NASM, Chapter 4
Cardiac output
(Heart rate) x (Stroke volume) /// measure of overall heart performance
Skeletal system characteristivs
1) 206 bones total 2) axial skeleton (80 bones; skull, rib cage, vertebral column) 3) appendicular skeleton (126 bones; bones that connect to spinal column...primarily arms/legs)
Type II muscle fiber characteristics
1) Fast twitch or "white" fibers 2) less oxygen delivery 3) more anaerobic 4) better for higher force but short lived 5) larger in size
Types of bones
1) Long 2) Short 3) Flat 4) Irregular 5) Sesamoid (only patella)
4 behavioral properties of muscle
1) extensibility (ability to be stretched) 2) elasticity (ability to return to resting length after being stretched) 3) irritability (ability to respond to stimulus) 4) ability to develop tension
5 kinetic chain checkpoints
1) foot/ankle 2) knee 3) LPHC 4) shoulder girdle 5) head
Type I muscle fiber characteristics
1) highly aerobic 2) lots of capillaries, mitochondria, & myoglobin 3) slower to reach maximal contraction 4) more resistant to fatigue 5) produce less force 6) Stabilization muscles that help support posture/stability during daily activities
Primary endocrine glands
1) hypothalamus 2) pituitary 3) thyroid 4) adrenal
Things that may increase cortisol levels
1) overtraining 2) excessive stress 3) poor sleep 4) inadequate nutrition
Resting oxygen consumption
3.5 ml oxygen per kg body weight (1 MET or metabolic equivalent)
Total volume of plasma in blood
55%
Viscoelasticity
Ability for skeletal muscle to stretch linearly
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped out of heart with each contraction
Sinoatrial node
Cardiac tissue located in the right atrium of the heart that initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; "pacemaker" for the heart
Cortisol
Catabolic hormone; secreted by adrenal glands to maintain energy supply through breakdown of carbs, fats, & protein
Vertebral column
Cervical --> Thoracic --> Lumbar --> Sacral
Hypomobility
Decrease in normal movement and functionality of a joint, negatively affecting ROM
Nonsynovial joints
Do not have joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage; exhibit little to no movement
Catecholamines
Epinephrine & norepinephrine; prepare body for activity in stressful moments
Synovial joints
Most common joint type (~80% of all joints), held together by joint capsule & ligaments
Arthrokinematics
Motions of the joints in the body
Altered reciprocal inhibition
One of the muscles becomes too lengthened or shortened
Myoglobin
Red colored protein in muscle cell fluid that pulls in oxygen and stores it
Type I muscle fibers
Slow twitch or "red" fibers
