multicultural

the different types of cultural biases

social categorizing ethnocentrism stereotyping prejudice discrimination racism

context

where, who, subject, reasons, rules specific relational context (where you are) particular situational context (situation) a characteristic of the association between individuals

Institutional Networks

formal organizations in societies (government, religion, etc.) Interpersonal

Analyze the reasons cultures differ

history ecology technology biology institutional network communication patterns

coculture

is a term used in place of subculture to hide implication of hierarchy.

Old-fashioned racism

is the most extreme form of racism.

international communication

people with different nationalities

Define intercultural competence and explain why it is necessary.

the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures (communicative dimension (action-words you say) - cognitive dimension (knowledge) - affective dimension (attitudes) - ) ability to prevent, assess, and treat appropriately individuals from differences all cultures have visible component and a larger part that is hidden from view there are no simple prescriptions that can guarantee competent interpersonal communication among people from different cultures as the world transforms, differences among people become reasons to celebrate and share rathe than fear and harm

skilled actions

the actual performance of those behaviors that are appropriate and effective. you do so continuously (example - students in speech class may lack speaking skills but know all information how to etc.)

discrimination

unequal treatment of certain individuals because of their membership to a particular group.

racism

- At the individual level, conceptually very similar to prejudice. - At the institutional level, the exclusion of certain people from equal participation in the society's institutions solely because of their race. - At the cultural level, denies the existence of the culture of a particular group and involves the rejection of the culture's beliefs and values. - often used synonymously with prejudice and discrimination, the social attributes that distinguish it from these two terms are oppression and power

place cultural identity in context of other identities

- One's identity or self-concept: is built on an individual's cultural, social, and personal identities. - Cultural identity: refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It is formed in a process that results from membership in a particular culture. It involves learning about and accepting the traditions, heritage, language, religions, ancestry, aesthetics, thinking patterns, and social structures of society. People internalize the beliefs, values, norms, and social practices of their culture and identify with that culture as part of their self-concept. - Social identity: develops as a consequence of membership in particular groups within one's culture. The characteristics and concerns common to most members of such social groups shape the way individuals view their characteristics. The types of groups with which people identify can vary widely and might include perceived similarities due to age, gender, work, religion, ideology, social class, place (neighborhood, region, and nation), and common interests. - Personal identity: refers to people's unique characteristics, which may differ from those of others in their cultural or social groups.

purpose of cultural taxonomies

- Taxonomies are used for people to understand and appreciate cultural valuations - To improve intercultural communication, create a profile of the culures values, study patterns of your own culture,

Discuss verbal codes and intercultural competence.

- The study of a foreign language is extraordinarily useful in understanding the role of differences in verbal codes in intercultural communication. - Learning a foreign language teaches much about the culture of those who use it. - Learning another language can lead to an appreciation of those who are struggling to communicate in second or third languages. - Language learning provides an important link between competence and verbal codes. - Recognizing the possibility of irritability and fatigue when functioning in an unfamiliar linguistic environment is an important prerequisite to intercultural competence. - Intercultural competence requires knowledge, motivation, and actions that recognize the critical role of verbal codes in human interaction.

Explain the relationship of cultural patterns and intercultural competence.

- There is a strong relationship between the foundations - The patterns of a culture create the filter through which all verbal and nonverbal symbols are interpreted. - Judgments of competence are strongly influenced by the underlying patterns of one's cultural background. - A cultural pattern may be the preferred choice for most cultural members, but not for every individual. - When confronting a set of beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are inconsistent with their own, many people will negatively evaluate others' cultural patterns. - Cultural patterns form the basis for what is considered to be communicatively appropriate and effective. - The patterns of a culture shape, but do not determine, the mental programming of its people. - Because cultural patterns define how people see and define reality, they are a powerful emotional force in competent intercultural communication.

Discuss interpretation and intercultural communication.

- Translation is the use of verbal signs of one language to understand the verbal signs of another language. Written - Interpretation is the oral process of moving from one code to another. -Issues regarding interpretation have become more important for all people. - Many professionals are increasingly required to use professional interpreters to communicate with clients and fulfill their professional obligations. -Translation equivalence is used to describe the process of trying to translate and represent a source language as closely as possible.

three ways stereotyping can be inaccurate.

- When stereotypes are assumed to apply to all members of a group or category, resulting in a tendency to ignore differences among the individual members of the group. - When the group average, as suggested by a stereotype, is simply wrong or inappropriately exaggerated. - When the degree of error and exaggeration differs for positive and negative attributes.

Analyze the components of a DIE tool for improving intercultural communication.

- allows people to control the meanings they attribute to the verbal and nonverbal symbols used by others. - based on the assumption that most people process the information around them using a kind of mental shorthand. - trains you to distinguish among statements of description, interpretation, and evaluation.

social practices

- are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow. (communication) - the outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms. - can be informal or formal and prescriptive. - All members of a culture do not necessarily follow that culture's "typical" social practices; each person differs, in unique and significant ways, from the general cultural tendency to think and behave in particular ways.

cultural patterns / components

- defined as shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations. - provide a basic set of standards that guide thought and action. - not so much consciously taught as unconsciously experienced; they are taught at a young age and are reinforced continuously. beliefs, values, norms, social practices

State the criteria for competent intercultural communication.

- must be PERCEIVED by those involved. (best determined by the people who are interacting with each other) - a social judgment about how well a person interacts with others. - It will always be specific to the context and interpersonal relationship within which it occurs. - must be APPROPRIATE (actions fit the expectations and demands of the situation) - must be EFFECTIVE and achieve the desired personal outcome. (certain outcome to achieve through communication - such as satisfaction or an accomplishment)

characteristics of cultural identity.

- provide a framework for organizing and interpreting one's experiences of others. - central to one's sense of self. - dynamic and change with one's ongoing life experiences. - multifaceted.

norms

- refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of themselves. - the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors. - can change over time, whereas beliefs and values are more enduring. - exist for a wide variety of behaviors and include typical social routines. - the surface characteristics that emerge from a culture's beliefs and values. - linked to beliefs and values to form the patterns of a culture. - evident through behaviors, can be readily inferred.

prejudice

- refers to attitudes toward other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. - a universal psychological process; all people have a propensity for prejudice toward others who are unlike themselves.

Name and explain different strategies for responding to offensive "jokes" or comments about a culture.

-Assume good intent and explain impact, -ask a question, -interrupt and redirect, -broaden to universal human behavior (I think it applied to everyone), -make it individual (not true of everyone, you mean all managers or yours) , -say ouch

BASIC

-Displays of respect: are present but shown differently in every culture. -Orientation to knowledge: refers to the terms people use to explain themselves and the world. -Empathy: is the ability of individuals to communicate an awareness of another person's thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Interaction management refers to the skills necessary to maintain a conversation. Task role behavior refers to those skills that contribute to a group's problem solving skills and performance. Relational role behavior deals with efforts to build and maintain personal relationships that demonstrate support for others and that help solidify feelings of participation. Tolerance for ambiguity refers to the extent to which an individual can deal with unpredictability and uncertainty. Interaction posture focuses on the ability to respond to others in a way that is nonjudgmental

beliefs

-refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false. -an idea that people assume to be true about the world (e.g. the world is round). - a set of learned interpretations that cultural members use to decide what is and is not logical and correct. - range from ideas that are central to a person's sense of self to ideas that are more peripheral. - Culturally shared beliefs are so fundamental to assumptions about what the world is like and how the world operates that they are typically unnoticed. - These metaphors are not completely accurate ways to describe the cultures in the U.S

values

-refer to what a group of people defines as good and bad or what it regards as important. - concerned with what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, beautiful or ugly, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel. - the desired characteristics or goals of a culture. - often offered as the explanation for the way in which people communicate. - serve as guiding principles in people's lives. - differ on the dimensions of valence and intensity.

interpersonal communication

1. It occurs between small groups of people. 2. It involves people interacting exclusively with one another. 3. It is adapted to specific others. 4, Interpretation of messages can occur simultaneously with their creation, allowing communicators to adapt their messages instantaneously.

stages of formation of cultural identity

1. The unexamined cultural identity stage: involves a lack of interest in cultural issues as a result of taking one's own cultural characteristics for granted 2. Cultural identity search: involves a process of exploration and questioning about one's culture in order to learn more about it 3. Cultural identity achievement: involves the acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one's cultural identity.

intercultural communication examples

Black man married to white woman Moving to another country

Explain the components of competent intercultural communication.

Context Appropriateness and Effectiveness of Behaviors Knowledge Motivations Skilled actions

Explain how cultural forces are interrelated.

Each cultural force works in conjunction with and is influenced by the others. - cultures adapt to other cultures while interactions - influenced by others

functions of prejudice.

It helps people organize and simplify the world. It satisfies a utilitarian or adjustment function. It serves an ego-defensive function by protecting a person's self-esteem. It serves a value-expressive function. It serves a knowledge function.

social categorizing

People impose a pattern on their world by organizing the stimuli into conceptual categories. Most people think that other people perceive, evaluate, and reason about the world in the same way that they do. Humans simplify the processing and organizing of information from the environment by identifying certain characteristics as belonging to certain categories of persons and events.

description (DIE)

Statements of description detail the perceptual cues and information a person has received without judgments or interpretations The purpose of using descriptive statements when you are communicating interculturally is that they allow you to identify the sensory information that forms the basis of your interpretations. Descriptive statements allow a person to consider alternative hypotheses or interpretations.

Evaluation (DIE)

Statements of evaluation indicate an emotional or affective judgment about the information. Evaluations are generally made without being cognizant of the specific sensory information perceived. Being aware of how evaluations are made from descriptions and interpretations will help you avoid making inaccurate conclusions of others' behaviors.

Interpretation (DIE)

Statements of interpretation provide a conjecture or hypothesis about what the perceptual information might mean. The interpretations people make of perceptual information are very closely linked to their personal evaluation of that information. Being aware of how people make interpretations will help you test the various interpretations of behavior you are considering. By testing alternative interpretations, it is possible to forestall the evaluations that can negatively affect your interactions.

Ecology

The external environment in which culture lives. Conditions affect a cultures formation and functioning. Effects of a cultures ecology are often hidden from its members because the climate and environment

Communication Patterns

The unique face to face verbal and nonverbal coding systems to communicate. The means through which a culture transmits its beliefs and practices from one generation to another

History

Unique history of a culture affects development and maintenance of a culture. History events transmitted across generations does the shared knowledge that guides a culture's collective action. You have to know what people have gone through to understand what they want and don't want.

culture

a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people

stereotype

a form of generalization about a group of people. can be based on their religion, age, occupation, social class, geographical location, and many other characteristics.

nation

a political term and is not equivalent to culture.

communication

a symbolic , interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings (society, interactions, verbal and nonverbal)

Define intercultural communication

a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings.

competent communication

an interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs

Appropriateness and Effectiveness of Behaviors

appropriate - behaviors that are regarded as proper and suitable given the expectations generated by a given culture, situation, and relationship effective - behaviors that lead to achievement of desired outcomes

knowledge

cognitive information you need to have about the people, the context, and the norms of appropriateness that operate in a specific culture used to interpret messages or portray your own in context culture-general information - abstract, helps make sense of general cultural practices culture-specific information - used to understand a specific culture (uniqueness and facts)

cross-cultural communication

comparison particular idea or concept within many cultures

intracultural communication

culturally similar individuals

Biology

describes the inherited characteristics and genetic compositions cultural members share. There is more variation within races than between races. most differences going human groups result from cultural learning or environmental causes. Race is an imperfect term for categorizing human population.

interethnic and interracial communication

members of different racial and ethnic groups but all part of the same nation-state or geographic area

The degree of unfamiliarity can lead to

negative attitudes because of lack of experience with the characteristics of their group.

Genuine likes and dislikes

occur when the cultural practices a group displays are not liked by members of another group.

Aversive racism

occurs when individuals who highly value fairness and equality among all racial and cultural groups nevertheless have negative beliefs and feelings about members of a particular race.

Symbolic racism (also called modern racism)

occurs when members of a group with political and economic power believe that members of some other group threaten their traditional values.

ethnocentrism

occurs when the beliefs, values, and practices of one culture are viewed as superior to those of others. All cultures have a tendency to be ethnocentric. To be a competent intercultural communicator, you need to recognize how your own culture influences your judgments of others, be aware of your emotional reactions to such judgments, and acknowledge the existence of your judgments to minimize their effect on your communication.

motivations

people's overall set of emotional associations as they anticipate and actually communicate interculturally feelings - emotional or affective states that you experience when communicating with someone from a different culture (not thoughts) intentions - what guides your choices in a particular intercultural integration (goals, plans objectives, and desires that direct your behavior)

race

predominantly a political, legal and social distinction.

subcultures

refer to cultures that exist in the midst of another large culture.

Technology

refers to the inventions a culture has created or borrowed. Changes in the technology can radically alter the balance of forces that maintain a culture and affect a culture's survival. media expands communication

ethnicity

refers to variety of groups that a share common language, religious traditions, nation-state, cultural system, and historical origins.