muscles

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

evolution

which of the following correctly identifies muscle components in order from largest to smallest?

fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril

how would antibodies against the ACh receptors affect the levels of Ca2+ inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

influx of Na+ causes Ca2+ to be released from vesicles on sarcoplasmic reticulum. So Ca2+ levels are SAME.

Cholinesterase inhibitors

inhibit the immune system, limiting antibody production

Male stalk-eyed flies compete with other males in order to attract female attention. What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

intrasexual selection

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

motor neuron

We would expect to find smooth muscle in all of the following EXCEPT: pulmonary circulatory tissue, esophagus, small intestine, myocardial tissue.

myocardial tissue

What needs to happen to Jeff 's post‐synaptic membrane to remedy his paralysis? Physiologically what do we need more of, and where?

need more acetylcholinesterase enzyme (or less sarin) in the synapse

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because

none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane.

How would antibodies against the ACh receptors affect the influx of Na+ into the cell?

ACH binds to receptor on muscle membrane, causing increased permeability of muscle membrane to Na+. SO if arch receptors are LOW then Na+ influx is LOWER

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent.

The behavior of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviors are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon. What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

By courting at the full and new moon, fiddler crabs link their reproduction to the times of the highest tides that disperse their larvae to safer, deeper waters.

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation.

what effect does the influx of Na+ & equal Ca2+ level have on actin and myosin filaments.

Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to slide off active sites on actin cross-bridge binding sites. Exposed actin sites bind to myosin cross bridges, which were previously energized by breaking ATP to myosin ATPase. Binding of actin and myosin causes cross bridge to bend, causing actin to slide inward.

how do these altered Ca2+ levels affect the position of the actin and myosin filaments?

Ca2+ ions leave the sarcoplasmic reticulum and pass into the muscle interior where they bind to troponin, thus causing tropomyosin to shift from the face of the actin filament to which myosin heads need to bind to produce contraction

how would exposure to a sarin or sarin-like chemical affect Ca2+ levels inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Calcium levels fall in response to Na+ levels rising.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.

what is an aponeurosis?

a large, flat tendon that anchors muscle

Compared to glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as oxidative typically have

a smaller diameter

result of curare binding to acetylcholine receptors

acetylcholine cannot bind its receptors.

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

acetylcholine receptors are recognized by antibodies and destroyed by an overactive immune system.

What is the mechanism of action of sarin or a sarin-like chemical?

an enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine after it is released into the synaptic cleft

Myasthenia gravis is & is caused by...

characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under your voluntary control. caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles

Which of the following symptoms might be seen in a patient who has been exposed to curare?

diaphragmatic paralysis

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by

performing a round dance

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

periods of daylight and darkness

Karl von Frisch demonstrated that European honeybees communicate the location of a distant food source by

preforming a waggel dance

Animals use pheromones to communicate

reproductive readiness, species recognition, gender recognition, and danger

the space between two Z lines constitutes the

sarcomere

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

sign stimulus

In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as a

sign stimulus

A hydrostatic skeleton is a

skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

what is the role of acetylcholine in calcium release?

stimulates cellular contraction by opening voltage-gated ion channels

which of the following is NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system? branching muscle cell started skeletal muscle cell myocardial cell intestinal muscle cell

striated skeletal muscle cell

In which form of locomotion is friction the greatest impediment to moving?

swimming

Among these choices, the most energy-efficient form of animal movement, per kg of body mass, is _____.

swimming by large fish

How would exposure to a sarin-like poison affect the amounts of Na+ going into the muscle cell?

the sodium voltage gated channels will remain open and Na+ levels in the muscle cell will rise, because the AcH stays in the synapse

how would antibodies against ACh receptors affect the neuromuscular junction?

they would target that protein for destruction. Interaction between antibody & receptor protein would prevent receptor protein from carrying out its normal function

What do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle have in common?

thick and thin filaments

Role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction

to prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament

Type 1 and Type 2 muscle fibers

type 1 fibers store much of their energy as triglycerides. type 2 fibers store energy as ATP or creatine phosphate