MUS 359 PART 5
formes fixes
A more popular genre was the virelai, one of the three _____________ (fixed forms) of fourteenth-century French song, in which text and music have particular patterns of repetition that include a refrain, a phrase or section that repeats both words and music.
Saint Francis
Pious donors funded hundreds of new monasteries and convents, filled by rising numbers of men, women, and children seeking a religious life. _______________, St. Dominic, St. Clare, and others founded new religious orders.
formes fixes
Specific structural devices of the time, such as isorhythm and the ______________, lasted only to the late fifteenth century, but ideas of musical structure continued and diversified.
Errol Flynn
Steiner continued writing film scores through the 1960s, his credits including Gone with the Wind (1939) and Casablanca (1943). Other leading Hollywood film composers include Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957), who brought his experience as a Viennese composer of opera and classical concert works to scores for the ______________ swashbucklers Captain Blood (1935) and The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and Alfred Newman (1900-1970), the first major native-born American film composer, known for scores to Wuthering Heights, The Song of Bernadette, How the West Was Won, Airport, and more than two hundred films.
Four Last Songs
Strauss's __________________ for voice and orchestra (1948) evoke images of autumn and sunset, revisiting the theme from his early tone poem Death and Transfiguration (1888-89) and now accepting death as a culmination.
Mikhail Fokine
Stravinsky collaborated on the ballets with choreographers ___________________, founder of the modern ballet style, and Vaclav Nijinsky, one of the greatest dancers of the early twentieth century.
binary form
The first movement of Stamitz's Sinfonia in Eb Major, written in the mid-1750s, follows the customary plan outlined by Koch, but wihtout the section repetitions of ___________ and on a much larger scale than in Sammartini's Symphony in F Major, No. 32. The return of the tonic key after the development is marked not with the opening phrases but with the series of ideas that were introduced on the dominant, as in the balanced __________ of Scarlatti.
formes fixes
The following generation, born around 1450 and active through about 1520, continued these trends and brought new ones: an end to the ______________, a growing interest in imitative and homophonic textures, and a new focus on fitting music to words with appropriate declamation, imagery, and expression.
Der fliegende Hollander
The following year Dresden saw a production of _________________________ (The Flying dutchman), an Romantic opera in the tradition of Weber by Wagner.
Die Fledermaus
The great masters of operetta in the generation after Offenbach were the Viennese Johann Strauss the younger (1825-1899), known for ________________ (The Bat, 1874), and, in England, the team of W.S. Gilbert (librettist) and Arthur Sullivan (composer, 1842-1900).
bone flute
a flute carved from bone, which is the oldest recognizable type of instrument
binary form
minuet and trio form, often present in quartets and symphonies, join two ___________ minuets, repeating the first after playing the second (the trio) to produce an ABA pattern.
Franconian notation
Composer and theorist Franco of Cologne codified the new system, now called ______________________ , in his Ars cantus mensurabilis (The Art of Measurable Music), written around 1280.
Franco of Cologne
Composer and theorist ____________________ codified the new system, now called Franconian notation, in his Ars cantus mensurabilis (The Art of Measurable Music), written around 1280. This is such an important innovation, and it had such an impact on what musicians could notate, that we should pause to examine how _______'s system worked.
The Four Seasons
Composers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries expected their instrumental music to convey particular emotions, associations with everyday life (from dance rhythms to hunting horns), and in some cases even specific characters, scenes, or programs, as in Biber's Mystery Sonatas, Couperin's character pieces, or Vivaldi's _______________.
formes fixes
Composers of his generation virtually abandoned the _____________, choosing instead strophic texts and simple four or five-line poems.
Aretha Franklin
Equally significant is that unlike the 1960s, when almost every teenager in the English-speaking world listened to the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and __________________, popular music in the last quarter of the twentieth century was fragmented into niche audiences, and no one achieved the same broad popularity.
transverse flute
Flute blown across a hole in the side of the pipe and held to one side of the player; used for medieval, RENAISSANCE, and BAROQUE forms of the flute to distinguish it from the RECORDER, which is blown in one end and held in front.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Founded in London early in the eighteenth century, it spread rapidly thorughout Europe and North American and numbered among its adherents kings (________________________ and Joseph II), statesmen (Washington), poets (Goethe), and composers (Haydn and Mozart). The century's enlightened despots, such as ___________________________________, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, exercised absolute power in their realms as had louis XIV but sought to use it for the betterment of their subjects, including programs to expand education and care for the poor.
fortepiano
eighteenth-century pianos are now called _____________ to distinguish them from the larger, louder forms of the piano developed in the nineteenth century.
The Four Seasons
Jazz pianist and composer Uri Caine (b. 1956) has collaborated with klezmer, funk, and hip hop artists, and his reworkings of Mahler's Fifth Symphony (1998), Bach's Goldberg Variations (2000), Beethoven's Diabelli Variations (2003), Verdi's Otello (2008), and Vivaldi's _______________________ (2012) are not mere transcriptions but are fundamentally reimagined as up-to-date idiomatic works of fusion.
Franconian notation
Moreover, the notation that composers developed for polyphony introduced two features that became fundamental to later Western notation: vertical placement to coordinate multiple parts, as in Aquitanian and Notre Dame organum and modern scores, and different noteshapes to indicate relative duration, pioneered in ______________________ and continued in our whole, half quarter, and eighth notes and rests.
formes fixes
Most French songs of the fourteenth century are in one of the three ______________ (fixed forms): ballade, rondeau, and virelai. All three _____________ add a refrain to a stanza in AAB form.
binary form
rondo form, common in last movements, presents a small ____________ or single period as a theme, then alternates it with other periods called episodes, which are usually in other keys, in a pattern such as ABACA or ABACADA.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
the Frenchman Voltaire sojourned at the French-speaking court of _______________________________________, the Italian poet Metastasio worked at the German imperial court in Vienna, and the German writer F.M. von Grimm gained prominence in Parisian literary and musical circles.
Floregium
Among the early collections of orchestral suites were two publications titled ____________ (1695 and 1698) by Georg Muffat, who pioneered in introducing Lully's style into Germany as he had Corelli's a decade earlier.
Aretha Franklin
Among the leading exponents were singer-songwriter Ray Charles (1930-2004) who popularized the new trend from the mid-1950s on; James Brown (1933-2006), the "King of Soul"; Otis Redding (1941-1967); and ___________________ (b. 1942).
Lukas Foss
A similar work in Baroque Variations (1967) by ____________ (1922-2009), whose three movements subject pieces by Handel, Domenico Scarlatti, and Bach respectively to a variety of transformations from adding clusters to fading out to inaudibility, creating what the composer called "'dreams' about these pieces."
Franks
After the Western Empire disintegrated, control of western Europe was distributed among several peoples, including Celts, Angles, and Saxons in the British Isles; ________ in Gaul (approximately modern-day France) and western Germany; Visigoths in Spain; and Ostrogoths and Lombards in northern Italy.
binary form
All three types could be used as the form of an entire movement, such as minuet; could be paired with another ____________, as in a minuet and trio; or could serve as the form for the theme of a rondo or set of variations.
Franks
Almost as important, the codification of Gregorian chant and its diffusion in notation made it the basis for much new music from the ninth through the sixteenth centuries. That these events took place under the _______ was significant, since Charlemagne's empire was the political and cultural center of western Europe.
folk music
Althoguh the latter by definition were popular songs (newly composed by known authors and sold through sheet music and recordings) rather than folk songs (which have unknown origins and are passed down orally), the whole tradition became known as ____________. In opposition to the increasing sophistication and professionalism of most other popular music, ___________ was deliberately simple, featuring one or more singers with guitar or banjo accompaniment, and often the audience was encouraged to join in the singing.
binary form
Another approach, known as rounded ___________, highlights the return to the tonic in the second section by repeating the material that opened the first section.
Franks
As a result of this visit, Pippin the Short (r. 751-68), who had become king of the ________ with the support of the previous pope, sought to import the Roman liturgy and chant and have them performed throughout his domain. Ties between Rome and the _______ were strengthened when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor in Rome on Christmas 800, initiating what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire.
Folk-Music Society
Both Parry and Stanford taught composition at the Royal College of Music, established in 1883 with the goal of training young British musicians at the same professional level as conservatories in Paris, Leipzig, and other European centers, and in 1898 both were co-founders of the _____________________, devoted to the collection and publication of folk songs in the British Isles.
florid organum
Both _______________ and discant exemplify their medieval creators' love of decoration, ornamenting the syllabic tenor line with varied melodic gestures in the upper voice and changing harmonies between the parts.
formes fixes
Breaking away from the _____________, composers cast chansons in new shapes. Pieces without text and apparently conceived for instruments became more common, although still far outnumbered by vocal works.
Franco-Prussian War
But after France's efeat by German forces in the ______________________ of 1870-71, French musicians sought greater independence from German music, seeking a distinctive path of their own while beginning to revive French music of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries as a counterbalance to the German composers who were at the core of the classical repertoire.
Henry Ford
By streamlining production and distribution, _____________ made his Model T the first widely affordable automobile in 1908, launching the modern world's love affair with the car.
4'33"
Cage's most extreme indeterminate work- and his most famous piece- was ______ , 1952, in which te performer or performers sit silently at their instruments for a span of time specified in the title (subdivided into three "movements"), while whatever noises can be heard in the concert hall or from outside constitute the music.
Five Variants of "Dives and Lazarus"
Cecil Sharp (1859-1924), Ralph Vaughan Williams, and other collected and published hundred of folk songs, leading to the use of these melodies in compositions such as Vaughan Williams's Norfolk Rhapsodies (1905-6) and _____________________________________________ (1939) as well as Gustav Holst's Somerset Rhapsody (1906-7).
Veronica Franco
Despite these limitations, several women, including Vittoria Colonna, __________________, and Gaspara Stampa, achieved fame as poets in the sixteenth century.
Francis I
During the long reign of ____________ (r. 1515-47), composers in France developed a new type of chanson that was a light, fast, strongly rhythmic song for four voices.
Der fliegende Hollander
In 1842, Wagner moved back to Dresden, where his Rienzi was a great success, followed by __________________________ (The Flying Dutchman) in early 1843.
binary form
In addition, __________ was developed into what was then called first-movement form, renamed sonata form in the nineteenth century.
Stephen Foster
In all of these, Ives uses references to American tunes or musical styles, from ________________ to ragtime, to suggest the meanings he wanted to convey.
formes fixes
In some ways, Ockeghem and Busnoys represent the last climax of medieval thinking in their use of the _____________, in their long, winding phrases, and in such feats as the mensuration canons in Missa prolationum.
free jazz
In the 1960s, alto saxophonist Ornette Coleman (b. 1930) and his ensemble introduce a more radically new jazz language known as __________, named after their landmark album Free Jazz (1960), which contained a single thirty-seven-minute-long group improvisation.
binary form
In the eighteenth century, composers sought to emphasize the arrival on the dominant in the first section and the return to the tonic in the second section, producing the new types of __________. This pattern, called balanced __________, appears in Francois Couperin's La muse victorieuse and is typical of Domenico Scarlatti's sonatas.
flamenco
In the first movement of Silvestre Revueltas's Baile (Dance), he begins and ends with a slow, rectitative-like melody in muted trumpet that evokes the style of cante jondo, a Spanish _________ song tradition Lorca celebrated in his poetry.
florid organum
In two passages from Jubilemu, exultemus, the style of _____________, with melismas of three to fifteen notes in the upper part for most notes in the tenor is used.
the Four Tops
In-house songwriting teams and studio musicians produced a consistent, groomed sound for groups like Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, the Supremes, the Temptations, __________________, and Martha and the Vandellas.
formalism
Interest in music for its own sake or in modernist styles was condemned as __________. But the definitions of socialist realism and _________ were so vague and arbitrary that composers often ran afoul of the authorities, including the two leading Soviet composers of the time, Sergey Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Johann Ernst, prince of Weimar (1696-1715), was a violinist who composed instrumental works, of which six concertos were published. ______________________ regularly performed flute sonatas and concertos at private concerts in his chambers and composed flute concertos, arias, and other music.
Franconian notation
Like the rhythmic modes, ______________________ is based on ternary groupings of the basic unit, the tempus (now normally transcribed s a quarter note rather than an eight, as is customary for Notre Dame polyphony.)
Stephen Foster
Many of __________________'s best-konwn songs were written for Christy's Minstrels, including Oh! Susanna (1848), Camptown Races (1850), Old Folks at Home (1851), and My Old Kentucky Home (1853).
The Four Seasons
Most famous of Vivaldi's music are the first four concertos in Op. 8, known as ____________________.
transverse flute
Most of the principal Renaissance wind instruments were already in use by the Middle Ages: recorders, _________________, shawms, cornetts, and trumpets.
binary form
Most seventeenth-century dances were in __________: two roughly equal sections, each repeated, the first leading harmonically from the tonic to close on the dominant (sometimes the relative major), the second returning to the tonic.
bar form
Most songs are strophic, and the most common melodic form is AAB, called _________ by scholars of German music since the nineteenth century (Minnesingers).
free jazz
Musicians developed new styles, trends, and traditions, including styles of jazz that demanded more concentrated listening, from bebop to ___________; types of popular music aimed principally at young people, such as rock and roll and its offshoots, or at particular communities, from country music to salsa; musicals that aimed for g reater dramatic depth, integrated dance and music more closely with the plot, and incorporated styles from jazz, rock, and other traditions; film music that drew on a wider diversity of sounds and styles; and music for band and wind ensemble intended to match the depth, seriousness, and permanence of the orchestral repertoire.
formes fixes
Older elements, such as the _____________ and reliance on a structural tenor or cantus-tenor scaffolding, disappeared in the next generation, replaced by new methods that were themselves made possible by the changes Ockeghem and Busnoys had introduced.
balanced binary form
One common strategy was to present new material in the dominant at the end of the first section and to present new material in the dominant at the end of the first section and to repeat that material in the tonic at the end of the second section, like a musical rhyme that serves to confirm the return to the home key. Such an approach heightens the contrast between tonic and dominant by associating different musical ideas with each and then resolves the harmonic tension by repeating in the tonic material that first appeared in another key. This pattern, called ______________________, appears in Francois Couperin's La muse victorieuse and is typical of Domenico Scarlatti's sonatas.
Franco-Prussian War
One notable political effect was an increasing activity in musical life after the _________________________ of 1870-71, when the government and the Parisian elite sought to assert the vibrancy of French culture in the face of an embarrassing defeat.
Fluxus movement
One of the central figures of the _______________, Korean-born Nam June Paik (1932-2006), devised exhibits with multiple television sets that blended music, video, performance art, and sculpture.
florid organum
Organum style now refers to a texture in which the upper voice sings notegroups of varying lengths above each note of the lower voice, which accordingly moves much slowly than the upper; this style is known today as _________________ because of the florid upper part.
flamenco
Osvaldo Golijov's opera Ainadamar: Foundain of Tears (2005), the spellbinding score score combines computer music, musique concrete, and modernist dissonance with elements from Spanish _________ music, Cuban rhythms, and Latin American popular music.
Franconian notation
Our modern notation system is the direct descendant of Ars Nova notation. The noteshapes of Ars Nova notation are the same as those of ______________________, with the addition of the minim.
Fratres
Part established his international reputation with instrumental works in tintinnabuli style, notably Tabula rasa, _________ (Brothers), and Cantus in memorium Benjamin Britten (all 1977), then increasingly focused on religious choral music, especially after leaving the Soviet Union in 1980.
The Four Seasons
Pastoral themes were also prominent in musical works, from Scarlatti's cantatas and Vivaldi's concertos ______________________ near the beginning of the century to Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice and Haydn's oratorio The Seasons near its end.
Gustave Flaubert
Realism developed first in literature and art, critiquing modern society by showing the reality of everyday life, the real suffering of the poor, and the hypocrisies of the elite and well-to-do, as in the novels of Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, ___________________, and Feodor Dostoevsky, the plays of Henrik Ibsen, and the paintings and illustrations of Honore Daumier, and Gustave Courbet.
Die Forelle
Schubert achieved an individual and appealing style in the five-movement Quintet for piano, violin, viola, cello, and bass (1819), known as the Trout Quintet because the fourth movement presents variations on his song ______________ (The Trout).
Frauenliebe und Leben
Schumann focused on love songs, including the song cycles Dichterliebe (A Poet's Love) and ____________________________ (Woman's Love and Life).
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Sofia Gubaidulina came to international prominence with her violin concerto, Offertorium (1980, rev. 1982 and 1986), written for violinist Gidon Kremer, which captures the concept of self-sacrifice- paralleling that of Jesus on the cross, or of the composer for the sake of her music- presenting, deconstructing, and reconstructing, note by note, the theme _______________________ offered to Johann Sebastian Bach, who made it the central idea of his Musical Offering.
Benjamin Franklin
Some of these doctrines were incorporated into the American Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights; indeed, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, ____________________, and other founders of the United States were as representative of the Enlightenment as were their French predecessors.
Fountain
The Dadaist movement in art promoted the absurd; Marcel Duchamp's __________ (a urinal on its back) contradicted some of art's most basic assumptions.
Flow, my tears
The Dowland lute song best known to his contemporaries, _________________ from his Second Booke of Ayres (1600), was adapted from a lute piece by Dowland that spawned a whole series of variations and arrangements.
Robert Franz
The German Lied had numerous other exponents, including Felix Mendelssohn, Fanny Hensel, and Franz Liszt, whose piano music is discussed later in this chapter; Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, and Arnold Schoenberg, whom we will encounter in subsequent chapters; and specialists in song, such as Louise Reichardt (1779-1826), Carl Loewe (1796-1869), Josephine Lang (1815-1880), ________________ (1815-1892), and Peter Cornelius (1824-1874).
Frederick the Great of Prussia
The Musical Offering contains a three- and a six-part ricercare for keyboard and ten canons, all based on a theme proposed by ________________________________.
Stephen Foster
The United States began to create its own cultural identity in the tales of Washington Irving and Nathaniel Hawthorne, the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, and the songs of _________________.
formes fixes
The ______________ fell out of fashion during the late fifteenth century, and texts for both secular and sacred music became hihgly varied.
formes fixes
The chansons of Ockeghem and Busnoys blend traditional and new features. Like chansons of previous generations, most are for three voice and use for ______________, especially rondeau form.
binary form
The dance movements in chamber sonatas are almost always in ___________, with each section repeated, the first section closing on the dominant or relative major and the second making its way back to the tonic.
binary form
The dances for lute by Denis Gaultier and in the keyboar dsuites of Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre use simple ___________, in which the two sections are roughly equal in length and feature musical material that is different or only loosely related.
Stephen Foster
The linke between success on stage and in sales of printed music harks back to Baroque opera, includes the minstrel show tunes of ________________ and others in the nineteenth century, and remained important in the twentieth century.
Four Last Songs
The most successful also discovered the secret of inspiring performers to champion their music, creating works that musicians are eager to play more than once. Among such composers were Bernstein and Persichetti, whom we encountered in the previous chapter; Prokofiev, Shostakovich, and other Soviet composers affected by the expectations of the state that music should have wide appeal; Poulenc, Hindemith, and other composers who established their reputations between the world wars; and Richard Strauss, who was still composing tonal music in his own personal idiom in the late 1940s, culminating with his __________________ (1948).
Aretha Franklin
The teenagers who listened to Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Bob Dylan, or ________________ grew up but held onto the music they loved.
Flower Drum Song
The story's emphasis on American folk history and the simple pleasures of rural life appealed greatly to Americans during war time and the early postwar years. Rodgers and Hammerstein also explored innovative themes of racial prejudice and encounters between Polynesia or Asia and the West in several shows that use elements of non-Western music to evoke a sense of place: South Pacific, set on a Pacific island during World War II; The King and I, about an English governess in Siam (modern-day Thailand); and __________________ (1958), a story of Chinese immigrants and Asian-Americans in San Francisco's Chinatown, which also featured a song in rock style to depict a young, thoroughly assimilated son of an immigrant.
Franconian notation
The terms "mode," "tempus," "perfect," and "imperfect" are all derived from Notre Dame and _____________________ and applied here to new but closely related uses.
formes fixes
There are no refrains or repeated lines, distinguishing the sixteenth-century madrigal from the frottola, from the old _____________, and from the fourteenth-century madrigal, which it resembles in name only.
Franco of Cologne
This new type of motet, in which each upper voice has a distinctive rhythmic shape, is sometimes called a Franconian motet, after ____________________.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Trained in music by his father, J.S. Bach, C.P.E. Bach served at the court of _____________________ in Berlin from 1740 to 1768 and then became music director of the five principal churches in Hamburg.
binary form
Variations form, used in some slow movements and occasional first or last movements, presents a small _____________ (or sometimes a single period) as a theme, followed by several embellished variants.
La forza del destino
Verdi introduced comic roles in Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball; Rome, 1859) and in ________________________ (The Force of Destiny, 1862, revised 1869), composed for the imperial Russian opera in St. Petersburg.
Stephen Foster
We have seen a few examples of popular music that have endured: dance tunes in John Playford's The English Dancing Master (1651), waltzes by Johann Strauss and Joseph Lanner, songs of _________________ and Tin Pan Alley, Sousa marches, and African American spirituals.
Alan Freed
_______________, a popular radio disc jockey in Cleveland, is credited with coining rock and roll as a name for a new style that blended black and white traditions of popular music.
Franconian notation
_____________________, introduced in the late thirteenth century, made it possible to escape the rigid mold of the rhythmic modes by using the shapes of notes to indicate their durations, yet still relied on the same three-fold groupings, called perfections.
Franconian notation
________________________ allowed composers to achieve more rhythmic freedom and variety, both between and within voices.
Fole acostumance/Dominus
____________________________ features the same tenor as Factum est salutare/Dominus in both melody and rhythm, but states it twice and substitutes a new, more quickly moving duplum melody for the original one.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
___________________________________ (r. 1740-86) and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (r. 1740-80) sought to require primary school for every child, although they were only partially successful.
