldon Music

A company run by Nevins and Kirshner which was a prime example of the Brill Building style. Known songwriters included Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Cynthia Weil, Barry Mann, Neil Sedaka, and Howard Greenfield.

Hal Blaine

A drummer in Phil Spector's Wrecking Crew.

The New Christy Minstrels

A folk band more oriented toward the pop market known for "Green Green" in 1963.

The Highwaymen

A folk band more oriented toward the pop market known for "Michael Row the Boat Ashore" in 1961.

The Exciters

A girl group which included one male.

The Angels

A girl group which was made up of white teens.

The Crystals

A girl group whose entire group was replaced between recordings and tours.

BBC

A government-owned channel in the UK which featured three channels, only one of which played rock and roll.

Jan and Dean

A group from Los Angeles who were known for creating surf music with the Beach Boys. Known for "Little Old Lady from Pasadena" in 1964. They also worked with the Beach Boys on "Surf City".

The Beach Boys

A group of three brothers, a cousin, and a high school friend from suburban Los Angeles who were influenced by black doo-wop groups, mainstream white vocal groups like the Four Freshmen, Chuck Berry's driving rock and roll, and Phil Spector's Wall of Sound. They were known for creating surf music with their hits "Surfin'", "Surfer Girl", and "Be True to Your School".

The Rolling Stones

A group that positioned itself as the bad boys of the British invasion. Described as the anti-Beatles. They were originally modeled after Blues Incorporated and covered American blues records in the clubs of the London underground blues scene. They filled in for Blues Incorporated at the Marquee in July 1962 and later played regularly at the Earling club. By January 1963, the bassist and drummer had joined forces with everyone else for live performances. They established a regular weekly gig at the Richmond Crawdaddy Club in February. They turned toward a more mainstream, pop-oriented style in the wake of the Beatles' first UK success in mid-1963 and were close friends with the group. Their first single was a cover version of Chuck Berry's "Come On" and their third was a cover of Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away". Their second was a song Lennon and McCartney wrote for them, "I Wanna Be Your Man" which both groups recorded. Their first original song was "The Last Time" which reached number one in the UK in 1965. "Time Is On My Side" hit number 6 in the US in 1964 and "The Last Time" hit number nine spring 1965.

Alexis Korner

A guitarist who began playing blues during breaks at performances of Chris Barber's trad band. Known as one of the catalysts for the UK blues revival.

Cyril Davies

A harmonica player who began playing blues during breaks at performances of Chris Barber's trad band. Known as one of the catalysts for the UK blues revival.

Chris Barber

A jazz musician whose band featured banjo player Tony Donegan.

Dick Rowe

A man who worked for Decca and chose to sign Brian Poole and the Tremeloes rather than the Beatles. Later apologized and signed the Rolling Stones.

Larry Parnes

A manager for a "stable" of teen idols in London who built his success on managing Tommy Steele. He later developed Marty Wilde, Billy Fury, Georgie Fame, and Joe Brown.

Jerry Wexler

A member of Atlantic who remarked that "There Goes My Baby" sounded like a radio stuck between two stations due to its unique stylistic blending.

Paul Stookey

A musician in a rock and roll band before he formed the most successful folk-pop group of the 1960s.

Leon Russel

A pianist in Phil Spector's Wrecking Crew.

Connie Stevens

A pop singer known for "Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb)" in 1959.

Connie Francis

A pop singer who enjoyed a string of thirty-nine hit records between 1958 and 1964, including Neil Sedaka and Howie Greenfield's "Stupid Cupid", which hit number fourteen in 1958.

Lesley Gore

A pop solo singer known for "It's My Party" in 1963.

Mary Wells

A pop solo singer known for "My Guy" in 1964.

Little Eva

A pop solo singer known for "The Loco-Motion" in 1962.

Dionne Warwick

A pop song-stylist who became the most important performer of songs by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, hitting the charts in 1964 with "Anyone Who Had a Heart" and "Walk on By".

Gangbusters

A radio show which inspired the first song written by Leiber and Stoller for the Robins, "Riot in Cell Block #9".

Red Bird Records

A record company founded by Leiber, Stoller, and George Goldner. Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich began writing and producing for this company, having a number-one hit in 1964 with the Dixie Cups' "Chapel of Love".

Saturday Club

A show hosted by Brian Matthew on the BBC which became an important weekly source of rock and roll music and information.

Ronnie Bennett

A singer for the Ronettes' who would later marry Phil Spector.

Mary Travers

A singer in the chorus of an unsuccessful Broadway musical before she formed the most successful folk-pop group of the 1960s. Was just getting back into singing when the group formed.

Claudine Clark

A singer who had an undergraduate degree in music composition and wrote much of her own music.

Peter Yarrow

A solo folk artist before he formed the most successful folk-pop group of the 1960s. Was working as a stand-up comic when the group formed.

Dead Man's Curve

A song by Jan and Dean which was part of the splatter-platter genre. It chronicles a car crash on a stretch of road so treacherous that it had earned the nickname "dead man's curve". Unfortunately, Jan Berry was involved in an auto accident similar to the song later on in which three passengers were killed and he was critically injured, effectively ending his career.

Turn Me Loose

A song written by Brill Building songwriters Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman and sung by Fabian Forte. The vocals were tenuous, creating the impression that Fabian could just barely sing the tune. This was seen as discouragingly tame and as a good example of the musical problems that the teen-idol adaptation of rock and roll could produce for first-wave rock fans.

Producer

A specialist in charge of shaping the sound of a record, from the details of arranging to fine points in the recording process, such as microphone placement or equalization.

Chicago Electric Blues

A style of blues which featured slide guitar, harmonica, and styles of vocal delivery which were indebted to Muddy Waters, Elmore James, and Little Walter.

Skiffle

A style that blended folk music with an up-tempo rhythmic feel.

Doubling

A technique that requires two or more instruments (sometimes contrasting in sonic character) to play exactly the same notes, creating a novel combination of instrument color.

Frankie Avalon

A teen idol known for "Dede Dinah" and "Venus". Appeared in several music- and dance-filled, teen-targeted beach movies.

Freddy Cannon

A teen idol known for "Palisades Park". Scored a Top 20 R&B Hit.

Bobby Vinton

A teen idol known for "Roses Are Red".

Bobby Vee

A teen idol known for "Take Good Care of My Baby".

Fabian Forte

A teen idol known for "Turn Me Loose", a product of Bob Marcucci's Philadelphia-based Chancellor label.

Bobby Rydell

A teen idol known for "Wild One". Scored a Top 20 R&B Hit.

"Bad Boy" Teen Idol

A tough, sex-obsessed hoodlum whom parents tried hard to keep their girls away from. Ex. Elvis, Rolling Stones

Atco

An Atlantic subsidiary which rereleased the Robins' song "Smokey Joe's Cafe" after they were reformed into the Coasters.

Roger Christian

An LA DJ who is mostly responsible for the lyrics of "Don't Worry Baby".

Tibetan Book of the Dead

An ancient spiritual text that offers advice to those who will soon die.

Roy Orbison

An artist from Wink, Texas who was known for softer rockabilly. He ended up at the University of North Texas and was a student of Pat Boone. His first release, "Ooby Dooby" was written by two of his school buddies and was chosen because it was a crowd favorite with his band. Johnny Cash recommended him to Sam Phillips at Sun who released "Ooby Dooby" in 1956. He then signed with Monument and released "Only the Lonely (Know How I Feel)" in 1960 which hit number two on the pop chart. After that he followed with "Running Scared", "Crying", "Dream Baby (How Long Must I Dream)", "In Dreams", and "Oh, Pretty Woman".

Chuck Jackson

An artist known for "Any Day Now (My Wild Beautiful Bird" in 1962.

Jerry Butler

An artist known for "He Will Break Your Heart" in 1960.

Johnny Mathis

An artist known for "It's Not for Me to Say", "Chances Are", and "Misty".

Sam Cooke

An artist who had marked elements of black music and placed twenty-nine singles in the pop Top 40 between 1957 and 1965, including "You Send Me", "Chain Gang", "Twistin' the Night Away", and "Another Saturday Night". Transitioned from gospel to pop. Went by the stage name Dale to test his marketability without adversely affecting his gospel reputation.

Ray Charles

An artist who transitioned from gospel to pop after a number-two R&B hit in 1955 by setting a gospel tune to secular lyrics with "I Got a Woman". He was also known for pop- and country and western- influenced records such as "Georgia on My Mind", "Hit the Road Jack", and "I Can't Stop Loving You".

Joey Dee

An artist who wrote a spin-off song to "The Twist" known as "Peppermint Twist" in 1962.

Ed Cramer

An attorney who became head of BMI.

Carl Gardner

An original Coasters member who marveled at how two white songwriters so expertly captured black culture.

Annette Funicello

Appeared in several song- and dance-filled movies with Frankie Avalon. Was a Mouseketeer on the original Mickey Mouse Club television show. Known for "Tall Paul" in 1959.

Gerry and the Pacemakers and the Dave Clark Five

Bands that are most similar to the Beatles and are more pop and vocally oriented.

The Animals and the Yardbirds

Bands that are most similar to the Rolling Stones and are more blues oriented.

The Kingston Trio

Comprised of Dave Guard, Bob Shane, and Nick Reynolds. Known for "Tom Dooley", which initiated the folk revival in the mainstream pop market, "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", and "Reverend Mr. Black". Had a series of nineteen Top 40 albums through 1964; thirteen of which reached the Top 10 and five reached number-one. Their first album, named after the band itself, stayed on the pop-album charts for 195 weeks.

Youth Culture

Despite being a seeming failure at its inception, rock and roll did illustrate to old pros that this provided a significant and profitable market.

Jim McCarty

Drum player for the Yardbirds.

Mitch Mitchell

Drummer for Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames who would later play with Jimi Hendrix.

Ringo Starr

Drummer for the Beatles.

Charlie Watts

Drummer for the Rolling Stones.

Keith Moon

Drummer for the Who.

Mick Avory

Drums player for the Kinks.

Red Scare

Due to their typically left-wing political positions, folk singers ran into problems during this time period in the 1950s.

Joan Baez and Bob Dylan

Emerged from the side of the folk revival interested in folk's roots. These two artists were seen as the "real thing" to discriminating fans.

Tony Donegan

Eventually began to use the first name "Lonnie", recorded a version of the traditional folk song "Rock Island Line" in a new style called "skiffle".

Peter, Paul, and Mary

Formed in New York's Greenwich Village in 1961 and eventually eclipsed the Kingston Trio as the most successful folk-pop group of the 1960s. Known for "Lemon Tree", "If I Had a Hammer", "Puff the Magic Dragon", and a cover of Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind". Their first album, named after the band, stayed on the album charts for 185 weeks.

Eric Clapton

Guitar player for the Yardbirds who earned the nickname "Slowhand" during his early years because he often broke guitar strings and had to change them on-stage, as audience members joked with him about it by providing slow applause. Eventually joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers.

Pete Townshend

Guitarist and songwriter for the Who.

John McLaughlin

Guitarist for Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames.

The Righteous Brothers

Known for "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" written by Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, and Phil Spector, was known as Phil Spector's last production innovation before the British Invasion.

Carole King and Gerry Goffin

Influenced by Leiber and Stoller. The first producer was known for being so dedicated to a song that she played the tympani part herself when the professional percussionist could not get it just the way she heard it.

The Everly Brothers

Known for a softer style of rockabilly, their first single, "Bye Bye Love" was released in 1957 and raced up all three charts. It hit number one on the country and western charts, number two on the pop charts, and number five on the R&B charts. They had another hit with "Bye Bye Love" after being signed with Archie Bleyer at the New York-based independent Cadence.

Dick Dale and the Del-Tones

Known for having songs directly out of surf culture, such as "Misirlou" in 1962, and "Let's Go Tripping" in 1961.

Big Mana Thornton

Known for the original version of "Hound Dog" in 1953 which would later be famously covered by Elvis. Produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.

Johnny Hallyday

Known as the French Elvis and had hits such as "T'Aimer follement" and "Viens danser le twist".

Ted Herold

Known as the German Elvis, releasing a series of German-language covers of Elvis hits and modeling his appearance very much on Presley's.

Charles Brown

Known for "Hard Times" in 1952 which was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.

J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers

Known for "Last Kiss" in 1964.

The Shangri-Las

Known for "Leader of the Pack", which chronicles the untimely demise of a teenager, in this case a motorcycle hoodlum named Johnny. His violent motorbike death is represented by taped crash sounds and screams, a feature that caused some consternation among parents.

The Robins

Known for "Smokey Joe's Cafe" in 1955 which was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. They made three R&B hits with the pair before they moved to Atlantic taking only two of the members with them. They later became the Coasters in 1955, which were the focus of Leiber and Stoller's most creative work over the next several years. The Coasters were most known for their playlets. Later produced "Yakety Yak" in 1958 about household chores and teenage disputes with parents and "Charlie Brown" in 1959 about a kid who always gets in trouble at school.

Mark Dinning

Known for "Teen Angel" in 1960 which tells the story of a young couple whose car stalls on the railroad tracks just as a train is approaching. They escape the car, but the girl goes back to the car to retrieve the boy's class ring and is killed.

Ray Peterson

Known for "Tell Laura I Love Her" in 1960.

The Shirelles

Known for "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow?" in 1960 produced by Aldon's Carole King and Gerry Goffin which dealt with the topic of teenage girls deciding whether or not to engage in sexual intimacy.

George Harrison

Lead guitarist for the Beatles.

Dave Davies

Lead guitarist for the Kinks

Keith Richards

Lead guitarist of the Rolling Stones.

Freddie Garrity

Lead singer of Freddie and the Dreamers who took a cue from the Beatles' flair for comedy by performing a silly dance while singing "Do the Freddie".

Eric Burdon

Lead singer of the Animals.

Mick Jagger

Lead singer of the Rolling Stones.

Graham Nash

Lead vocalist of the Hollies who went on to form Crosby, Stills, and Nash at the end of the decade.

Brian Wilson

Leader of the Beach Boys.

Rave-Ups

Long, improvisatory passages at the end of songs that emphasized the instrumental prowess of band music and were forerunners to the instrumental mental jam sessions that would characterize much rock music later in the decade.

American Bandstand

Made famous by Dick Clark, showed a bunch of teenagers dancing to current hit records while a few musical guests, usually teen idols, "performed" their most recent hit. The appearances were almost always lip-synched and everything was always completely under control, a direct contrast to earlier television appearances by figures such as Elvis and Little Richard. Helped to make rock and roll more acceptable to adults.

Giorgio Gomelsky

Manager for the Richmond Crawdaddy Club and original manager of the Rolling Stones.

Melody Maker, New Musical Express, and Record Mirror

Musical newspapers in the UK.

Neil Sedaka

One of three teen idols who wrote many of their own songs, known for "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do". Scored a Top 20 R&B hit.

Paul Anka

One of three teen idols who wrote many of their own songs, known for "Diana".

Bobby Darin

One of three teen idols who wrote many of their own songs, known for "Dream Lover".

Chris Dreja

One of two guitar players for the Yardbirds. Was not replaced.

Tony Topham

One of two guitar players for the Yardbirds. Was replaced by Eric Clapton.

Andrew Loog Oldham

One of two people who took over management of the Rolling Stones in May 1963. He had worked as a publicist for Larry Parnes and Brian Epstein and later became the producer for the band. Due to his lack of recording knowledge, the Rolling Stones enjoyed extensive creative freedom in the studio, leading to them cultivating a rough sound on record, which matched their brash style of performance.

Eric Easton

One of two people who took over management of the Rolling Stones in May 1963. He was experienced in the recording industry.

Jimmy Page

Originally brought in to replace Samwell-Smith in the Yardbirds. He played bas and then switched to lead-guitar when Dreja took over bass. When the band disbanded, he formed Led Zeppelin to fulfill the remaining dates they had booked.

A&R People

People whose job it was to organize and coordinate the various professionals involved in making the record, including hiring the musicians who played on the tracks.

The Wrecking Crew

Phil Spector's cast of Los Angeles's top studio musicians.

Ian Stewart

Piano player for the Rolling Stones.

Mersey Beat

Pop music originating in the mid-1960s around Liverpool and northwest England.

Shel Talmy

Producer for the Who and the Kinks.

Mickey Most

Producer of Herman's Hermits and original producer of the Animals.

The Twist

Rose to the number-one slot for a second time after a direct sequel to the song was made, being the only song to do this since Bing Crosby's "White Christmas".

Rudy Lewis

Sand in the Drifters in the songs "Up on the Roof" and "On Broadway", the second of which features and uncredited electric guitar solo by Phil Spector.

Nat King Cole

Scored a number of soft-pop hits including "Send for Me" and "Looking Back" in the mid-1950s.

Playlets

Short songs that often told a humorous story.

John Lennon

Singer and guitar player for the Beatles.

Keith Relf

Singer and harmonica player for the Yardbirds.

Ray Davies

Singer and songwriter for the Kinks.

Splatter Platters

Sometimes called "death discs", featured a dramatic portrayal of teenage death.

Graham Gouldman

Songwriter of "For Your Love", a song that the Yardbirds recorded but at the cost of Eric Clapton leaving to join John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers.

Hank Ballard

Wrote the original version of "The Twist".

Girl Groups

The Chantels, Shirelles, Crystals, Chiffons, Cookies, Dixie Cups, and Ronettes were among many of these groups that appeared during the first half of the 1960s.

Bob Wooler

The DJ at the Cavern Club who arranged for the Beatles to play almost 300 shows through early 1962.

Ben E. King

The artist which replaced Clyde McPhatter in the Drifters. Sang "There Goes My Baby" and "Save the Last Dance for Me". Later became a solo act for Atlantic and recorded four tracks- "Spanish Harlem", "First Taste of Love", "Young Boy Blues", and at the last minute, a song he wrote himself called "Stand by Me".

Blues Incorporated

The band composed of Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies who covered blues records as close to the records as possible.

Herman's Hermits

The band known as the leader of the second wave of Beatles-type Manchester bands which began to hit US shores in 1965. Their song "I'm into Something Good" went to number thirteen in late 1964. They followed this success with seventeen more Top 40 hits through 1968, including "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", and "Listen People."

The Yardbirds

The band that took over from the Rolling Stones at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond in 1963. The guitarist was eventually replaced by Eric Clapton and was his start. Known for "I Wish You Would", "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl", "Heart Full of Soul", and "Shapes of Things".

Ken Colyer

The bandleader who championed trad.

Elsbeary Hobbs

The bassist for the Drifters who led the vocal-harmony passage in "There Foes My Baby".

Don Everly

The brother known for writing "('Til) I Kissed You", "Cathy's Clown", and "So Sad (to Watch Good Love Go Bad)".

Phil Everly

The brother known for writing "When Will I Be Loved" in 1960.

The Marquee Club

The club that the Who appeared at every Tuesday for six months from 1964-65.

Burt Bacharach

The composer who first noticed Dionne Warwick when she was singing backup at a Drifters session.

Bob Horn

The first host of American Bandstand. Was fired in 1956 after a series of personal problems.

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

The first important production team. Their success with a variety of artists was imitated by others such as Carole King and Gerry Goffin, Shadow Morton, and, perhaps most important, Phil Spector. Were the most important songwriting team in rock and roll in the early 1950s. They had roots in the West Coast rhythm and blues scene and enjoyed hits on the R&B charts with artists such as Charles Brown, Big Mama Thornton, and the Robins. Also wrote "Jailhouse Rock" and "Don't" for Elvis Presley. Formed Spark Records in 1953 and were known for already having a clear idea of how a record should sound before the performers entered the studio. They then made a deal with Atlantic where they could retain the right to work with other artists and labels, making them among the first independent producers in pop music.

1958-65

The folk revival time period.

EMI, Decca, Pye, and Philips

The four major record labels in Britain before the British Invasion.

ASCAP

The group that most of the Brill Building people belonged to. Did not allow country or rock 'n' roll songwriters in.

Jeff Beck

The guitarist who replaced Eric Clapton in the Yardbirds.

Folk Music

The kind of music that in 1960 had the greatest appeal for older fans.

Peter Noone

The lead singer of Herman's Hermits whose boyish good looks made him an immediate teen heartthrob just when the Beatles were moving away from their mop-top haircuts and pop image.

Roger Daltrey

The lead singer of the Who.

Candlestick Park

The location of the last public Beatles concert on August 29th, 1966.

Brian Epstein

The manager for the Beatles.

Albert Grossman

The manager of Peter, Paul, and Mary who hoped to capitalize on the folk revival ignited by the Kingston Trio.

Wesley Rose

The manager of the Everly Brothers who was an important song publisher in Nashville and whose father had managed Hank Williams.

King Curtis

The member of the Coasters who played the saxophone. Many of his lines were written by Stoller, who was trained as a classical composer.

Phil Spector

The most ambitious producer of the early 1960s and the most important producer of girl-group pop. While still a teenager in Los Angeles, he had a number-one hit as both a performer and songwriter with the Teddy Bears in 1958. Began work under Leiber and Stoller. He demanded total control of the recording process and wanted his records to have a signature sound. He often recorded an enormous amount of instruments in a relatively small space. The sound from one instrument would spill into the microphone of the next, and all of this would be mixed together into a monophonic backing track. He called this a "Wall of Sound" and used a technique known as "doubling" to support it. He also relied on heavy amounts of reverb to thicken up the record's "sound" and blend the instruments and voices. The most important "Wall of Sound" hits are the Crystals' "Da Doo Ron Ron" and "Then He Kissed Me" as well as the Ronettes' "Be My Baby".

Dennis Wilson

The only one of the Beach Boys who actually ever spent any time surfing.

Steve Winwood

The organist for the Spencer Davis Group.

Stuart Sutcliffe

The original bassist for the Beatles who was one of Lennon's art-college buddies.

Pete Best

The original drummer for the Beatles.

1935-48

The original folk song movement time period.

Brian Jones

The original leader and founder of the Rolling Stones.

Beryl Bryden

The person who played the washboard in Lonnie Donegan and His Skiffle Group.

George Martin

The producer of the Beatles who was the head of a small EMI label called Parlophone.

Milton Okun

The professional arranger of Peter, Paul, and Mary's cover of Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind".

Tom Wilson

The second producer of the Animals.

Johnny Gentle

The singer that the Beatles joined on a brief tour of Scotland.

Ricky Nelson

The son of bandleader Ozzie Nelson and singer Harriet Hilliard who was known for softer rockabilly. Inspired by his girlfriend's enthusiasm for Elvis, he boasted that he was also making a record. His first single was a cover of Fats Domino's "I'm Walkin'" followed by the B-side "A Teenager's Romance", both of which were in the top 5. He then signed with Imperial and released "Be Bop Baby" in 1957, supposedly inspired by Gene Vincent's "Be-Bop-a-Lula".

Sweet Little Sixteen

The song that "Surfin' USA" is an obvious reworking of, to the point where Chuck Berry sued the Beach Boys for copyright infringement and is now listed as one of the songwriters due to it.

BBC and Radio Luxembourg

The two radio stations in the UK before the British Invasion.

Teen Idols and Dance Music

The type of music that in 1960 was directed towards the new generation of teenagers.

Gene Autry

This musician once complained that it was easier to get into the White House than into ASCAP.

Ed Sullivan's Show

This show featured the Beatles' first appearance in the United States. They reached a record-breaking 73 million views and were so popular that the crime rate in the US went down during the time the show was on the air.

Solomon Burke, Otis Redding, and Wilson Pickett

Three R&B singers with a more strongly pronounced gospel element.

The Everly Brothers, Roy Orbison, and Ricky Nelson

Three artists known for softening the rockabilly sound by incorporating a more marked pop component, under the general influence of the Brill Building approach.

Ball, Barber, and Blik

Three trad artists who scored a series of hits after the skiffle fad wore off.

Trad

Traditional jazz which stuck very close to the early twentieth-century New Orleans style.