Music appreciation chapter 8 Gospel

Underground Railroad

A network of routes and safe houses where slaves could stay as they made their way to the North to escape slavery.

Little Richard

Piano player credited as one of the fathers of rock and roll.

Yolanda Adams

Popular contemporary American gospel singer. Successful as a collaborator with Kirk Franklin.

Aretha Franklin

Popular secular singer with strong gospel roots.

places of importance

chicago Detroit Los Angeles

Rev. James Cleveland

"King of Gospel His rough and raspy voice was not of great subjective quality, but his style of delivery and narration was innovative and charismatic. Cleveland earned several Grammys and founded the largest gospel music workshop in the world, raising the standard of excellence in popular gospel music. sung for Thomas A. Dorsey All I need is Jesus Composed Grace is Sufficient for Roberta Martin First gospel artist to get a star on Hollywood walk of fame

R&B instrumentation

Instruments such as electric guitar and bass combined with a drum kit and horn section.

Sanctified Church

A Southern Christian denomination combining elements of Baptist and Pentecostal faith. Historically a predominantly African-American congregation.

triad

A chord with three notes, built from thirds.

Southern Gospel Quartet

A vocal quartet is a group of only four parts. The four-part harmony consists of a lead that sings the melody, a tenor who harmonizes above the melody, a bass who sings the low notes, and the baritone who blends the sound and adds richness. This is similar to the a capella barbershop quartets, made popular by the white music community. The Southern gospel quartet is a style of Southern gospel music that most affected American pop culture from the 1920s. The music was cheerful, simple, and used to promote the sales of hymnal sheet music.

Al Green

Although he began his career as a gospel singer, Al Green is most well known for his secular soul music. His song "Let's Stay Together" and "Call Me" became staples of American popular music. Green's intimate falsetto, combined with the dry, reverb-less recording techniques that are used on his albums, created a perfect bridge between the soul of the '60s and the funk of the '70s.

J. Rosamond Johnson

American composer during the Harlem Renaissance. Black national anthem

Fanny Lou Hamer

Champion of African American suffrage and civil rights.

Albertina Walker

Chicago gospel singer. A member of the group the Caravans.

LaShun Pace

Contemporary female gospel singer from Atlanta.

Marion Williams

Gospel singer who also enjoyed secular success.

Daryl Coley

Gospel singer who began his career working with secular jazz and blues artists before making the decision to devote his energy to gospel.

Mahalia Jackson

Her rich, vibrant alto voice became the standard by which other singers were judged. sang before I have a dream speech sang Precious Lord, Take My Hand at MLK's funeral considered to be greatest gospel singer of all time Her appeal extended beyond racial and denominational boundaries. She was one of the first artists to blend spiritual and blues elements to create this exciting new style of singing. Decca Records in 1937. gospel

African American Gospel

Largely created in the Pentecostal Church, this style was characterized by the use of the call-and-response tradition between choir and soloist with the soloist improvising and embellishing musical ideas.

Move on up a Little Higher

Mahalia Jackson most successful gospel records in history

gospel soloist

Many become expert at call-and-response and demonstrate an exceptional ability to improvise both rhythmically and harmonically. These men and women are skilled at ad-libbing words and phrases to build intensity. These soloists frequently leave their choirs to pursue solo careers.

Bloody Sunday

March 7, 1965, when protesters attempted to cross the Edmund Pettus bridge from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama

contemporary gospel music

Modern gospel music that makes use of contemporary music styles such as R&B and pop to create a more up-to-date sound.

polyrhythmic

Multiple rhythms played all at the same time.

secular

Not connected to any religion. Popular dance music or commercial music would be good examples of secular music.

Sam Cooke

Often called "The King of Soul," this Chicago-raised singer-songwriter began his career as a member of the Soul Stirrers. When his popularity as a solo artist eclipsed that of the group, Cooke struck out on his own. Sam's unparalleled songwriting included the civil rights anthem, "A Change Is Gonna Come."

Gospel history

Prior to World War II, gospel music was popularly referred to as spirituals, anthems, and jubilees. This was done in an attempt to marginalize African American gospel by distinguishing it from traditional Western church music. gospel music usually refers to vocal music that celebrates the Christian doctrine, derived from the African American Protestant religious experience. gospel music along with Native American music considered to be one of the original forms of American folk music.

James Weldon Johnson

Prominent American author, playwright, and social activist. Significant as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. first African American ti be accepted to Florida bar association Black national anthem

African Diaspora

Refers to the experience of the African people who were forced to leave their homelands and how they adapted to their new conditions.

voicing

Refers to the way notes are stacked up in a chord — i.e., which note of the chord is on top, on the bottom, in the middle.

Roberta Martin

Significant Chicago-born gospel singer. Leader of the Roberta Martin Singers.

a capella

Singing without instrumental accompaniment.

crossover

Songs that find success in musical styles other than the one they were originally designed for. If a song is written for a bluegrass purpose and finds success in a jazz setting, it would be considered a crossover.

Walter and Edwin Hawkins

The Hawkins brothers led the Love Center Choir. Walter gave little thought to a career in music. But then he tried to raise money to send a youth choir (directed by his brother) to a convention in Washington, DC. Walter later helped this choir to record an album. Edwin started his musical career young, as a pianist, and led a number of choirs. He has won four Grammy awards for his gospel work.

Traditional Gospel choir

The blending of musical styles that is gospel music also led to the introduction of drums, horns, and electronic keyboards into the church.

root

The lowest note in any chord. played by piano

The Five Blind Boys of Alabama

This quartet was formed in 1937 at the Talladega Institute for the Deaf and Blind in Alabama. Their albums include: This is Gospel, Vol. 3 Atom Bomb I'm a Soldier in the Army of the Lord Jesus Rose With All the Power in His Hands

old school gospel

Traditional gospel music performed mainly by vocal quartets such as the Soul Stirrers.

Rev Charles Tindley

We shall overcome was derived from one of his songs

parallel style

When one note or voice goes up, they all go up or when one note or voice goes down, they all go down.

conditional context

Words and phrases had different meanings depending on the context where they were found.

Thomas A. Dorsey

an accomplished blues and gospel musician, wanted gospel music to be called gospel music to disassociate it from slavery and assert its legitimacy fist African American to start black owned publishing company first African American promoter to advertise religious concerts and charge admission to see them father of gospel

Soul Stirrers

beginnings date back to 1926, when baritone Senior Roy Crain formed a quartet with some fellow church-goers in Trinity, Texas. Here are some albums they have recorded: A City Called Heaven Heritage Nobody's Child Traveling On

Billy Preston

casted into St. Louis Blues as young WC Handy. Gospel piano/ organ/Hammond Organ player could create sound effects, growls, and emotional explosive phrasing

Traditional African Music

featured themes of human communion with nature, emphasized storytelling, and included songs about ware, fertility, love, and agriculture.

Kirk Franklin

formed a choir called The Family in 1991 gave demo to Daryl Coley Sang The Reason Why we Sing brought R&B to gospel and many other genres forced labels to increase budgets for gospel artists

Negro spiritual

he first authentically American form of sacred music. Often, the songs expressed the hope that the singers would have freedoms in the afterlife that they were denied here on earth. Slaves were permitted to sing spirituals because they were about Christian ideas and ethics, but these themes were adapted to reflect slaves' unique struggles. also used as a means of communication between slaves. Codes and messages embedded in spirituals' seemingly innocent lyrics transmitted information without raising suspicion from slave masters.

Melba Moore

helped get black national anthem into congressional record

Aretha Franklin

his daughter of a Baptist preacher was raised in Detroit, Michigan. Aretha has strong roots in religious gospel, but she found wide commercial and critical success in secular soul music. After teaming up with Atlantic Records producers Jerry Wexler and Arif Mardin (who also brought Ray Charles into the mainstream) Franklin began recording songs, including "You Make Me Feel (Like a Natural Woman)," "Respect," and "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)."

gospel

historically rooted in a combination of tribal African music and western classical musical traditions traits present: results from African diaspora, call and response, blue tonality, improvisation, and poly rhythmic structures. exhibits other traits that are taken directly from Western religious musical traditions. Most significant is the lyrical focus on Christian scripture, a model borrowed from the religious music of the 19th century church.

Hammond organ

is an electric organ invented in 1934. The most popular model is the B3, with two keyboards stacked on top of each other, pedals for bass notes, and sliders to adjust the timbre of the notes.

Oh Happy Day

largest selling gospel song

white southern Gospel(country gospel music)

musicians borrow from bluegrass and country Close harmony singing is a distinguishing characteristic of this style.

Johnson Brothers Group,

one of the first gospel groups to play the church circuit in Chicago. Included Mahalia Jackson

Christian doctrine

preached submission to white control and naturalized notions of black inferiority. Slaves were aloud to pray in own christian churches

Edwin Hawkins

put out Oh Happy Day first gospel record to go gold most influential contemporary gospel musician

Pete Seeger

rearranged the gospel song "I'll Overcome" to become a song of protest and hope — "We Shall Overcome."

Sister Rosetta Thorpe and Clara ward

some of first singers to take gospel music outside of church to nightclubs

Gospel Quartet

style developed larger groupings with sometimes an inclusion of five to seven parts. These groups are primarily male; however, there were a significant number of female groups as well. In the late '50s and early '60s, during what was considered the golden era of gospel, groups like the Soul Stirrers influenced many rock and roll groups, and some were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The sound of Gospel

three voice style Soprano alto tenor departure from European four-part writing found in classic hymns piano play root in left hand and mirror what choir is singing on top of this foundation. Used to teach choirs to learn music by ear music became sophisticated eventually including a full symphony orchestra

James Cleveland and Gospel Music Workshop of America Choirs

used to attend his grandmother's choir rehearsals. He was bored until the day he decided to sing in the choir himself. His talents were recognized during one of these sessions and he became the choir's mascot. Thomas A. Dorsey, the leader of the choir, wrote a song for James that launched his career.

Clara Ward

was the leader of the Famous Ward Singers, a gospel quartet that managed to live ostentatiously while remaining firmly established in religious music. Unlike artists such as Aretha Franklin, the Famous Ward Singers gained considerable commercial success without alienating their core audience of religious listeners.

falsetto

when a singer sings above his range