Music midterm

Rake 'n' Scrape

Rake 'n' Scrape - Rhythm of saw - Off beat is empathized - Ophie and Websites: "Times Table" - Strophic songs (ABA) - Originated in Turks and Caicos and associated with the Bahamas

Carol Ann Muller

background on Lion Sleeps Tonight, briefly on political systems in South Africa

Timothy Rommen on Caribbean

diaspora played a huge role in shaping Caribbean music with African and European influences

Daniel Neely "Modern Mento"

success of the Jolly Boys and stylistic transformation of mento music came from increase in tourism pressuring the idea of authenticity

Rastafari

worship of Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie I Emperor of Ethiopia), idea that African and those of African descent are the chosen people and that Ethiopia is the promised land, use of dreadlocks/cannabis and rejection of Western medicine and cultural materialism

Contemporary Latin culture and music

"We Are One" Symbol of a certain type of contemporary Latin American identity FIFA 2014 and controversy of cost/law enforcement issues in Brazil to host World Cup Songs of unity are mostly focused on certain cultures (i.e American culture and English language)

Wayno

- Also Huayno Peruvian genres Mestizo genre Song-dance genre accompanying a fast couples dance Song tests are strophic Usually organized in AABBCC structure First beat is stressed than two short beats (hemiola, duple triple) Fast foot tapping and hand clapping Song texts are almost always on light romantic themes in Spanish La Pastorita Huaracina "Quisiera Olvidarte" European major scale with european tonal harmony Guitar intro and european tonal harmony Strings enter, play simple cadential harmonic patterns are followed by voice Lilting melody, voice with violin - high vocalizations and yodeling Yodelling vocalizations, exclamations from band members actively participating

Thomas Mapfumo and the Blacks Unlimited

- Born 1945 in Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe) - "Neo-indigenous" Zimbabwe guitar style that hybridizes indigenous African and cosmopolitan-popular musical elements - Created his own genre: Chimurenga music or modern Shona mbira that was a symbol for the struggle against injustice in war-torn Rhodesia - Used electric mbira style - (bottle caps removed), electric guitar, keyboards, bass, drums, hosho, congas, 2 female vocalists - Sings in traditional Shona village style - high yodeling technique, low-pitched singing of vocables, traditional lyrics/texts of own composition Songs: Nhemamusasa, Chitima Nditakure

Brill building basics

- Building on Broadway and 49th in NYC named after the Brill brothers who had a clothing shop in the ground floor and then owned the whole building - During depression rented space to musicians - "Brill Building" refers to the overall musician groups in and close to the Brill Building - Period of greatest activity in the 1960s and represented a very signature streak in pop music - strongly influenced British invasion, Motown, Phil Spector and soul musics - Building in this era of fan culture and fan followings (Ed Sullivan show)

Louis Towers

- Champeta artist, "Mama Africa" - Sang in Spanish and Palenquero (creole language developed in Colombia mixing Spanish and Bantú - major group of African languages) - Makes strong case for remembering Africa as source of cultural production and heritage - Strophic songs - Champeta styles gives Towers power to articulate specific struggles, sentiments, and political messages

Political history of South Africa

- From mid-17th century European settled in South Africa due to trade routes from Europe to Asia - 1948-1990 Apartheid - Early 20th century racial segregation under British rule - Legalized racial discrimination established by white minority of Euro/British descent - Government run by Afrikaners (european descent) - Black africans were not allowed residences in white areas - Migrant workers had to carry passes called dompas or face jail time

Zimbabwe

- Landlocked country in southern Africa, capital Harare, population 16 million with 16 official languages - British colonial past - previously self-governing colony Southern Rhodesia - Guerrila warfare with black nationalist forces and 1980 peace agreement with Mugabe becoming President (still President) - Mugabe highly controversial figure - Popular guitar genres unique to Zimbabwe: heavy emphasis on mbira with dance drumming and shakers for songs performed in informal Shonal village gatherings - ex: Nhemamusasa, Thomas Mapfumo and the Blacks "Chitima Ndikature"

Mbira music

- Mbira (the instrument) is often played with hosho (percussion rattlers) and is a unique to Zimbabwe with musical instrument with tuned metal or reed tongues on a sound box - Mbira classic music of Bantu people - Typical features are male and female vocals, interlocking pitches and rhythms, dense overlapping texture and buzzing timbre Cyclical melodies or rhythmic patterns (ostinatos = musical phrase that repeats) Repetition and long performances to encourage participation Use of polyrhythm (multiple conflicting meters) typical of African and Caribbean rhythms

Early American music evolution

- Music is profit oriented - Tin Pan Alley: 1880s-1930s collection of music publishers competing to public sheet music which began the modern music industry and "pop" music, used formulaic and homogenous songs (George Gershwin, Irving Berlin) - ASCAP (American Society of Composers and Producers) protecting performance and copyrights - Copyright (right to make copies) established including development of Performance Rights (royalties paid for live performances of intellectual property) and "Mechanical Rights) - Advent of Rock and Roll 1950s - youth as target market, rebellion as "commodity", "Golden Age of Television" and new color TV (Ed Sullivan show), playback technology (record players) - Educated craftspeople dying out - turning into more of a rebellion focused medium - Popular music not defined by European Art tradition (Tin Pan Alley)

Graceland

- Paul Simon album - Artists he works with (Ladysmith Black Mambazo) do not gain as much credit - Controversial because many claim that he used the struggle and conflict of South Africa to further his career and personal music development - Question of cultural appropriation - Simon toured South Africa after release of album

Features of music of the Carribbean

- Shaped by early colonialism influences as well as the Middle Passage (Africans taken by Europeans to America for slavery) - Different languages and musical sounds that come from those blend of cultures and languages - Shakers, scrapers, dances and African-derived structures (call and response, certain percussion instruments, interlocking parts, 3+3+2 patters, cellular construction etc.)

British Invasion

- The Beatles - Copied styles of the Brill Building styles but undid some of the style - Used many of the vocal and harmonic traits from the Brill Building (including doo wop sounds etc.) - Borrowed easy, pop sounds like call and response and subject matter about young relationships - Beatles opening door to new types of romantic languages and ways of talking about relationships that are new - Brought a greater level of aggression and shouting that didn't exist before

Brill Building key features

1. Almost all writers were young men/women writing for other young people 2. Women were not usually involved in the composition and production process 3. Composers were writing for black and white listeners 4. Wasn't a specific sound necessarily but AABA form and songs on personal relationships were a common theme 5. Studio practices were unusual with songwriters featured on the tracks and blur of line between performer, songwriter and producer 6. Vertical integration with record companies, publishers, managers, composers and promoters all existing in the one building which changed how the music was created and shared

Mestizo

1. Relative term referring to people and social identity that mixes European and Amerindian beliefs and cultural practices (used to be used as a racial category, now refers for for Iberian and indigenous culture mixes) 2. Also refers to specific music genre from Ecuador that uses strophic song form, hemiola rhythm (duple triple) to create exciting tensions, and mixed ensembles of european instruments and indigenous Andean flutes (orquesta tipica). Emphasizes use of stringed instruments like guitar (most common), violin, harp and mandolin

Early Jamaican tourism

1890s: Jamaica recognized economic advantages of tourism - Tourists were usually upper class that could travel at the time (white, Victorian backgrounds) - Hotels would host pianists, violinists, cellists and not "authentic" jamaican music - Most tourists at this time had no interest in the native music - seen as lower class - Two books had influence on Jamaican tourism: Witchcraft in the West Indies (Bell), Jamaica Song and Story (Jekyll) bolstered the study and interest in traditional jamaican culture - Astley Clerk: native born jamaican, encouraged the appreciation of jamaican music in tourism to bolster native music to the level of westernized music, introduced jamaican dance music into hotels (ex: Mongoose fox trot)

AABA

32-bar form/AABA song form, popular American song/ballad form with 4 sections, each with 8 bars in length and each 8 bar section is assigned a letter name based on melodic and harmonic content with B sections contrasting with A sections and B as a bridge

Aboriginal North America

A Tribe Called Red - Original group Bear Witness, DJ Shub and DJ NDN - Traditional powwow songs mixed with electronic dance music (EDM) - Creating soundtrack for modern urban indigenous experience - Carving out a cultural space for their demographic - DJ DND (Never Die Native and "Indian") - response to "only food Indian is a dead Indian" - First Nations: first nations that existed in North America - Evolve their culture/community in urban aboriginal communities

Amy Winehouse

Amy Winehouse British singer-songwriter Mixed music genres like soul, R&B, jazz and pop Back to Black received 5 Grammys Tumultuous personal life and early death - added her to certain kind of fame Influence from the Brill Building singers (Ronettes) including sound and style (call and response etc.)

Traditional Aymara music

Aymara music Andean music Aymara-speaking natives from highlands of Bolivia and Peru and Northern Chile and predate Inca and European arrival Preference for community over individuals, reciprocity, egalitarian relations and community solidarity These values influence music in that music is blended and play together without an individualized soloist and only a single type of flute is used Siku (pan flutes) and bombos (drums) ensembles: usually large and formed to provide musical accompaniment to big occasions, called the sikuri genre and ensembles are composed of any males that want to join and music is composed in rehearsal Music is performed in hockets (interlocking pitches or rhythms to create one melody or party)

Motown

Berry Gordy: created Motown label and sound with AABA and Brill Building-like sound, also lyrics with rhyme/metaphor and other poetic devices ("Hitsville USA") - Funk Brothers produced much of the Motown - Detroit established black community that Motown music originated from - First Motown hit: Mr. Postman - Legacy of Motown and girl groups: The Supremes - TLC (1980s pop group) - Destiny's Child - imaging of girl group trio (pyramid) - Dreamgirls: choosing who is representing the trio through looks and a more generic voice rather than a voice with a lot of "character"

Bolivian hip hop

Bolivian hip hop "El Cholo" Marcelo Yañez Rapped in Spanish linking US and El Alto Hip hop culture grew from rapid urbanization in Latin America (including Bolivia) and due to inability to support so many new residents cities were very poor and struggling Hip hop created a relocation of language - rural folk with indigenous languages coming into cities and introducing new native languages Hip hop common trend throughout the world through easily understandable themes and connectivity through evolution around the world - genre for struggling people in urban areas ex: Wayna Rap, "Chamakat Sartisiry"

Motown vs. Brill Building

Brill Building: emergence of girl groups (moving from male front runner singer), lack of competent/professional strategy of Brill Building writers, diminished influence with British Invasion Motown: no competition with black soul music so not effected by British Invasion, emergence of Motown girl groups, Berry Gordy leadership as CEO and business skills (developed skill and direction that Brill Building lacked) Motown criticism: some found Motown framework to be very factory-like, assembly line like manner in addition to many lawsuits being dismissed because those suing could not afford legal fees in addition to some serious discrepancies in salaries (Diana Ross versus other Supremes)

Champeta music

Colombian music Champeta came from local Afro-Colombian music mixed with international (African/Caribbean genres) with these local sounds Name of the local machete-like knife and not originally associated with music Urbanization attracted more rural people to Cartagena and the middle/upper class people called them champetudos These individuals were usually darkers and more of African descent Louis Towers: artist from Colombia - "Mama Africa" Used large sound systems called picós that would spin imported records (African and Caribbean genres) and provide entertainment for primarily black audiences in poorer neighborhoods

Calypso

Calypso - Afro-Caribbean music with jerky rhythms traced back to West Africa used as a way of telling news with narrative structure - celebrated "universal subjects as women and drink" - Originated in Trinidad and Tobago later spread to Jamaica - "No, Doctor, No" Mighty Sparrow - influenced later mento, ska, reggae etc. - WWII: tourism slowed down but military presence in Jamaica kept nightclub scene alive which capitalized on Calypso's popularity in nightclub scene (Sir Lancelot and Caresser) and Calypso was seen as new sound of post-war Jamaica afterwards - Normal Thomas ("Lord Flea") post popular post-war Calypso musician, "Calypso Be Bop" - MRS (Jamaica's first record label)

Political background to Motown

Civil Rights Movement - 1960s Jim Crow era - Defined the music of the day ("We Shall Not Be Moved" March on Washington) - Gospel Traditions and Freedom Singers defined the genre of the time including themes of R&B and Soul mixing with the Brill Building influence Feminism - First appeared in France and Netherlands in 19th century - 1st, 2nd and 3rd wave feminism 1st: 19th and early 20th century: women's suffrage 2nd: 1960s: women's liberation and social/political equality 3rd: early 1990s and on: continuation and response to perceived failures in the 2nd wave of feminism - The Shirelles "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow"

Political background to Aboriginal North American Music

Cultural genocide: - Residential schools in 19th century where Canadian government took Aboriginal children from homes and put them in residential schools away from families - "Aggressive assimilation" - Federally run Department of Indian Affairs - Religious schools, enforced English to force Euro-Canadian culture - often where there was physical/sexual abuse occurring - Last school closed in 1996 in Ontario - Truth and Reconciliation Committee established today - establishing the affirmation of what occurred Idle No More Movement - Decolonization of the Aboriginal Canadian groups to protect land, treaty rights and cultures - education Canadians about the struggle of aboriginals - Connected with Truth and Reconciliation Committee

Cultural background to Caribbean music

Diaspora: - Comes originally from the threat of dispersion or forceful of the Jewish faith from God - Implies persecution, fleeing from place of home and displacement of home and inability to return - Not being able to access the same rights/positions if you did return

Mento and Jamaican tourism

Mento: Jamaican folk dance music/bands/rhythm popular with tourists with breezy, tropical vibe using bongo, banjo, maraca etc. related to calypso Ex: The Jolly Boys (began in 1950s) Jolly Boys 1950s Navy Island Swamp Boys - Port Antonio Jamaica Gained attention for Errol Flynn's yacht parties Height of tourism in Jamaica Increased popularity during rise of "world music" genre "Mento became a genre in part because of Jolly Boys" "Modern mento" - with covers of rock/pop songs, drawing on modern studio techniques and appealing to broader audiences

Claudia Gorbman

Music in the Liberal Western - Relationship between music and portrayal of Native Americans was tense but eventually grew to be appreciative Classic Westerns (1930s/40s): - Classics set roughly in the 1865-1900s: industrial revolution, Manifest Destiny and westward expansion, American Indian Wars, reservation movements - Musical stereotypes of Native Americans: tom tom drums, modal melody, two note motif etc. and appropriation of Indian tribal melodies and "threatening" tones when showing Indians - Indians depicted as savage enemy with no historical background - "Faceless" - colors and sounds with little/no dialogue - Sharp tones indicating danger and doom used when Indians are depicted or mentioned (Stagecoach) Postwar Westerns and Western music: 50s/60s - Main characters started to have identity/ego crisis and depictions of Indians began to become more thoughtful and reflective - foils for America's own introspection and fears in the global order - Indians showcased as aggressive in defense of their land - more similar in common themes and background between cultures - In music this development went more slowly - not as thoughtful and provocative - "Indian language" still feared and not understood - music was used to preserve Indian culture and still depicted them negatively or stereotypically - Ex: Dances with Wolves, Broken Arrow (music in Broken Arrow still showed a lot of resistance with tom-tom beats and dramatic music) 1970s/80s to present - 70s: audio-visual media still stereotype heavy and showing Indians as an alien culture - translating Indian culture and showing Indian culture on the white man's terms - 80s-present: films suddenly showing Indians as sharing in core American values and no longer treating them as "other" and Americans depicted as the "bad guys" (Sioux was positive depiction, other tribes like Pawnee still dealt with stereotype of the savage) - Ex: Soldier Blue, A Man Called Horse (still showed Sioux in great "otherness"), Dances with Wolves (didn't "other" the Sioux and did not use tom-tom and modal melody)

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) - Madiba clan village in Mvezo, Transkei - Anti-apartheid revolutionary and leader of anti-apartheid movement - Jailed for 27 years for conspiring to overthrow apartheid - 1990 F.W. de Klerk released him amid huge domestic pressure - 1994-1999 first black President of South Africa - First elected in fully representative democratic election including both races - Government focused on undoing institutionalized racist policies - Controversial figure

reggae

Reggae Strongly associated with protest against social injustice Genre originated in Jamaica in 1960s Focused on news and political commentary and social critique/gossip Influenced by mento, New Orleans R&B, american jazz, ska, rocksteady Can be a narrative in the form of a song Emphasis on offbeat and moderate tempos Bob Marley Jamaican songwriter, reggae, popularized reggae and symbol of jamaican culture and identity and Rastafari way of life Established that Rastafarianism and reggae were inseparable Early untimely death added element of interest to his musical character

Rumba

Rumba: Cuban dance form using lead vocalist, chorus, clave, congas and palitos (percussion instrument) Developed as secular African-derived drumming tradition Dance form (like wayno) Interlocking patterns, improvisations on lead conga 2 main sections: canto (narrative and text) and montuno (call and response with chorus or percussion) Uniquely Afro-Cuban Several types of ruma with 3 popular (Guaguancó [most paradigmatic style of later Cuban dance band music], Yámbu, Columbia) Use of 2-3 rhythm Ex: "Consuelate Como Yo" Carlos Embala Ensemble (example of Guangancó)

The Lion Sleeps Tonight

Song evolution (Lion Sleeps Tonight) - Solomon Linda, Zulu speaking black south African, original composer of the song ("Mbumbe") and no money was given to Linda or family due to black south africans having very little rights No legal rights in late 1930s Had no knowledge of what royalties were - Linda was cleaner at record company - Song sent by Alan Lomax (ethnomusicologist) to Pete Seeger - Weavers (Pete Seeger) replaced "mbube" to "wimoweh" - Covered by The Tokens - Owen Dean, white South African lawyer, backed Linda's family and company agreed to pay family for Linda's part in creating song - Linda died before family received money - Song symbol of racial struggle - Linda's lack of rights and entitlement to song he created was typical of lack of rights for black South Africans - Linda's family only made $3000 a year from Disney even though the song made up to $15 million from the Lion King alone

Ideas of Tradition

Tradition as substance: assumes the guise of a durable, natural object passed down through time by successive generations of culture-bearers Tradition as process: tradition as a process, subject of social continuity that grows over time Tradition as practice: social norms passed generation to generation are enacted and performed (Botswana dance is way of enacting ideas of thinking about world in particular way, bridewealth/lopola - groom gives prize to family in exchange for taking bride away, performing tradition) - Culture bearers try to solidify the practice of tradition (schools etc.) Tradition and ethnicity: - Colonial control: enforcement of a particular ethnicity and traditional practice using missionaries etc. - Labor migration: influenced how cultures and traditions blending into new ones with labor migration - relativity of culture/identity, created and context specific but that doesn't make them less real - Ethnicity today: traditional practices shaping different cultures and culture identities

Karl Swinehart

Tupac in their veins (Karl Swinehart) Interest in hip hop comes from liking of music Hip hop in Bolivia and Peru - used to value Aymara language in the region Wayna Rap Tupac named after Tupac Amaru and Tupac Katari - violent leaders of their homeland from Spanish colonists Syncretism: amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures or school of thoughts through contact with one another Cultures melt into one another and a third one arrives Mix in latin america from indigenous people, spanish colonizers and African slaves/origins Aymara people chose hip hop as genre people they felt they had similar conditions as African Americans in the US - poverty, racism, discrimination, political, economic and cultural exclusion Contributed to by the Gas War (militant uprising of the El Alto residents that called for the nationalization of natural gas?) Raperos Aymara - seen as younger generations confusions and delinquency Aymara language was considering rural and poor and uncivilized versus Spanish was considered a sign of upward mobility Ex: "Chamkat Sartasiry" song about the pride and heritage of the Aymara nation and using Tupac Katari (2nd Tupac) as a symbol of their rebellion and rejection of oppression

Isicathamiya

Zulu derived word = to walk stealthily like a cat Genre of singing Necessity for controlled low volume of voices Close harmony a cappella male singing Style of music making by black African migrant workers Acapella because instruments would be impractical in mining barracks Developed softly because migrant workers were not permitted to sing and if they were got would be penalized ex: Ladysmith Black Mambazo "Homeless"

Orquesta tipica

a band playing mixed ensemble of European instruments and is a microcosm of European-indigenous mix that characterizes fiesta and mestizo cultural orientation

Tango

popular dance from Buenos Aires Became popular from wealthy traveling Argentinians Re-evaluation of tango in Argentina Originally tango was associated with rural to urban migration and the dancing in the Buenos Aires brothels Tango became embraced by mainstream Argentinians Astor Piazzolla Innovative and controversial tango bandleader and composer Lived in Paris, NYC and Buenos Aires