Natural Resource Final
What is the main difference between primary and secondary ecological succession?
Primary begins WITHOUT soil; Secondary begins WITH soil
Where does nitrogen fixation occur in the cycle illustrated in the diagram? Circuit nitrogen diagram
Root nodule and soil bacteria 1
The primary filters in the ecological environment of a species that ultimately determine adaptive traits are (1) competition and (2) restrictive environments.
True
An organism that gets energy from breaking down dead organisms, non-living material or waste is a(an) ___________.
decomposer
An organism that lives by breaking apart dead organic matter into simpler parts is...
decomposer
An animal that gets energy from eating both plants and animals is a(an) _____________.
omnivore
What gas is released by plants during photosynthesis?
oxygen
What gas is used to break apart sugar during respiration?
oxygen
What are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose and maybe water if that's the only option
occurrence of biological phenomena of organisms in their annual cycle in relation to climatic conditions.
phenology
Which tubes transport the sugar from the leaves throughout the plant?
phloem
What chemical reaction has almost the same products and reactants as cellular respiration but reversed?
photosynthesis
the external, surrounding, tangible physical conditions in which an organism occurs, the principal factors being water in all its forms, temperature, and light.
physical environment
First species to arrive in an area
pioneer species
Little bush around a bunch of rocks
pioneer species
___ are the first organisms to colonize an area and begin the process of ecological succession.
pioneer species
Where are the major organic carbon pools within the ecosystem?
plants, detritus, soil
Carbon fixation in the carbon cycle occurs where and by what process?
plants, photosynthesis
A frog eats a fly. The frog and fly are demonstrating ________.
predator/prey
Plant life starting to grow on a volcano like Mt. St. Helens
primary succession
Series of changes where other organisms have not previously lived
primary succession
barren to lichen, What is this succession type?
primary succession
this type of succession starts with bare rock followed by lichen
primary succession
Which represents the largest group in a food web?
producers
Which stage (1-5) would contain the largest number of 'r' species?. More than one selection may apply. Platform with only the tiny trees
1
What percentage of energy is passed on to each tropic level?
10%
The view of the Palouse Hills landscape viewing south from Kamiak Butte, in the direction of Pullman, WA (Lat: 46.74377°N Lon: 117.11579°W Elev: 2542 ft). Continentality influence scale:
4
The view of the Palouse Hills landscape viewing south from Kamiak Butte, in the direction of Pullman, WA (Lat: 46.74377°N Lon: 117.11579°W Elev: 2542 ft). Topography influence scale:
4
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
In the energy pyramid here, how much of the energy in each level gets lost as heat or used by the organism for survival?
90%
These diagrams portray conceptual models of population growth (growth patterns). Answer the following questions regarding the relationships displayed in these graphs.
A = exponential B = logistic
interaction web
A concept that describes both the trophic (vertical) and non-trophic (horizontal) interactions ("ecological networks") among the species.
species diversity
A measure that combines the number of species in a community and their relative abundances compared with one another.
food chain
A single, directional linear vertical network of links showing the feeding relationships between species; organized by a hierarchy of trophic levels; reflects only direct interactions.
allogenic ecosystem engineer
A species that creates habitat for other species by transforming living and nonliving materials from one physical state to another, via mechanical or other means.
serial species
A species that occurs only in successional stages prior to the climax stage of succession.
keystone species
A strong interactor that influences energy flow and community structure that is disproportionate to its abundance or biomass.
plots of trees, Select a LETTER that would represent a pathway of change between successional stages that would most likely be caused by an allogenic factor of change.
A, mix of trees to only short trees
What is the forest tree species richness for each Site shown here? CommunitySite ASite B Species Richness [A] [B]
A: 1 or 2 B: 4, 5, 6, 7
ecological disturbance
Alterations in an ecosystem caused by forces from outside the system.
ecological phenomenon
An occurrence that can be observed in organisms and their response to their environment.
Which community has the highest level of species diversity?
B
Which pattern(s) of population growth (diagram letter(s) A, B) demonstrate(s) density-dependent population regulation?
B
What is the correct order from oldest (happened first) to youngest (happened last) in this pond succession?
B A D C
Atmospheric carbon that enters the carbon cycle is in what chemical form?
CO2
Micro-organisms that are involved in the fixation of nitrogen require three (3) resources in order to conduct the transformation of nitrogen efficiently. What are these resources?
Chemical energy, water, carbon
Micro-organisms that are involved in the transformation of carbon cycle require three (3) major resources to persist and conduct the transformation of carbon. What are these resources?
Chemical energy, water, carbon
The region of the curve labeled "h" is called. Species environmental tolerance curve
Ecological amplitude and fundamental niche
What is transpiration?
Excess water being released from the leaf
A group of individuals of the same species living in a given area is called a community.
False
Environmental conditions vary at random within the habitat of a population, thus individuals of that population would be expected to be dispersed in a random manner.
False
The ecological environment has no influence as to whether a mutation is advantageous, deleterious, or neutral.
False
The red-tailed hawk of North America is an example of a specialist species.
False
species with long life span and slow population growth rates at or near carrying capacity where resources are limited and competition with other species is at a high level.
K species
Atmospheric nitrogen is transformed into forms that can be assimilated by plants. What are these forms? Circuit nitrogen diagram
NH4+, NO3-
Which species in the diagrams is an omnivore?
Species c
The name of the curve shown here? bell curve with a lot of lines
Species environmental tolerance curve
species dominance
The degree to which a species influences other species in the community.
species composition
The identity of the species present in a community.
What might happen if you remove a primary consumer from the ecosystem?
The number of plants would increase
When a population grows past the ecosystem's carrying capacity, what happens to the population?
The population starts to die off to return to carrying capacity
succession
The process of change in biotic communities over time as a result of some agent of cycle disruption.
ecological environment
The study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them.
The arrows in a food chain or web represents what?
They show what direction the energy is flowing between organisms.
How is nitrogen "fixed" into a usable form for plants?
Through action of bacteria and lightning
Natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.
True
Three webs, Which web in the diagrams is an interaction web?
Web 2
stress agent of change
a factor that reduces the growth or reproduction of individuals and creates opportunities for other individuals.
sere
a specific sequence of successional stages (communities) following a specific kind of disturbance on a given site.
Where does carbon dioxide for photosynthesis come from?
air
Organisms that need nitrogen to survive.
all living things
What is a carnivore?
an animal that gets energy by eating other animals
disturbance agent of change
an event that injures or kills some individuals and creates opportunities for other individuals to grow or reproduce.
What is a herbivore?
an organism that gets energy from eating only plants
What is a producer?
an organisms that uses sunlight to make its own food
A species that modifies the environment by modifying themselves via growth and expansion of population.
autogenic ecosystem engineer
succession driven by biotic and abiotic changes brought about by the organisms themselves within the community.
autogenic factor of change
What converts nitrogen gas into a usable form for plants and animals?
bacteria
To keep our ecosystem healthy, we must keep what?
biodiversity
In the carbon cycle, producers take in the gas __
carbon dioxide
Plants need ________ for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
What gas is released from the plant during RESPIRATION?
carbon dioxide
The raw materials or reactants of photosynthesis are
carbon dioxide and water.
The largest population an area can support is called what?
carrying capacity
Stable, final stage of succession
climax community
What is the term that describes a steady and stable community?
climax community
"This is an example of a FOOD WEB" Which of the following is a herbivore
cricket
In population model shown here illustrating the population growth of reindeer on St Paul Island, Alaska, 'K' was permanently altered by population density. How did population density alter the level of 'K' on both a short and long-term basis?
destruction of the community which provided the food base for the population
A beetle that feeds exclusively on dead wood is an example of a(n) _______ and is part of the _______ trophic level.
detritivore; second
What is an increase of biodiversity over time, after a natural or man made disturbance?
ecological succession
The X axis of the graph represents a scale of. bell curve with lots of lines
environmental conditions
The X axis of the graph represents a scale of. species environmental tolerance curve
environmental conditions
Biologists define a population on the basis of a species only because the species has a definitive distribution which distinguishes it from other species.
false
Coverage of area by individuals of a community is a measure of population abundance.
false
Gender proportion by age class by time period is not a property of a population.
false
Random arrangement of individuals within a population is common in natural populations.
false
Size, density, dispersion and the number of species are properties of a population.
false
The number of individuals in a population per unit of space pertains to the biomass property of a population.
false
The number of species is a property of a population
false
A single, directional linear vertical network of links showing the feeding relationships between species; organized by a hierarchy of trophic levels; reflects only direct interactions.
food chain
A connection of food chains with many food energy paths in an ecosystem is a ____________.
food web
The organization and linkage of food chains of species based on trophic or energy transfer interactions.
food web
What is carbon made into in respiration?
glucose
A garden was cleared out, but had to be left alone for a month. What would you expect to see?
grasses and weeds
The total amount of photosynthesis is referred to as
gross primary production
A concept that describes both the trophic (vertical) and non-trophic (horizontal) interactions ("ecological networks") among the species.
interaction web
_____ species is a non-native plant/animal introduced accidentally or intentionally by humans
invasive (exotic)
Stomata is found in the
leaves
Which of the following is the correct order of ecological succession?
lichens - grasses - shrubs - trees
The view of the Palouse Hills landscape viewing south from Kamiak Butte, in the direction of Pullman, WA (Lat: 46.74377°N Lon: 117.11579°W Elev: 2542 ft). Source of principal influencing air masses:
mP
For population model B, what does the point K/2 on the curve called?
maximum sustained yield
A species that is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem naturally.
native species
Gas that makes up 78% of our atmosphere.
nitrogen
species with short life span and rapid population growth at an intrinsic reproductive rate following disturbance where density of other species is low and resources are abundant; species.
r species
What is the goal of the pioneer species in Primary Succession?
rebuild soil
Loss of carbon from the cycle occurs by what physiological process?
respiration
Natural disasters such as flooding and tornadoes are linked to ________________.
secondary
The picture shows what type of succession? Fire of trees to 150+ years
secondary
Biological production involving production of biomass from energy derived from consumption of organic compounds produced by other organisms is known as
secondary production
Series of changes where an existing community is destroyed
secondary succession
What type of succession is shown going from figure A to figure B? farmed empty field to lichen
secondary succession
succession that occurs in an area where soil is already present
secondary succession
this type of succession occurs after a forest fire
secondary succession
trees to fire to small trees to big trees. What is this succession type?
secondary succession
What is formed during primary succession that doesn't need to be formed during secondary succession?
soil
Which species in the diagrams is a primary producer?
species E
A measure of the quantity of a species present in a community.
species abundance
Replacement of one type of community by another at a single place over time
succession
primary succession
succession that involves the colonization of habitats that have not previously supported life.
secondary succession
succession that involves the re-colonization of habitats that previously supported life.
sequential, directional pattern of replacement involving colonization of species and development of new communities.
successional sequence
a developmental community with distinctive character and composition within the successional sequence.
successional stage
What does every food chain start with?
sun
The view of the Palouse Hills landscape viewing south from Kamiak Butte, in the direction of Pullman, WA (Lat: 46.74377°N Lon: 117.11579°W Elev: 2542 ft). Megaclimate
temperate
succession
the process of replacement of one community by another over time.
The main source of energy for all life comes from ____.
the sun
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to release energy from food
An interaction web that portrays a change in the rate of consumption at one trophic level that results in a series of changes in species composition, abundance, and diversity at lower trophic levels.
trophic cascade
A group of species that obtain energy in similar ways, classified by the number of feeding steps the group is removed from primary producers.
trophic level
Interactions among individuals of a species influence dispersion patterns, e.g. individuals may repel one another or attract one another to produce distinct kinds of dispersion patterns.
true
Natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.
true
Population biomass is the weight of all the individuals in the population.
true
The environment contributes to determining whether a mutation is advantageous, deleterious, or neutral.
true
The number of individuals of a species is a property of a population.
true
Three mechanisms of evolution that cause genetic change in a population over time are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Of these, natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.
true
While mutations are random, natural selection is not random.
true