N- CHapter 9

Which of the following would be good advice to offer someone who is planning to take a calcium supplement? A) Select a calcium carbonate supplement as it contains the most calcium per dose. B) Select a calcium supplement that provides at least 1,000 mg calcium per pill. C) Look for a calcium supplement that is labeled "natural" and is made from oyster shell or bone meal. D) Take your calcium supplement on an empty stomach to increase absorption.

A) Select a calcium carbonate supplement as it contains the most calcium per dose.

Which of the following BEST explains why Denise has low iron absorption? A) She regularly takes antacids. B) She drinks at least one alcoholic beverage daily. C) She is lactose intolerant and avoids consuming dairy products. D) She is pregnant.

A) She regularly takes antacids.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the female athlete triad? A) abuse of anabolic steroids B) low bone density C) menstrual dysfunction D) low energy availability

A) abuse of anabolic steroids

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium? A) beans B) citrus fruits C) french fries and onion rings D) milk, yogurt, and cheese

A) beans pg 323

A person suffering from osteomalacia is prone to A) bone fractures. B) diseased gums. C) high blood pressure. D) bowed legs.

A) bone fractures. pg.329

Which of the following is the MOST abundant mineral in our body? A) calcium B) iron C) phosphorus D) fluoride

A) calcium

Found in meat, poultry, and fish, the meat factor A) enhances absorption of non-heme iron. B) enhances absorption of heme iron. C) enhances absorption of vitamin C. D) enhances absorption of folate by the mother during pregnancy.

A) enhances absorption of non-heme iron. pg.304

Which of the following is NOT associated with poor vitamin D status? A) fair skin B) obesity C) indoor employment D) use of sunscreens with a high SPF

A) fair skin

A deficiency of which of the following can result in a condition called macrocytic (or megaloblastic) anemia? A) folate B) iron C) B6 D) zinc

A) folate

Two common sites of fracture in an individual suffering from osteoporosis are the A) hip and spine. B) wrist and hand. C) clavicle and scapula. D) sternum and ribs.

A) hip and spine.

The iron-carrying protein that assists in the transport of oxygen into muscle cells is A) myoglobin. B) hemoglobin. C) hematocrit. D) hemosiderin.

A) myoglobin. pg.303

Newborns receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because A) newborns do not have enough mature GI flora to make vitamin K. B) breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K. C) the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores. D) newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula

A) newborns do not have enough mature GI flora to make vitamin K.

Bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption are called A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) hydroxyapatites. D) leukocytes.

A) osteoclasts.

Phosphorus consumption has increased over the past 30 years. This is largely due to the increased consumption of A) processed foods. B) meat. C) water. D) milk.

A) processed foods.

A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton? A) rickets B) osteomalacia C) osteoporosis D) kyphosis

A) rickets

Which of the following medications used in treating bone loss is a pharmacologic preparation of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland? A) selective estrogen receptor modulators B) calcitonin C) teriparatide D) bisphosphonates

A) selective estrogen receptor modulators

Celine visited her doctor to examine a cut that continues to bleed. Which of the following deficiencies is MOST likely to be causing this increased bleeding? A) vitamin K B) vitamin D C) copper D) zinc

A) vitamin K

The average person will absorb no more than how many mg of calcium at one time? A) 200 B) 500 C) 1000 D) 1500

B) 500

Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is TRUE? A) Although osteoporosis can be disfiguring, it is not painful. B) About 20% of older adults who suffer a hip fracture die within 1 year. C) The mortality rate following an osteoporotic fracture is higher for women than for men. D) The rate of osteoporotic fractures in both men and women is higher worldwide than it is in the United States.

B) About 20% of older adults who suffer a hip fracture die within 1 year.

Bob's physician has just diagnosed him with iron-deficiency anemia. Which of the following advice should Bob follow to increase his body's absorption of dietary iron? A) He should have a glass of red wine with his dinner. B) He should drink a glass of orange juice with his breakfast cereal. C) He should increase his consumption of legumes and whole grains. D) He should avoid cooking his foods in cast-iron pans.

B) He should drink a glass of orange juice with his breakfast cereal.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium? A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance. B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue. C) When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton. D) Calcium is a major mineral

B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.

Marie is 55 years old and just had her first DXA assessment. The results indicated that she has a T-score of -1.5 (minus 1.5). What does her T-score indicate? A) Her bone density is normal. B) She has low bone mass. C) She has osteoporosis. D) Nothing, because DXA is not able to determine bone density in women over 50.

B) She has low bone mass.

Which of the following is associated with increased absorption of zinc? A) vegetarian diet B) adolescence C) aging D) high intake of non-heme iron

B) adolescence pg.308

Why does folate or vitamin B12 deficiency lead to macrocytic anemia? A) because reduced hemoglobin synthesis will produce cells of inadequate size B) because poor DNA synthesis will impair blood cells' ability to divide C) because red blood cell precursors (stem cells) will proliferate in the bone marrow D) because white blood cells (leukocytes) will proliferate in the bone marrow

B) because poor DNA synthesis will impair blood cells' ability to divide

In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining A) blood glucose levels. B) blood calcium levels. C) blood coagulation. D) vitamin D production

B) blood calcium levels.

In the body, vitamin D is essential for A) blood clotting. B) calcification of bone. C) muscle contraction. D) stimulation of nerve impulses

B) calcification of bone. pg.326

Research suggests that taking supplemental vitamin C A) can prevent colds. B) can reduce the duration of colds. C) can reduce the severity of a cold once it has begun. D) has no effect on the incidence, duration, or severity of colds.

B) can reduce the duration of colds.

Along with vitamin C, what mineral is important in the synthesis of collagen? A) iron B) copper C) zinc D) magnesium

B) copper

Fluorosis is associated with A) insufficient intake of fluoride. B) excessive intake of fluoride. C) poor dental hygiene. D) osteoporosis.

B) excessive intake of fluoride. pg. 325

People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency? A) carbohydrate B) fat C) minerals D) protein

B) fat

The first period of rapid bone growth is A) during fetal development. B) from birth to age 2. C) from age 2 through age 5. D) during adolescence

B) from birth to age 2.

Which of the following is an excellent source of vitamin K? A) citrus fruits B) green leafy vegetables C) beef D) fatty fish

B) green leafy vegetables

The bioavailability of calcium from spinach is limited because of the leafy green's A) low calcium content. B) high levels of oxalates. C) low protein content. D) high vitamin C content

B) high levels of oxalates.

Consuming vitamin C enhances the body's absorption of which mineral? A) chromium B) iron C) sulfur D) manganese

B) iron

If copper levels are inadequate A) iron stores can become depleted. B) iron can accumulate in body tissues. C) the individual can develop macrocytic anemia. D) zinc stores can become depleted.

B) iron can accumulate in body tissues.

In people with osteoporosis, compression of the vertebrae in the upper back can cause A) fluorosis. B) kyphosis. C) scoliosis. D) spina bifida.

B) kyphosis

Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of developing osteoporosis? A) smoking B) moderate alcohol consumption C) low dietary intake of calcium D) sedentary lifestyle

B) moderate alcohol consumption

Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with A) rickets. B) osteomalacia. C) kidney stones. D) hypocalcemia

B) osteomalacia

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability? A) kale B) spinach C) broccoli D) turnip greens

B) spinach

Around what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 60

C) 40

Which of the following dairy foods would provide the most calcium? A) 8 ounces of skim milk B) 8 ounces of Greek yogurt C) 8 ounces of regular yogurt D) 1 ounce of Swiss cheese

C) 8 ounces of regular yogurt

Which of the following statements about osteoporosis medications is TRUE? A) None has been shown to prevent fractures. B) Although all can reduce bone loss, none can increase bone density. C) All have side effects, some of which are significant. D) All are synthetic versions of natural hormones

C) All have side effects, some of which are significant.

Which of the following practices would decrease your risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency? A) Put on sunscreen before exposing your skin to sunlight. B) Expose your skin to sunlight before 10:00 AM and after 3:00 PM. C) Consume a diet that provides at least 600 IU of vitamin D per day. D) Consume at least four glasses of fluoridated water each day

C) Consume a diet that provides at least 600 IU of vitamin D per day.

Which of the following are two fat-soluble vitamins that humans obtain from non-dietary sources? A) A and C B) A and E C) D and K D) niacin and thiamin

C) D and K

Which of the following would be MOST helpful in maintaining healthy bone mass? A) Swimming 30 minutes a day, 4 days a week. B) Maintaining a BMI between 18.5 and 21.0. C) Jogging, jumping rope, or playing tennis 30 minutes a day, 4 days a week. D) Consuming a minimum of 4,000 IU of vitamin D daily.

C) Jogging, jumping rope, or playing tennis 30 minutes a day, 4 days a week.

Which of the following is NOT a gender-specific factor affecting the risk of developing osteoporosis? A) Hormonal changes as men age do not affect bone density as dramatically as they do for women. B) On average, women live longer than men. C) Men have a lower absolute bone density than women. D) Men experience social pressure to lift weights to "bulk up."

C) Men have a lower absolute bone density than women.

When blood calcium levels fall, which of the following does NOT occur? A) Increased secretion of PTH activates vitamin D. B) PTH and vitamin D stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the blood. C) PTH and vitamin D stimulate osteoblasts to break down bone. D) Vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium from the intestines.

C) PTH and vitamin D stimulate osteoblasts to break down bone.

Which of the following refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled? A) bone growth B) bone modeling C) bone remodeling D) bone regeneration

C) bone remodeling

The majority of the body's magnesium is found in the A) blood. B) spleen. C) bones. D) liver.

C) bones. pg. 323

How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium? A) eat a high-fiber diet B) eat a high-carbohydrate diet C) eat a high-protein diet D) eat a high-fat diet

C) eat a high-protein diet

Which component of the blood is essential in transporting oxygen to body cells? A) leukocytes B) platelets C) erythrocytes D) plasma

C) erythrocytes

If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium, which of the following would MOST likely occur? A) hypercalcemia B) toxicity symptoms, including nausea and dizziness C) excess calcium excreted in the feces D) accumulation of calcium in the soft tissues of the body

C) excess calcium excreted in the feces

The oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells is called A) homocysteine. B) hemocysteine. C) hemoglobin. D) myoglobin

C) hemoglobin.

What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase in the next two decades? A) inadequate preventive measures B) increased diagnosis C) increased longevity of the population D) decline in milk consumption

C) increased longevity of the population

An individual who consumes no animal-based foods of any kind, no fortified foods, and no supplements is at increased risk for A) type 2 diabetes B) scurvy C) macrocytic anemia D) Wilson's disease

C) macrocytic anemia

A T-score between +1 (plus 1) and -1 (minus 1) on a DXA signifies A) lower than normal bone density. B) osteoporosis. C) normal bone density. D) growing bone.

C) normal bone density.

The hormone that is produced in response to falling blood calcium levels and that stimulates the activation of vitamin D is A) insulin. B) cortisol. C) parathyroid hormone (PTH). D) calcitonin.

C) parathyroid hormone (PTH). pg. 319

Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes composed of calcium and A) sodium. B) chloride. C) phosphorus. D) vitamin K

C) phosphorus. pg. 323

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in A) the liver. B) the blood. C) the bones and teeth. D) interstitial fluid.

C) the bones and teeth. pg. 324

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in A) the liver. B) adipose tissue. C) the skeleton. D) the kidneys.

C) the skeleton.

Prothrombin and other proteins critical in the coagulation of blood are synthesized with the assistance of the coenzyme A) thiamin. B) iron. C) vitamin K. D) collagen

C) vitamin K.

A child with mild fluorosis would MOST likely show which of the following symptoms? A) dental caries B) low bone density C) white patches on the teeth D) stiffness and pain in the joints

C) white patches on the teeth pg.325

Which of the following people would most likely be at HIGHEST risk for osteoporosis? A) A Hispanic woman who is 63 years old, is obese, and works as a nurse in a hospital. B) An African American man who is 69 years old, is normal weight, and is a light drinker. C) An Asian American woman who is 47 years old, is normal weight, and drinks 1 to 2 cups of coffee daily. D) A Caucasian American woman who is 61 years old, is underweight, and smokes.

D) A Caucasian American woman who is 61 years old, is underweight, and smokes.

Which of the following is the conclusion of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) regarding the use of calcium and vitamin D supplements? A) The USPSTF finds that the benefits of calcium and vitamin D supplementation for postmenopausal women outweigh the risks and therefore recommends supplementation for postmenopausal women only. B) The USPSTF finds that the benefits of calcium and vitamin D supplementation for all adults over age 50 outweigh the risks and recommends calcium and vitamin D supplementation. C) The USPSTF finds that the risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation outweigh the benefits and recommends that both men and women age 65 and older make a decision about supplementation in consultation with their healthcare provider. D) The USPSTF finds insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about the benefits and risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation and therefore recommends against supplementation.

D) The USPSTF finds insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about the benefits and risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation and therefore recommends against supplementation.

Which of the following statements about vitamin K is TRUE? A) Excessive intake of vitamin K quickly leads to toxicity. B) Vitamin K is a water-soluble vitamin. C) Because no foods provide more than trace amounts of vitamin K, the GI flora are our only source. D) There is no RDA for vitamin K.

D) There is no RDA for vitamin K.

What catalyst converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to provitamin D3? A) calcium B) sunlight C) intestinal bacteria D) calcitriol

D) calcitriol

The primary, active form of vitamin D in the human body is A) cholecalciferol. B) calcidiol. C) calcitonin. D) calcitriol.

D) calcitriol.

Without vitamin C, collagen A) strands cannot dissociate into durable collagen fibers. B) binds with iron, which causes its fibers to become thick and sclerotic. C) takes on a helical structure that reduces its flexibility and strength. D) chains cannot cross-link to form strong, stable strands

D) chains cannot cross-link to form strong, stable strands

The most abundant protein in the body is A) hemoglobin B) myoglobin C) osteocalcin D) collagen.

D) collagen. pg. 312

Which of the following is FALSE about trabecular bone? A) very sensitive to changes in hormones and nutritional deficiencies B) porous and spongy in composition C) very rapid turnover D) comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton

D) comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton

Inadequate levels of blood calcium can cause A) hypercalcemia. B) iron deficiency. C) kidney stone formation. D) convulsions.

D) convulsions.

Which of the following is the primary dietary source of vitamin D in the United States? A) fatty fish B) cod liver oil C) green leafy vegetables D) fortified foods

D) fortified foods

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? A) skin B) liver C) kidneys D) heart

D) heart

Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect which of the following? A) production of hemoglobin B) ability of blood to clot C) iron transport D) iron stores

D) iron stores

Which of the following is NOT a common storage site in the body for iron? A) liver B) spleen C) bone marrow D) kidney

D) kidney pg.303

Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the A) pancreas. B) mouth. C) stomach. D) large intestine

D) large intestine pg 330

Low blood levels of folate or vitamin B12 are associated with A) failure of the first step of heme synthesis. B) clotting disorders. C) microcytic red blood cells. D) macrocytic red blood cells

D) macrocytic red blood cells

In which phase of a woman's life cycle is bone loss the greatest? A) puberty B) pregnancy C) lactation D) menopause

D) menopause

Zinc is a trace mineral that plays a critical role in A) calcium regulation and bone health. B) the transport of oxygen to body cells. C) iron transport and the regulation of serotonin. D) metabolism, gene expression, and normal growth.

D) metabolism, gene expression, and normal growth.

The type of cell responsible for the resorption of bone is A) cortical. B) trabecular. C) osteoblast. D) osteoclast.

D) osteoclast.

The point in life at which our bones are the densest is referred to as A) pubertal bone density. B) menopausal bone density. C) late adulthood bone density. D) peak bone density

D) peak bone density

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets travel in A) lymph. B) hemoglobin. C) myoglobin. D) plasma.

D) plasma.

The fluid portion of the blood is called A) lymph. B) hemoglobin. C) platelets. D) plasma.

D) plasma.

Cindy is 63 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following nutrients would be the MOST important to consume in adequate amounts to preserve bone mass? A) calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride B) omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A, D, E, and K C) omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, and vitamin D D) protein, calcium, and vitamin D

D) protein, calcium, and vitamin D

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? A) transmission of nerve impulses B) muscle contraction C) maintenance of blood pressure D) stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

D) stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

Which of the following foods are particularly high in phosphorus? A) meats, milk, and eggs B) green leafy vegetables C) citrus fruits D) table salt

D) table salt

Which of the following is NOT a proposed factor associated with the increase in vitamin D deficiency among Americans? A) the decreased consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk products B) the increase in the use of sunscreen products over the past several decades C) the increase in the rates of obesity in the United States D) the increased consumption of soft drinks

D) the increased consumption of soft drinks

The spongy bone that is found within the ends of long bones is called A) cortical bone. B) compact bone. C) collagen. D) trabecular bone.

D) trabecular bone.

Vitamin D toxicity is associated with A) sunburns. B) use of tanning booths. C) high consumption of seafood. D) use of vitamin D supplements

D) use of vitamin D supplements