Muscular System
Planter Flexion
Lifting of the toes
Dorsi Flexion
Lifting the toes
Slow Twitch Fibres
The nervous system detects when the activity is slow and prolonged, used for endurance activities, they can contract many times and stay efficient over long periods of time, they have good oxygen supply so meaning they take longer to tire out (Eg: slow switch fibres are used in jogging)
The Origin
The origin is attached to the non-moving end of the bone
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to bones on its ends via tendons
Involuntary Muscles`
Automatic, smooth muscles that aren't controlled (Eg: blood vessels, intestines digesting food, heart pumping blood, digestion, excretion, circulation)
Voluntary Muscles
Controlled muscles that are consciously working, the most common muscles, strained, keeps the body upright and assists with movement
Muscle Contractions
A shortening or tensing of a muscle which causes movement
Concentric Contractions
Concentric contractions take place when the agonist muscle contracts/shortens and the antagonist muscle relaxes/lengthens (e.g. hitting a tennis ball)
Eccentric Contractions
Eccentric contractions take place when the antagonist muscle contracts/shortens and the agonist muscle lengthens/relaxes
Extension
If the angle at the joint is getting bigger then the movement is extension
Flexion
If the angle of the joint is getting smaller then the movement in flexion
Rotation
If the movement is around the the movement is rotation
Abduction
If the movement is moving away from the body then the movement is abduction
Adduction
If the movement is towards the body then the movement is adduction
Cardiac Muscles
Involuntary muscles that never rest (Eg: the heart)
Isometric Contractions
Isometric contractions take place when there is a pulling or pushing force but both of the muscles in the antagonistic pair stay in a fixed position (Eg: planks, holding push ups, rings in gymnastics)
The Insertion
The insertion is attached to the moving end of the bone
Agonist (the prime mover)
The main mover in the antagonistic pair which is causing the movement to happen
Antagonist
The muscle in the antagonistic pair that does the least work, relaxing while the other muscle contracts (against the movement)
Antagonistic Pair
Two muscles that work together to create movement (E.g. bicep and tricep, hamstring and quadricep)
Fast Twitch Fibres
When the nervous system decides an activity/event requires short bursts of energy, they contract fast and produce powerful action, they have limited oxygen supply and tire quickly (Eg: fast twitch fibres are used in sprinting)
Tendons
White chords that are very flexible and very strong (muscles are attached to skeletal bones by tendons)