music exam 3
college rock/indie rock
"College rock" developed in the late 80s and advocated for a return-to-simplicity approachOutgrowth of the hardcore sceneThe scene celebrated its lack of affiliation with major labelsMusic generally circulated through small independent labels, by the band themselves, through airplay at college stations, and live performances on a club circuit of the country's most important college towns University of Georgia College rock started in Athens, Georgia Home of the University of Georgia R.E.M. formed in Athens, Georgia The band was involved in the origin of the college rock scene The college rock scene nurtured an independent attitude Celebrated its lack of affiliation with major labels College rock radio played recordings released by small independent labels College rock radio played recordings released by the bands themselves Noncommercial so no corporate influence on the stations Led by guitarist Peter Buck and vocalist Michael Stipe String of successful albums in the second half of the 1980s Inspiration from late 1970s new wave Strongly influenced by new wave's sense of irony and alienation More chart success in the United States than the UK The band's fifth album, Document, rose to number ten on the charts in 1987 The single "The One I Love" hit number nine on the American charts 1991's Out of Time reached number one in the United States and UK Two singles on Out of Time enhanced the album's success "Losing My Religion" (p4 uk19) "Shiny Happy People" (p10 uk6) indie rock Circuit of clubs and bars (often in college towns) College radio stations Independent record labels Chronicled by the College Music Journal magazine (CMJ) Bands maintained a do-it-yourself aesthetic Rejection of major label production machinery Bands take care of business themselves Lo-fi approach: recording on inexpensive equipment Little mainstream attention Small number of sales Maintained creative control of their material 1980s bands were the inspiration REM Hüsker Dü Sonic Youth Critics appreciated indie labels Purer and more direct style of rock music Uncorrupted by concerns about marketing and audience demographics Small labels each developed a distinctive stylistic sound Fans discovered new artists who were on the same label Culturally, indie rock was off the beaten path College radio stations also played indie rock CMJ tracked airplay as Billboard did for mainstream pop New York-based Matador dominated the market Other important labels: Merge in Chapel Hill, North Carolina Sub Pop in Seattle K Records in Olympia, Washington Kill Rock Stars Record Yo La Tengo New Jersey 1993 album Painful is representative of the lo-fi indie style Pavement Stockton, California Slanted and Enchanted (uk72, 1992) is an indie-rock classic Guided by Voices Ohio Released Bee Thousand (1994) Lo-fi approach to 1960s British Invasion styles
napster
A centralized online file-sharing system that enabled users to download and share free music. Napster was closed down for copyright infringement in 2000 and relaunched 3 years later as a subscription service. 1999 file sharing service allowed users to exchange music free of charge over the internet made music available to all and cut record labels and artists out of the process RIAA sued and forced to shut down
lilith fair
All-female music festival from 1997-1999, created by Sarah McLaughlan in response to the unspoken idea that more than one woman could not be on the same performance bill. before seen as partial to white acoustic songwriters eventually included a wide range of artists and styles liz phair, indigo girls, sheryl crow, tracy chapman, queen latifah relaunched in 2010
hip hop
Hip-hop culture Origins in New York Two elements of hip-hop culture drew public's attention before rap: Graffiti Break dancing Graffiti as publicity Graffiti artists spray-painted their names on subway cars Their name would be "broadcast" by the cars on their regular route around the city Break dancing First practiced by black teens, and Hispanic teens soon afterward Elaborate acrobatic spins and movements on a piece of cardboard or plastic on the sidewalk The first hip-hop DJs Employed the Jamaican approach to providing sound systems for parties Parties were often in city parks MCs (master of ceremonies) commented on the music Also encouraged partygoers to dance and join in the festivities The first known DJ to use an MC for his activities was Kool Herc Pulled a truck up to a city power box and played loud music for the whole neighborhood His MC was Coke La Rock MCs developed into rappers Blended the MC role with black radio DJ between-song patter The mix concept Radio stations and dance clubs used two record turntables: One for the record being played The other for the next record to be cued up to play Early DJs used this approach to transition from one song to the next Kool Herc Grandmaster Flash Early DJs used this double turntable concept to create a new approach: break spinning Used two copies of the same record Played the same passages over and over between the turntables As the passage ended on one, it would be replayed on the other Purpose was to incite the dancers to greater excitement Created new music (in a sense) out of recorded "samples" This formed the aesthetic basis for rap
gangsta
Ice T (Tracy Morrow) Moved to Los Angeles as a child Became one of the most important west coast rappers His single "I'm Your Pusher" (r13, 1988) focused on urban problems Sampled Curtis Mayfield's "Pusherman" More angry and aggressive than earlier artists in the 1970s Album Power (r6 p35 1988) did well Greater crossover success in the 1990s O.G. Original Gangster (r9 p15, 1991) Home Invasion (r9 p 14, 1993) Boogie Down Productions (BDP) Focused on social and political criticism Led by KRS-One (Kris Parker) The band's first album: Criminal Minded (r73, 1987) Influenced many rappers Uncompromising and harsh depictions of urban life Two albums brought their greatest crossover success Ghetto Music: The Blueprint of Hip-Hop (r7 p36, 1989) Edutainment (r9 p32, 1990) Public Enemy Combined elements of other groups Led by Chuck D and Flavor Flav One of the most influential groups in rap Rhythmic style of Run-DMC Political approach of BDP Chart success began in 1988 It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (r1 p42) The single "Don't Believe the Hype" (r18) was on that album The band's single "Fight the Power" (r20, 1989) was popularized on film Featured in Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing Next album, Fear of a Black Planet (r3 p10, 1990) was a crossover hit Greatest crossover success with Apocalypse 91—The Enemy Strikes Back (r1 p4, 1991) N.W.A. (*****z with Attitude) Los Angeles Even angrier approach to rap Band's 1989 album Straight Outta Compton (r9 p37) notable for negative reaction Record company, Ruthless, received a warning letter from the FBI Penchant for depicting dangerous urban life appealed strongly to white kids Next album EFIL4ZAGGIN hit number one on the pop album charts in 1991 (r2)
Many artists and styles of rock in the 1980s and 1990s harken back to earlier times, either in terms of rock band instrumentation, song simplicity, or presentation. Name one artist from the 1980s or 1990s that has an aesthetic related to earlier rock and roll (pre-hippie aesthetic) and explain what about the artist or the music relates them to earlier style.
Jimmy Eats World - the most popular emo band fans were teens issues of self exploration in lyrics commonly associated with this music reflect other movements related to history of rock such as folk revival of 50s and 60s - they had self exploration and political messages in lyrics singer songwriter repertoire of 70s and 80s and european pop of 80s (Smiths) - also had heavy introspective lyric emos blend of heavy guitars and introspective lyrics reflects the youth culture of 90s and 2000s while connecting with older forms of rock music and textual delivery - chunky pop punk musical groove
hair band
Late 70s early 80s, also known as hair metal, sleaze metal and often used synonymously with pop metal) is a subgenre of heavy metal. combines elements of these genres with punk rock and pop music, adding catchy hooks and guitar riffs, while borrowing from the aesthetic of 1970s glam rock. (Aerosmith, Kiss, Alice Cooper) Why metal bands were referred to as "hair bands" During the 1970s some bands had employed makeup and costumes to enhance their visual image Alice Cooper Kiss David Bowie Genesis A central factor of the English glam movement Many metal bands followed these models Wore makeup Outrageous clothes Heavily teased and sprayed hair Audience tended to be all male Ironic aspects of bands' images Feminine elements of makeup and teased hair Masculine on-stage mannerisms and gestures Music and lyrics portrayed distinctively macho attitude Bon Jovi New Jersey Led by singer Jon Bon Jovi Their album Slippery When Wet (p1 uk6, 1986) had several hit singles "You Give Love a Bad Name" (uk14) among them "Livin' on a Prayer" (p1 uk4) also on that album Next album, New Jersey (p1 uk1, 1988) had hit singles "Bad Medicine" (p1 ukl7) "I'll Be There for You" (uk18) The band moved toward a more mainstream pop style Continued success into 1990s Guns and Roses Led by Singer Axl Rose and lead guitarist Slash (Saul Hudson) Debut album Appetite for Destruction (p1 uk5, 1987)—hit singles on that album "Welcome to the Jungle" (p1 uk4) "Sweet Child of Mine" (p7 uk4) The singles made them one of the most successful rock acts of 1988 Simultaneously released two enormously successful albums in 1991 Use Your Illusion I (p2 uk2) Use Your Illusion II (p1 uk1) Poison 1986 album Look What the Cat Dragged In hit number three in the United States Next album Open Up and Say . . . Aah! (p2 uk18, 1988) even more successful Contained the hit single "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" (p1 uk13) New stylistic approach called the "power ballad" Power ballad Heavy metal version of a slow song The singer displays his sensitive side Begins with a quiet expressive section Later in the song heavy guitars and drums enter
How did the change of standard format from LP to CD impact the music industry?
Marketing of older styles on CDs Advantages of the CD format over earlier recording technology CDs can't wear out (given proper care and handling) portable sound was supposed to be superior Fidelity is higher than any other commercial recordings Instant access to any song (no re-winding of tape) CD format was helpful to record companies They could re-release music originally recorded on vinyl and earn new profits When production cost came down the prices were kept high—greater profits for labels Special features added to re-issue sales-"digital re—mastering" and "bonus tracks" Elaborate box set collections appealed to aficionados CDS introduced in 80s usual by 90s long play (LP) records dwindled
king of pop
Michael Jackson Michael called me one day and said, "I want to have a nickname, like 'The Boss' or 'The King.'" I said, "Well, Bruce Springsteen is 'The Boss,' and Elvis Presley is 'The King.' You can't be the King because you'll never live it down. The press will rip you apart." But Michael would not let this go. He hired his own personal publicist, Bob Jones. And one day, Bob issued a press release announcing that Michael Jackson was the King of Pop. Michael went rogue on us. but it works now like hes the king of pop
pop punk
More radio-friendly "punk" rock that was big in 90s. Green Day, Blink-182 are examples. punk music enters mainstream in early 90s creating style often giving ironic label pop punk many bands from cali showing long lineage of heavier forms of rock in both northern and southern CA Green Day - billie joe armstrong success in 1994 and 95 bands music is often hard driving and aggressie marketing their stylisitc debt to 70s punk energy of power cords on guitar can blend with a strong pop melodic sensibiltity in the bands music softer side had most longevity of these pop punk groups - 2004 american idiot which was a political rock opera that is now on broadway the offspring heavy riff based punk with simple surf guitar line during verses connecting to cali roots
Early history of MTV: when, what, why, target audience, impact on music industry
Music Television Station that became a cultural happening in the 1980s MTV would show only promotional videos made by record labels MTV would show videos that explored the creative aspects of the medium The second option was championed by former Monkee Michael Nesmith The channel decided on record label promotional videos MTV premiered on August 1, 1981 First video shown: the Buggles video "Video Killed the Radio Star" inital target audience: midwest people, teens, white inital programming: mainstream rock artists, always white, eventaully added dance oriented songs, young, stylish, attaractive singers or bands refused to play michael jackson due to race, eventually let his videos play after his label threatened to pull their other mainstream artists off MTV MTV had its biggest audience wherever HBO and other premium channels succeeded MTV became an important aspect of the popular-music business during the 1980s The principal criticism: MTV favored artists' visual aspects over their musical aspects Consequently poor musical quality was overlooked (or ignored)
MTV
Music Television Station that became a cultural happening in the 1980s, which has since been utilized by political groups to reach the youth vote. MTV early days: promotional videos August 1, 1981: The Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star" MTV audience: white, Midwestern teenagers MTV struggles with diversity Two approaches were considered MTV would show only promotional videos made by record labels MTV would show videos that explored the creative aspects of the medium The second option was championed by former Monkee Michael Nesmith The channel decided on record label promotional videos MTV premiered on August 1, 1981 First video shown: the Buggles video "Video Killed the Radio Star" The growth of MTV Many of the first music videos were shot on shoestring budgets Cable television was not yet widely available MTV had its biggest audience wherever HBO and other premium channels succeeded Mainly in the Midwest MTV played videos by white mainstream rock artists MTV did sell advertising Their programming was directed at advertisers' target audience For its first couple of years, MTV's main audience was teenagers in the Midwest MTV and Michael Jackson In early 1983, Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" was climbing the pop charts MTV refused to play Jackson's video They believed viewers would not watch because Jackson is black Jackson's video did get played on MTV in March 1983 Jackson's enormous success increased the popularity of the network Record companies soon considered videos to be crucial promotional tools MTV began to rival FM radio as the place to make or break hit records MTV became an important aspect of the popular-music business during the 1980s The principal criticism: MTV favored artists' visual aspects over their musical aspects Consequently poor musical quality was overlooked (or ignored)
heavy metal
Roots in earlier styles Immensely popular and successful Image: representative of a disenfranchised segment of society Each style maintained its individual identity The rise of heavy metal Origin of the name is unclear Steppenwolf song lyric "Born to Be Wild": ". . . Heavy metal thunder. . ." Beat Writer William S. Burroughs used the term Journalists used it to describe Jimi Hendrix's music As described by Chas Chandler in the PBS documentary "History of Rock and Roll" ". . . His music sounds like heavy metal falling from the sky . . ." Stylistic features that were inspirational to metal musicians Iron Butterfly's song "In-a-Gadda-Da-Vida" seen as an early precursor Most writers cite Black Sabbath as the originators of the style The heavy and gothic character of Sabbath's early music Driving riffs Dark themes Extended guitar solos The heavier side of Led Zeppelin's music Deep Purple Musical features similar to Black Sabbath's music Added aspects of classical music Bands with extravagant showmanship Alice Cooper Kiss Metal emerged from British and Los Angeles underground scenes Heavy metal image "Headbanger" was a nickname for fans Allusion to unsophisticated character Blue-collar white audience Referring to primitive music Parodies of the heavy metal fan and music style: Wayne's World skits on Saturday Night Live and subsequent films Spinal Tap film Bevis and Butthead animated MTV series Bands presented an image of opposition to the status quo Show-biz glitziness Less mainstream and more on the tawdry strip-club side of glitz Rejection of commercial success Gesture of cultural defiance British heavy metal General characteristics of all British Heavy Metal bands in 1980s Guitar driven Emphasis on flashy soloing Heavy drumbeats An attempt to get back to an earlier style Ozzy Osborne quit Black Sabbath in 1977 Went solo and released successful albums in 1980 and 1981 The Blizzard of Ozz (uk7 p2, 1980 Diary of a Madman (uk14 p16, 1981) Worked with Randy Rhodes on guitar Black Sabbath replaced Ozzy with Ronnie James Dio on lead vocals Judas Priest Formed in Birmingham, England, in 1970 First success in 1979 with their album Hell Bent for Leather (uk32, 1979) The follow-up, British Steel (uk4 p34, 1980) contained strong tracks "Breaking the Law" and "Living after Midnight" Iron Maiden Formed in England in 1976 First success in England: the album Iron Maiden(uk4, 1980) America success began with The Number of the Beast (uk1 p33, 1982) Def Leppard First success was the 1981 album High 'n' Dry(uk26 p38, 1981) Following with Pyromania (uk18 p2, 1983) containing the track "Photograph" "Photograph" got heavy rotation on early MTV Mötorhead: 1970s band that influenced 1980s metal Formed by Lemmy Kilminster in the mid 1970s Incorporated several stylistic elements Guitar-dominated sound of British blues rock Punk tempos Biker culture Leather fashion Albums were successful only in England Mötorhead (uk43, 1977) Ace of Spades (uk4, 1980) Iron Fist (uk6, 1982) Los Angeles heavy metal Los Angeles had established itself as a place to succeed in the record industry Musicians migrated to Los Angeles during the 1970s Metal style guitar players were inspired by Van Halen's success Heavy Metal relies on guitar—often two lead guitarists in a ban The Metal style sustained the influx of guitar players in Los Angeles Van Halen Personality clashes in the band between Eddie Van Halen and singer David Lee Roth Last album featuring Roth was 1984 (p2 ukl5, 1984) Sammy Hagar replaced Roth in 1985 Released 5150 (p1 ukl6, 1986) Roth released a solo album in 1985 Eat 'em and Smile (p4 uk28) Featured guitarist Steve Vai Quiet Riot Metal Health reached number one the top spot on the U.S. charts in 1983 Contained the cover "Cum On and Feel the Noize" Hit for Slade in the 1970s Went to number five on the singles charts Motley Crüe Featuring singer Vince Neil Drummer Tommy Lee Several successful albums throughout the decade First successful album Shout at the Devil (p 17, 1983) Girls Girls Girls (p2 uk14, 1987) Dr. Feelgood (p1 uk4, 1989) "Shout at the Devil" exemplifies the Los Angeles Metal style: Kind of guitar-driven, pop oriented metal Vince Neil's singing is high, almost screaming Influence of Led Zeppelin's Robert Plant Drumming is loud and assertive Uunison, sing-along vocals on the chorus suggest an anthem-like quality Band drops out late in the track to focus on the vocal hook Less virtuosic guitar playing than usual Guitar is still the focus of the instrumental bridge Ratt Their album Out of the Cellar (p7, 1984) was the first and biggest success Hit single "Round and Round" (p12) Twisted Sister From New York Led by singer Dee Snyder Their album Stay Hungry reached (p15 uk34, 1984) Hit single: "We're Not Gonna Take It" (p21)
Pros and cons of digital music sharing
Technology allows elaborate enhancement of the indie artist Do-It-Yourself approach Digital recording systems Internet and website exposure iPod compilations make entire music libraries portable Satellite radio and style-oriented programming Artists are now able to produce and distribute their own music Recording technology allows professional quality in one's home Internet allows for bands to sell CDs from their website Can bypass record labels entirely Disadvantage Getting "discovered" by potential fans Internet is too vast to find anything New fans and new artists A new trend is for people to find "undiscovered" artists Listeners are excited about bands they themselves have discovered
alternative rock
The connection to 1970s British punk British punk motivated by socioeconomic issues American punk was not based on those frustrations Many American guitar oriented post-punk bands emerged during the 1980s Alternative rock embraced the same return-to-basics approach as 1970s punk bands Reaction against "establishment" influence on music MTV appearance—driven bands Flashy and virtuosic solos of heavy metal Alt rockers dressed very casually Projected themselves as amateur instrumentalists Rejected the idea of recording for a major label Do-it-yourself aesthetic rejected the commercialism of popular music Nirvana Most important band in Seattle's grunge scene Played their first shows in Olympia, Washington Led by singer/songwriter/guitarist Kurt Cobain Their music rejected the entire rock star apparatus Debut album Nevermind (p1 uk7) was released late 1991 Single "Smells like Teen Spirit" (p6 uk7, 1991) was hugely successful Began the movement called alternative rock Began the movement called alternative rock In Utero (1993) Unplugged in New York (1994) Nirvana's career ended with Cobain's suicide in April 1994 Hole Led by Courtney Love One of the most aggressive grunge bands Due to Love's combative image She married Kurt Cobain in 1992 Released successful albums in early 1990s Pretty on the Inside (1991) drew favorable reviews Live Through This did well in the UK Celebrity Skin (1998) reached number nine in the United States Love co-starred with Woody Harrelson in the film The People vs. Larry Flynt Pearl Jam Also from Seattle Leader: singer Eddie Vedder Their sound was closer to heavy metal than other grunge bands Made for more radio airplay In contrast to their anti-commercial attitude Their early albums established them as a top act by mid-decade Ten (p2 uk18, 1992) VS (p1 uk2, 1993) Vitology (p1 uk6, 1994) Began a legal battle with Ticketmaster They believed the company was forcing higher ticket prices Made it difficult for their fans to afford to see their concerts Lost a court case against the ticket retailer They were heroes to the anti-establishment alt-rock community They had hit records at the end of the 1990s Album Yield (1998) hit number two on the U.S. charts Single with "Last Kiss" (p2 1999) "Last Kiss" was a cover of the 1964 splatter platter by J. Wilson and the Cavaliers Initially recorded for their fan club Soundgarden Formed in Seattle in the late 1980s Led by the vocals of Chris Cornell and the guitar playing of Kim Thayil Blend of earlier styles Heavy metal 1970s blues rock 1960s psychedelia Commercial success with Superunknown (p1 uk4, 1994) Alice in Chains Formed in Seattle by singer Layne Staley in the late 1980s Similar lyric approach to that of speed metal bands Dark lyrics dealing with drug addiction and death reflect speed metal influences Metallica Megadeth 1991 debut album, Facelift, was initially directed at metal fans Capitalized on Nirvana's success as a Seattle band Album Dirt reached number six in the U.S. charts 1994 EP Jar of Flies had an important distinction First EP to reach number one on Billboard's album chart Acoustically oriented 1995' s Alice in Chains debuted at number one in U.S.charts Foo Fighters Formed by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl First album, Foo Fighters, was a set of solo recordings he'd made Initial release on cassettes Reached number twenty-three on U.S. album charts (uk3) Released several more successful albums Green Day Formed in San Francisco Led by singer/songwriter/guitarist Billy Joe Armstrong Hard driving and aggressive sound Clear stylistic influences of 1960s pop and 1970s punk First significant commercial success began in 1994 Dookie (p2) 1995 album Insomniac (p2) The ballad "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" is significant Demonstrates their softer side Played during the final episode of Seinfeld Faith No More Musical approach akin to irreverence of Frank Zappa Formed in San Francisco in 1982 Bassist Billy Gould Keyboardist Roddy Bottum Drummer Mike Bordin Added Mike Patton on vocals in 1988 Began successful releases in 1990 The Real Thing (p11, 1990) Number nine single "Epic" contained on that album Angel Dust (p10, 1992) Red Hot Chili Peppers Formed in 1983 in Hollywood Influenced by '70s funk and '70s punk Shown in playing style of the band's bassist, Flea 1985 album Freaky Styley produced by George Clinton 1989 covered Stevie Wonder's "Higher Ground" on Mother's Milk album First commercial success with BloodSugarSexMagik Produced by Rick Rubin Number three in 1991 Subsequent hit albums One Hot Minute (p4, 1994) Californication (p3, 1999) Developed a reputation for innovative videos Stone Temple Pilots Formed in 1987 in San Diego Combined stylistic influences Seattle bands like Alice in Chains and Pearl Jam 1970s guitar-oriented mainstream rock First three albums reached the top five on the U.S. charts Core (1992) Purple (1994) Tiny Music (1996) Bands that returned to the 1960s and 1970s Smashing Pumpkins From Chicago Led by singer/songwriter/guitarist Billy Corgan Aspects of progressive rock, psychedelia, and early heavy metal. Important album: Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (p1 uk4, 1995) Oasis From England Too heavily influenced by the Beatles for their own good More success in England than in the states Important album: Definitely Maybe—number one in UK in 1994 (What's the Story) Morning Glory—hit in UK and the states in 1995 Blur More successful in UK than in United States Successful album: Parklife (uk1, 1994) Suede More popular in UK than in United States Successful album: Suede (uk1, 1993) Radiohead Pink Floyd's spacey atmospheric approach Bends (uk6, 1995) Kid A (2000) hit in the United States and UK The appeal of alternative music Possible reasons for acceptance of alternative music Rejection of the MTV emphasis on glamor Rejection of heavy metal virtuosity and self-indulgence The "return to basics" approach of punk had proven successful earlier Rock audiences require changes in the overall genre These bands and artists are too recent to know their true place in rock history.
break spinning
When DJ repeats a short phrase by spinning one record backwards while the other record is playing
Pros and cons of commercial satellite radio stations
XM Sirius Pros: Great custom selection from a wide variety of genres. Live sports broadcasts from the NFL, MLB, NBA, NASCAR and more. Listen to music almost anywhere in the country without interruption, static, or tuning the channel. Cons: Must purchase additional equipment to listen, unless your vehicle is equipped with a satellite radio tuner. Additional cost to stream from the Internet. Can be a costly alternative to traditional AM/FM.
moshing
a form of dance, often frenzied, in which people in a circle rotate while simultaneously slamming into each other
speed metal
a sub-style of heavy metal that exudes the high level of intensity inherent in thrash metal but incorporates even faster tempos and a persistent, driving quadruple subdivision of the beat Speed metal Fast tempos Virtuosic guitar passages Wide variety of textures Thrash metal Musicians' reaction to speed metal Speed metal focus considered too narrow Technical virtuosity was too demanding Thrash metal contained wider variety of textures Also a wider spectrum of tempos The hippie aesthetic in heavy metal virtuosity Blistering guitar solos are associated with heavy metal Critics considered such solos empty or self-indulgent Direct continuation of late 1960s and early 1970s sensibilities References to classical music models Extended forms Virtuosic solos Concept albums devoted to important issues Deep Purple's Richie Blackmore was influential His solo on "Highway Star" Eddie Van Halen His solo "Eruption" Two-hand tapping techniques heard on this track Cut from their first album Randy Rhoads "Mr. Crowley" Metallica More serious minded Focus on musicianship Their music referred to as "speed metal" Formed in Los Angeles, moved to San Francisco Influences: Black Sabbath Led Zeppelin Deep Purple Mötorhead Released a series of highly successful albums Master of Puppets (p29 uk41, 1986) breakthrough album : . . . And Justice for All (p6 uk4, 1988) Contains the track "One" "One" is representative example of the band's music Large-scale two-part form Begins quietly Gains intensity and speed in the second section The album Metallica (p1 ukl, 1991) Established them as one of the most important heavy metal bands Includes "Enter Sandman" Perhaps the most exceptional track in all of metal Megadeth Led by former Metallica guitarist-singer Dave Mustaine Important thrash metal band Album: Peace Sells . . . But Who's Buying? (1986) Album: Countdown to Extinction (p2 uk5, 1992) Album: Youthanasia (p4 uk6, 1994) Yngwie Malmsteen Swedish guitarist Virtuosic approach to metal guitar playing Employed traditional classical-music approach Played with several Los Angeles bands beginning in 1982 Steeler Alcatrazz Rising Force 1984: Rising Force released its debut album The track "Dark Star" demonstrates Malmsteen' s technique Other notable late 1980s hair bands Warrant Album: Dirty Rotten Stinking Filthy Rich (p10, 1988) Album: Cherry Pie (p7, 1990) Winger Album: Winger (p21, 1988) Album: In the Heart of the Young (p15, 1990) Skid Row Featuring singer Sebastian Bach Album: Skid Row (p6 uk30, 1989) Album: Slave to the Grind (p1 uk5, 1991) Other thrash metal bands Anthrax (from New York) Album: Among the Living (p62 uk18, 1987) Slayer (from Los Angeles) Album: Reign in Blood (p94 uk47, 1986)
hardcore
a subgenre of punk rock that originated in the United States in the late 1970s and early 1980s, serving as a transition between punk and the more intense form of heavy metal known as thrash metal. Hardcore developed out of late 1970s punk: Loud, fast and aggressive music Grounded in DIY aesthetic Fear: Minor Threat, "Straight Edge": The Replacements, "Color Me Impressed" developed out of 70s punk independent music closely associated to the ramones and UK punk bands continued the raw punk traditions of loud, fast, aggressive music grounded in the DIY aesthetic usually associated with a major city and released music on independent labels end of 80s hardcore had become a national underground movement with vast network of performance venues record labels and dedicated fans partly responsibile for infrastructure that supported alternative movement of 90s LA: growing discontent among youth translated perfectly into hardcore, Fear, X, Germs, Black Flag Fear - SNL moshing and badmouthling NYC - video from class black flag - rough production values, fast tempos, heaily distorted guitars, screaming vocals, and profane lyrics that exposed youthful alienation, icon of movement in LA Minor Threat and Straight Edge DC Hardcore - see straight edge flashcard Twin Cities Punk - minnesota based shied away from aggressive rants in favor of melodic foundation producing some of the most accessible music of independent punk legacy the replacements - twin/tone label, loud, fast, distorted style, also striking melodic and harmonic material, melodic hooks eventually did more approachable style with pop music and punk, signed to mainstream label
scratching
a technique used to transform a turntable into a musical instrument, quickly pushing and pulling records on the turntable, resulting in a variety of effects: loops, musical bursts, and backward playback. Popularized by Grandmaster Flash The record is quickly and repeatedly rotated forward and reverse This creates a distinctive rhythm
"Blue-eyed" Soul Music
a term used to describe soulful songs performed by white musicians Hall and Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates Strongly influenced by 1960s and 1970s black pop styles Hall grew up in Philadelphia Worked with Leon Huff, Kenny Gamble, and Thorn Bell First American hits in 1976 "Sara Smile" (p4, 1976) "Rich Girl" (p1, 1977) Several hits through the first half of the 80s Private Eyes (p5 uk8 1981) "Private Eyes" - the title cut of the album "I Can't Go for That" also on that album Big Bam Boom (p5 uk28, 1984) had the single "Out of Touch" (p1 1984) Wham! Duo of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley Michael was the main creative force Wrote most of the songs Produced the albums Approach Similar to that of Hall and Oates Early work inspired by 1960s and 1970s soul singers First album chart success in the UK: Fantastic(uk1, 1983) First U.S. success, Make It Big (p1 uk1, 1984), had hit singles "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" (p1) "Careless Whisper" (uk1) "Everything She Wants" "Freedom" (p3 uk1) Michael decided to go solo Faith (p1 uk1, 1987) Michael Bolton Continued the blue-eyed soul sound through the late 1980s into the 1990s "That's What Love Is All About" (p19, 1987) "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" (p 11 1988) Soul Provider (p3 uk4, 1990) "How Am I Supposed to Live without You" (p1 uk3) "When a Man Loves a Woman" (p1, 1991)
emo
largely independent based network of bands that shared an audience which was markedly younger than the average indie rock crowd viewed as a derogatory label emo aesthetic started in mid 80s grew into popularity in 2000s providing another example of independent music that began to make important inroads into commercial mainstream closely related to punk pop drew heavily on high energy punk indebted to 1970s and 80s american hardcore relished on more serious perspective and often featured heartfelt vocals DC hardcore scene of 80s is launching point for emo rites of spring explored combo of hardcore and heartfelt 1990s emo was popular with younger audiences in regional scenes NY, LA, san fran, jawbreaker was local favorite that released albums and extended play releases on independent labels before being singed independent labels and some major companies drove emo into mainstream in late 90s early 2000s merchandise sold at hot topic get up kids dashboard confessional - extrememly successful albums Jimmy eats world - most popular emo band most popular with teens issues of self exploration commonly associated with this music reflect other movements related to history of rock such as folk revival of 50s and 60s singer songwriter repertoire of 70s and 80s and european pop of 80s (Smiths) emos blend of heay guitars and introspective lyrics reflects the youth culture of 90s and 2000s while connecting with older forms of rock music and textual delivery
straight edge
minor threat hardcore punk DC hardcore - doctrinaire attitudes toward substance abuse, racial tolerance, stance towards politics and government grounded in intellectual debate rather than anarchistic diatribes MacKaye and Nelson - minor threat was arguably the most important group on DC hardcore scene took musical cues from UK punk rock swore off drugs and alcohol and advocated a clean lifestyle straight edge is where this philosphy was at the heart of the song became a moniker for a new movement of unencumbered drug free hardcore musicians and fans
VH1
the rise of the rockumentary Debuted in 1985 Focus was on baby boomers' tastes in music styles Struggled for the first decade The "pop-up video" Introduced in 1996 Clever or humorous factoids printed on screen during videos Quickly became popular for their "educational" value Behind the Music and Legends Quasi-historical series introduced in 1997 Biographical approach to musicians and bands Format of the shows: rise from rags to riches Included scandal or disaster in the subject's life or career VH-1 established itself as an informative approach to rock music
