Mus 4 - Part 2

Idee fixe in Symphonie Fantastique

"Fixed idea" - represents artist's obsession with his beloved --- after he first sees her, he cannot get her out of his mind, thus he hears her melody wherever he goes - first presented in opening movement, appears in remaining four ---transformed and treated in a variety of ways

Gretchen am Spinnrade

"Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel" - SOUND PAINTING composed in 1814 - age 17 poetry taken from Goethe's play - Faust In play/opera: - Gretchen follows in love with a man who made a pact with devil -love is doomed - in the play, she recites this poem as she is sitting at a spinning wheel Schubert uses the piano to perfectly represent the constant motion of her spinning wheel: --"sound painting" -- "captures both the physical motion of the wheel, as well as Gretchen's restless and anguished state of mind: piano part: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CA-v5QMPJV8

Der Doppelganger

"Phantom Double" - poetry by Heinrich Heine composed in 1828 - last year of his life - musical depiction of self-alienation and derangement -- narrator has been abandoned by his love -- imagines that he sees a "double" of himself, maybe reflected in window -- feels that he has become a ghost, watching his own ridiculous life

Debussy's "Reflets dans l'eau"

"Reflections in the Water" - from collection of pieces for solo piano, called "Images" (1905) -- these pieces largely concerned with sound painting -- Debussy uses sounds and textures of the piano to suggest rippling effects of light on surface of water ---- this is done by ambiguous harmonies and fast "rippling" flurries of notes

timbres

"colors" of sound

Lied/Lieder

"lieder" - German word for songs "lied" - piece for solo voice and piano (sung in German), plural = lieder -- special emphasis on musical interpretation of poetry

Ending of Wozzeck - Act III, Scene 2

- after Marie is dead, Berg does: -- all instruments of orchestra play same note, in a crescendo -- crescendo explodes into dissonant chord --- leads to pounding rhythm in the bass -- after the silence, orchestra plays another long crescendo on B, this time in octaves, they stack up and immediately change - one of most famous parts of the opera

Salon Concerts

- during this time in central Europe, education and literacy were continuing to expand in the upwardly mobile middle class - became common for wealthy / well educated families to put on small private concerts (known as salons) -- private events for family and friends, often hosted by women --chamber music - 1821: Schubert began participating in salon concerts - featured his music prominently eating, drinking, socializing - equally as important as music -meant for entertainment, not profit Schubert tended to run in literary circles, socialized with few fellow musicians

Wozzeck Music Features

- most music is atonal -Berg of ten mixes it with traditional harmonies -- these opportunities bring in a lyricism not often present in more dissonant sections - this combination of harmonic languages illustrates Berg's desire to create emotional, potent, beautiful music - each of the three acts are built around musical forms taken from Baroque, Classical, Romantic periods ----buried deep within the music, almost hidden ---- the casual listener is not meant to hear them

Arnold Schoenberg

- one of most important composers of 20th century - was a music theorist, teacher, critic, painter --wrote several important books on harmony -- a successful Expressionist painter ---- most famous: The Red Gaze -sought to achieve "emancipation of the dissonance"

Art After WWII

- second war devestated most of Europe -aftermath of this chaos and destruction triggered beginning of the Postmodern Era - arts in the Postmodern Era splinter into hundreds of factions --- had already begun with Modernism --- in visual arts, full abstraction was embraced by artists like Jackson Pollock ---- no longer concerned with representation of concrete forms

SF Movement 1: Reveries - Passions

- young musician sees woman for first time -falls desperately in love -the thought of her is linked a musical thought -artist passes from love state --> melancholy reverie, interrupted by a few fits of groundless joy fury, jealousy, tenderness, tears

Sprechstimme

-"speech singing", mixture of singing and speaking -composer specifies the singer's pitches and rhythms -singer never sustains the pitch, rather allows to drop or rise in manner of speech -result is heightened, stylized form of speech with a musical quality

Schubert's greatest works

-Die Schone Mullerin -Winterriese

SF Movement 2: A Ball

-artist finds himself at a party, people are dancing a waltz - 0:40 - movement features virtuosic parts for 2 harpists ---example of unique timbre ---contributes to lush, party like atmosphere -idee fixe (2:04), turns into waltz-tune ----artist can only think of his love when he dances -idee fixe comes back at 5:05 - quiet and intimate ---as if artist stepped outside of party for personal reflection ---he then returns to excitement of party to finish the movement

Initial Response to Symphonie Fantastique

-first performance received with many mixed reactions -continued to revise the score for many years -final version was solidified in 1845

New ways of exploring harmonies - Impressionism

-new combinations of chords that violate old rules of harmonic convention - music around Classical and Romantic Period was designed around clear tonality impressionists intentionally employed ambiguous tonalities

SF Movement 5: Dream of a Witches' Sabbath

-sees himself at a witches sabbath, with ghosts, sorcerers and monsters -beloved melody appears again, but lost its noble and shy character -- now it is a vulgar dance tune -- his beloved is coming to the sabbath, she joins the diabolical orgy -parody of the Dies Irae

Schubert's Achievements

-wrote over 600 lieder -prolific reader - many friendships and relations with poets -melding of poetry and music is unmatched by anyone before him -excellent taste in poetry, worked with poets who were not famous at the time, but became famous - invented new form of music - song cycle age of 17 - composing mature works -- first was "Gretchen am Spinnrade" -- wrote tremendous number of lieder attempted to write operas (was not good) --painfully ironic for composer known well as unparalleled master of writing vocal music - wrote a ton of instrumental music, including symphonies

Franz Schubert

1797 - 1828 - born / lived in Vienna, Austria -transition between Classical and Romantic Period -early death -over 1500 works -many competing stories since death -- scale of his works was much smaller than people like Beethoven --his darker side became a topic of discussion in 20th century ----syphilis, political radicalism, homosexuality

Hector Berlioz Years

1803 - 1869

Romantic Period

1820 - 1900 - characterized by desire to break out of boundaries typically placed on arts -first began in literature and painting -- traditional presentations of the figure are subverted in favor of new representations of humankind's relationship with natural world -in music, composers express desire to move beyond forms that defined Classical period -often use the term "romantic" to refer to love --- Romantic works: "love" manifests as an all-encompassing emotion --- almost always framed from male perspective, all consuming, life changing, often unreciprocated - Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique - good example

The Lock - John Constable

1824 -- Romantic Period figure itself is relatively small - tree, sky, water dominate the painting -location familiar to the artist

Stonehenge

1835 John Constable

Claude Debussy

1862 - 1918 - born in Paris to working class family - went to Paris Conservatory (age 10), studied till early 20s at school - controversial figure for refusal to follow traditional rules of harmony - 1884: won Prix de Rome --- to win, he wrote his entry piece in a style that was much more conservative than rest of music ---criticized during his stay in Rome for "courting the unusual" -was a fan of Wagner's music and other German styles, but went towards new ideas -fascinated by Eastern music, incorporated timbre, harmony, non-Western scales life had many problems, multiple affairs with multiple women had generally shorter works (besides his one opera) - wrote many songs for solo voice and piano (melodies), as well as works for solo piano believed age of the symphony was over, was interested in symphonic poems/ tone poems

Alban Berg

1885 - 1935 -born in Vienna, Austria -self effacing, ironic, suffered from severe asthma -had troubled adolescence, academic problems, suicide attempt, messy love affairs started studying with Schoenberg in 1904 -started with Romantic composing first -became one of Schoenberg's most dedicated students -received international recognition around same time, but always maintained student-teacher dynamic Music dominated by two forces: 1) desire to create emotional, potent, often beautiful music 2) opposing desire to infuse his music with mathematical and logical order - complexity for complexity's sake

The Modern Period

1890 - 1950 - most agree Romantic was coming to an end - new generation of composers inspired by Wagner, exhibited a restless desire to experiment and innovate - first of these were Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, and Claude Debussy -a spirit of innovation defines and unites the Modernist period modernism based on conviction that music is not static and defined by principles, but rather historical and developmental Modernists see themselves as part of unbroken chain of historical development --value innovation over all impossible to define single, unifying aesthetic of Modern period Subsets: Impressionism Expressionism Primitivism Neo-classicism Futurism

Berg the Soldier

1914 - had major success with "Three Pieces for Orchestra" -occurred against backdrop of outbreak of WWI -joined Austrian army out of duty, with Schoenberg and Webern --poor health confined him to desk job --developed grim view of war and horrors --sketched ideas for first opera

Wozzeck Structure

3 acts, 5 scenes each - orchestral interludes between each of the scenes - Wozzeck is a lowly soldier, mistreated by those in authority ---gradually driven insane and has apocalyptic visions ---growing paranoia ultimately destroys his loving relationship with Marie, his common-law wife

Second Viennese School

3 core composers of Expressionist style: Arnold Schoenerg Alban Berg Anton Webern

Musical Structure of Wozzeck

Act I - each scene takes its form from Baroque, Classical instrumental music -- Suite, Rhapsody, March and Lullaby, Passacaglia, Rondo -- each scene also introduces a new character Act II - takes form of a five-movement symphony Act III - series of variations or "inventions" - Scene 1 - invention on a theme - Scene 2 - invention on single note (B) - Scene 3 - invention on a rhythm - Scene 4 - invention on a chord - Scene 5 - invention on rhythmic perpetual motion

Wozzeck - History

Alban Berg -based on Woyzeck play by German writer: Georg Buchner - had 26 incomplete scenes, was published after Buchner's death - first performed in 1913 - Berg saw performance in Vienna -inspired by real-life case of Johann Christian Woyzeck ---in 1821, Woyzeck murdered his wife from jealous rage ---"insanity defense" ---was found guilty and executed Berg took the text directly from play, cut/rearranged Opera was finished in 1922 - his friends thought it was too complicated to be performed 1924 - selections were performed, received well

Schoenberg's Students

Alban Berg and Anton Webern --inspired disciple-like devotion in his students, who adopted his style with enthusiasm

Emancipation of Dissonance

Arnold Schoenberg -developed a system for composing in which traditional harmonic structures were completely avoided -instead, dissonance becomes the stable sound ---unlike other composers at the time who still used traditional chords, but colored them with dissonance (like Debussy) --this emancipation is what lead to atonality

Three Piano Pieces (Dre Klavierstucke)

Arnold Schoenberg -three short movements for piano, written in 1909 -time of personal hardship for Schoenberg --his wife left him for another man -these works are his first attempts at complete atonality -third movement embodies Schoenberg's Expressionist style ----title: "Bewegt" means "with motion" ----violently emotional, it juxtaposes extremes in dynamics and mood ----there is lack of repetition or development of thematic material ----instead, it proceeds like a stream of consciousness diatribe

Franz Wozzeck - Singer Type

Baritone

Doctor - Singer Type

Bass

Schubert's Later Years

Beethoven died in 1827, Schubert died in 1828 -- Beethoven was 30 years older, they lived in same city and apparently had almost no contact - Schubert was strong admirer of Beethoven's music, and his influence is strong --- Schubert requested to be buried near Beethoven --- 1822: contracted syphilis, lead to his death -- beginning with controversial paper, has been a lot of debate over his sexuality --- little to no evidence to support / refute it though - music entered new phase near end of his life ---- dramatic, serious, innovative, dark ---- helped set path forward for Romantic Composers

Wozzeck Premiere

Berlin - 1925

Camille Moke

Berlioz got engaged to Moke after "moving on" from Smithson - when this relationship ended, he wanted to commit murder-suicide but didn't

SF Program - autobiography

Berlioz often frames himself as the hero in Romantic drama -major themes in his writings: ---- infatuation at first sight ---- hopeless longing for "unobtainable one" ---- idea of space defying & time-conquering love story of Symphonie is directly linked to events in Berlioz' own life ---he was obsessed with an Irish woman named Harriet Smithson when his love is not reciprocated by Harriet, his jealousy comes out in the music -idee fixe is grotesquely transformed -she is represented as a prostitute, murderess, witch

Paris in 1830

Berlioz' Symphonie Fantastique Premiere - 1830 Paris July Revolution - three days of bloody fighting in the streets of Paris - in response to new censorship laws, people forced King Charles X out, and installed King Louis-Phillipe - proceeds from Berlioz' concert went to benefit those wounded in revolution -also premiere year of Victor Hugo's play: Hernani -- important work in Romantic literature many say 1830 was true beginning of Romantic era

Wozzeck - Act I, Scene I

Captain lectures Wozzeck with "intellectual ideas" - Berg alternates between singing and sprechstimme to show Captain's pompous stupiditiy - extreme high notes on pompous words Captain criticizes Wozzeck for having a child out of wedlock, but Wozzeck responds by quoting Biblical scripture -says poor don't have luxury of morality

Prelude a l'apres-midi d'un faune

Debussy single-movement symphonic poem, more intimate and smaller than Romantic symphonies -based on long poem "The Afternoon of a Faun" - Stephanie Mallarme, a French symbolist poet -- tells story of young faun playing flute alone in the woods. --starts chasing nymphs unsuccessfully --then chooses to sleep and pursues them in his dreams Debussy constructs his music as a response to the poem, rather than retelling it like Berlioz might have done this symphonic poem was meant to be a prelude to the poem itself -has rich history of influence turned into ballet in early 20th century

Wozzeck Main Characters

Franz Wozzeck - Baritone Marie - Soprano Captain - Tenor Andre - Tenor Doctor - Bass Margaret - Mezzo-soprano Drum-Major - tenor Marie's son

Symphonie Fantastique

Hector Berlioz 1830 "Episodes in life of an artist" 5 movement symphony, breaks traditional Classical forms uses orchestra to create variety of timbres narrative - music of symphony tells dramatic story about lovesick artist --- composer provided a program

Wozzeck's impact

In aftermath of WWI, Berg used this opera to depict world ruined by violence, destruction, madness - Wozzeck and Marie represent powerless citizens of Europe, couldn't control destiny - dark and thorny music serves to radically distort the world around these characters - those in power become monsters

Wozzeck - Act III, Scene 3

Invention on Rhythm - immediately begins following crescendos of Scene 2 - subject of this invention is a fixed rhythm -- first heard in the bass drum in previous scene -- Scene 3 begins with this rhythm in the piano ---- piano is onstage and intentionally out of tune - to represent piano in the tavern ---- rhythm becomes kind of frenzied dance music -- rhythm is passed around between the piano, other instruments and voices - nearly always present ---- suggests Wozzeck's manic state as he flirts with Margaret and then is overcome with guilt and paranoia

Act III, Scene 4

Invention on a Chord - Wozzeck escapes the tavern, returns to the scene of his crime - he attempts to hide the knife by throwing it in the pond - as a blood-red moon rises, he goes into water to wash blood off clothes and drowns - Doctor and Captain pass in the night, and hear the final moans of Wozzeck as he dies music: -all based on a single chord made of six notes -- used in a variety of ways -- gives the scene a harmonically static feeling -- adds to feeling of inevitability in Wozzecks death

Wozzeck - Act III, Scene 5

Invention on a Rhythmic Perpetual Motion - final scene of opera features group of children (including Marie's son) playing - another child runs on stage, saying Marie's body has been discovered - other children run to see, but her own son is oblivious - there is a constant, flowing rhythm to the entire scene - has a circular nature - represents circular nature of actions of opera -- Marie's son cannot escape cycle of poverty and violence -- he could also easily become like Wozzeck

Wozzeck - Act III, Scene 2

Invention on a Single Note (B) - Wozzeck and Marie are walking in the woods near the pond - they both see a red moon, Wozzeck kills Marie and runs away to the tavern - throughout the scene, a single note (B) can be heard almost constantly -- begins low in the basses as a drone -- moves around entire orchestra -- sometimes presence is obvious, other times buried in the texture of orchestration -- may represent Wozzeck's intent to get revenge on Marie, which she gradually becomes aware of as scene progresses - rising dissonant chords when Marie sees the rising red moon -- symbolize Wozzeck's apocalyptic visions coming true

Wozzeck - Act I, Scene 3

Marie and neighbor Margaret watch passing military parade Margaret taunts Marie about flirts with Drum-Major She then sings lullaby to her child, one of the few tender moments -tinged with sadness because of the lullaby's words Wozzeck visits briefly and tells Marie of his visions - refuses to stay the night - Marie laments their poverty

Wozzeck - Act I, Scene 5

Marie encounters Drum Major, flatters him -he attempts to rape her, she fights him off - she realizes she's helpless and sleeps with him "It's all the same to me"

Wozzeck - Act I, Scene 3 - Lullaby

Marie's Lullaby - marie sings dark, beautiful lullaby to her baby -words of the lullaby mirror hopelessness of her own situation -Berg alternates between two themes --both tonal, lyrical --orchestrates in lush tonal harmony

Margaret - Singer Type

Mezzo-soprano

Structure of "Reflets dan l'eau"

Opening - slow section featuring recurring 3-note melody in left hand of piano proceeds intuitively through variety of colors, moods, textures --formless, almost improvisatory returns to his 3 note melody twice 1) faster, sporadic ripples, splashes instead of chords 2) slower, with sparser accompaniment

Year and Award Berlioz won

Prix de Rome - 1830

Where is "sound painting" performed?

Salon Concerts

Pierrot Lunaire, op 21.

Schoenberg -work for singer and chamber ensemble, premiered in 1912 -one of his most performed works -settings of 21 poems by Albert Giraud -written in the atonal style: for voice, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano singer performs mainly in "sprechstimme'

Harriet Smithson

Shakespearean actress - performing in Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet - Berlioz saw and became infatuated -she was barely aware of his existence though -he began writing his symphony, partially to impress her he then heard rumors of her having an affair with her manager, and he immediately lost his feelings for her -sharp swing between love and hate ~ what Symphonie Fantastique represents

Marie - Singer Type

Soprano

Andre - Singer Type

Tenor

Captain - Singer Type

Tenor

Drum-Major - Singer Type

Tenor

Harriet and Berlioz Meet

They met at the Symphonie - got married but they were unhappy and it was difficult

Wozzeck - Act I, Scene 2

Wozzeck and friend Andres are out collecting firewood --as they work, Andres sings a "hunting song" -- this melody is tonal --quotation of traditional tonality within the context of Berg's Expressionist soundworld throughout the scene, Wozzeck has visions and interrupts Andres' song to ask if he sees them too, but he doesn't

Wozzeck - Act I, Scene 4

Wozzeck visits doctor -- doctor performs questionable experiments on him -- he thinks Wozzeck's visions are an unexpected outcome of his food experiment -- Wozzeck volunteers to get extra money for the family

Symphonic/Tone poem

a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source - popular with several composers of late Romantic and early modern period frees composers from traditional symphonic structures

Dies irae

a well known Gregorian chant (in Latin) that's sung at a funeral -- Berlioz' audience would've recognized immediately -- he transforms the melody throughout second half of movement

SF Movement 3:

artist hears in the distance - two shepherds singing duet, scenery, quiet tree rustling he reflects upon his isolation, hoping it will be over soon. what if she is deceiving him mingling of hope & fear, ideas of happiness disturbed form the subject of the Adagio at the end, one of the shepherds takes up the singing, but not the other. - loneliness, silence

The Romantic Period

as 19th century progressed, composers continued to experiment with breaking traditions of form and harmony characteristics: large orchestras, wide range of dynamics, new and exciting timbres two monumental composers in opera: --Richard Wagner (Germany) --Giuseppe Verdi (Italy) --both composers sought to fully integrate drama and music --expanded the role of the orchestra within the story telling

Orchestration

audiences in 1830 blamed some of Berlioz' most adventurous harmonies on his youthful inexperience, work was widely praised for his innovative orchestration in addition to increasing size of orchestra, Berlioz found new ways to use the instruments --two harps in the waltz -- a quartet of timpani for thunder -- tolling of church bell -- striking the violins with the wood of the bow, to create the bones effect

Hector Berlioz - Birth Place

born in La Cote-Saint-Andre, near Lyon (southeast France

tonality

clear tonality = harmonic structure, or key, is easily definable and stable

song cycle

collection of songs for solo voice and piano, with related theme, overarching narrative

Intro note program - Symphonie Fantastique

composer's intention - develop various episodes in life of artist program should be considered as spoken text of an opera

Invention

compositional exercises which develop a single musical idea through variation

sabbath

day of religious observance, in SF: a funeral

Postmodern Era

describes period after the war, general term for social, cultural, and economic environment

program

explains story and how it unfolds over course of movements

Richard Wagner's "Prelude" from Tristan und Isolde

extremely important moment in music history: premiere of Tristan und Isolde - "Prelude" - opens the opera, revolutionary in terms of harmony -series of harmonically ambiguous and dissonant chords -Wagner delays resolving the dissonances, grows into endless string of tension -- changed the way Western composers thought about harmony -beginning of modern harmony

SF Movement 4: March to the Scaffold

feels like his love is unappreciated, so he poisons himself with opium it's too weak to kill him, so it leads him into a sleep of hallucinations -- he dreams that he killed his beloved --condemned and forced to witness his own execution at the end idee fixe returns (only first four measures), like a last thought of love interrupted by fatal blow

"Colloque sentimental" - Fetes galantes

from collection of melodies (Fetes galantes) - composed in 1904 -- title translates to "Sentimental Dialogue" -- setting of evocative poem by symbolist Paul Verlain -poem describes a wintry scene, in which 2 ghostly figures pass by --their conversation is ovverheard, as they reminisce and discuss their love they had when they were alive --requires singer to play 2 characters and narrator -- remarkably little drama, just impression of melancholy and isolation -- as if poet is observing himself as one of the ghosts

atonality

harmonic structures built on dissonance rather than consonance - does not exist in a specific key

Der Erlkonig

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3nxyS8wf8E "The Elf King" - composed in 1815 - age 18 - premiered in same theatre where Beethoven's Ninth Symphony would be premiered - another poem written by Goethe - tells the story of a man and young son on horseback --- pursued by evil supernatural spirit - singer plays 4 characters: -- narrator, father, child, the Elf king - sound painting: fast repeated notes in piano represent galloping hooves of the horse

Absolute Music

instrumental music composed purely as music, and not intended to represent or illustrate something else

chamber music

intimate music performed by a small compliment of musicians for a small audience -- such as string quartet, piano trios, and lieder

Structure - Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune

main theme - solo flute playing wandering melody --solo flute meant to suggest faun's flute from poem --rhythmically and harmonically ambiguous --theme returns frequently, but Debussy varies it with each recurrence Three Sections Opening: - slow, dreamy Middle: -active, passionate section -new themes based on first section -flute not as prominent, rather the clarinet, then oboe, then strings Final: opening melody returns with flute, then passed around with variations -final time faun's melody returns as a harmony

Expressionism

movement that began in Germany at start of 20th century - first in painting and poetry attempt to present the world solely from subjective perspective --open to varying interpretation --reflect complexity of modern existence Expressionist artists and poets distort the world radically for emotional effect, in order to evoke moods/ideas -Ex: Edvard Munch's "The Scream" expressionist composers favored "atonality" over traditional harmony

Impressionism

movement that began in visual arts in Paris - 1870s and 80s -painters like Monet, Degas, Renoir used visible brushstrokes and splashes of color to suggest movement and various effects of light -- concrete representational object disappears in washes of color -- impressions of place and form replace the actual form itself in poetry, rules of syntax, rhyme, and structure are broken down -- concrete ideas are replaced with juxtapositions of words that offer symbolic mysteries composers similarly began to juxtapose harmonies and timbres, to suggest emotions - discover new ways of exploring harmonies great emphasis on orchestration, explored variety of subtle and evocative timbres

Debussy's melodies

perfectly crafted little world -highly intimate and restrained -response to massive works of Romantics -"masterpieces in miniature"

Programmatic Music

piece designed according to some preconceived narrative, to evoke a specific idea and atmosphere -- uses music to tell a story, without words

Victor Hugo

playwright- wrote Hernani

Program and the Music

relationship between program & music - NOT concrete Berlioz revised program many times without changing music, and vice versa -intended program to guide the listener --alternative to classical forms like sonata and theme and variation

orchestration definition

selection of specific instruments or instrument combinations in order to produce desired musical effects and timbres

mélody

settings of French poetry for solo voice and piano

Hector Berlioz Job

son of rural physician, initially went to Paris to study medicine - had ambitions to become composer ---early on in Paris, made extra money by writing music criticism, became one of France's leading critics - also wrote memoirs/ books ---served as proofreader for a major music publisher, which is how he first encountered the works of Beethoven ----- this is what turned Berlioz' towards writing symphonies --- 1830: won the prestigious Prix De Rome -------created anticipation for his symphony

Symphonie Fantastique Summary + Movements

tells story of young musician - morbid sensibility and ardent imagination frustrated in love, he tries to kill himself with opium, but instead gets powerful hallucinations, --> fantastical elements of 4th and 5th elements Five movements: 1. Reveries - Passions 2. A Ball (waltz) 3. Scene in the Country (adagio) 4. March to the Scaffold 5. Dream of a Witches Sabbath

symbolist

used images and subtle suggestions rather than precise statements to evoke moods and feelings

Heinrich Heine

wrote poetry for Der Doppelganger