Music 8 #2

Ray Charles

R&B Singer who signed w/ Atlantic Records Played the piano a perfectionist the first important soul artist

Dick Clark

The Twist song & dance were promoted on his nationally broadcast tv program, American Bandstand

Tonic

The starting chord or "home" chord in a piece of music.

Dionne Warwick & Burt Bacharach

Tin Pan Alley traditions continued with them

Brill Building

a NYC office building where several major music publishers and record labels located their operations in the late 1950s and early 1960s it became associated w/ producers like Phil Spector and Don Kirschner and songwriters like Carole King and Gerry Goffin, and Barry Mann and Cynthia Weill, and the music that they produced

soul music

a combination of the intensity of African American gospel w/ popular R&B styles, exemplified in the late 1960s recordings of Aretha Franklin and James Brown

jazz rock

a fusion of jazz improve w/ rock instrumentation and rhythms, pioneered by artists like Miles Davis on records like his 1969 Bitches Brew

bugalu (latin soul)

a fusion of rumba and mambo w/ black American popular music "Watermelon Man," a 1963 hit for Ramon "Mongo" Santamaria, is considered a classic example of this genre

cadence

a melodic or harmonic event that signals the end of a musical line or secant, or of the piece as a whole

overdubbing

a method used in sound recording that allows for several different parts to be recorded separately and then layered over one another in playback

countrypolitan

a popular style of country music hat emerged in Nashville in the mid-1960s and combines elements of traditional country w/ mainstream pop sounds popular performers in the style included Glen Campbell and Kenny Rogers

concept album

a record album conceived as an artistic totality, rather than a collection of individual songs The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hears Club Band is generally credited w/ popularizing the form

James Brown

aka "Godfather of Soul" & "Soul Brother Number One" influenced the sound and style of black music his records are sampled by hip-hop artists exulted and excelled in live performance

synthesizers

an electronic instrument, usually incorporating a keyboard capable of producing complex sounds through the manipulation of wave shapes

Patsy Cline

began her career as a hit maker w/ "Walkin' after Midnight"

Grace Slick

biggest celebrity in the group; vocalist of Jefferson Airplane one of the most important female musicians on the San Francisco scene

Ramon "Mongo" Santamaria

biggest hit of Bagalu/Latin soul was "Watermelon Man" recorded by this person

The Doors

controversial rock bands of the 60s, formed in LA challenged prevailing norms of content and taste

Joao Gilberto

credited w/ initiating bossa nova

Beach Boys

demonstrated a mastery of early rock 'n' roll created original material based on and extending those styles branched out beyond the forms, sounds, and lyrics of traditional rock 'n' roll to create something truly unique

counterculture

existing in opposition to and espousing values contrary to hose of the dominate culture the term is most often used to describe the values & lifestyle of young people during the 1960-70s

Creedence Clearwater Revival

first widely successful "roots" rock n roll band

Brian Wilson

formed the Beach Boys the guiding spirit of the band during the group's 1st decade journeyed from imitation, through emulation, to innovation produced what is rock's 1st concept album, "Pet Sounds"

Jerry Garcia

guitarist, banjoist, and singer who had played in various urban folk groups during 1960s part of the band The Grateful Dead

Chubby Checker

his cover of "The Twist" in 1960 reached #1 on the charts twist was an individual, non contact dance w/o any real steps the dance captured the imagination of young people who saw it on American Bandstand it brought rock n roll to a broader audience

Janis Joplin

most successful white blues singer of the 1960s came to San Fran & joined band called Big Brother and the Holding Company most moving performances is her rendition of "Summertime"

Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass

"Ameriachi" sound "the lonely bull" "a taste of honey"

Ray Barretto

"El Watusi" by this person and his Charanga Moderna -was an example of a Latin soul record more closely aligned w/ Latin American music -immediate hit in the latin american community of NY, but pop chart success came later, largely as a result of the Watusi dance craze

Aretha Franklin

"the Queen of Soul" ; keyboard player sang in her father's gospel church choir discovered by John Hammond & signed a record contract w/ Columbia Records, but they let her go b/c she didn't draw much interest grew popular after being signed by Atlantic Records Symbolized female empowerment in the sound of her records and the process of making them

Andre "Dr. Dre" Young

- part of N.W.A. -a sometime member of a local funk group called the World Class Wreckin' Cru

Joni Mitchell

-"Blue" -singer and acoustic guitarist

The Eagles

-"Hotel California" -country rock -lengthy guitar solos

Charlie Rich

-"Silver Fox" -talented jazz and blues pianist -began as rockabilly performer at Sam Phillip's Sun Records -then switched to pop-oriented country music -won CMA

Stevie Wonder

-"Superstition" -singer/songwriter of Motown -singer, songwriter, multiinstrumentalist, arranger, and producer -He was able to use this control to his utmost advantage, and he made all his subsequent recordings his OWN to a degree that has rarely been approached by other artists in the field -synchronizing the performance by overdubbing several tracks on the recording tape

Eurythmics

-"Sweet Dreams are Made of This"

Marvin Gaye

-"What's Going On?" -theme album that fused should music and gospel influence w/ the political impetus of progressive rock

Tina Turner

-"What's Love Got to Do with it" -made her recoding debut in 1960 as a member of the Ike and Tina Turner Revue, but later left her husband to start her own career with Capitol Records

alternative music

-"underground" and "independent" -music that challenges the status quo -iconclasitc, anitcommercial, and antimainstream -new trend, style, and audience

Carlos Santana

-Began his musical career playing in the nightspots of Tijuana -moved to San Fran and got inspiration from Jazz, Salsa, and Rock -made his own band and their 1st album was called Santana -played at Woodstock -lead guitar (rock imporviser)

thrash

-Blended the fast tempos and rebellious attitude of hardcore w/ the technical virtuosity of heavy metal guitar playing -was a harder, faster version of the commercially successful speed metal style played by bands -unlike speed metal, it didn't produce any superstars, but it did exert an influence on alternative rock bands of the 1990s -it never developed a mass audience

Afrika Bambaataa

-DJ in the Bronx -aka Kevin Donovan -"Planet Rock"

D.M.C

-Darryl McDaniels -part of Run-D.M.C.

pop rock

-Elton John, Paul McCartney, Rod Stewart, Peter Frampton -an upbeat variety of rock music

Ravi Shankar

-Indian classical musician -was an international influence on the American pop mainstream before the 1980s

Bob Marley

-Jamaican musician -"I Shot the Sheriff" -leader of the Wailers; quickly surpassed Cliff in popularity -a national hero in his native Jamaica; reggae's most effective international ambassador -his songs of determination, rebellion, and faith, rooted in the Rastafarian belief system, found a worldwide audience

Miles Davis

-Jazz & rock -played the trumpet w/ modern jazz pioneers ( Charlie Parker ) -played a critical role in the evolution of jazz

Chicago

-Jazz rock band

Iggy Pop

-Lead singer singer of the Stooges -was famous for his outrageous stage performances, which included flinging himself into the crowd, cutting himself, and rubbing raw meat on himself

N.W.A.

-Nigg with Attitude -recordings that expressed the gangsta lifestyle, saturated w/ images of sex and violence -formed in 1986 -indebted to earlier rap recordings, but in some ways unlike anything heard before

Run-D.M.C

-Trio -Adidas Corporation promo deal

punk rock

-a "back to basics" rebellion against the perceived artifice and pretension of corporate rock music -1975-1978 -represented a turn toward the authentic, risk-taking spirit of early rock 'n' roll and away from the pomposity and self-consious artistry of album-oriented rock -movement rebelling against disco and the popular rock acts of the day -stripped-down and purposefully "nonmusical" version of rock music, with lyrics that stressed the ironic or dark dimensions of the human experience

Charlie Palmieri

-a bandleader and pianist who played in Tito Puente's mambo band

MTV

-a cable television channel founded in 1981 that featured videos of popular musical performers -it became the major means of promoting new acts during the 1980s and 1990s aimed at an older, 25-30 year old audience -worked synergistically w/ radio and other media to boost record sales and create a new generation of rock superstars -influenced the direction of popular music in 1980s, sparking second British Invasion -aired whites only until it was forced a change after Thriller

Eric "Eazy E" Wright

-a former drug dealer who was using the proceeds of his occupation to fund a record label, Ruthless Records

progressive country

-a new generation of country artists was embracing music and attitudes that grew out of the 1960s counterculture -these performers wrote songs that were more intellectual and liberal in outlook than their contemporaries' songs

reggae (raggedy, everyday stuff)

-a potent mixture of Caribbean folk music and American R&B -the first style of the rock era to originate the so-called Third World -born in the shantytowns of Kingston, Jamaica -became popular after the release of the Jamaican film, The Harder They Come and its soundtrack -its roots: mento -prominent theme: Rastafarian religious movement

analog recording

-a system of sound recording in which the E of sound waves is transformed into physical imprints or into electronic waveforms that closely follow the shape of the sound waves themselves

digital recording

-a system of sound recording that transforms sound waves into a stream of numbers (0s & 1s), which is converted bak to an analog wave by a digital-to-analog- converter in order to be heard

MP3

-a variant of the MPEG compression system that allows sound files to be compressed to as little as one-twelfth of their original state

Kool Herc

-aka Clive Campbell in Jamaica -disco DJ's technique of "mixing" b/w 2 turntables to create smooth transitions b/w records was first adapted to the hip-hop aesthetic by ___ -migrated from Kingston to NYC -isolated the breaks of certain popular records and mixed them into the middle of other dance records ("breakbeat" music) -put two copies of the same record on his turntables -first DJs to recite rhyming phrases over the "breakbeats" -"toasting

George Clinton

-aka Dr. Funkenstein -led the apotheosis of 1970s funk music -ex-R&B vocal group leader & songwriter -developed a mixture of compelling polyrhythms, psychedelic guitar solos, jazz-influenced horn arrangements, and R&B vocal harmonies -played w/ racial & musical stereotypes reconfiguring black popular music as a positive moral force -"Free Your Mind, and Your Ass Will Follow"

Grandmaster Flash

-aka Joseph Saddler in Barbados -adopted the mixing techniques of disco DJs -using headphones, he could more precisely pinpoint the beginning of a break by listening to the sound of the disc being turned backward on the turntable -his young protege developed "scratching

Lauryn Hill

-alternative rapper -hip-hop artist whose work is a self-conscious alternative to the violence and sexism in the work of rap stars such as Dr. Dre, the Notorious B.I.G., and 2Pac -her commitment to female empowerment builds on the ground breaking example of Queen Latifah -"Doo Wop"

grunge rock

-an alternative rock movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s centering in Seattle, Washington -featuring do it yourself, anti-mainstream rock attitude, intense vocals, and loud, unremitting accompaniments

auto-tune

-an electronic device used in recording studios to correct and manipulate the pitches sung by a vocalist -changes the vocalist's original pitch to the correct one after the recording has been made

drum machines

-an electronic instrument that can emulate the sound of traditional drums -it has the additional capability to record specific rhythm patterns and to play them back in various combinations -Roland TR 808 & Linn LM-1 -present of 1980s dance music and rap recordings

ska

-an onomatopoeic term derived from the style's typical sharp, offbeat accents -combined elements of Jamaican folk music and American R&B -usually played in fast tempos -generic term for Jamaican music records b/w 1961 and 1967 -heavily syncopated "jump" beat

Eddie Palmieri

-approach to the piano shaped by jazz of the 50s & 60s -pushed the compositional and harmonic limits of Latin dance music while maintaining a connection to the tippico style

Hector Lavoe

-became an icon of Nuyorican immigrant identity during the 1970s

salsa

-became popular in NYC dance clubs in mid-1970s -rise of independent Latin-oriented record companies -extension of the experimental blend of Latin ballroom dance music, Afro-Cuban rumba drumming, and modern jazz forged by Mario Bauza, Machito, and Dizzy Gillespie

Dolly Parton

-began w/ regular appearances on country music radio and TV -Succeeded Newton-Johan as CMA Female Singer of the year

Funk Music aka gansta rap

-brought the focus on dancing back into the pop mainstream -represented another back-to-basics impetus, the impulse to dance -represented a vigorous reassertion of African American musical values in the face of soft soul's dominance of the R&B/pop crossover market, and it paved the way for the more commercialized sounds of disco music in the mid 1970s

Waylon Jennings

-centerpiece of "the Outlaws" -musician and disc jockey -he cultivated his image as a rebel

gangsta rap

-chronicled the dilemmas faced by urban communities from a first person, present-tense viewpoint -provoked an understandable ambivalence from observers genuinely sympathetic to the plight of people struggling for economic and cultural survival in America's cities

Glen Campbell

-country and pop -guitarist and vocalist -hosted his own network TV series

John Denver

-country pop -Born in Mexico -his pop-oriented hit records were despised by many in the traditional audience for country music -"Thank God I'm a Country Boy"

Olivia Newton-John

-country pop -won CMA award for Female Singer of the year -her popularity in country music was met w/ distaste by many of the hardcore country fans -Film: Grease

John Cale

-created a devoted, national audience for Velvet Underground's demented garage-band sound -viola player active in the avant-garde art music scene in NY -introduced experimental musical elements into the mix (electronic noise and recorded industrial sounds

David Bowie

-created the character of Ziggy Stardust, an alien who visits Earth and becomes a rock superstar "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars" -pioneer of "glam rock"

house music

-developed in Chicago -named after the Warehouse, a popular gay dance club -purely instrumental, w/ elements of European synth-pop, Latin soul, reggae, rap, and jazz grafted of an insistent dance beat

hardcore

-developed in clubs on the West Coast -an extreme variation of punk, pioneered during the early 1980s by bands in SF and LA -these groups took the frenzied energy of the Ramones and the Sex Pistols and pushed it to the limit -playing simple riff-based songs at impossible fast tempos and screaming nihilistic lyrics over a chaotic wall of guitar chords -attracted right-wing racial supremacists

digital sequencers

-devices that record musical data rather than musical sound and enable: (1) the creation of repeated sound sequences (loops) (2) the manipulation of rhythmic grooves (3) the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another

chic

-disco -"Good Times"

Donna Summer

-disco -R&B and gospel roots in singing style -"Bad Girls"

Disco

-first used in Europe (1960s) to refer to nightclubs devoted to the playing of recorded music for dancing -by mid-1970s, clubs featuring an uninterrupted stream of dance music were common in the US, particularly in urban black and Latino communities. -heavy use of synthesizers and a regular , heavily accented beat

techno

-focused on DJ/producers -roots: Detroit area -influenced by punk rock, experimental art music, black popular music -produced only a few commercial hits throughout its history -its recordings have been licensed as the soundtracks for technologically oriented TV commercials and films

Sly Stone

-formed his first band: the Stoners -jazz, soul music, San Francisco psychedelia, folk rock

Public Enemy

-founded in 1982 -core members met as college students -drawn together by their interest in hip-hop culture and political activism -2 MCs: Chuck D and Flavor Flav -DJ Terminator X -"Minister of Information" -Security of the First World

Merle Haggard

-hardcore country -Bakersfield Sound -top 10 w/ "My Friends are Gonna be Strangers" -contract w/ Capitol Records -his songs reflected the real concerns and aspirations of millions of Americans, particularly migrants from the South who struggles to support their families during the economic climate of the 1970s

The Allaman Brothers Band

-helped to reconnect the generative power of the blues to both the mainstream of rock music and the open-ended instrumental improvisations of modern jazz and San Francisco "jam bands" such as the Grateful Dead -they est. the genre of southern rock

Bruce Springsteen

-his music and his personal image portrayed (1) the rebellious rock 'n' rollers of the 1950s (2) the socially conscious folk rockers of the 1960s -his songs reflected his working-class origins and sympathies, related stories of still young but aging men/women -E Street Band -Born in the USA

Willie Colon

-his salsa music style: West African, Panamanian, Columbian, and Brazilian -"jibaro" country songs -Nuyorican salsa musician and social activist. He began his career as a trombonist

The Sex Pistols

-influenced by the Ramones -succeeded in outraging the British political establishment and the mainstream media while at the same time achieving a modicum of commercial success -a punk band

world music

-influences of tribal -a pseudogenre taking into its sweep diverse styles -does NOT include genres that sell enough records to justify their own discrete territories such as salsa

Dave Stewart

-keyboardist and technical whiz of the Eurythmics

Michael Jackson

-made the top selling album in history -he confronted the racial divide by collaborating w/ Paul McCartney & Eddie Van Halen -had creative and popular MVs

raves

-main venues for techno were dance clubs and semipublic events called ___ -use of ecstasy

Lou Reed

-one of the leaders of Velvet Underground -singer and guitarist -worked previously as a pop songwriter in a Brill Building-style "music factory"

Willie Nelson

-one of the most influential progressive country artists -developed a successful career as a professional songwriter in Nashville -"Crazy" -bridged the gap b/w rock and country w/o losing touch w/ his honky-tonk roots -fame came w/ assoc. w/ the Outlaws

David Byrne

-one of the people who formed the Talking Heads -he often delivered his lyrics in a nervous, alms schizophrenic stream-of-consciousness voice, like overheard fragments from a psychiatrist's office -went on to become a major figure in the world beat movement of the 1980s and 1990s, introducing American audiences to recording artists from Africa, Brazil, the Caribbean

Van Halen

-performed "Jump" -heavy metal musician -electric guitar player -famous for his techniques such as "pull-offs" and "tapping" -had a guitar solo in Michael Jackson's Beat It

Kenny Rogers

-performed "Lady" -veteran of folk pop groups scubas the New Christy Minstrels and the First Edition -Star of made-for-TV movies -Winner of the Country Music Assoc. award for Male Vocalist of the Year award -sold $250 million worth of records (6 gold and 12 platinum albums)

Elton John

-pop rock -"Crocodile Rock" -pianist

synth-pop

-popular music featuring primarily electronic synthesizers as accompaniment rather than traditional instrumentation -Eurythmaics led this movement in "Sweet Dreams"

M.C. Hammer

-rapper from Oakland, CA

new wave

-record companies used this term to refer to pop-influenced performers such as Blondie -a more self-consciously artistic and experimental side of punk rock music, developed by groups like Talking Heads during the mid-1970s

Jimmy Cliff

-reggae star and vocalist of The Harder They Come

Sid Vicious

-replaced bassist Glen Matlock of The Sex Pistols -imprisoned from stabbing gf to death and died of heroin overdose

garage band

-rock 'n' roll-based folk music movement; paved the way for punk rock -a neighborhood group made up of young musicians who play mainly for themselves, their friends, and occasional HS dance -their music is consisted of fairly simple melodies and lyrics accompanies by 2 or 3 chords and a simple beat -its rough-and-ready, do-it-yourself attitude, paved the way for punk rock

soft rock

-rock music w/ a less persistent beat and more emphasis on lyrics and melody than hard rock has

Madonna

-scored 28 top 10 singles -breakthrough single "Holiday" -DeMann oversaw the production of her 1st 2 MV (Borderline & Lucky Star)

Annie Lennox

-singer of the Eurythmics -singing alternates b/w an R&B-and soul- influenced melismatic stye and the flatter, more deadpan tone that she adopts on the verses

Carole King

-singer-songwriter -urban folk music x commercial pop style of the Brill Building tunesmiths -"It's Too Late"

Townes Van Zandt

-singer-songwriter who became a cult hero of the progressive country movement -"Pancho and Lefty" -his songs combine the straightforwardness of traditional country music w/ the poetic subtlety of singer-songwriters such as Bob Dylan -his music has inspired country and rock musicians

Ruben Blades

-singer-songwriter, film actor, and political activist -best known for a series of story-songs that capture the feel of the barrio

Barry White

-soft soul -multitalented African American singer, songwriter, arranger, conductor, and producer -"Love's Theme"

Prince

-sold almost 40 million recordings -funk, guitar-based rock 'n' roll, urban folk music, new wave, and psychedelic rock -Purple Rain -most creative and influential musicians of the 1980s

Johnny Rotten

-stage act: sneering and screaming obscenities at the audience -Singer of Sex Pistols

digital samplers

-the Mirage keyboard sampler, introduced by Ensoniq in 1984 -capable of storing both prerecorded and synthesized sounds

Patti Smith

-the first rock musician to perform regularly at CBGBs -New York-based poet, journalist, and singer who had been experimenting w/ combining the spoken word and accompaniment -est. a beachhead for punk and new wave bands, and signed a contract w/ Arista -album: Horses

Queen Latifah

-the most important woman in the history of hip-hop, in terms of both her commercial success and her effectiveness in est. a feminist beachhead on the male-dominated field of rap music -U.N.I.T.Y. -versatile performer (recording artist and in TV and films)

O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson

-the product of a middle-class home in South Central LA -part of the N.W.A.

speed metal

-this style was played by bands such as Metallica, Megadeath, and Anthrax

Tupac (2Pac) Shakur

-up-and-coming star w/ LA-based Death Row Records -victim of the conflicts b/w East and West Coast factions within the hip-hop business -Shot and killed in Las Vegas

rock steady

-updated version of ska -considerably slower in tempo than ska some of its leading exponent began to record songs w/ social and political content

hip-hop

-was forged by African American and Caribbean American youth in NYC (Bronx) -included graffiti, dance (break dance, freak), music, dress, and speech -a rejection of mainstream dance music on the part of black and Puerto Rican listeners -profoundly shaped by the techniques of disco DJs -rap music grew out of the movement

Lionel Richie

-wrote "Lady" -African American singer and songwriter -superstar of the 1980s -former member of a vocal R&B group called the Commodores

Peter Gabriel

-wrote and performed "Sledgehammer" (successful b/c highly creative MV & heavy rotation of MTV) -1st achieved celebrity as a member of the art rock group Genesis

montuno

An improvisational section of music anchored in African-derived call-and-response patterns and a repeating melodic-rhythmic loop. alternates a fixed vocal refrain w/ a solo vocal improvisation

Stan Getz

Bossa nova Californian saxophonist

conjunto

Cuban musical tradition of late nineteenth-century rural songs that migrated to the city.

Bob Dylan

First poet of the mass media the quality of his original songs sometimes moderated by a quirky sense of irony his rough-hewn, aggressive vocal, guitar, and harmonica style demonstrated strong affinities for rural models in blues and country music entered the recording studio w/ a rock band to cut his own breakthrough single "Like a Rolling Stone"

Antonio Carlos Jobim

First recording of Bossa Nova made by this composer the song was called "Chega de Sauldade"

bossa nova

Musical style blending samba rhythms and the West Coast style of modern jazz.

Supremes

performed "You Can't Hurry Love"

Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil

team of songwriters who worked in New York's Brill Building where they made songs for large numbers of artists and labels

Carole King & Gerry Goffin

team of songwriters who worked in New York's Brill Building where they made songs for large numbers of artists and labels

Sam Cooke

the "King of Soul" went from gospel to secular music his career set the stage for later expressions of politics in both should and rock music "You Send Me" & "A Change is Gonna Come"

Phil Spector

the first tycoon of teen established the role of the record producer as creative artist composed and produced "To Know Him is to Love Him" co-produced "Stand by Me" independent label called Philes Records his sound became known as the "wall of sound"

Beatles

the greatest popular musicians of the 20th c. started out as a performing band modeled on Buddy Holly's group, the Crickets British band

Eric Clapton

the most influential of the young British guitarists who emerged during the mid-1960s influenced by the blues recordings of Robert Johnson & B.B. King played in the band Cream

Jimi Hendrix

the most original, inventive, and influential guitarist of the rock era the most prominent African American rock musician of the late 1960s formed band called the ____ Experience iconic figure for the counterculture was a sound sculptor (electric sounds)

counterpoint

the sounding of two independent melodic lines or voices against one another

sampled

to use a portion of prerecorded music in a new context a digital recording process where a sound source is recorded or"___" w/ a microphone, converted into a stream of binary numbers that represent the profile of the sound, quantized, and stored in computer memory may then be retrieved by virtual recording studio programs for the computer or by activating the sound from an electronic keyboard or drum

Paul Simon

urban folk-rock singer overdubbed a rock band accompaniment of electric guitars, bass, and drums onto the original recording "The Sounds of Silence"

Berry Gordy Jr.

was an expert songwriter and producer who created pop music based on blues and gospel his music was designed to appeal to the widest possible listening public founded Motown Records image for his company: ~soul music based on the doo-wop vocal group tradition ~slick, cosmopolitan sound; "appealing to the ear" ~carefully constructed musical arrangements overseen by him inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990