NBB 302 Exam 2
what is attention (William James)
"It is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought... it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others" *finite attentional capacity *selective attention *different from vigilance or arousal
ventral visual stream
"what" attention to color
dorsal visual stream
"where" attention to motion
D vs V and L vs R specializations allow for what
-2 for 1 -finite capacity of modules --> NS allocates more resources to nodes that are in use
our definition of attention
-allocation of finite resources to specific processing modules
we can observe ___ of attention in brain and behavior but not attention itself
-correlates -something we can only infer through brain and behavior
Prism glasses experiment
-dart throwing perfromance in healthy individual -with prism glasses: can aim more precisely with more trials and recalibration -after prism glasses: needs time to recalibrate again
prism glasses
-disrupts visual motor loop -Simulation of how cerebellum adjusts movements
attention
-filtering of what you perceive
feedback control and example
-would not be able to calibrate in dart example if cerebellum used feed back control ex: waits until house is too cold before turning on heat
what are the three letters in reading
1. feature letter 2. letter layer 3. word layer
reticulospinal tract
A bundle of axons that travels from the reticular formation in the medulla to spinal cord; controls the muscles responsible for postural movements
vestibulospinal tract
A bundle of axons that travels from the vestibular nuclei in medulla to the spinal cord; controls postural movements in response to information from the vestibular system
salience map
A map of visual space that highlights the locations of conspicuous objects. -relates to perception, memory, action, motivation -most attention grabbing = most salient
late selection model
A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning. ex:at the action level
how does DBS work
By interrupting or inducing neuronal communication in certain brain regions, to prevent an abnormal signal from gaining control of a circuit -temporary functional lesion, scramble of electrical activity
basal ganglia function
Direct input from frontal lobe, facilitates motor movements, inhibits unneeded movements
cognitive control vs executive function
FALSE: the prefrontal cortex "does" cognitive control or the prefrontal cortex is the controller -not one CEO ordering everyone around -BUT an extended in time biasing mechanism, neural networks self monitoring brain activity
___ area of the brain increases first during encoding period in face working memory task
FFA -increases when faces are on the screen; holding informatoin
during delay period of face working memory task ____ area drops steeply
FFA: no faces are on the screen, still above baseline PFC is working to hold information online
early selection model
Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning ex: looking for ripe fruit among leaves
where should you use DBS for a huntington patient
Gpe is overactive in huntingtons lesion Gpe to decrease inhibition of Gpi and thus thalamus
areas more sensitive to words than to non words show ____ lateralization
LEFT
fmri activation on _____ in visual word form area regardless of which visual hemifield the stimulus were presented on
LEFT
Activity in ___ modulated by attention
LGN
early visual areas modulated by attention?
LGN, V1 eyes --> LGN --> V1
despite not having a clear ___, opossums can still catch prey easily
M1
regions of the frontal cortex
M1, M2, lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex (6 total)
____ activity related to taste preference in food selection task
MPFC -internal information, what would this food taste like to YOU -not about the external stimuli
activity in ___ increases for motion
MT/V5
Many neurons in ___ and especially ___ correlate with probability, payoff, or cost
OFC, ACC (anterior cingulate cortex) - medial
areas in human brain important fro directing spatial attention
PCUN, IPS/SPL, FEF, SEF
____ is present in all mammlals, but differences exist across species
PFC
this capacity enables ____ to shape global brain activity
PFC
___ area of the brain increases first during the retrieval period in face working memory task
PFC -increases during retrieval because its bringing information held online to recognition
fmri activation in __ and __ during face working memory task
PFC, FFA
_____ is capable of maintaining information online via persistent neuronal activity. this capacity is enabled by _______. This capacity enables _____ and online monitoring.
PFC, widespread inputs, working memory
M1 axons ...
PMC axons that project to the spinal cord
all mammals have __ but only placental mammals have__
S1, M1
regions that influence red/green
SEF/FEF
where should you use DBS for a parkinsons patient
STN --> Gpi --> thalamus STN is overactive in parkinsons lesion STN to decrease the overinhibition of the thalamus
smooth pursuit
The eyes smoothly follow a moving target ex: tracking
Activity in ____ neuron modulated by attention
V1
activity in ___ modulated by attention
V1
activity in __ (ventral stream) modulated by attention to a feature (color)
V4
activity in ___ increases for color
V4
what are of the brain correlates to color
V4
tectospinal tract
a bundle of axons that travels from the superior colliculus in the midbrain to the spinal cord; coordinates head and trunk movements with eye movements
attention can be understood as ____
a prioritized allocation of finite resources 1) small world networks 2) local modules 3) neural circuits
basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements -helps to DISINHIBIT certain actions -all possible simulations inhibits in brain until one "wins"
vision has been described as
a spotlight
spatial neglect
a tendency to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects
rubrospinal tract
a tract of axons arising from the red nucleus in the midbrain and innervating neurons of the spinal cord posture
working memory
ability to hold online information temporaily doesnt necessarily translate to long term declarative memory
premtor cortex is important for representing for ____ action plans vs M1
abstract
VLPFC and working memory
access and maintenance
___ is key to survival
action
the point of cognition is to connect brain and behavior to
action
overt attention is an ___
action of constricting eye muscles
direct and indirect pathways favor __ and ___ respectively
action and inaction
cognition
action of brains or dynamic network interactions between brain modules
basal ganglia is important for
action plan selection via disinhibition fo selected action
POV: lion chasing a zebra, zebra fleeing from a lion is an example of
action selection
____ unfolds in real time and depends on external feedback
action selection
motor neurons projecting from the spinal cord ____
activates muscles
____ areas important for action
all sensorimotor loop of action and perception
extrapyramidal tract
all mammals, birds, and reptiles -rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal
how can be understand attention from an evolutionary perspective?
allocation of neural and cognitive resources towards something over others -almost ALL nervous systems have selective attention including flatwork
anterior - posterior gradient
anterior = abstract posterior = concrete
widespread connections of the ___ (one subregion of PFC)
anterior cingulate cortex
abstract - concrete information held online in ____ axis
anterior to posterior choosing between netflix and hw --> what and where task --> spatial cue task
Feed forward control and example
anticipate problems before they occur ex: anticipates need for heat based on current sensory readings and past experience
broca's area and wernicke's are are connected by
arcuate fasiculus -bidirection -monosynaptic -language as a loop
premotor cortex
area of the frontal cortex, active during the planning of a movement
typical results of spatial cueing task in humans
attending to spatial location only -reaction time decreases when given a valid cue vs neutral and invalid cue
___ can influence vision in early visual fields
attention
____ intersects with many other aspects of cognition
attention
object based attention
attention that is directed to a specific object -vertical v horizontal
feature based attention
attention to particular stimulus feature (color, orientation, motion, texture)
exogenous attention
automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus ex: flashing light
much of the sensorimotor loops could operate outside of ____
awareness and consciousness ex: WJ: couldnt narrate what was leading to his actions, automatic, effortless
Premotor cortex axons ...
axons that project to M1
cerebellum
balance, coordination, movement
____ are a collection of subcortical nuclei
basal ganglia
____ is important for selective and updating action-outcome associations
basal ganglia -this allows for simulation of many possible actions to pick the best one -well timed actions
DBS for parkinsons and dystonia typically targets structures in ____ such as ____
basal ganglia, globus pallidus for general dystonia
attention can be inferred from ___ and ___
behavior (improved rxn times), brain activity (modulated firing rates in individual neurons)
action =
behavior, which is effected by effectors (muscles controlling movement)
"what" neurons correlated with the
bell good object=more correlated for object
prefrontal task representations provide __ signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along task relevant pathways
bias
prefrontal task representations provide ____ signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along task-relevant pathways
bias
areas more sensitive to tones vs white noise and speech than to non speech show ___ lateralization
bilateral
primary auditory cortex show ___ lateralization
bilateral
areas that influence eye movements
blue regions (III, IV, V) contain motor neurons that innervate eye muscles
cerebellum projects to
both cortex and brainstem areas
problems in interpreting sentences depending on syntax "girl hit the boy" "boy was hit by the girl"
broca's aphasia -patient would not see the subtle difference
individual can more or less understand whats being spoken, but have hard time with word selection/articulation/formation of the right words -all forms of verbal expression
brocas aphasia
what is vision?
cannot measure vision itself! only the behavior (eye tests) and brain correlates (V1)
cognitive control (neural definition)
capacity of neural networks to self-monitor and shape global brain activity ie affordance competition hypothesis
control
capacity to monitor inputs and outputs to bias outputs adaptively (engineering metaphor)
striatum
caudate nucleus and putamen
basal ganglia are made up of
caudate nucleus and putamen = striatum globus pallidus subthalamic nucelus substantia nigra
cerebellum is made up of
cerebellum cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei
___ has studies attention for a long time
cognitive attention
____ refers to the capacity of neural networks to self monitor and adaptively shape brain activity
cognitive control
executive functions =
cognitive control
the prefrontal cortex is important for ____, the ability to orchestrate brain processes along a common theme
cognitive control
the prefrontal cortex is important for ___, the ability to orchestrate brain processes along a common theme
cogntive control
Broca's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly -impairment that includes speech production and comprehension that depends on syntax -damage to left inferior premotor areas
Wernicke's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language -impairment that includes speech comprehension
rubrospinal tract in all mammals gets input from ___ and ___
cortex and cerebellum
basal ganglia receive input from ___ and project to the ____
cortex, thalamus *NOT directly to spinal cord like M1
_____ attention often involves eye movements
covert
modified stoop task
cue of saying the "word" of "color" the participant sees
inhibitory connection
decrease likelihood of actions/neurons firing downstream GABA
___ can be used to treat motor dysfunction (motor dexterity)
deep brain stimulation
early vs late selection mechanisms
depend on intention
___ shows common structure of mammalian nervous system
development -cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
direct M1 to arm/hand motor neurons projections is advantageous to ___
dexterity ex: tool use, a chimp termite fishing
different categories of action words lead to _____
different fmri activation locations
in huntingtons disease
difficulty in controlling involuntary movement -decreased inhibition of thalamus -increased excitatory output
in the new pyramidal tract, there is a ___ synapse onto the motor neuron from M1
direct humans=forelimbs, faster, one to one mapping, dexterity
activity in individual neurons in monkey M1 correlates with movement ___
direction NOT where your hand is / what muscles are constricting
frontal eye field stimulation can bias ____
direction of attention
posterior is associated with ____ in feature specificity hypothesis
domain level naming -living v non living
___ stream includes multimodal integration of egocentric space
dorsal
dorsal - ventral gradient
dorsal = manipulation ventral = maintenance
dorsal vs ventral + left vs right specializations
dorsal: where it? how do i grab it? ventral: what or who is it? what is its meaning? left: language right: visuospatial
DLPFC
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
damage to M1 near oral motor areas
dysarthia
activity in ____ can be modulates by attention and activity in ___ can be modulates by attention to specific features (color)
early visual areas (v1) later visual areas (v4)
DLPFC and working memory task
engaged for backwards tasks only which require manipulation
VLPFC and working memory task
engaged throughout for all tasks: maintenance AND manipulation
the effect of attention in primary and secondary subregions is
enhancement/multiplication of unattended response by something like 1.1. it is not just a simple addition
cognitive control is best understood in the light of
evolution
action is best understood in the light of
evolution common recipe - adaptive specializations - modularity- interconnected neural network - brain and behavior connection
brain and behavior. we need a construct based on a ____framework
evolutionary
Ballet vs Capoeira experiment
extent to which you can simulate another action with precisions- -higher signal change with ballet dancer watching ballet (EXPERTS) -lower signal change with ballet dancer watching capoeira -equal signal change for controls watching ballet and capoeria (NON experts)
brain regions that are important for spatial attention are interconnected with regions important for ___
eye movement
___ control eye movements
eye muscles
saccade
eyes dart around ex: reading a book
category differences might be more about _____
feature specificity
___ not brain complexity is the key criterion
fitness
cerebellum is important for feed ____ sensorimotor predictions
forward
FEF
frontal eye field
PFC capacity shows gradients of _____ in PFC
functional gradients
aphasia
general term for language impairment beyond motor problems
wild chimps use ____ with apparent intention
gestures ex: peanut cracking concept conveying meaning through gesture
speech evolved from
gestures chimps dont have monosynaptic connections to oropharageal muscles to speak
GPi and Gpe
globus pallidus interior and exterior
language comprehension starts with ____
hearing (or readings)
patients can show both ____ and ___ neglect
hemifield, object ex: patient bisections: hemifield neglect of L side, object neglect of lines
language processing as the word level shows ____ in speech
hemispheric asymmetry
location based attention
how attention is directed to a specific location or place
syntax
how words combine to form grammatical sentences
frontal cortical control of oropharangeal muscles is a _____
human specialization
___ have both the old and new pathways
humans pyramidal and extrapyramidal
prefrontal cortex in different mammals
humans have the largest big or small isnt good or bad
similarities and dissimilarities of arcuate fasciculus between primates
humans: large with many branches chimp and macaque: less looped feedback potential
apraxia
impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function motor planning impairment (not limited to speech per se)
comprehension deficits in broca's aphasia may reflect
impaired capacity to simulate speech
old pyramidal tract
in all placental mammals M1 --> spinal neurons --> motor neurons
anomia
inability to name things impairment in ability to select appropriate word, especially nouns -type of aphasia -"pen" that things you write with?
excitatory connection
increase likelihood of actions glutamate
variable delay period
increased neural activity UNTIL you use the information and respond.
A V4 neuron that responds more to red than green rectangles in its receptive field ____ firing rate when monkey covertly attends to ____ vs ____
increases, red, green
red and green regions ____control eye movements
indirectly, ex: MRF/PPRF, VN/NPH/IC/rIMLF
the LPFC responds to which phase of the modified stoop task
instruction phase -higher activity for "color" because its more difficult
prosody
intonation
damage to the left hemisphere often leads to
language impairments=aphasia
maintenance and manipulation of letters and locations in ____ PFC
lateral
lateral - medial gradient
lateral = external medial = internal
external to internal information held online in ___ axis
lateral to medial
spatial neglect is always to the __ half
left
readings: left or right
left -language
PET activation in _____ related to syntax
left inferior frontal cortex (close to broca's area)
_____ is at the center of both speech production and comprehension
lexical (word) processing
dytonia
likely hardtime production actions similar to parkinsons having abnormal muscle tone
lemma
linguistics term that related to word units (words)
modulation in the ventral visual stream
location defined by the object in the spatial attention experiment * what is shaping our perception of where
working memory for ____ as well as symbols (numbers etc)
locations
semantic dementia
loss of meaningfulness of some words AND concepts
DLPFC and working memory
manipulation of information
stroop task correlates with which gradient
medial PFC
neglect of left hemifield even in ___
memory -not just a vision deficit -about the vantage point -patient ignores things he just saw in memory from one POV to the other
mental lexicon
mental store of info about words, including info about syntax, semantics, as well as spellings and pronunciation
lots of areas influence that areas that influence eye movements
more about allocating attention to a place rather than constricting eye muscles
attention to __ or __ modulates different visual areas. which areas?
motion, color
speech production is partly a ____ skill
motor
broca's area is a ____ area adjacent to ___ motor areas
motor, oral
in parkinsons disease
muscle tremors, rigidity and slowing of movement -increased inhibition to thalamus -decreased excitatory output -cells die in SNc : no regulation of striatum
M1 has a topographical organization related to __
muscles
stroop task
name the color of the words -medial PFC correlate= internal
vigilance
needed for selective attention --> cannot happen when unconscious
patients with damage to prefrontal cortex show ____ IQ scores
normal
what does the prefrontal cortex "do"?
not a one to one mapping brain areas together enable cognition
in humans, neurons in inferior primary motor cortex project directly (and bilaterally) to motor neurons in ______ which in term directly synapse on muscles in soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper part of esophagus
nucleus ambiguous
spatial neglect of a clock
numbers only on right side of clock
pop out search
one feature stands out = red O = color
prefrontal neurons can holding information ______. This is critical for bridging temporal gaps between events, actions, and consequences, and for resisting distractions
online temporarily
prefrontal neurons can hold information ____. This is critical for bridging temporal gaps between events, actions, and consequences and for resisting distractions
online temporarily aka working memory
pyramidal tract
only in placental mammals M1 --> spinal cord
opossum v rat catching prey
opossum has less attempts at catching from the beginning rats have considerable learning curve both reach the same number of attempts eventually
Lesion in M1 leads to what?
paralysis
activity in ____ reflects saccade and reach location
parietal cortex
dysfunction of basal ganglia is related to what two diseases
parkinsons and huntingtons
dyslexia
partial impairment in reading
patient with cerebellum damage in the prism experiment
patient doest NOT calibrate while wearing glasses perfromance before and after is the same = do not need to REcalibrate
sound waves: speech comprehension is partly a _____ skill
perceptual
Phineas Gage
personality change in damage to prefrontal cortex misinterpretation that an area DOES something on its own in the brain RATHER... damage tells us what brain area cannot compensate for losses of
___ and ____ are separable in speech production and comprehension
phones and phonemes
affordance competition hypothesis comprises these 3 things
planning, movement, selection ex: visually guided reaching for an object
patients with damage to prefrontal cortex perform ___ on real world tasks
poorly
_____ gradient and feature specificity hypothesis
posterior to anterior temporal lobe
affordances
potential actions
M1, present in placental mammals, contain neurons whose firing ___ movement and whose axons synapse directly or disynaptically on motor neurons
precede
PFC
prefrontal cortex
_____ is reciprocallu connected with many widespread brain areas
prefrontal cortex
____ is positioned to exert more global influence
prefrontal cortex -access to lots of different brain areas thus biasing mechanisms
widespread connections of the
prefrontal cortex : lots of signals to forebrain in cogntive control -sensory cortex -motor structures -basal ganglia -hippocampus and amygdala
areas important for action in the human brain
premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum
cortical areas important for action
premotor cortex, supplementary motor area,
____ includes neurons that project to the spinal cord
primary motor cortex (M1)
action is influenced by many brain regions, including
primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum
direct M1 to arm/hand motor neurons projects in some ____
primates
prefrontal cortex in primates vs rodents
primates: larger granular cortex rats: larger olfactory bulb many homologous areas
attention can be understood as the ____
prioritized allocation of resources -small world network -modules, specialization -densely interconnected network systems
affordance competition hypothesis
proposes that the processes of action selection (what to do) and specification (how to do it) occur simultaneously within an interactive neural network that continuously evolves from planning to execution
rats are placental mammals and have ____ and ____ tracts
pyramidal and rubrospinal tracts
areas in the ___ hemisphere that are often damaged in ____ patients
right, spatial neglect (=hemi-neglect)
opossums are marsupials and have ____ tract
rubrospinal tract
voluntary eye movements
saccades, smooth pursuit
movements and action words elicit the ____ fmri activation location
same --> level of simulation of the word to make sense of it especially for action words ex: booting
conjunction search
search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes = color and shape --> serial search
____ can be understood as the prioritized allocation of finite resources based on salience, a characterization that can be applied to non human animals as well as humans
selective attention
gorilla example
selective attention -feature based: people wearing white clothing -filtering out black clothing including gorilla
dimensions of attention
selective attention vs vigilance or arousal (or consciousness)
cerebellum is important for
sensorimotor coordination based on feedforward predictions
all nervous systems are a _____ to some extent
sensorimotor loop
cerebellum is important for ____ and ____
sensory motor coordination and adaptation
overt attention
shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes/obvious external behavior ex: head movement/eyes
covert attention
shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary ex: eavesdropping, peripheral vision
covert attention
shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary/without an obvious external motion or behavior
split brain patients and patients with spatial neglect both show different responses to information on the left and right. What are the similarities? differences?
similarities: differences:
we often ___ actions in our brain before carrying them out
simulate
stroop effect
slower response in incongruent vs congruent trials -internal -inhibition of "blue" word to say color
morpheme
smallest meaningful unit of language in spoken language: morphemes are composed of phonemes in written language: morphemes are composed of graphemes
grapheme
smallest unit of a writing system ex: letter
phone
smallest unit of sound
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning
common ancestor most likely had a
somato motor cortex -over evolution, areas became more distinct for placental mammals
new pyramidal tract
some humans and some non human primates M1 --> motor neuron --> arm/hand
object shape can modulate _____
spatial attention
spatial cueing task can highlight the role of ____ in attention
spatial location attending to location
damage to the right hemisphere often leads to
spatial neglect
sensorimotor loop of action and perception for language
speaking=action hearing speech=perception *dynamical loop
anterior is associated with ___ in feature specificity hypothesis
specific level naming -tiger vs lion
_____ is a production comprehension production comprehension loop
speech
sensorimotor gesture loops evolved into sensorimotor ____ loops
speech
_____ is the last of many stages in speech production
speech articulation
internal sensorimotor loop of language
speech simulation and speech comprenehsion
SNc and SNr
substantia nigra
STN
subthalamic nucleus
population vectors
summed activity over all neurons, cells represent planned movement before execution of movement (predict movement) -recording multiple neurons, -population of neuron firing rates (magnitude and direction) = population vectors
SEF
supplementary eye field
the capacity of PFC to maintain ____ is key to its role in cognitive control
sustained neuronal activity -working memory --> cognitive control
what is overly represented in M1 topographical map
swallowing, tongue, jaw, hand, fingers, face
what is the incorrect hypothesis regarding dorsal vs ventral and working memory?
that they operate alone BOTH what and where pathways example: bell and location experiment *PFC is more about manipulation and maintenance than just what and where
The idea of compartmentalized perceptual, cognitive, and motor systems has been largely replaced by the idea of ____
the brain as a modular yet integrated dynamical system that evaluates in real time multiple possible actions ie affordance competition hypothesis
action selection
the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time =disinhibiting one of the actions at the last moment
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus --what we selectively attend to 1) endogenous v exogenous 2) overt vs covert 3) location based v object based vs feature based
dysarthria
the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system -motor impairment in articulating speech: moving mouth muscles -no problem writing, understanding someone else
semantics
the meaning of words
affordance competition hypothesis
the process of action selection and specification occur simultaneously and continue even during overt performance of movements -bridging neural data with behavior ex: lion looks for zebra AS its running
primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement -sends axons to spinal cord
the ACC (medial) responds to which phase of the modified stoop task
the stimulus phase -higher activity for "incongruent" because more difficult
endogenous attention
the voluntary direction of attention toward specific aspects of the environment, in accordance with our interests and goals --we choose what to attend to
all nervous systems are a sensorimotor loop to some extent. not just one, but
they are multiple loops you are simulating simultaneously
alexia
total impairment in reading
FEF stimulation that biases attention _____ increases____ activity in that field
towards receptive field, V4
spatial neglect patients are ___ of the deficit moment to moment
unaware
_____ is essentially a brain wide process
understanding the meaning of words word map! -both the left and the right
"where" neurons correlated with
up direction didint distinguish between objects
activity across neurons in monkey M1 correlates with
upcoming movement direction neuron activity begins BEFORE movement
reading: ventral or dorsal
ventral identification of words
VLPFC
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
cerebellum is important for action in all ____
vertebrates
perception (e.g.)
vision
reading words starts with ___
vision -ventral visual stream (left hemisphere) -not ONE area that does reading -distributed set of nodes that allows you to read
spatial neglect is not a ___ deficit specifically
visual -can come relative to what you're attending to ex: clock: 1/2 clock room: 1/2 room
_____ task can reveal limitations of attention to more than one feature
visual search task -looking for a what defined by a where -both vison for identification and action
it is not just about ___ motion. Instead, it is a set of densely interconnected ___that interact with other regions of the brain to enable you to act on your environment.
visual, modules
individual has hard time reading/hearing sound waves and making sense of words. individual can produce fluent speech but words make no sense. dont know what they're saying doesnt make sense
wernicke's aphasia
PFC neurons maintain __ OR ___ information
what, where
online maintenance of both __ and __ information
what, where
visually guided reaching and the affordance competition hypothesis
what, where, how, attend, calibration, real time affordances potential actions compete with each other to have one single action
core network plus flexibly engaging sub networks for _____
word meanings
visual word form area shows more activation for ___ vs ___
words vs strings of consonants
chunking technique
work with information to remember better
digit span tests
working memory 1) maintenance: forward 2) manipulation: backward
persistent neural activity during cue and delay periods show us
working memory is active and neurons for certain location (down) are firing more actively
prefrontal cortex enables ____ which manifests as ____
working memory, cognitive control
prefrontal cortex is important for
working memory, value based decision making, goals, planning, predictions and prediction errors, monitoring, inhibition, internal response conflict, reward, cost/benefit analysis, action-outcoming learning, rule learning, task shifting
orthography
written representation, spelling
does a flatworm have attention??
yes! allocated resources to hunting, capturing, eating the prey
how you (and your PMC) views others' actions depends on _____
your expertise
levels of fMRI activity in premotor cortex depends on
your expertise