Multiple Choice Ch 16

Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

tions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

"Weep, wretched natives of Tahit , weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging y te side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Evaluating the Evidence 16.3) reflects his belie that

European exploration was a prelude to violent conquest.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

In Of Natural Characters (1748), David Hume wrote: "I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent amongst them, no arts, no sciences.... Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men." Based on this passage, what did Hume see as the source of racial distinctions?

Nature

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political ssues.

Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to

aspire to a life of the mind.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

the universe. What To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

The following in is an excerpt from Moses Mendelssohn's "Reply to Lavater" (Thinking Like a Historian) Sometimes, however, the opinions of my precisely because of their generality, they form the higher theoretical principles which are too remote from practical life to do basis on which the nation that upholds them has any direct harm; but, fellow men, which in my belief are errors, belong to the built its moral and social system, and thus happen to be of great importance to this part of the human ground to see whether it is solid and secure, without providing race. To oppose such doctrines in public, because we voice his opinion about such prejudices, and will take care not to attack them outright without stands on it. Anyone who cares more for the good of humanity than for his own fame will be slow to any other support for the consider them prejudices, is to dig up the building that extreme caution." Based on this passage, in Mendelssohn's view, what purpose is served by religion?

Religious beliefs are the foundation of moral and social systems.

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.