NCE Set #4
Sampling procedures: a sample is defined as
"a group that is selected to represent the population" - p. 25
Van Hoose (pioneer in the study of counseling ethics)
"ethical principles provide a more solid framework for decision making than do ethical codes or statutes." recommended use of 5 principles, which Herlihy & Corey continue to consider foundational & essential to counseling practice & basis of ACA ethical standards
specified behavioral goals, often referred to
"targets" or "target behaviors."
Rogers's (1957) notion of empathic understanding
"trying to experience the client's world as if it were your own without losing the 'as if' quality" (p. 97).
Bergin suggests
"values are orienting beliefs about what is good for the clients and how that good should be achieved"
Regarding ethical practice in career interventions, remember....
"when in doubt, check it out!" Refer to the ethical standards of practice and consult with other counseling professionals.
With regard to behaviors, the ASCA (2019) model emphasizes three areas in the design and implementation of a school counseling program:
(1) Professional Foundation, (2) Direct and Indirect Student Services, and (3) Planning and Assessment. Professional Foundation contains nine standards, such as: applying developmental learning, counseling, and education theories; understanding ethical and legal principles; and applying school counseling professional standards and competencies (ASCA, 2019)
Gelso, Baumann, Chui, and Savela (2013) discussed 10 ingredients of graduate training programs that foster positive attitudes toward research:
(1) faculty modeling of scientific behavior; (2) the positive reinforcement of scientific activity, both formally and informally; (3) early and minimally threatening involvement in research; (4) emphasizing science as a partly social-interpersonal experience; (5) emphasizing that all studies are limited and flawed; (6) teaching and valuing varied approaches to research; (7) teaching students to look inward for research ideas when they are developmentally ready to do so; (8) the wedding of science and practice; (9) relevant statistics and the logic of design; and (10) teaching how research can be done in practice settings.
According to Cass (1979), LGBTQ persons encounter six stages of identity development:
(a) confusion, (b) comparison, (c) tolerance, (d) acceptance, (e) pride, and (f) synthesis.
Four reasons that might lead a researcher to choose a quasi- experimental design:
(a) cost, (b) selection issues, (c) ethical considerations, and (d) unavailability of appropriate control groups.
Leong, Hardin, and Gupta (2007) proposed a Cultural Formulation Approach to Career Assessment and Career Counseling (CF). Specifically, the CF encourages career practitioners to attend to the following five dimensions in the career counseling and assessment process:
(a) cultural identity, (b) cultural conception of career problems, (c) cultural context and psychosocial environment, (d) cultural dynamics in the therapeutic relationship, and (e) an overall cultural assessment.
Traditionally, scholars have identified three components (the research trinity) that form the backbone of all research. Specifically, the research trinity consists of:
(a) design, (b) measurement, and (c) analysis.
Prepare students or clients adequately by:
(a) explaining why they should take an assessment instrument—in other words, what they should expect to get from it; (b) getting agreement that its results will be helpful; (c) explaining what the items of the instrument are like and how long it will take to complete it; d) telling them when the results will be available; (e) explaining what the score report will be like, perhaps by showing a mock score report; and (f) indicating what will happen to the results of the assessment—who will see them and where they will be stored.
Chung's (2001) Work Discrimination model describes work discrimination using three dimensions:
(a) formal versus informal, (b) perceived versus real, and (c) potential versus encountered.
There are at least three basic methods of concocting fraudulent data:
(a) inventing findings without any actual data collection, (b) tampering with or doctoring actual findings to more closely resemble the desired outcome, and (c) trimming actual findings to delete unwanted or discrepant information (Koocher & Keith-Spiegel, 2008).
Constructs of the Model for Research Training, Kahn (2001)
(a) investigative interests, (b) research training environment, (c) relationship with mentor, (d) research outcome expectations, (e) research self-efficacy, (f) research interest, (g) scholarly activity, and (h) year in program.
Based on the empirical evidence for competence in statistics and design, Wampold (1986b, p. 44) listed the following design and statistics competencies:
(a) knowledge of designs including, but not limited to, traditional experimental designs, quasi-experimental designs appropriate for field settings, single-subject designs, survey designs, and qualitative designs; (b) an understanding of design issues, such as validity, methods of sampling, and power; (c) knowledge of the statistical analyses commonly used in counseling research; (d) an understanding of statistical issues, such as the role of assumptions, hypothesis-testing strategies, and confirmatory versus exploratory analyses; and (e) the ability to perform analyses with computer assistance, when appropriate.
What are the reasons that counselors ask their clients to spend time and perhaps money to engage in assessment? They can be summarized in three main categories:
(a) learning more about the needs of an individual or group, (b) learning more about the characteristics of individuals and helping them learn more about themselves, and (c) determining the change or progress of an individual or group.
Single-subject designs provide a useful means to test the effects of specific therapeutic techniques. The testing of techniques might happen at several levels:
(a) the discovery of a new technique, (b) an intentional examination of a relatively new technique, (c) the application of an established technique to a new population or treatment situation, and (d) an in-depth examination of a well-established technique.
Three Nonequivalent Groups designs that are virtually uninterpretable because of multiple threats to internal validity are:
(a) the one-group posttest-only design, (b) the posttest-only nonequivalent design comparing multiple active treatments, and (c) the one-group pretest-posttest design.
Cook et al. (2002), note the need for career counselors to address the following assumptions that are implicit in career development models:
(a) the separation of work and family roles in people's lives, (b) the emphasis on individualism and autonomy, (c) the view that work is the central activity in people's lives, (d) the notion that career development is a linear and rational process, and (e) the White, male bias existing in the occupational opportunity structure.
Fischer and her associates (1998) identify four factors that appear to be "the universal elements of healing in all cultures" (p. 532). These factors are:
(a) the therapeutic relationship, (b) shared worldview, (c) client expectations, and (d) ritual or intervention.
Which of the following is not a type of data typically provided by career centers?
*A. Benefits packages B. Programs of study C. Occupations D. Financial aid
A person who habitually makes decisions by doing what others suggest is called a/an
*A. compliant decider. B. intuitive decider. C. planful decider. D. fatalistic decider.
Which of the following describes a career planning tool, created by the client that they develop and maintain over time?
*A. e-portfolio. B. cybercounseling. C. assessment system. D. CACGS.
One way in which high touch can be added to high tech while serving multiple students is
*A. group counseling. B. one-to-one counseling. C. assignment of websites. D. classroom instruction.
Integrating gender into the career development intervention process is important for men because they are often
*A. restricted in levels of self-disclosure. B. subject to oppressive environmental influences in the workplace. C. focused strongly on family and relationship needs. D. restricted in levels of competitive and physical behavior.
One good reason to suggest that clients take assessment via the Internet rather than in print form is that
*A. score reports are available immediately. B. instruments administered in this mode have been thoroughly researched. C. instruments are always free of charge. D. scores are more reliable.
One of the primary ethical issues with cybercounseling is
*A. security of communication. B. its cost. C. that it can take place 24/7. D. lack of eye contact.
Critical Theory
- the influence of social order of the construction of widely accepted ideas rather than universal truths. a contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression
Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory (CASI),Holland and Gottfredson, 1994.
. A self-scored instrument designed to identify the attitudes, feelings, and obstacles that affect the careers of adults. The scales are Job Stability, Family Commitment, Risk-Taking Style, Geographical Barriers, Job Satisfaction, Work Involvement, Skill Development, Dominant Style, Career Worries, and Interpersonal Abuse. Published by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Lutz, Florida.
The Strong Interest Inventory, Strong, 2004
. Measures interests in eight different areas—occupations, school subjects, activities, leisure activities, types of people preferred as coworkers, preference between two activities, personal characteristics, and preference in the world of work. Provides a Holland code, scores on 30 basic interest scales, five personal style themes, and similarity of examinee's profile to the profile of workers in 260 occupations. Available in English, French, and Italian. Appropriate for use with high school juniors and seniors, college students, and adults. Often administered and interpreted with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The assessment offers many different score reports, including those for high school students, those for college students, and reports combined with the results of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Skills Confidence Inventory. Published by the Myers Briggs Company, Mountain View, California.ACT.
WorkKeys, ACT, 2015.
. Measures skills in eight areas: Applied Mathematics, Graphic Literacy, Workplace Documents, Applied Technology, Business Writing, Workplace Observation, Fit (with interests and values), and Talent (work-related attitudes and behaviors). Users may take the first three of these tests to qualify for the ACT National Career Readiness Certificate, which provides a national standard that employers can use to screen job applicants. ACT provides an online curriculum directly related to these scales for students or adults who need to improve these skills. Scores for these subtests are reported as a level between 1 and 7. Users take the tests, which are available in English and Spanish, online or in print form. Via a WorkKeys website, an individual's scores can be compared to those needed for 20,000 specific jobs and occupations that require the same eight skill areas. Can be used with high school students and adults. Published by ACT, Inc., Iowa City, Iowa.
A test-retest correlation coefficient of ___________ is considered good and acceptable for selection of an instrument.
0.8
What are Bloom's Taxonomy of Higher Order skills?
1 remembering, 2 understanding, 3 applying, 4 analyzing, 5 evaluatin, 5 creating (bottom to top of pyramid)
FIVE principles recommended by Van Hoose:
1) Autonomy- independence & self determination (should feel comfortable with because represents hallmarks of counseling) 2) Nonmaleficence- means to do no harm 3) Beneficence- to promote good, or mental health & wellness. mandates counselors promote growth & welfare of those they serve. 4) Justice- foundation of commitment to fairness in professional relationships 5)Fidelity- make honest promises & honor their commitments to clients, students, & supervisees. p. 469
Figure 5.1 The career-planning process. The details are as follows:
1) Become aware of the need to make career decisions 2) Learn about and/or reevaluate vocational self-concept 3) Identify occupational alternatives 4) Obtain information about identified alternatives 5) Make tentative choices from among available occupations 6) Make educational choices 7) Implement a vocational choice. Resources: people, assessment, Web sites, databases, print materials, software
Tjeltveit suggests following strategies for minimizing likelihood of counselors behaving in ways that are insensitive to clients' values:
1) Become informed about the variety of values held in society 2) Be aware of your own values 3) Present value options to clients in an unbiased manner 4) Be committed to clients' freedom of choice 5) Respect clients with values that differ from your own 6) Consult with others when necessary 7) Consider referring clients to another counselor when substantial moral, religious, or political value differences exist. (incorporating strategies works toward ensuring that interventions employed will be ethically sound; counselors should monitor their OWN values & how those values affect their career interventions)
Helms's (1992) White Racial Identity Model stages
1) During the contact stage, individuals accept a colorblind perspective ("I don't see color") and do not consciously display racist behavior. They may view the discussion of race as of minor importance and do not move on to the next stage until they have an experience that reveals the privilege that is associated with whiteness. 2) In the disintegration stage, individuals begin viewing the world through a new lens and may feel guilt or shame due to previously being unaware of their privilege. 3) If these feelings persist, the next stage, reintegration, emerges and individuals may begin to blame minority and minoritized groups and think that their own privilege is deserved. 4) In the pseudo-independence stage, the feelings of guilt and shame change into a desire to engage with minority and minoritized groups to learn more about racism and about being nonracist. 5) The next stage, immersion/emersion, is more internal and focuses on individuals getting in touch with their White identity and engaging in discussions with other White people in an effort to understand their own identity and what it means to be antiracist. 6) In the last stage, autonomy, individuals have a more positive and healthy view of their White racial identity and think about their role in areas of social justice (Helms, 2019).
The revision of the National Career Development Guidelines (NCDG) resulted in a framework organized into three domains:
1) Personal Social Development (PS), 2) Educational Achievement and Lifelong Learning (ED), and 3) Career Management (CM).
target population high school (Step 2)
1) almost no students realize changes in past years that will make approach different from parents 2) have no knowledge of how occupations are organized or how work tasks vary 3) cannot describe interests or best abilities 4) do not understand different jobs require diff. amounts of education 5) cannot define diff. paths of education
Methods of evaluation
1) carefully planned questionnaire or interview 2) administration of more formal instruments 3) evaluation study 4) follow-up studies
Three areas found to be inadequate in providing direction for career professionals by authors of text and cited in previous edition of text:
1) definition of career counseling relationship "whether all career interventions are counseling relationships subject to ethical standards of counseling" 2) ethical standards for the appropriate & proper role of those who provide career services, but are not professionally trained counselors "What is the proper role is of those who have training & experience in career interventions, but do not have training, education & experience that are accepted as essential for one to be a professional counselor?" 3) the ethical use of Internet to provide or enhance services "How to determine proper use of Internet technology in career interventions." (the three areas demand greater attention in professional training & workshops; also presented important challenges to be addressed by the profession)
Guidelines that acknowledge the Internet can be used in Four ways for the purpose of providing career services to clients
1) deliver occupational information 2) to provide online searches of occupational databases for the purpose of identifying occupational options 3) to deliver interactive career counseling and career planning services 4) to provide online job searches (4 purposes are subjected to guidelines that address a variety of ethical issues) a) clients right to be informed about expertise & experience b) appropriately screen clients c)provide adequate supposrt for client via periodic telephone contact
Steps Planning evaluations
1) determine whether eval is formative, summative, or both 2) determine what specific knowledge, skills, attitudes or behaviors are to be evaluated 3) determine what sources of evaluation data will be used 4) determine how data will be collected 5) determine how data will be analyzed
Phase 1: Setting the Evaluation's Boundaries This first phase entails
1) determining the purposes of the evaluation, 2) collecting background information about the program, 3) writing a description of the program and then ascertaining whether the evaluator's understanding matches that of others associated with the program, 4) making a preliminary agreement as to what the evaluation may include, and 5) coming to a final agreement concerning the program evaluator's role, and the specific services and final products the evaluator will provide. This same agreement also describes the resources available to the evaluator and a preliminary estimate of the costs associated with the evaluation.
Ethical guidelines, called the Code of Fair Testing Practices (Joint Committee on Testing Practices, 2004), may be categorized into four areas:
1) developing and selecting tests, 2) administering and scoring tests, 3) reporting and interpreting test results, and 4) informing test takers.
Corey & Herlihy offer SIX virtue ethics
1) discernment or prudence 2) respectfulness 3) integrity 4) self-awareness 5) acknowledgement of role of emotion 6) connectedness with the community -can be used to help identify appropriate behaviors
target population college population
1) few realize there have been changes in past years that make approach to planning diff. from parents 2) do not realize they are likely to change occupations several times 3) do not understand how world-of-work is organized 4) cannot state personal interests, best skills, abilities or values they would hope to attain in spc. field 5) no instruction about how to decide kinds of jobs they might like 6) how to find openings, how to have successful job interviews, make effective use of social networking, evaluate one job over another,
Roadblocks to eval. (Patrick & Niles)
1) potential for negative results is threatening 2) offerings maybe nonsystematic; it is difficult or impossible to evaluate 3) counselors may feel/believe kind of work cannot be objectively evaluated bc it is not quanitifiable or definable; they resist method of evaluation pg. 309
target population corporation
1) responsibility is corporations for their career planning 2) have no knowledge about how to plan career change 3) cannot identify transferable skills or identify other jobs that will make use of skills 4) do not know how to write resume that can be transmitted electronically, to use face-to-face & social networking to identify job openings or feel comfortable in either face-to-face or virtual interview
Trochim and Donnelly (2007) highlighted five critical components of research design:
1) sample, 2) conditions, 3) method of assignment to groups or conditions, 4) data collection, 5) and timing of study procedures.
Budget needs to include
1) staff time for designing, developing & evaluating products & services 2) time needed to deliver & train others to deliver program 3) web-based career planning systems that my be needed 4) equipment & materials needed 5) printing costs 6) technical costs 7) cost for facilities 8) cost for refreshments
Standards/benchmarks for eval
1) to what extent the relationship results in accomplishment of client's goals 2) measurable objectives that begin with phrase: "At the end of this series of _______, you will be able to_________." 3) progress related to national or local guidelines (state standardized exams/testing) 4) theory; example Super's Five developmental tasks
Target population in college
1) understand relationship betw. majors and spcfc occupations 2) select one or more occupations 3) learn how to find job opnings & get job effctvly
Chapman and Brannock (1987) developed a five-stage model of lesbian identity development. Fassinger (1995) described this model as follows:
1. Being aware of a same-sex orientation but lacking a name for those feelings; 2. Dissonance and confusion about dating men; 3. Self-questioning and exploration of attraction to other women; 4. Identification as a lesbian; 5. Engaging in a long-term lesbian relationship. (p. 151)
Not all research can be categorized as qualitative or quantitative -- Comer and Hultgren (1989) suggest that there are three different modes of categorizing research
1. Empirical/analytical2. Interpretive3. Critical approach
Krumboltz and associates stress that each individual's unique learning experiences during the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice. What are the primary influences?
1. Generalization of self derives from experiences and performance in relation to learned standards 2. Sets of developed skills used in coping with the environment 3. Career-entry behavior such as applying for a job or selecting an education or training institution
Walz and Benjamin (1984) provided recommendations that apply today for those developing systematic career development intervention programs:
1. Involve a team of knowledgeable professionals, parents, and representatives from the community in all phases of program planning. 2. Use developmentally appropriate interventions. 3. Be sure that the program goals and objectives are clearly communicated to all involved in the program. 4. Make sure the program is based on student needs. 5. Have an evaluation component to determine the degree to which the program goals and objectives have been achieved. 6. Make sure that those involved in program delivery are highly competent.
Important reasons for engaging in program design
1. It is impossible for counselors to provide all of the assistance needed by the students or clients they serve on a one-to-one basis 2. To require that career services be carefully thought out before delivery, results must be higher program quality. 3. Provides basis for determining program content, methods of delivery, evaluation and clear description of program for administrators, parents and recipients of program.
Ethical standards in research history
1. Nuremberg code- consists of 10 principles that were developed after the Nazi war trials where millions were killed and abused in the name of research.2. APA- American Psychological Association created its own code of ethics, not American Counseling Association (ACA). P. 333. The six rules of counseling ethics are: consult, consult, consult, and document, document, document. P. 34
Sophie (1986) proposed the following four-stage model of lesbian identity development:
1. Self-awareness of LGBTQ feelings without disclosing those feelings to others; 2. Testing and exploration of emerging LGBTQ identity with limited disclosure to straight persons; 3. Identity acceptance and preference for gay social interactions; 4. Identity integration with movement from a dichotomous worldview to a more integrated worldview.
Nonprobability procedures include
1. Voluntary- self-explanatory in that the sample is based on volunteering. 2. Convenience- often seen in counseling bc the sampling is made up of whomever is convenience to sample.
What would a good research paper have in the introduction?
1. What is the significance of the problem and what is being done about it2. What literature do we currently have?3. What does all of this mean4. Why should it be important to the reader?5. Peer review6. research questions7. hypothesis
Counselors play variety of roles related to design and implementation of career development programs and services in their work settings.
1. advocacy 2. coordination 3. participation 4. design 5. management 6. evaluation
The correct interpretation of any instrument relates to three different considerations:
1. an overall understanding of the relevance of assessment to the process of career planning and choice, 2. the reason the individual has taken the instrument, and 3. the guidelines provided by the publisher for use of the instrument and/or the instrument's technical manual.
further assumptions by Super
1. change process for each person may be categorized according to life stages (GEEMD) 2. a person's occupational level and career pattern are influenced by contextual and personal factors 3. people's readiness to cope with career development tasks (career maturity) is influenced by how well they coped with previous ones.
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1989, 1993, 1998) describe five stages of racial identity development, each with corresponding counseling implications:
1. conformity, 2. dissonance, 3. resistance and immersion, 4. introspection, and 5. synergistic articulation and awareness.
10 step process for designing career planning delivery program
1. define target pop. and characteristics 2. determine needs of target pop 3. write measurable objectives to meet needs 4. determine how to deliver career planning srves 5. determine content of program 6. determine cost of program 7. begin to promote and explain services 8. start promoting & delivering full-blown program of services 9. evaluate program 10. Revise program as needed
Krumboltz 2 categories of career development interventions
1. developmental/preventative (acquire accurate occupational information) 2. targeted/remedial (goal clarification, cognitive restructuring)
Krumboltz's Learning theory of career counseling-4 factors of SLTCDM that influence how people make career decisions
1. genetic endowment/special abilities 2. environmental conditions and events, generally out of their control (where live/disasters/job mkt) 3. instrumental and associative learning experiences (what has happened to you) 4. task approach skills (work habits/clarify values)
Two reasons for writing objectives
1. having to follow discipline of writing objectives will require counselor to think carefully about what he/she is trying to achieve & how to know if it has been achieved 2. objectives will become basis for content and evaluation of services. universally true that management will not support program that is not explained adequately & does not show evidence of being effective. In order to get and retain support for career planning services it is necessary to define them clearly & also to measure the outcomes of providing them. IDENTIFIED NEEDS OF POP: basis for writing measurable objectives.
What are the seven steps of literature research processes?
1. identify a topic2. Background check3. Tools4. Learn database procedure5. Effective search techniques6. Read critically, synthesize, and evaluate7. Write
Gysbers, Heppner, and Johnston (2014) point out that career development interventions in the United States, having arisen out of a specific context, tend to favor five tenets reflecting a European American perspective:
1. individualism and autonomy, 2. affluence, 3. structure of opportunity open to all, 4. the centrality of work in people's lives, and 5. the linearity, progressiveness, and rationality of the career development process.
Super's 3 key aspects of career development
1. life span 2. .life space 3. self-concept
4 stages-Gottfredson
1. orientation to size and power 2. orientation to sex roles 3. orientation to social valuation 4. orientation to the internal, unique self
key assumptions by Super
1. people differ in their important self-characteristics and self-concepts 2. their respective self-characteristics make them suitable to a number of occupations 3. each occupation requires specific worker traits and these requirements are flexible enough to allow for a variety of persons within specific occupations 4. self-concepts evolve over time, making choice a continuous process
LTCC presumes counselors' readiness to help clients cope w/ 4 career related trends:
1. people must expand capabilities-encourage new exploration 2. people must prepare for changing work tasks - occupations will not remain stable 3. people must be empowered to take action, not just receive a diagnosis 4. career counselors must be involved in more than selection, incl burnout, underemployment, conflicts, family reactions to career choices
Krumboltz's 4 factors that influence our beliefs about ourselves and our world
1. self observation generalizations (what I know about myself) 2. world view generalizations (cliches) 3. task approach skills 4. actions
Probability sampling procedures include
1. simple random- randomly selects participants form the population of interest so that all participants have an equal chance of being selected.a. Example: N = 10 taken form a population of 100 means that everyone in the pop has a 1% probability of being selected.i. replacement2. systematic randoma. making a list of everyone in the pop of interest. The first participant is randomly selected and the rest are selected based on a predetermined interval of every eight person, for example. P. 273. stratifieda. is used to ensure different strata, or categories, of the pop are equally represented in the sample.i. Ex: researchers taking a sample of N=40 from a high school may use stratified random sampling to provide equal representation of freshman, sophonomres, juniors and seniors.4. Clustera. Used to reduce the costs of taking a sample and may result in a less representative sample than simple random sampling.i. Ex: researcher wants to sty high school students in a large city has has 25 high schools. The researcher may choose 5 high schools to represent the city and then tak e a simple random sample. Each high school student that is chosen is considered a cluster.5. multistage.a. Is a form of cluster sample that uses a variety of methods. All members of the selected clusters become the sample of participants for the study.
In Section C: Measurement and Evaluation of the NCDA Ethical Standards (2003), how many statements are there concerning topics such as selection, use, limitation and interpretation of assessment instruments?
15
The t test for a single sample and a z test are similar except:
2 things: the population varianace is not known and the t test does NOT fit the normal standard distribution.
The unemployment rate for recent graduates who do not attend college was what % in October 2013?
30%
Step 9: Evaluate program
4 reasons Important: 1) to determine whether program is helping people achieve defined objectives 2) necessary to evaluate services so that they can be improved 3) provides ongoing information to supervisors & others results of program (accountability) 4) sometimes done in order to determine whether outcomes of delivery services are worth money and resources being invested FOCUS: to make decision to retain, expand or discontinue services time consuming & expensive. necessary to follow several standard steps.
an activity in which an individual or a group is given a deck of cards. Each card represents something related to career choice, such as a work value, a skill, a work task, or a characteristic of a work setting.
A card sort
a series of items that may relate to an individual's preferred work setting, job characteristics, work tasks, work values, or skills.
A checklist
an individual is asked to make a choice between two options that are quite different from each other or to rank-order three or more activities.
A forced-choice activity
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) identifies a person with disabilities as:
A person who has physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more "major life activities," or has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment.
___________________________occurs when the threats to internal validity operate differently across the treatment conditions.
A selection-by-threat interaction effect
Identify an element that needs to be stated in a written consent form to document the informed agreement of a participant for a study
A statement indicating voluntary participation and option of discontinuation without penalty
Though assessment may be used in several steps of the career planning process, its greatest usefulness is likely to be at Step
A. 1. *B. 2. C. 4. D. 7.
An acceptable test-retest reliability coefficient is
A. 3.5. B. 4.0. C. 6.0. *D. 8.0.
The primary player(s) in setting ethical guidelines for cybercounseling is/are the
A. American Counseling Association. B. National Career Development Association. C. National Board for Certified Counselors. *D. the three organizations above.
Several websites that are particularly useful for career planning and information have been developed by the
A. Bush administration. B. Department of Education. *C. Department of Labor. D. Department of Human Services.
The most comprehensive Department of Labor website for occupational information is called
A. Monster Board. B. America's Talent Bank. C. America's Job Bank. *D. CareerInfoNet.
The website called O*Net is a replacement for the former Department of Labor publication
A. The Occupational Outlook Handbook. B. The Guide to Occupational Exploration. *C. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles. D. The Classification of Instructional Programs.
Any of the following could be used to measure interests except
A. The Self-Directed Search. B. The Kuder Career Search. *C. WorkKeys. D. Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
Assessment is defined as
A. a standardized test. *B. any formal or informal technique used to collect data about a client. C. an informal method of acquiring information. D. an evaluative measure.
The early computer-assisted systems had all of the following except
A. a theoretical base. B. a user record. *C. full-motion video. D. a decision-making process.
Disadvantages to use of the Internet to provide career planning assistance include all of the following except that
A. access and operation can be slow. B. bandwidth and other technical concerns diminish the effectiveness of audio and video *C. databases can be updated more frequently. D. the Internet is not a secure environment.
Which of the following have "right and wrong answers"?
A. assessments B. informal activities C. measures *D. tests
The purpose in following a planful process of decision making is to
A. assure that the consequences are good. *B. increase the probability of achieving good outcomes.. C. get to a choice more quickly. D. give someone else the responsibility for your decisions.
DISCOVER is a good example of a
A. career information system. *B. career planning system. C. virtual career center. D. system supported by cybercounseling.
Oppressive environmental influences that restrict the career development of women occur most frequently in
A. centers for women and women's shelters. *B. the home, school, community, and workplace. C. many counseling centers that support women. D. television and movies.
When interpreting an inventory, all of the following are important except
A. checking to see if the client/student agrees with the results. *B. indicating that the results of the inventory are the best sources of information. C. asking about school work and experience that may confirm the results of the inventory. D. suggesting what the student/client may do next in order to continue with planning.
Walsh and Betz (1990) describe an assessment model which includes all of the following steps except
A. clarifying the problem. B. gathering information. C. understanding the problem. *D. solving the problem.
Stereotypically, sex role socialization has exerted influence over the early development of girls by reinforcing
A. competition and skill mastery. B. job hunting and career skills. *C. relationships and connectedness. D. home-making skills.
The stages of racial identity development include all of the following except
A. conformity. B. dissonance. C. introspection. *D. externalization.
Developmental issues that typically confront persons with disabilities include all of the following except
A. confronting attitudinal barriers. B. overcoming generalizations. C. developing skills for independent living. *D. narrowing social outlets.
All of the following are reasons to administer assessment except so that the
A. counselor can learn more about the needs of the client. B. counselor can determine the progress of an individual or group. C. client can learn more about himself or herself. *D. counselor can prescribe the best course of action for the client.
Which of the following best describes "one's beliefs, awareness, values, subjective experience, sense of purpose and mission, and an attempt to reach toward something greater than oneself".
A. denomination. B. religion. *C. spirituality D. sexual orientation.
A person who feels committed to multiple cultures would be called a
A. ethnocentric person. B. individualistic person. C. fully formed person. *D. bicultural person.
The process of adopting the traits or social patterns of another group is known as
A. ethnocentrism. B. cultural pluralism. *C. acculturation. D. externalization.
At Step 4 of the career decision-making process, students or clients are most likely to need information about
A. financial aid. *B. occupations. C. colleges. D. majors and programs of study.
A forced-choice activity is a/an
A. formal assessment instrument. *B. informal assessment instrument. C. type of career fantasy. D. way of measuring abilities
Whether the scales of a test measure the same constructs across cultures is an indicator of
A. functional equivalence. *B. metric equivalence. C. conceptual equivalence. D. linguistic equivalence.
All of the following are true for effective career centers except that they need to
A. have computers, software, and Internet connections. B. be located in a central, easy-to-find place. C. be organized in some meaningful way. *D. be staffed by a certified counselor.
All of the following are true of formal assessments except that they
A. have no standard method of interpretation. B. have no standard way to compare one person's scores with those of others. C. have known reliability. *D. are usually free of charge.
A raw score indicates
A. how some characteristic of one individual compares with that of others. B. whether a person's scores are in the top quartile. C. how many standard deviations a score is from the middle of the distribution. *D. the total number of responses related to some category.
The first computer-assisted career guidance systems were developed
A. in the 50's. *B. in the 60's. C. in the 70's. D. after the widespread use of the Internet.
Gysbers et al point out that career development interventions in the United States tend to favor tenets that reflect a European-American perspective. These tenets include all of the following except
A. individualism and autonomy. B. affluence. C. structure of opportunity for all. *D. affordable housing
The Career Maturity Inventory (Crites and Savickas) is an example of an instrument that can be used to measure
A. interests. *B. readiness to make career decisions. C. work skills. D. values.
The most difficult part of helping people make a vocational choice or change is
A. interpreting the assessment you give them. B. finding good sources of career information. *C. helping them process the data and make a choice. D. dealing with their lack of motivation.
A counselor has the responsibility to
A. make good career choices for students. *B. assist students to turn data into information that helps with decision making. C. develop standards of quality for occupational information. D. read and summarize information for students.
The impact of culture on the assessment process is
A. negligible. B. noticeable in the initial phases only. C. noticeable in the final phases only. *D. significant throughout the process.
Holland's typology is very useful in career guidance programs because
A. occupations can be organized by the six types. B. individuals can find out their personal types by taking assessment. C. majors and programs of study can be organized by the six types. *D. all of the above are true.
All of the following are characteristics of career information systems except that they typically
A. offer multiple, extensive databases. B. provide labor market information. C. store a user record. *D. are not theory-based.
Emic approaches to counseling support interventions that are
A. one-on-one. B. universally applicable. *C. culturally specific. D. individualized.
All of the following are characteristics of career planning systems except that they typically include
A. online assessment or entry of scores from offline assessment. B. monitoring of the user's progress through the system. C. a strong theory base. *D. no searchable databases.
ACT's World-of-Work Map
A. organizes occupations based on work with three dimensions -- data, people, and things. B. shows 20 families of jobs. *C. is based on Holland's typology. D. is an integral part of CHOICES, a computer-based system.
Of the various types of deciders described by Dinklage, the type most likely to have the easiest time making a vocational choice is the
A. paralytic. B. fatalistic. *C. planful. D. painful.
The Nigrescence theory of black identity includes all of the following stages except
A. pre-encounter. B. ecounter. C. immersion-emersion. *D. introspection.
All of the following are strong assets of a computer-based system except the capability to
A. provide instruction. *B. identify whether the user can profit from its use. C. administer and interpret inventories and tests. D. keep a record of use.
Typical domains for vocational assessments for persons with disabilities include
A. psychological. B. social. C. educational/academic. *D. all of the above.
Career information systems that include state-specific data were encouraged by
A. the U.S. Department of Education. *B. NOICC. C. the United States Department of Labor. D. the University of Oregon.
If, on the Kuder Career Search interest inventory, for example, a person has a score at the 88th percentile on the scale called Outdoor, it means that
A. the person got 88% of the items right. B. 10% of those in a norm group scored higher on Outdoor than this person. C. the person has low interest in Outdoor activities. *D. the person's interest in Outdoor activities is higher than 88% of those in a norm group.
When planning to administer an assessment instrument to a student/client, it is important to tell the person all of the following except
A. the purpose of giving the assessment. *B. the history of the development of the instrument. C. what the items in the instrument are like. D. who will see the results and for what purpose.
A primary characteristic of informal assessment is that
A. the results are norm-referenced. B. the techniques used have high reliability. *C. it can be interesting and stimulate good discussion. D. its results are standardly interpreted by all counselors.
When choosing a system for organizing occupations, it is better for guidance purposes if
A. the system includes all 13,000 occupations. B. occupations are divided by industries. C. occupations are divided by level of job demand. *D. there is a way to link what the person knows about self to occupational options.
When selecting a computer-based system, counselors and their administrators should consider the
A. theoretical base, if any, of the system. B. quality and comprehensiveness of the databases. C. presence of online inventories. *D. all of the above.
Research about the use of computer-based systems indicates that
A. there is no need for counselor assistance in addition to computer use. B. the use of computer-based systems is actually harmful to clients. *C. the best gains are made by a client when technology and counselor support are combined. D. they are much more effective with males than with females.
The Bobby Standards identifies compliance of websites that are likely to be accessible to
A. those with auditory disability. *B. those with visual disability. C. those from non-English speaking cultures. D. veterans.
The term crosswalking refers to
A. updating databases. *B. linking related databases. C. accessing databases. D. exporting databases.
Super's tool to calibrate career development issues facing mature clients
ACCI - adult career concerns inventory
Whose code of ethical standards is considered to be one of the most inclusive examples of how to build a counseling relationship?
APA
________________ typically refers to mental competence, and thereby protects individuals who may be at risk because of diminished mental capacities.
Ability
Which theory do Young, Valach and Collin (1996, 2002) propose as one way to understand a contextualist explanation of career counseling?
Action theory
_____________________________ include a large number of items that measure a specific content field.
Adaptive tests
Beauchamp & Childress: Classical text on medical ethics
Additional principles relevant to patients: 1) Veracity- tell truth & do not lie or deceive 2) Privacy- Allow individuals to limit access to information about themselves 3) Confidentiality- Allow individuals to control access to information they have shared
ADDRESSING framework (Hayes, 2002) stands for:
Age and generational influences, Developmental or acquired Disabilities, Religion and spiritual orientation, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic status, Sexual orientation, Indigenous heritage, National origin, and Gender.
Gelso's bubble hypothesis states that: Qualitative research design is a priori "better" than others. Research results are often skewed at the extreme ends of the bell curve. All research designs will have some limitations. If multiple research designs are used in a study, then there will be similar flaws in each design.
All research designs will have some limitations.
Attempts to examine causality through random assignment of treatments and control of independent variables
An experimental field study
Which of the following is true of the MAXIMINCON principle?
An experimenter tries to control the variance of extraneous or unwanted variables that might affect or bias the variables in question
In a true experimental design: Every threat to the validity of the conclusions reached is eliminated. Treatments to different samples are implemented with significant variations The validity of a conclusion is confirmed if a threat is plausible. An independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to assess the effect of the manipulation on a dependent variable
An independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to assess the effect of the manipulation on a dependent variable
The COPSystem 3C, Knapp and Knapp, 1995.
An online or print-based career guidance assessment program for high school students and adults. It consists of three assessments: the COPS Interest Inventory, the CAPS ability battery (measures eight areas of ability), and the COPES work values survey. Provides an integrated report suggesting occupations for exploration. Career planning curriculum also available. Published by EdITS, Inc., San Diego, California.
_________________ involves the use of statistical tools to test hypotheses (in quantitative designs) or coding strategies to examine research questions (in qualitative designs) using the sample data.
Analysis
_____________________ occurs when each score in a series of scores is more similar to the preceding score than it is to the mean score for the series.
Autocorrelation
"or fostering the right to control the direction of one's life;" (ACA, 2014)
Autonomy
Campbell Interest and Skill Survey (CISS), Campbell, 1992.
Available in English and Spanish. Measures interests and self-reported skills in seven areas that are roughly parallel to the Holland six types and contains 25 basic scales and 60 occupational scales. The basic scales are subscales of the Holland types, expressed as Influencing, Organizing, Helping, Creating, Analyzing, Producing, and Adventuring. There are parallel skills scales for each of the interest scales. Available in print and on the Internet. Can be used with college-bound high school students, college students, and adults. Published by Pearson Assessments, Bloomington, Minnesota
SCCT subscribes to which of the following theories?
Bandura's triad reciprocal theory
"or working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental health and well-being;" (ACA, 2014).
Beneficence
Counselors have a responsibility to conduct research that contributes to welfare for their clients. This statement corresponds to the ethical principle of _____. Nonmaleficence Fidelity Beneficience Justice
Beneficience
scientist-practitioner model is aka
Boulder Model
Identify a way to minimize the mono-method bias in a study.
By using multiple ways to measure a construct
Super's tool to assess whether high school and college students are ready to make career decisions
CDI-career development inventory
According to the document titled Career Counselor Assessment and Evaluation Competencies adopted by the National Career Development Association (NCDA) and the Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE) in 2010, counselors should possess the following knowledge and competencies:
COMPETENCY 1: Choosing assessment strategies COMPETENCY 2: Identifying, accessing, and evaluating the most commonly used assessment instruments COMPETENCY 3: Using the techniques of administration and methods of scoring assessment instruments COMPETENCY 4: Interpreting and reporting assessment results COMPETENCY 5: Using assessment results in decision-making COMPETENCY 6: Producing, interpreting, and presenting statistical information about assessment results COMPETENCY 7: Engaging in professionally responsible assessment and evaluation practices COMPETENCY 8: Using assessment results and other data to evaluate career programs and interventions. These competencies are described in detail in the aforementioned document, which is available at ncda.org.
_____________ refers to a participant's ability to process information and involves two issues: a legal age qualification and ability standards.
Capacity
The __________________________________________ identifies which of four reasons—Need for Information, Need for Self-Knowledge, Career Choice Anxiety, and Generalized Indecisiveness—are making it difficult for an individual to make career choices.
Career Factors Inventory (Chartrand, Robbins, & Morrill, 1997),
Which sentence is accurate?
Career counseling refers to a more in-depth relationship procedure
Theory / Conceptual framework: Career Development from a Cognitive Information Processing Perceptive
Career identity is defined as one's level of development of self-knowledge memory structures
Examples of informal assessments:
Checklists, games, fantasies, forced-choice activities, card sorts, and structured interviews
The process by which an individual narrows his or her territory when making a decision about space or acceptable alternatives, is referred to as:
Circumscription
Ethical guidelines, called the ____________________________ (Joint Committee on Testing Practices, 2004), have been developed by the American Education Research Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education.
Code of Fair Testing Practices
_____________ are a special case of nonequivalent groups designs that utilize adjacent cohort groups that share similar environments.
Cohort designs
______________________ rely on shared interests, group norms, and common goals to inform their decision-making (Hartung, Speight, & Lewis, 1996).
Collectivists
According to the NCDA, if a counselor accepts a postiion in a mental health agency to provide career-related counseling to a client population that is primarily from Asian families and has no previous experience in counseling or assessing Asian clients, that counselor is in violation of what?
Competence violation
Theory / Conceptual framework: John Holland's Typology
Congruence occurs when an individual's personality type matches the environment
________________________ refers to the process of giving participants the opportunity to decide whether or not to participate in a particular research study.
Consent
Constructivism?
Constructivists support the belief that individuals define themselves as they participate in events and relationships in their environment
Which sampling procedure is typically used?
Convenience samples are typically used in social science research, not because it is the best sampling procedure, but because it is more feasible.
A type II error is represented by "missing the findings" or failing to reject the null when the null is actually false. T or F?
Correct; that's true.
What factor pertaining to violations of informed consent is causing concern among professionals?
Counselors may not be able to verify ages and the mental capacity of individuals who access a counselor's home page and submit email questions
The cognitive process period of formulating a general vocational goal through awareness of resources, contingencies, interests, values and planning for the preferred occupation is called:
Crystallization
_____________________ refers to misrepresenting the facts pertaining to a study, through acts of either omission or commission.
Deception
The choice model of the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is divided into three components as follows:
Define goals, initiate action, success is determined by future behavior
What is Descriptive methods?
Describe the population that is under investigation
_______________________ are investigations that do not exercise experimental control (randomization, manipulation of variables) and are conducted in a real-life setting.
Descriptive field studies
______________________________ studies are characterized by investigations that do not exercise experimental controls (such as randomization or manipulation of independent variables) and that are conducted in a laboratory setting.
Descriptive laboratory
__________________ provides the conceptual framework from which a study is structured and executed.
Design
Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI), Sampson et al., 1996.
Designed to identify irrational thoughts that the client may have that could affect the career decision-making process. For use with students and clients from the high school level through adulthood. Available in print or digital form. Published by Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz, Florida.
Career Maturity Inventory (CMI), Crites and Savickas, 1995
Designed to measure how ready a student is to make a career decision. For students in grades 6-12. See vocopher.com.
Career Assessment Inventory (CAI) Enhanced Version, Johannson, 2003
Designed to measure interest in Holland's six personality types, 23 basic interest scales, and 111 occupations. Can be used with high school students, college students, and adults. Can be taken in print version, by computer, or via the Internet. Available in Spanish. Published by Pearson Assessments, Bloomington, Minnesota.
Career Decision Making System—Revised (CDM-R), O'Shea and Feller, 2000.
Designed to measure interest in Holland's six personality types, although names of scales have been changed. Different versions allow use from grade 7 to adulthood. Both print and online versions available. Spanish version available. Published by Pearson Assessments, Bloomington, Minnesota.
Kuder Career Interests Assessment (KCIA), Kuder, Inc., 2019.
Designed to measure interest in the six Holland work environments or the 16 National Career Clusters and pathways. For use with high school students, college students, and adults. Available in English and Spanish on the Internet only as a part of Kuder's career planning systems. Published by Kuder, Inc., Adel, Iowa.
Jackson Vocational Interest Survey (JVIS), Jackson, 2000.
Designed to measure interests on 34 basic interest scales. For use with high school students, college students, and adults. Print and online versions available in English, French, and Spanish. Published by Sigma Assessment Systems, Port Huron, Michigan.
Career Decision Profile (CDP), Jones, 1986.
Designed to measure level of decidedness about career choice, self-knowledge, and knowledge about occupations and training. Published by Career Key, Inc. (careerkey.org).
Standard Self-Directed Search (SDS), Holland and Messer, 2017.
Designed to measure personality type and interest in six Holland occupational groups. There are multiple forms for different age ranges, languages, and reading levels. Has been translated into 35 languages. Can be used with high school students, college students, military personnel, and adults in general. Results lead to the identification of occupations in the O*NET database and to suggested college majors and other programs of study. The assessment is available in print, in self-scoring form, and on the Web at self-directed-search.com. Published by Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz, Florida.
My Vocational Situation (MVS), Holland et al., 1980
Designed to measure the degree to which lack of vocational identity, lack of information or training, and barriers may affect a person's ability to make a career choice. For use with students in grade 9 through adult years. Available free of charge for noncommercial use from various websites via an Internet search.
Career Decision Scale (CDS), Osipow et al., 1997
Designed to measure the reasons for career indecision and inability to make a vocational choice. For use with high school and college students. Published by Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz, Florida.
Step 10: Revise Program as needed
Developers use results of previous delivery of prgrm, feedback from managers, & add. creative ideas to revise prgrm & prepare for next delivery. Revisions may include: changes to content, time allocated, facilities, personnel, & methods of evaluation. (# of changes will decrease as # of times program is delivered is increased)
What is the meaning of "informed consent"?
Disclosure by the counselor of important information the client needs in making the decision as to whether she or he is to start counseling
According to the hourglass format of writing a research report, the _____ section is depicted at the bottom of the hourglass. Introduction Method Results Discussion
Discussion
Which of the following components of a research paper includes an overview of the study's limitations? Abstract Discussion Introduction Results
Discussion
Examples of scientist Practitioners
Dr. Gottman and Dr. Everett Worthington
________________ perspectives highlight the importance of designing career development interventions that are specific to the client's culture.
Emic
According to Gelso, Baumann, Chui, and Savela (2013), which of the following components of graduate training programs fosters positive attitudes toward research among students?
Emphasizing that all studies are limited and flawed
the 4 scales of data measurement are distinguished by?
Equal unit size, Magnitude, Absolute Zero, and Identity.
____________ perspectives maintain that career development interventions for members of minority groups should be the same as the career development interventions used for those representing the majority
Etic
"the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences."
Evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP)
Linda Gottfredson's theory of circumscription, compromise and self-creation
Examines compromises people make in their career aspirations, particularly as they relate to sex-typed learning and experiences. Compromise involves the process of limiting career choices due to prestige, sex type, and field of interest.
___________________________ allows researchers to make inferences about causal relationships between variables, which is referred to as the internal validity of the study
Experimental control
_________________________ are investigations that manipulate independent variables and are conducted in a real-life setting.
Experimental field studies
_____________________________ are characterized by manipulation of independent variables and are conducted in a laboratory setting.
Experimental laboratory studies
Which of the following is a myth on scale construction?
Factor analysis alone provides sufficient evidence of a scale's validity
Identifying a topic of research is the same as developing a specific research question or hypothesis that can guide research.
False
In counseling, the segregation of science and practice is essential in order to maintain updated knowledge that practitioners can integrate in their clinical work.
False
In statistical tests, an alternative hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the variables in the study. True False
False
Nominal data involved the use of variables that have been rank ordered. True False
False
Once a research question enters the formative stage and an investigator continues to develop the design and methodologies of a particular study, the original research question cannot be changed.
False
Research in the social sciences should indicate that reliability estimates in excess of .30 are sufficient.
False
The importance of science in the psychology field has experienced a steep decline over the past few decades.
False
in counseling, the segregation of science and practice is essential in order to maintain updated knowledge that practitioners can integrate in their clinical work.
False
"or honoring commitments and keeping promises, including fulfilling one's responsibilities of trust in professional relationships;" and (ACA, 2014)
Fidelity
The Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI), Krumboltz, 1991.
For persons over 13 years of age, designed to identify career beliefs that may be preventing them from reaching career goals. There are 25 scales organized under five categories: My Current Career Situation, What Seems Necessary for My Happiness, Factors That Influence My Decisions, Changes I Am Willing to Make, and Effort I Am Willing to Initiate. Published by Mind Garden, Inc., Menlo Park, California.
Career Factors Inventory (CFI), Chartrand et al., 1997.
For persons over age 13, designed to identify persons' difficulties in the career-planning and decision-making processes. The scales are Need for Information, Need for Self-Knowledge, Career Choice Anxiety, and Generalized Indecisiveness. Published by Consulting Psychologists Press, Mountain View, California.
Step 2 Determine needs of target population
Four ways to identify needs of any group: 1. may be some info already available from past questionnaires that can be used to identify some needs 2. short questionnaire can be made & administered in written form to everyone in target group. (use of focus group allows completion of questionnaire & opp. to discuss answers given by people in group; gaining more in depth information 3. consultants may be hired to make reccomendations based upon knowledge of normal developmental needs or of needs of others in similar settings. 4. Wise to ask administrators & managers to identify problems that need solutions. If solutions are found, it is likely that there will be support from mngmnt for delivery of the career planning service.
The first model of career guidance is attributed to
Frank Parsons (Miller, 1961), who founded the Boston Vocation Bureau
Historically, the counseling profession developed or emerged from all of the following except Vocational/career guidance. Psychological measurement. Personality development. Freudian psychoanalysis.
Freudian psychoanalysis.
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) involves which factors?
Genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills
Occupational aspirations is the main theme of which theorist?
Goffredson
Prestige of sex type are variables in the theory of:
Gottfredson
What is the name of the theory suggesting chance events during one's life span can have both positive and negative consequences?
Happenstance approach theory
A counselor was offered a job at a community counseling center that primarily serves a minority population, but this counselor has no experience counseling minorities. Can he ethically accept the position?
He can accept if he is supervised for a period of time and develops appropriate skills
What would the elephant emotional EQ hypothesis look like if you wrote it out using obscure symbols?
Ho: uEI Elephants < uEI general or Ha: uEI Elephants > uEI general.
Good starting point for addressing ethical issues in career development interventions is to consider the following question:
How can it be that career practitioners have multiple ethics codes to guide their practice and yet ethical violations continue?
The construct validity of a study is concerned with: How relevant the constructs of a study are to the general public The generalizability of the results of an experiment. How well the variables chosen represent and capture the essence of a hypothetical construct. A statistically significant result containing a sampling error is accepted.
How well the variables chosen represent and capture the essence of a hypothetical construct.
Interpretable equivalent designs include:
I(a) the pretest- posttest design, (b) the nonequivalent groups design with a proxy pretest measure, (c) the pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design with additional pretest, and (d) the reversed-treatment pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design.
Identify a main component in the process of selecting a research topic and developing a research idea into a testable hypothesis
Identifying research variables
Identify a main component in the process of selecting a research topic and developing a research idea into a testable hypothesis. Developing an original research method Identifying research variables Working as an apprentice for an experienced researcher Creating a new assessment instrument
Identifying research variables
Karen is interested in studying the prevalence of suicidal ideation in her clients who are suffering from schizophrenia. She selects a random sample from the list of clients she had treated in the previous year. Although she engages in the random selection of participants, when she begins to analyze her data, she realizes that the clients in her sample are generally younger than those who did not participate in the study. This finding: Impacts the generalizability of the results to all her clients who are suffering from schizophrenia. Indicates that instead of random sampling, she chose participants in an orderly way from the target population. Confirms the systematical similarity of Karen's sample to the population. Shows that each observation in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Impacts the generalizability of the results to all her clients who are suffering from schizophrenia.
Theory / Conceptual framework: Krumboltz's Learning Theory of Counseling
Important association that influence career development can be learned through observations, written materials, and films
Theory / Conceptual framework: Person-Environment Correspondence (PEC) Counseling
Individual needs and the reinforcer systems in the work environment are important aspects of stability and tenure
________________________________ use individual attitudes, private interests, and personal goals to guide their behavior (Hartung, Speight, & Lewis, 1996).
Individualists
Hypothesis testing is used in association with:
Inferential statistics.
The ____ of the counselor to do what is ethically appropriate in a counseling realtionship is an essential part of the moral obligation of most professional counseling associations
Intent
What does Experimental designs include?
Involves an IV as well as a DV. The researcher manipulates the IV and evaluates its impact on the DV. May involve the use of a particular treatment such as CBT
Which of the following is true of experimental control?
It allows researchers to make inferences about causal relationships between variables
Which of the following is true of the scientist-practitioner model of training in counseling?
It emphasizes systematic and thoughtful analyses of human experiences and judicious application of the knowledge and attitudes gained from such analyses.
Which of the following is true of comparative research framework?
It has been criticized because of the history of ethnic minority groups being compared to White Americans as a "norm group."
Identify a true statement about systematic replication in research.
It involves replicating an experiment while varying a single element.
Which of the following is a characteristic of exploratory factor analysis (EFA)?
It is conducted when a researcher wants to identify the factors necessary to explain the interrelationships among a set of indicators or items.
Which item is NOT listed by NCDA as a selected ethical standard for counselors?
It is not necessary to follow directions in the test manual at all times
Which of the following is a characteristic of early research on ethnic minorities? It discouraged the comparison of minority groups to majority groups as the standard. It assumed that the problems of ethnic minorities could be attributed to being deprived of modern values. It pathologized ethnic minorities. It was completely theoretical and nondescriptive.
It pathologized ethnic minorities.
Which of the following best describes the term intersexed?
It refers to an individual who is born with male and female sexual anatomy.
Which of the following is true of a biased sample?
It systematically differs from the target population in some way.
Interest Determination, Exploration, and Assessment System (IDEAS),
Johansson, 1993. Two self-scored inventories—one for middle and high school students and one for adults—that measure interests in 16 areas. Self-scored or computer-scored. Published by Pearson Assessments, Bloomington, Minnesota.
"or treating individuals equitably and fostering fairness and equality;" (ACA, 2014)
Justice
The career development theory that includes genetic endowments, special abilities, environmental conditions, and events is by the following author:
Krumboltz
planned happenstance
Krumboltz Unplanned and chance events will influence an individual's career development and such occurrences should be expected and taken advantage of.
Theory / Conceptual framework: Life Space, Life Span Approach to Careers
Life roles are interconnected in that success in one life role promotes success in other life roles
Which of the following is a characteristic of descriptive laboratory studies?
Low internal validity and low external validity
Which of the following is a characteristic of descriptive laboratory studies? High internal validity and high external validity Low internal validity and low external validity Low internal validity and high external validity High internal validity and low external validity
Low internal validity and low external validity
______________________ includes identifying the variables of interest, operationally defining the variables so as to allow them to be measured within a sample, and collecting data that are used for analysis.
Measurement
The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), U.S. Department of Defense, 2005.
Measures abilities in 10 content areas and includes measurement of interests by Holland typology and personal preferences (values). Designed for high school seniors, postsecondary students, and adults. Used for admission to various specialties in the armed forces but is also provided free of charge to high school seniors in general. The interest assessment is available as a part of the online Career Exploration Program at asvabprogram.com. This program provides aptitude testing, interest assessment, and exploratory career planning activities free of charge. Published by the U.S. Department of Defense.
Unisex Edition of the ACT Interest Inventory (UNIACT), ACT, 2007.
Measures interest in the six Holland types and uses the Holland code to suggest career areas (occupations and college majors) on the World-of-Work Map for exploration. In interpretation, emphasis is placed on work tasks in the six Holland work environments rather than on personality characteristics. Titles of the six groups have been changed to reflect that emphasis: Technical (R), Science and Technology (I), Arts (A), Social Service (S), Administration and Sales (E), and Business Operations (C). Due to different sets of items and norms, it is appropriate for use with high school students, college students, and adults. Included in ACT Profile (a web-based system), and as a part of the ACT Assessment. Published by ACT, Inc., Iowa City, Iowa.
KUDER SKILLS CONFIDENCE ASSESSMENT (KSCA), Kuder, 2018
Measures self-assessed skills that may be related either to the six Holland occupational groups or the 16 National Career Clusters. Reports strength of skills on a seven-point continuum and suggests occupations and programs of study related to the user's score report. Available only as a part of Kuder's web-based Career Planning Systems, Navigator and Journey. Published by Kuder, Inc., Adel, Iowa.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Myers and Briggs, 2012
Measures the psychological types described by Jung, yielding a four-letter code that can be related to typical profiles of groups of people who work in specific occupations or that can be used to develop teams or understand the interactions among members of a team. The results of the assessment are expressed as an individual's preference along a continuum on scales titled Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving. Combined score reports for the MBTI and the Strong Interest Inventory are available. MBTI is available in Spanish, German, French, Dutch, Canadian French, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Chinese, Swedish, and Russian. Can be used with high school students, college students, and adults. Can be taken in print form or on the Web at mbticomplete.com. Administration of the assessment may be followed by a 1-hour phone interpretation provided by a certified MBTI professional. Published by the Myers-Briggs Company, Mountain View, California.
Super's Work Values Inventory—revised, Super and Zytowski, 2006
Measures users' level of importance rankings of Donald Super's 12 work values and provides ranked scores on a 7-point scale. For use by high school students and adults. Available only in web-based form as a part of the Kuder Career Planning Systems, Navigator and Journey. Published by Kuder, Inc., Adel, Iowa.
Which general guideline from the National Career Development Association (NCDA) (2003) underscore the competency issue?
Members seek only those positions in the delivery of professional services for which they are professionally qualified & Members recognize their limitations and provide services or only use techniques for which they are qualified by training and/or experience
Scientist Practitioners
Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.
___________________________________ is a regression-based statistical procedure that helps address the limitation of traditional regression insofar that the procedure accounts for the interdependencies in scores (e.g., the same person who reports on behavior at multiple occasions; see Shadish et al., 2013).
Multilevel modeling,
Which of the following statements is true of duplicate publications?
Multiple articles reporting the same findings based on the same data set may give an impression of availability of more information on a particular topic than is warranted
The essential feature of this design is that data are recorded on more than one dependent variable, or target behavior, simultaneously.
Multiple-Baseline Design
rejecting the Null when the Null hypothesis is false is a type 1 error?
No that is False.
A two-tailed test specifies that one mean is greater than the other? T or F?
No, false.
the interval scale is considered to be the mother of all scales because it includes all the characteristics of the other scales and has an absolute zero. T or F?
No, that's false.
if the standard distribution is 95%, do the scores fall within 3 standard deviations from the mean?
No, the do not.
A polygon can be used with all types of data except
Nominal data
"or avoiding actions that cause harm" (ACA, 2014) This includes not inflicting intentional harm and avoiding the risk of harming others.
Non-maleficence
A researcher is developing a study to examine the emotional IQ of elephants and all other animals at the zoo. He hypothesizes that the Mean emotional IQ of the elephants will be greater than the rest. This would be an example of a:
One-tailed hypothesis (pardon the pun...)
Scales of measurement include:
Ordinal and ratio.
The NCDG framework coding system:
PS—Personal Social Development; ED—Educational Achievement and Lifelong Learning; CM—Career Management
Through whose efforts were the components of the trait-and-factor theory developed into step-by-step procedures designed to help clients make wise career decisions?
Parsons and Williamson
indicate a point or range on a normal distribution where the examinee's score falls compared with the scores of those in the norm group.
Percentile scores
Contextual interaction during the life span is referred to as what type of perspective?
Person-in-environment perspective
Theory / Conceptual framework: Career Development from a Social Cognitive Perspective
Personal determinants of career development are conceptualized as self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals
involves publication of several and perhaps slightly different studies from the same data set.
Piecemeal, or fragmented, publication
General phases of career counseling include all of the following except Beginning or initial. Middle or working. Placement. Ending or termination.
Placement
What are Correlational studies?
Popular among social scientists. They use statistical calculations to measure the degree and direction of relationship that variables have with one another. The includes both positive and negative relationships.
What are two sampling procedures?
Probability sample- each participant has a change of being selected for the sampleii. Nonprobability sample- the probability of a participant being selected for the study is unknown and it may be zero for some participants.
________________________ is undertaken when a program's decision makers, recipients, funders, and/or managers want to determine whether a program is effective, to what degree, under what conditions, at what financial or social costs, and with what intentional or unintentional outcomes.
Program evaluation
______________________________ is often described as a process for judging the worth of a program relative to other alternatives, based on defensible, previously defined criteria (Scriven, 1980).
Program evaluation
Ethical standards include a list of standards that:
Provide guidelines for ethical behavior
According to the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) theory, the major strategy of career interventions is to:
Provide learning interventions to enhance one's information processing ability
The practice of career counseling has a close theoretical and practical relationship with Psychotherapy. Hypnosis. Psychoanalysis. Psychosomatic.
Psychotherapy
Step 1 Define target population & characteristics
Purpose: get clear picture of people program will serve A) describe population via demographic data, mean & range of scores on aptitude tests, gender, age range, and type of diversity. Info/data will provide insight about reading level, methods, tools, time available, & level of sophistication for material to be presented in the career planning program.
Matthew, a counseling student, is planning to conduct a research study. He wants to study people's reactions to the outbreak of a new disease. No such study had been done on this topic and no prior data is available on this subject. Which of the following research designs will be most suitable for Matthew's research?
Qualitative research
________________________________, like true experimental designs, involve the manipulation of one or more independent variables, but not the random assignment of participants to conditions.
Quasi-experimental designs,
__________________________________ are those subtle, at times ambiguous, negative comments, invalidations, or put-downs regarding one's race or ethnicity (Sue et al., 2007).
Racial/ethnic microaggressions
Measures of variability can be all of these:
Range, Standard Deviation and Variance
report the number of items chosen or correct in a given category
Raw scores
Using results of evaluation
Reason for eval. determines how results will be used. pg. 306-8
The larger the sample size, the greater the probability of
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
_____ explore the degree to which two or more research constructs are related or vary together. Quasi-experiments Demand characteristics Reliability estimates Relationship questions
Relationship questions
When reporting results, it is a researcher's responsibility to: Present just the facts and leave the interpretation to the stakeholders to reduce bias. Privately acknowledge contributions of all people involved in a study Report findings and present them in a way that is clear and understandable to readers. Filter out research results that do not support a particular theory
Report findings and present them in a way that is clear and understandable to readers.
____________________________ involves developing both a plan and a structure for an investigation and provides a framework from which the researcher can execute the study that simultaneously reduces certain kinds of error and helps the researcher obtain empirical evidence (data) about variables of interest.
Research design
_________________ is defined as the confidence in one's ability to successfully complete various research-related tasks (Kahn & Schlosser, 2014).
Research self- efficacy
Critical thinking
Researches use critical thinking skills to determine the research topic—these skills are most commonly known as "Bloom's Taxonomy of Higher Order Thinking Skills
A major tenet of Super's theory is that the career pattern one follows through life:
Results from expression of one's vocational self-concept
One area of ethical concern that troubles many secondary school counselors:
Role of secondary school counselor in assisting students with determining appropriate educational and/or training plans & role of counselor as a provider of post-secondary education Simultaneous role of helping students determine an appropriate institution and providing a recommendation to the institution could be considered a dual relationship. (complicated by role of parents who expect counselors to help them realize their hopes and dreams for their children.
Super's tool to measure the relative importance to 5 life roles (student, worker, citizen, homemaker and leisurite) in 3 dimensions (one behavioral and 2 affective)
Salience inventory
Technically, a(n) _____ is a subset of the target population. Population frame Sample Effect size Observation
Sample
A career style assessment model used as a strategy to help clients identify subjective themes that guide their career development has been developed by Carlsen. Super. Neimeyer. Savickas.
Savickas.
_______________ is a crucial feature that distinguishes the counselor from a nonprofessional layperson, in large part because of its self-corrective characteristics.
Scientific thinking
__________________________ refers to a controlled method of inquiry and reasoning, typically to collect data of some kind for the purpose of testing a hypothesis.
Scientific thinking
Which of the following courses of action is recommended in order to assess and weigh the risk/benefit ratio of a study? Selecting only those participants who have certain characteristics that make them more resistant to the risks involved in the study Being self-assured and impervious to the views of colleagues that may introduce biases Always giving more weightage to societal benefits than individual costs while designing a research experiment Taking the worldview and the cultural background of the researcher into consideration while assessing risks involved in the study
Selecting only those participants who have certain characteristics that make them more resistant to the risks involved in the study
What is the centerpiece of Super's approach to vocational behavior?
Self-concept theory
O*Net Interest Profiler, U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 1999.
Self-scored or web-based instrument designed to measure interests according to Holland's six personality types for persons in middle school through adulthood. May be printed out, copied, and distributed along with the score report and an interpretive booklet from onetcenter.org. Executable code may also be downloaded from this site. An online version is available at MyNextMove.org.
The largest single influence in the development of this design has come from researchers working out of an operant conditioning paradigm, using specific target behaviors and clearly identifiable treatment phases in their research.
Single-subject Experimental Design
Herr et al. (2004) recommend using a five-stage planning model for facilitating the implementation of systematic career development intervention programs:
Stage 1: Develop a program rationale and philosophy. Stage 2: State program goals and behavioral objectives. Stage 3: Select program processes. Stage 4: Develop an evaluation design. Stage 5: Identify program milestones.
____________________________________- range from 20 to 80, with 50 at the mean (50%), and each standard deviation is counted as 10 percentile points.
Standard T-scores
The nine stanines are as follows:
Stanine 1 = below 4% of a distribution Stanine 2 = the next 7%, percentile values 4 to 10 Stanine 3 = the next 12%, percentile values 11 to 22 Stanine 4 = the next 17%, percentile values 23 to 39 Stanine 5 = the next 20%, percentile values 40 to 59 Stanine 6 = the next 17%, percentile values 60 to 76 Stanine 7 = the next 12%, percentile values 77 to 88 Stanine 8 = the next 7%, percentile values 89 to 95 Stanine 9 = the top 4%, percentile values above 95
The method section in a research report should ideally include a: Summary of the findings in the context of prior research and theory. Description of the hypotheses, results, and conclusions Description of the theoretical or conceptual rationale to clarify the purpose of the research report Summary of the participants, materials, procedures, and design used to conduct the study.
Summary of the participants, materials, procedures, and design used to conduct the study.
definition of self-concept
Super defined self-concept as a picture of the self in some role, situation or position, performing some set of functions, or in some web of relationships.
C-DAC model
Super's Career Development Assessment and Counseling intervention. Translates the three key aspects into career practice to help people articulate their career concerns, examine their life role salience, and clarify their self-concepts.
Leading developmental approach
Super's life-span. Evolved over 40 years.
career development interventions promote specific values; National governments vary in their support & expectations of career interventions.
Super: countries that are relatively prosperous & free from the threat of outside interventions tend to view career development interventions as vehicles for fostering the individual's abilities, personal values, & interests. When experiencing economic hardships or possible threat of outside intervention tend to view it as vehicle for channeling people into occupations deemed as being crucial for national survival. (Space race example)
Career counselors provide support to clients by all of the following except: Telling the clients what the solution to their problem is Tacilitating hope, confidence, and purpose within clients Addressing anxiety, confusion or depression related to career concerns Helping clients cope with challenges they encounter as they manage their career development
Telling the clients what the solution to their problem is
____________________________ is measured as a correlation coefficient, defined as the correlation between two measurements obtained in the same manner.
Test-retest reliability
Frequently referred to as a reversal design
The ABAB design
The ABAB design is a four-phase experiment:
The ABAB design starts with a period of baseline data gathering (A1) and a treatment phase (B1), and then it returns to a baseline period (A2) where the intervention is withdrawn, and then finally a second treatment phase (B2).
Code of Ethics, (ACA, 2014)
The American Counseling Association (ACA)
Ethical Principles of Psychologists, (APA, 2010)
The American Psychological Association (APA)
Career Occupational Preference Survey (COPS), Knapp and Knapp, 1995
The COPS Interest Inventory consists of 168 items and provides job activity interest scores related to 14 different career clusters. Can be used with students in grades 7-12, college students, and adults. Can be taken in print form or via computer software or Internet. Available in Spanish. Published by EdITs, San Diego, California.
O*Net Ability Profiler, U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration, 2001
The O*Net Ability Profiler uses a paper-and-pencil format with optional apparatus parts and computerized scoring. Individuals can use O*Net Ability Profiler results to identify their strengths and areas for which they might want to receive more training and education, or to identify occupations that fit their strengths. The O*Net Ability Profiler measures nine job-relevant abilities: Verbal Ability, Arithmetic Reasoning, Computation, Spatial Ability, Form Perception, Clerical Perception, Motor Coordination, Finger Dexterity, and Manual Dexterity. This instrument can be downloaded without charge from the O*Net website at onetcenter.org
this model consists of training in both scientific and practitioner activities; the basic assumption is that students trained in both science and practice will be better prepared for the multitude of employment demands in the counseling profession.
The Scientist-Practitioner Model
SkillScan Advance Pack (2017), SkillScan Drive Online (2018), and SkillScan Express (2014).
The SkillScan Advance Pack provides the opportunity for users to sort manually a large number of cards (which describe transferrable skills) according to areas of competence, preference, and need for development and to identify skills with a combination of high competence and preference. These skills can be used to identify occupations, college majors, and training programs. The web- and mobile-friendly versions, Drive Online and SkillScan Express, are available at skillscan.com. Appropriate for use with high school students, college students, and adults. Published by SkillScan, Martinez, California.
O*Net Work Importance Profiler, U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 2001
The Work Importance Profiler measures the importance of six work values—achievement, independence, recognition, relationships, support, and working conditions. Individuals who take the instrument begin by rank ordering 21 work need statements by comparing them with one another. The results are linked to occupational titles. The instrument can be downloaded without charge either as a print document or as executable code from www.onetcenter.org.
The central limit theorem involves what?
The distribution of sample means approaching normality.
The NCDA Ethical Standards (2003) begins by stating:
The ethical importance of informing the client of the purpose and explicit use of test results
Which statement best describes experimental control?
The extent to which unwanted influences on the dependent variable have been eliminated
Individuals in this stage objectively examine the cultural values of their own group as well as those espoused by the dominant group
The final stage of the Atkinson et al. (1989) model: synergistic articulation and awareness.
The moral obligation of counselors implies
The intent of the counselor to do what is appropriate?
What is Qualitative research?
The narrative behind the numbers. A systematic, subjective approach to research that is used to describe life experiences and situations and give them meaning.
Construct confounding is a threat to construct validity that occurs when:
The operationalization of a construct also inadvertently operationalizes another construct.
Which of the following is recommended while assigning publication credits for the contributions to a research project?
The order of authorship should be decided according to the decreasing order of the scholarly contributions of the researchers
Which of the following is a true statement about determining sample size in a study?
The probability that the sample is representative of the target population increases with the increase in sample size
_________________________________________________ involves two phases that are repeated in a randomized fashion such that the presence of an A or a B phase at any point in time is dependent on random assignment.
The randomized AB design
Identify an issue related to the outcomes of a study that act as a threat to the external validity of the study?
The results obtained with one set of measures do not generalize to outcomes that would be assessed by a different set of measures.
The most relevant information given to clients about peer counselors is:
Their training and supervision
Which of the following statements is true of race?
There are real social consequences of being perceived to be a part of an identifiable racial system.
Which of the following is a reason to pay particular attention to the discussion section of articles when specifying research questions and hypotheses? The summary statement is the easiest way to understand complex data There may be explicit discussion of future research needs. This section holds the references the author used This section strives to clarify unanswered research questions.
There may be explicit discussion of future research needs.
Which of the following is true of quantitative research designs?
They are closely aligned with a postpositivist paradigm and seek to test research hypotheses using the scientific method
a standard score (also called a T-score).
This term is related to the term standard deviation, which is a way of measuring how far an individual's score is from the middle (i.e., the 50th percentile) of the distribution.
A great deal of research in counseling involves extending the results of previous research True False
True
According to the positivist perspective, a given experiment is expected to lead to the same outcome and conclusion, regardless of who conducts the experiment.
True
An experimental laboratory study relies upon the researcher setting up a situation to resemble one that is naturally occurring rather than observing participants in real-life settings. True False
True
Belief in the utility of research is a critically important factor in the process of becoming a competent counselor- researcher
True
Even when a researcher has carefully designed an independent variable, there is no assurance that the experimental manipulation will achieve its purpose.
True
Evidence-based practice policies require that psychotherapists' practice be grounded in theory and research.
True
In context of the issue of confidentiality, if someone other than the experimenter will have access to data, this should be explained to the participants along with plans for maintaining confidentiality True False
True
In the constructivist paradigm, there can be no predictions based upon hypothesized truths or tests of conjectures.
True
In unstructured interviews that are used as part of qualitative research, an interviewer has great latitude to explore a phenomenon of interest and ask probing questions to get a more complete description
True
Inferential statistics help researchers avoid making over-generalizations based on one experience
True
It is essential for researchers to focus on investigating a few constructs only and not to try to do too much in developing an original contribution
True
Operational definitions are referred to as a sort of manual of instructions that spells out what an investigator must do to measure or manipulate research variables during the procedures of a study.
True
Ordinal data is distinguished by having the characteristics of both identity and magnitude True False
True
Research indicates that people are selective or biased in the type of information to which they attend and do not think as "objective computers."
True
Scientific research can advance researchers' understanding of human behavior by providing data that can be used to understand these behaviors. This contributes to the ability to alter such behaviors through counseling and consultation interventions.
True
Technically, a population consists of the observations or scores of the people, rather than the people themselves. True False
True
The a priori method of "fixing belief" states that if something makes sense and has previously been believed to be true, then it is indeed true.
True
The discussion section in a research report includes a summary of the findings of the study in the context of prior research and theory, an overview of study limitations, future directions, and implications. True False
True
a frequency table helps researchers answer how often an event occurs and the frequency which it occurs.
True
___________________ are very useful in terms of controlling and eliminating many threats to internal validity.
True experimental designs
The difference between population means in terms of standard deviations is called the effect size.
True, that is correct.
Watts, Super & Kidd in comparing US & Britain
USA = heavily dominated by psychologists; dominant focus on actions of individuals; USA formally committed, as a nation,to proposition that all people are equal, believing individuals control their own destiny; with appropriate abilities & with development of those appropriate abilities they control their fate. Britain = indigenous theoretical work more preoccupied with constraints of social structures
Inferential statistics allows researchers to predict the value of
Unknown parameters based on known statistics.
The Personality Type Profiler, Golden, 2004
Used by employers to assess the talents of job applicants or employees and to build cohesive, productive teams. The Golden Personality Type Profiler identifies both a Jungian four-letter personality type and a fifth element for stress, in addition to providing scores for 18 traits (facets) that help describe the unique personality of each person. Score reports can be provided either for individuals or for teams. The assessment is administered online at us.talentlens.com. Published by Pearson Publishing, San Antonio, Texas.
Which of the following is considered riskier for inexperienced counselors and researchers?
Using their own observations about a topic as a source of ideas for research topics
Which of the following is considered riskier for inexperienced counselors and researchers? Beginning research training by working closely within their advisor's research interests Using their own observations about a topic as a source of ideas for research topics Spending precious time reading literature review articles and handbooks Attending more closely to the constructs that have been used in the previous research
Using their own observations about a topic as a source of ideas for research topics
"or dealing truthfully with individuals with whom counselors come into professional contact." (ACA, 2014)
Veracity
Step 8: Start promoting and delivering full blown program or services
Very important: same time content is being designed, that plans are being made to promote program. Plans for promotion should be ready to implement PRIOR to time services will be implemented First round of delivery needs to be high quality ensuring program will gain an image of quality and usefulness from outset
The NCDA offers this type of certification for individuals with an advanced degree (master's or higher) in counselor education who are licensed and engaged in career counseling practice.
WRONG ANSWER: Career Development Facilitator (CDF)
The author's position on using ethical codes
We agree with position that TOO many ethical codes exist & hope that at some future time the counseling profession will move toward single ethics code with annotations or appendices for special situations & areas of practice.
Who suggested (2002) that in career counseling programs that use peer counselors, clients are to be informed of issues of confidentiality?
Welfel
Herr & Niles; referring to counseling and psychotherapy
Western therapies vs Eastern therapies; one is not a substitute for the other bc value sets, assumptions & cultural artifacts make some forms of counseling & psychotherapy unacceptable or ineffective in cultures different from those in which such interventions were invented. intervention models based on European American values, emphasizing individualism, do not mesh with family expectations or traditions found in societies in which group decisions are the norm and the family is the PRINCIPLE arbiter of appropriate occupational choices.
What is the meaning of "free consent"?
When a client agrees to engage in counseling without coercion
Ethical competence is assured:
When one presents evidence of their qualifications
Under what conditions can a counselor reveal confidential information about a client without their permission?
When there is clear and imminent danger to the client or to others
Any of the following could be used to measure interests except
WorkKeys
____________________________________ profiles a person's skills in 11 areas, comparing them to the level of skills needed in those same areas for specific jobs within an organization.
WorkKeys (ACT, 2015),
What is the best way to learn about research methods?
Writing a research proposal
What type of test is likely to commit a Type II error?
a Statistically powerful one.
scores for some instruments will be reported as a single-point score on a continuum or as a range
a band of confidence.
In an ABAB design if the behavior at A2 does not revert to the baseline levels, then __________________________________________________________
a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables cannot be inferred because other (unknown) variables may have been the causal influence.
"Purpose" section of National Association of Social Workers (NASW):
a code of ethics cannot guarantee ethical behavior. code of ethics cannot resolve all ethical issues or disputes or capture the richness and complexity involved in striving to make responsible choices w/in a moral community. code of ethics sets forth values, ethical principles, & ethical standards to which professionals aspire and by which their actions can be judged
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define a disability as
a condition of the mind or body (impairment) that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities (activity limitation) and interact with the world around them (participation restrictions).
Axelson (1985) defined multicultural counseling as
a helping process that places the emphasis for counseling theory and practice equally on the cultural impression of both the counselor and client.
agender
a person who does not identify as having a gender
Sample bias-
a sample that is different than the pop is referred to as a biased sample. this misrepresents the population and over or under emphasizes aspects of the population
A major threat to the internal validity of a pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design involves
a selection-by-maturation interaction.
In terms of legal and ethical issues, consultation is
a strategy to avoid legal and ethical pitfalls.
A counselor asks questions that are related to some theoretical base
a structured interview
In essence, the ABAB design examines the effect of __________________________ by either presenting or withdrawing the variable during different phases in an attempt to provide unambiguous evidence of the causal effect of the ______________________.
a treatment (or independent variable)
By being actively involved in the program from conception to implementation, evaluators are in a position to:
a) identify problems with the data collection procedures to minimize the risk of losing valuable data, b) collect data to evaluate program effectiveness, c) formulate and then test hypotheses that arise as the program matures, d) document changes in the program's implementation over time, e) give possible explanations for unanticipated results, and f) document unanticipated positive outcomes.
Hill and colleagues (1983) noted that intensive single-subject designs:
a) permit a more adequate description of what actually happens between a counselor and client, b) facilitate more integration of process data with positive or negative outcomes, c) allow a close examination of the change process in the therapeutic relationship, and d) allow outcome measures to be tailored to an individual client's problems.
Starting with the framework presented by Herman, Morris, and Fitz-Gibbon (1987), an evaluator undertakes four phases of program evaluation, applicable at any stage of a program:
a) setting the boundaries of the evaluation, b) selecting appropriate evaluation methods, c) collecting and analyzing information, and d) reporting the findings.
Single-subject experimental designs have a number of common features (Kazdin, 2003) including:
a) specification of the treatment goal, b) repeated measurement of the dependent variable over time, c) treatment phases, and d) stability of baseline data.
The advantages of informal assessments include the following:
a) they are low cost or free of charge, b) they may not require the ordering of materials in advance, c) they may not require as much time to administer as formal assessments, and d) they may be less anxiety producing for the client
In its ideal form, the scientist-practitioner model has a _____ split of performing science and practice activities
a. 50-50
two different techniques that invovles the participants not knowing something or researcher not knowing something
a. Blind technique in which participant do not know whether they are receiving treatment or not. P. 37b. Double-blind technique- both researcher and participant are unaware of who is receiving treatment.
The process of adopting the traits or social patterns of another group is known as
acculturation
Individuals with disabilities are confronted with all of the challenges except:
affordable housing
Requirement of NCDA Code of Ethics
all career professionals who believe an ethical violation has occurred to take action & the code cites the ACA code of ethics as source of guidance
Purposes for writing measurable objectives include
all of the above. defining the benchmarks for evaluation. requiring the program designer to specify desired outcomes. determining the content of the program.
Construct underrepresentation occurs when
all of the important aspects of a construct are not incorporated
Gelso's bubble hypothesis states that:
all research designs will have some limitations
Tjeltveit's suggestions to consult with professional colleagues
also applies to instances when client's concerns extend beyond traditional issues of clarifying, specifying and implementing career choice.
Kidder (1995) concerning ethical dilemmas
an ethical dilemma occurs only in instances in which there are competing "rights" or there is a struggle to determine the "least bad" course of action. Kidder labels situations which the struggle is between right and wrong as moral temptations. Attempting to judge propriety of one's own actions might be the ultimate dual relationship
Kerlinger's MAXMINCON principle states that:
an experimental research should minimize the error variance of random variables due to errors of measurement or individual differences of participants
In a true experimental design:
an independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to assess the effect of the manipulation on a dependent variable
nonbinary
an individual who does not view their gender within the gender binary of male or female
transgender
an individual whose gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth
cisgender
an individual whose gender identity is the same as the sex they were assigned at birth
norm-referenced
an individual's scores are compared with those of one or more "norm" groups.
a type of informal assessment.
an interview
Niles & Pate
argue that a career counselors must at the minimum, be able to identify with mental health issues presented by a client. Once identified, they must determine whether it is appropriate to refer the client to mental health issues within the context of career counseling.
When a client's concerns include depressive feelings, low self-esteem, and other serious mental health issues, career counselors should
assess whether they can adequately deal with the problem at hand or should refer the client to another professional.
In an ABAB design if the reversal in fact results in a return to the baseline, then re-administering the independent variable________ will serve as a replication, further strengthening the inferred causal relationship.
at B2
The major theme of career development at the elementary school level is _________________________
awareness.
Which of the following research designs is an example of an independent variable with two conditions?
b. A treatment group and a control group
Identify a main component in the process of selecting a research topic and developing a research idea into a testable hypothesis.
b. Identifying research variables
Which of the following is a reason to pay particular attention to the discussion section of articles when specifying research questions and hypotheses?
b. There may be explicit discussion of future research needs.
In the context of qualitative research strategies, memo writing, constant comparative method, and theoretical sampling are primary features of _____.
b. grounded theory
The foundation of counseling and counseling psychology is based on the integration of:
b. science into practice and of practice into science.
One method of phase specification is to designate a
baseline and a treatment phase
The AB design is basically a two-phase experiment; the A phase is a __________ , and the B phase is an ___________________.
baseline period / intervention phase.
Most counselor training programs have a number of training components aimed at promoting the development of an array of research competencies (e.g., research design, statistics). However the author's add two additional competencies that merit attention:
basic scientific or critical thinking skills and basic research application skills.
Counselors have a responsibility to conduct research that contributes to welfare for their clients. This statement corresponds to the ethical principle of _____.
beneficence
Herr & Niles (1998)
beyond being sensitive to personal values, the client's values, the values embedded w/in career interventions models, counselors need to be cognizant of the values being propagated at the national level.
Sometimes ______ is also referred to as error, error variance, or "noise."
bias
Cross and Strauss (1998) identified three functions of Black identity that describe how cultural identity statuses can help Black and African American individuals adapt to their environment:
bonding, buffering, and bridging.
Threats to statistical power
both: unequal variables within the sample group and Skewness.
According to Gelso et al. (2013), which of the following components of graduate training programs fosters positive attitudes toward research among students?
c. Emphasizing that all studies are limited and flawed
Which of the following is true of the scientist-practitioner model of training in counseling?
c. It emphasizes systematic and thoughtful analyses of human experiences and judicious application of the knowledge and attitudes gained from such analyses.
In the context of qualitative research phases and their associated tasks, which of the following tasks belongs to the phase "The Researcher as a Multicultural Subject"?
c. Recording biases, assumptions, and values throughout all stages of the research process
Which of the following is a difference between independent variables and status variables?
c. Status variables cannot be manipulated, whereas independent variables can be manipulated.
The _____ focuses on how clinicians develop and test hypotheses in the session while working with their clients.
c. local clinical scientist model
Turnbull (1977) discussed consent in this special relationship in terms of three key elements:
capacity, information, and voluntariness
School counselors are charged with helping all students with the career-planning process through stages of career awareness:
career awareness (elementary school), exploration (middle school), and career preparation and decision-making (high school and postsecondary).
Krumboltz's view
career decision making is influenced by complex environmental factors, many of which are beyond the control of any single individual
Cognitive and attitudinal readiness to cope with the developmental tasks of finding, preparing for, pursuing, getting established in, and retiring from an occupation.
career maturity/career adaptability
a collection of items which provide evidence of an individual's capability and skills.
career portfolio
"Major life activities" include functions such as
caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working.
Cohort designs allow researchers to make ______________ because comparability can often be assumed between adjacent cohorts that do or do not receive a treatment (Shadish et al., 2002).
causal inferences
In studies with low experimental control, researchers can make inferences about relationships but not about
causality.
In the context of threats to statistical conclusion validity, the range restriction of a variable that occurs due to the insensitivity of the instrument measuring the variable to the construct being measured at the upper limit is referred to as ______.
ceiling effect
What are some changes to bloom's skills?
changing the terms from nouns to verbs. Changing the term synthesizing, which reflected the concept of taking new information and combining it with existing info, was replaced by the term creating, which reflects making meaning out of findings
Step 3: Write measurable objectives to meet needs
clear statement of goal, including how to determine whether or not the goal has been reached.
When to breach confidentiality?
client signals danger to self or other person
Empirically supported treatments are based on
clinical research that produces evidence of their efficacy
Role of coordination
collaborate with internal staff and external entities to deliver parts of program services. develop curriculum w/teachers develop workshops with with community organizations to serve as mentors for students; work with parent to raise money for programs work with employers to offer job-shadowing experiences or internships
The most useful foundation for the exploration process is provided by
combining interest inventories with aptitude test results.
Individuals in the ___________________ adhere to the dominant culture's value system, including its perception of racial/ethnic minorities
conformity stage
Which of the following types of validity refers to the extent to which the measured variables actually measure the conceptual variables?
construct validity
Ideas of world are created
constructivism
Things to remember by Jacqueline Gatewood- "the six most important things to remember in counseling ethics are:
consult, consult, consult, document, document, document
What is Validity?
content and criterion. the degree to which a test measures what it says it measures. the peabody test said it measured intelligence. however, it only tests receptive vocabulary, so that's not valid.
_______________________________________ exists when test items are more familiar to members of one group than they are to another group.
content bias
In the role of advocacy, counselors
convince stakeholders of the importance of services.
_____ explore the degree to which two or more research constructs are related or vary together.
correlational questions
Which of the following states that an individual's social constructions are shaped by the social, political, cultural, historical, and economic forces in the environment that often have been created by individuals who were in positions of power?
critical theory
The CiCl (Ponterotto, Rivera, & Sueyoshi, 2000) interview focuses on understanding the client from five spheres of career development influence:
culture, family, religion, community, and larger society self-view and self-efficacy; barriers and oppression; and narrative and relationship.
Which of the following statements is true of qualitative researchers?
d. Researchers acknowledge their assumptions about a study by taking field notes and writing reflexive journals.
Even though the analysis of status variables is often identical to that of independent variables, it is more difficult to establish causal inferences because _____.
d. they are not manipulated
The primary function of an operational definition in the development of a research idea is to:
define the constructs involved in a particular study
In essence, target behaviors are the ____________ variables of the investigation.
dependent
The purpose behind creating a research proposal is to address an issue by:
describing, predicting, or explaining.
_____ essentially ask what some phenomena or events are like and explain the variables of interest with questions such as how much, how often, what percentage, and so on.
descriptive questions
Michelle is planning to conduct a research study to find out the prevalence rates of suicide among college students who live in the state of California and identify as Hispanic. Identify the type of research design required to answer Michelle's research question.
descriptive research
A target population is a group
designated to receive services.
The first step in planning an evaluation is to
determine specific measurable objectives of the services.
Appropriate career development goals for elementary school children include all of the following except:
develop skills for engaging in educational and occupational exploration
The paradigm of positivism posits that:
dichotomous conclusions are possible in scientific research
Like the AB designs, there is continual collection of data, but in multiple-baseline designs there are two or more data collection baselines on ______________________________.
different dependent measures.
If some planners of the evaluation are pleased with results but others are not, it is probable that
different stakeholders have different desired outcomes.
Internet to be used in career development
dimensions of the Internet counseling controversy are in many ways similar to issues in endorsing career interventions by the untrained or undertrained professional counselor.
The _____ of a scale can be established by providing a low correlation coefficient between two measures.
discriminant validity
According to the hourglass format of writing a research report, the _____ section is depicted at the bottom of the hourglass.
discussion
ethical issues can arise outside of the career professionals helping relationship, such as
dual relationships (which can impair objectivity) dilemmas: "business ethics"
An evaluation can (and most often should) occur at one or a combination of four stages of a program:
during conceptualization, design, implementation, or upon completion (Rossi & Freeman, 1999).
Anne Roe's Personality Theory of Career Choice
early childhood experiences influence career behavior. Orients a person either toward people or away from people. Unsatisfied needs are strong motivators for people making career choices.
circumscription
eliminating unacceptable occupational alternatives based primarily on gender and prestige
Providing caring, trust, and empathy to clients is an example of the kind of support known as
emotional
What is research?
empirical investigation of the relationship between two or more variable
Scientist practitioners are aware the gold standard, which are:
empirically supported treatments (EST's)
refers to the specific treatment that works for certain disorders or problems.
empirically supported treatments (ESTs)
According to the textbook, career counselors working with sexual minorities should do all of the following except:
encourage them to keep their sexual preferences private
Matrix to be used to classify career practitioners' behaviors into one of four categories:
ethical and legal unethical and legal ethical and illegal unethical and illegal
Whereas the goals of research are primarily to enhance the profession's knowledge base, the program evaluator's goal is to
evaluate the effectiveness of a particular program with a defined group of participants.
Benchmarks for evaluation
evaluation implies that outcomes will be compared with desired standards. typically set by facilitator or instructor of career planning pg. 301-3
Two major issues that have implications for selection of research design are
experimental control and generalizability.
Which of the following research designs provides an opportunity to include the best combination of inferences about cause and generalizability that is attainable within a single study?
experimental field studies
The main disadvantage of the pretest-posttest cohort design is that the pretest can constitute a threat to ______________ because of pretest sensitization; that is, taking the pretest itself in some way sensitized the participants and caused their scores at posttest to differ.
external validity
The most direct way to increase the ____ of a study is to build variables that represent persons, settings, or times into the design of the study.
external validity
The stages of racial identity development include all of the following except
externalization.
Conclusions drawn from small samples are high in external validity.
false
Depression scores on a standardized test, such as the MMPI-Depression scale, are examples of independent variables.
false
Descriptive studies are often the final step in the topics and populations after more complex and causal relationships have been examined.
false
In a one-tailed statistical test, a researcher reserves the option of rejecting the null hypothesis in either direction.
false
In order to make the abstract of a research report self-contained, it is important to include all relevant abbreviations and acronyms in it.
false
In statistical tests, an alternative hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the variables in the study.
false
The cross-national cultural competence (CNCC) model stresses that all individuals from a similar background have the same level of cultural competencies.
false
The discussion is the most-often read portion of a research report.
false
Unlike qualitative designs, quantitative approaches aim to understand the research questions of interest via interviews, observation, and artifacts and typically produce rich descriptions of the data to make interpretations of meaning.
false
A counselor conducts a study in her private practice. She offers free counseling services to 25 of her clients who agree to participate in the study. However, after 8 weeks of multiple free counseling sessions for each of the participants in the study, she realized that she could no longer financially afford it. Hence she asks all her clients, regardless of study participation, to resume payment for services offered. Which of the following ethical principles did the counselor transgress in this scenario?
fidelity
This necessitates storage of raw data for some time after a study is published, typically for
five to seven years.
The trait-and-factor approach of the 20th-century includes steps such as:
gaining knowledge of self, gaining knowledge of the world of work, and applying decision-making skills to making an occupational choice.
Researchers have defined ____ an culturally ascribed characteristics associated with maleness or femaleness that are distinct from natal, assigned, or biological sex.
gender
Of the following, the most easily measured objective is
given the titles of 18 occupations, will be able to sort them correctly into six clusters.
Goals in career counseling have all of the following attributes except
global
Step 4: Determine How to deliver the career planning services
goal is to provide as rich an array of services to as many people as possible in the most cost-effective way. Providing service via one-on-one interviews is the most expensive and the most time-consuming way to deliver service. It is desirable to do as much as possible through other methods that are effective but demand less time. Other methods special courses within existing courses workshops virtual career center assign web-based career planning systems providing self-help materials that may include assessment inventories & companion workbook
One of the most feasible ways to deliver career planning services at the high school level is
group guidance.
Krumboltz's LTCC (learning theory of career counseling)
guides counselors in designing interventions addressing 3 concerns: 1. absence of a goal/career indecision 2. an expressed concern about high aspirations 3. a conflict between equally appropriate alternatives
Which of the following are true of formal assessments
have known reliability.
CBI-career beliefs inventory - Krumboltz
helps counselors identify problematic client beliefs associated with career problem categories (indecision, unrealism and multipotentiality). The CBI helps counselors understand their clients' career beliefs and assumptions, and it is most useful at start.
A descriptive field study is often ____________________because a sample of participants can be taken directly from a population of interest.
high in external validity
Experimental laboratory studies are often _________________ because the experimenter can randomly assign participants to treatments and manipulate one or more independent variables.
high in internal validity
theaters in which life roles are played out (super)
home, school, workplace, community
What managers will want to know
how much total cost requires spending additional money & how much represents use of staff, equipment & materials that already exist. May also have to project expected gains from having delivered program of services pg. 297
The Difference between qualitative and quantitative approach?
i. Sample size. Qualitative: you may find a sample of six or seven to get to the point of data saturation (process where a qualitative researcher interview participants and while asking them questions, looks for common themes in the narrative), while in quantitative, a rule of thumb is that the minimum sample size should be 30.ii. Qualitative research is more concerned with trustworthiness, while quantitative research deals with reliability and validity.1. Trustworthiness def. -p. 59 bottom. (results are both enlightening and believable).2. Traditional researchers, namely positivists, feel less comfortable with qualitative research. P. 60iii. Qualitative research have 4 requirements to establish trustworthiness (Guba 1981). Guba's 4 constructs p. 60 bottom1. Establishing credibility2. Transferability3. Dependability4. Confirmabilityiv. One of the differences between qual and quan research involves the gathering of data. P. 61 top.1. Qualitative- words, personal narrative.2. Quantitative- numbers.
emic
i.e., culturally specific
etic
i.e., universal
Assessment should be used less for the prediction of valid options, as the future will be different from the present, and more for
identifying new concepts of self, needed areas for growth, and new possibilities for exploration.
Karen is interested in studying the prevalence of suicidal ideation in her clients who are suffering from schizophrenia. She selects a random sample from the list of clients she had treated in the previous year. Although she engages in the random selection of participants, when she begins to analyze her data, she realizes that the clients in her sample are generally younger than those who did not participate in the study. This finding:
impacts the generalizability of the results to all her clients who are suffering from schizophrenia
Step 7: begin to promote & explain services
important to build understanding and supportive environment for introduction of new program. Ways: 1) invite others to help design program or give others chance to critique or give recommendations 2) explain progress to managers and get feedback early on in development 3) start with small pilot test using prominent students or employees to gain support 4) identify challenges that may be addressed by some part of proposed program
Concerning ethical dilemmas versus moral temptations:
important to know that not all issues involving ethics or proper behaviors deserve the title "dilemma"
Step 6: determine cost of program
in order to calculate costs accurately, necessary that objectives be defined, that methods meet objectives, & that content proposed be solidified.
Static definitions of career development and career counseling interventions are
inadequate because they do not assume that substance, methods, and context as well as definitions for work are rapidly changing.
WorkKeys (ACT, 2015), which measures an individual's current skills in 11 areas:
including Reading for Information, Applied Mathematics, Listening, Business Writing, Locating Information, Applied Technology, Teamwork, Fit (interests and values inventories), Performance, Talent, and Workplace Observation.
The ________________ is typically a treatment intervention, often referred to as the intervention.
independent variable
The basic purpose of changing from one phase to another is to demonstrate change due to the onset of the ______________ or intervention.
independent variable
In a time-series design the researcher can and does manipulate one or more ___________________, but there is no random assignment to groups or between-group comparisons.
independent variables
When interpreting an inventory, all of the following are important except
indicating that the results of the inventory are the best sources of information.
According to constructivism, _____.
individuals create their own realities and truths based on experiences
Personal Values
influence dynamics as the client behaviors the practitioner attend to in the career counseling process & the intervention strategies selected by the practitioner. Career practitioners communicate personal values both verbally & nonverbally; they can inadvertently influence client's behavior.
Assessment instruments and techniques are commonly divided into two broad categories:
informal and formal.
A forced-choice activity is a/an
informal assessment instrument.
What is part of informed consent?
information that data will be kept confidential
A defining feature of _______________ are systematic, repeated, and multiple observations of a client, dyad, or group to identify and compare relationships among variables.
intensive single-subject designs
In the context of the use of factorial designs to study external validity, an _____ indicates that the levels of the independent variable interact with the person variable to produce different outcomes.
interaction effect
The self-attributes most often proposed by theorists are
interests, abilities, skills, values, and personality characteristics.
Identify the pair of factors a researcher needs to consider while organizing counseling research, as proposed by Gelso (1979).
internal and external validity
In an_______________________ , a treatment is administered at some point in the series of observations. The point at which the treatment takes place is called an ____________ of the series.
interrupted time-series design / interruption
The Nigrescence theory of black identity includes all of the following stages except
introspection.
It is common to call an instrument an ____________________ if it is assessing content areas in which there are no right or wrong answers
inventory
Crites contends that career counseling is described by all of the following except that it Is more effective than psychotherapy. Should follow psychotherapy. Can be therapeutic. Is less difficult than psychotherapy.
is less difficult than psychotherapy.
The marginal person
is someone who is psychologically caught between two cultures. Marginal persons hold negative views toward both their own culture and the host culture
Students of counseling and mental health practitioners often lack enthusiasm for the practice of career counseling because they view it as a process that
is very directive and limited to test administration and interpretation.
Proper role of those providing career services
issue related to managed care and third party payers because many professional counselors depend on those sources for their livelihood. Many consider prohibiting persons with appropriate talents and skills from providing the services for which they are qualified as itself an unethical & unnecessary restraint. Others contend that having any person other than a fully qualified counselor provide any career services is a threat to client welfare & reputation of the counseling profession---source of continued issues within the profession.
A primary characteristic of informal assessment is that
it can be interesting and stimulate good discussion.
Which of the following is a characteristic of early research on ethnic minorities?
it pathologized ethnic minorities
Teachers, counselors, and curriculum designers expect middle school students to
learn about themselves and the world of work and then translate this learning into an educational plan for the remainder of their secondary school education.
Clinicians are encouraged to apply what model in practice?
local clinical scientist model
The _____ focuses on how clinicians develop and test hypotheses in the session while working with their clients.
local clinical scientist model
A descriptive laboratory study is _______ in external validity
low
An experimental laboratory study is __________________ because it relies upon the researcher setting up a situation to resemble one that is naturally occurring rather than observing participants in real-life settings.
low in external validity
A descriptive field study is __________________ because variables are studied as they occur naturally rather than being manipulated.
low in internal validity
A descriptive laboratory study is also ___________________ because it lacks experimental control in the sense of manipulation of an independent variable and randomization of participants to conditions.
low in internal validity
stanines 1 through 3 represent the _______________ (called a quartile) of any distribution
lowest quarter
General guideline for writing questionnaire items
make sure items relate directly to indicators, behaviors, or outcomes avoid yes or no questions make sure items are written clearly make sure items are appropriate reading level for population make sure items cover ALL indicators or topics needed to cover in eval modify items as needed for diff. stakeholders make questionnaire or interview as short & succinct as poss. while still getting core data needed
the independent variable in a research study is the variable that is:
manipulated or controlled
The hallmark and distinguishing feature of the single-subject experimental design is the
manipulation of the independent variable.
The Herr et al. (2004)five-stage planning model for facilitating the implementation of systematic career development intervention programs includes all of the following except
marketing the program.
In research that is conducted over a period of time, the participants naturally get older. If the researcher is not interested in the effects of age on the dependent variable, then the changes in age pose which of the following threats to the validity of the research?
maturation
An instrument is said to have validity if it
measures what it is supposed to measure
Children believe teachers no matter what through what method?
method of authority
The _____ is one of the ways of "fixing belief" that states that whatever belief one firmly adheres to is truth.
method of tenacity
Whether the scales of a test measure the same constructs across cultures is an indicator of
metric equivalence.
stanines 4 through 6, represent the __________________________
middle 50%
Whereas the ABAB design attempts to identify causal relationships by withdrawing the intervention and reversing the change, the _______________________ attempts to determine causality by identifying changes in some but not all of the multiple dependent measures.
multiple-baseline design
Developmental issues that typically confront persons with disabilities include all of the following except
narrowing social outlets.
Step 5: determine content of program
necessary to look at each objective & imagine diff. ways to be addressed (pg. 296)
Virtue ethics in comparison to principle ethics
necessary to produce a culturally sensitive approach to making ethical decisions.
Planning and Assessment consists of ______________ standards
nine
Planning and Assessment. Professional Foundation contains _________ standards
nine
The most fundamental ethical principles implied in the treatment of participants involve:
non- maleficence, autonomy, and fidelity.
In_____________________, comparisons are made between or among participants in non-randomly formed groups.
nonequivalent groups designs
State laws and ethical standards are congruent
not always.
Providing career services to clients in other geographical locations
obligation to be aware of local conditions, cultures, events that may have impact on client using online services; must also be able to refer clients to local practitioners when client is in need of additional services. Internet providers must ensure that the content of the Web site is current & appropriate for use in electronic form.
As we indicated earlier, documentation of the participant's consent is now common practice. There are a few exceptions; several categories of research are typically considered exempt from these requirements, such as
observation of public behavior, the study of anonymous archival data, and certain types of survey and interview procedures.
"Case study" here refers to a study that simply consists of the following characteristics:
observations of an individual client, dyad, or group made under unsystematic and uncontrolled conditions, often in retrospect.
primary emphasis of the C-DAC model
on helping clients cope with concerns in the exploration stage of the life span theory segment
A Type II error is committed when
one incorrectly fails to reject the null hypothesis when in reality it should be rejected
The research design myth is the belief that
one research design is a priori "better" than others
Single-subject experimental designs were initially developed from an
operant conditioning paradigm
Ethical Standards of the NCDA
pages 478- 482
Insured by researcher to adhere to autonomy
participants should be given complete and effective info about research so they can decide whether to partake or not
Educational and occupational activities can be infused within a given curriculum by all of the following means except
participating in gym or art class.
stakeholders
people not necessarily utilizing program, but invested in program, such as parents, administrators, as well as students
value issues:
permeate the career development intervention process. Any intervention in the life space or lifestyle of people carries with it values implications. Therapists need to clearly understand their OWN values --this is an essential starting point for career services delivery & is an ethical issue within career services. (Value-free interventions do NOT exist; career counselors must be cognizant of how their personal values influence their work with clients).
Area of continuing ethical concerns
personal relationships with clients. Confidentiality, counseling relationships, professional responsibility & relationships with other professionals consistently remain at the top of the list of inquiries received by the ACA Ethics committee.
Role of participation
personally deliver all or part of program of service. in combination of group-work or one-on-one counseling, instruction, assessment, and support of use of Web-based systems and sites
target pop in high school
possible to infer from age that needs include: 1) whether to attend vocational-technical school, college or go directly to work 2) assistance in selecting occupations maybe other needs not identified by age or stage of career planning
Nigrescence theory of Black identity development Cross (1971, 1995) stages:
pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment
Careers start to unfold and develop in
pre-school years.
In nonexperimental studies of research, the _____ in a regression equation are sometimes referred to as independent variables.
predictor variables
These groups are referred to as nonequivalent because participants have generally been assigned to a group ___________ the research being conducted.
prior to
National Association for College Admissions Counseling (NACAC):
produced a "statement of principles of Good practice" suggests that secondary school counselors study the statement and consult with supervisors and legal advisors for their school when questions and issues arise.
The ______________ typically collects a wide range of data to determine whether an intervention was effective, and to formulate other hypotheses about the causes and effects that explain the outcomes.
program evaluator
Program evaluation also has been conceptualized within the fields of counseling and counseling psychology as a mechanism to
promote prevention
ACA & Beauchamp & Childress principles
provide guidelines for ethical behavior in career services. principles are basis for mandatory ethical standards, those behaviors of the counselor that can be enforced, whereas aspirational ethics refer to the highest standards of conduct to which career professionals can aspire.
The practice of career counseling has a close theoretical and practical relationship with
psychotherapy
Types of data collected
qualitative of quantitative qualitative: information about perceived value of services and extent to which predefined program outcomes were achieved. examples: students knowledge gained counselor delivering program sees maturity in students principals see fewer dropout rates quantitative data: reports numbers on how many recvd help with career awareness how many attended career fair
A true experimental design always includes:
random assignment of participants to conditions, manipulation of the independent variable(s), and comparisons between or among groups.
One of the hallmarks of a true experimental design is _____________________to treatments, which allows the researcher to control many of the threats to internal validity.
random assignment of subjects
What was the Milgram experiment?
random people assigned student and teacher; teacher applies an electric shock to student if they get the answer wrong
The Career Maturity Inventory (Crites and Savickas) is an example of an instrument that can be used to measure
readiness to make career decisions.
Research that is designed to emphasize generalizability, or external validity, is grounded in a
real-world setting.
The construct of deals with whether an instrument will measure what it is purported to measure reliably over time.
reliability
Chang, Williams, and Dispenza (2009) recommend counselors that work with sexual minorities should:
remain sensitive to the client's pace of identity development.
The second defining feature of single-subject experimental designs is the _____________________ of the dependent variables over time.
repeated measurement
Avoiding unethical practice in career development interventions
requires practitioners to be sensitive to the assumptions underlying their personal values, their clients' values, career interventions models & the vales being propagated at national level at any point in time. practicing w/in area of training & competence is an add. requirement. Consult with colleagues.
From the author's perspective, the missing construct in the Kahn (2001) model is _______________________________.
research competence.
Because program evaluation requires an extensive investment in time and resources and has the potential to impact large groups of individuals, it is essential that program evaluators are knowledgeable about
research design, measurement, and analysis.
Which of the following is the common focus that holds together all the components of a research report?
research questions
In the absence of random sampling in the sample of a study, the burden of proof is on the ______ to establish that the characteristics of participants are such that generalizations to a relevant hypothetical population are valid.
researcher
The _______________ develops specific hypotheses and emphasizes internal and/or external validity
researcher
Individuals adhering to beliefs and attitudes reflecting the third stage of racial identity development, ______________________________, tend to reject the views and values of the dominant culture.
resistance and immersion
Technically, a(n) _____ is a subset of the target population.
sample
Importance of sampling?
sampling allows researchers to learn about a population of interest without having to involve the entire population in the research study
The Boulder model (Raimy, 1950) was developed to stress the importance of ______.
science into practice and of practice into science
A difference between the positivist perspective and the postpositivist perspective is that the postpositivist perspective posits that
scientists have biases that may affect research
One good reason to suggest that clients take assessment via the Internet rather than in print form is that
score reports are available immediately.
compromise
searching for a good enough occupation, rather than a great one
_____ is one of the threats to internal validity of a study due to the existing differences b/w the groups prior to treatment.
selection
_______________________________ occurs when a test has differential predictive validity across groups
selection bias
Nonmaleficence, one of the five fundamental ethical principles, states that researchers:
should not inflict intentional harm to participants and avoid the risk of harming others
The acronym PLEASE has been proposed as a guide to
show clients that their views matter.
The acronym PLEASE has been proposed as a guide to Provide informational support. Meet the client's expectations. Show clients that their views matter. Setting career goals.
show clients that their views matter.
Direct and Indirect Services contains _____________ standards
six
An adolescent makes strides toward independence by developing
socially and psychologically.
Why is deception used?
some topics cannot be studied without it
Which of the following best describes "one's beliefs, awareness, values, subjective experience, sense of purpose and mission, and an attempt to reach toward something greater than oneself".
spirituality
Instruments have a property called a _________________________________ , and the band of confidence shows what the range of this error of measurement may be.
standard error of measurement
A __________________ is a prescribed range of percentile points, and that range is the same for all instruments and all populations to which they are administered.
stanine
In order to help people make meaning out of their life experiences, career counselors pay attention to the client's:
subjective experience
In order to help people make meaning out of their life experiences, career counselors pay attention to the client's: Abilities Obstacles Subjective experience Interests
subjective experience
The method section in a research report should ideally include a:
summary of the participants, materials, procedures, and design used to conduct the study
Stereotypes of oppressive environmental influences of women are perpetuated pervasively in:
television and movies.
Career counselors provide support to clients by all of the following except:
telling the clients what the solution to their problem is
If an instrument is assessing content areas in which the items do have right or wrong answers it can be called a ______________________.
test
Which of the following have "right and wrong answers"?
tests
This principle stresses the importance of obtaining the most accurate or complete investigation of the research question by controlling the extraneous variance, minimizing error variance, and maximizing variance related to the primary variable(s).
the MAXMINCON principle
The most often measure of central tendency is:
the Mean.
(NCDG)
the National Career Development Guidelines
If the population mean and standard deviation are known, then what test should the researcher use?
the Z Test.
What is postpositivism?
the approximation of truth can be pursued and evaluated through inferential stats. constructivist approach personal truth is constructed via one's experiences.
similar to the scientist-practitioner model in theory, but places even more emphasis on science and uses empirical approaches to advance clinical science.
the clinical science model
Research self-efficacy is defined as:
the confidence in one's ability to successfully complete various research-related tasks.
The internal validity of a study refers to
the confidence one can have in inferring a causal relationship among the variables
What is reliability?
the consistency with which the same event is repeatedly measured. scores are consistent across repeated testing.
Statistical conclusion validity refers to:
the degree to which a researcher reaches the correct conclusion about the relationships among the variables in a research question
Self-Efficacy in Research Measure (SERM) includes four subscales mFrom the author's perspective, the missing construct in the Kahn (2001) model iseasuring:
the design, practical, writing, and quantitative aspects of research skills
The main advantage of the pretest-posttest cohort design over the posttest-only cohort design is
the increased assurance the pretest provides for asserting that the two cohorts were similar prior to the treatment.
Intersectionality
the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
The two major classes of quasi-experimental designs are
the nonequivalent groups designs and the time-series designs.
All participants pools are generally considered to be biased because:
the participants are required to satisfy the definition of the target population and take part voluntarily.
If, on the Kuder Career Search interest inventory, for example, a person has a score at the 88th percentile on the scale called Outdoor, it means that
the person's interest in Outdoor activities is higher than 88% of those in a norm group.
ethnocentrism
the practice of regarding one's own ethnic, racial, or social group as the center of all things. Just as egocentrism is a sense of self-superiority, so ethnocentrism is the parallel tendency to judge one's group as superior to other groups (APA Dictionary of Psychology)
places more emphasis on the training of practitioners and was closely associated with the emergence of professional schools of psychology and Psy.D. degrees.
the practitioner-scholar model
Acculturation
the processes by which groups or individuals adjust the social and cultural values, ideas, beliefs, and behavioral patterns of their culture of origin to those of a different culture. Psychological acculturation is an individual's attitudinal and behavioral adjustment to another culture, which typically varies with regard to degree and type (APA Dictionary of Psychology)
The second method of defining time periods involves
the random assignment of different treatments to different time periods (days, sessions).
for distributions that are positively skewed, the tail will be on which side?
the right side
The basic skills career counselors need are
the same as for any other counselor.
The basic skills career counselors need are Resume writing and job interviewing. The same as for any other counselor. The same as those needed by economists. Psychoanalytic in nature.
the same as for any other counselor.
Complications in determining proper action arises because:
the specific requirements of many laws governing counselor behavior are far from clear & standards of practice incorporated in regulations of many states are inconsistent with ethical codes they resemble.
A raw score indicates
the total number of responses related to some category.
often called the "test-'em and tell-'em" approach
the trait-and-factor approach
Assessment
the use of any formal or informal technique or instrument to collect data about a client
Anonymity exists when
there are no identifiers whatsoever on project materials that can link data with individual participants;
Counselors are to use only test administration and interpretation services for which:
there is sufficient evidence of their validity and reliability and evidence of appropriate application and interpretation
A problem with this simple AB design is that the researcher cannot eliminate or rule out
threats to internal validity from history and maturation as possible explanations for the results.
There are ___________ different versions of the multiple-baseline design
three
A __________________ requires multiple observations over time and the introduction of a treatment at a specified point in time.
time-series design
The defining characteristic of a ___________________ is multiple observations over time.
time-series design
The researcher can infer whether the intervention or treatment had an effect by comparing observations made before and after the onset of the intervention, typically in a field setting. Such a design is referred to as ___________________________.
time-series design
The _____ of a research report should ideally make the report accessible to readers and offers a stand-alone explanation of the manuscript in 10 to 12 words.
title
"Useful rule of thumb"
to consult with professional colleagues who understand career interventions when ever they are unsure about the proper action to take to resolve an ethical dilemma. (p. 467)
A goal of critical theory is
to facilitate individuals' realization that constructions are socially constructed beliefs rather than unchangeable truths
Obvious goal for career professionals
to function ethically & legally and to avoid any activity that would be acknowledged as illegal and/or unethical
three different purposes for assessment:
to identify clients' needs, to help clients and the counselor know more about the self, and to measure progress or change
According to the text, what is the "silent dream" of high school seniors:
to obtain a college degree
Krumboltz-counselor's "mission"
to promote clients' learning and their ability to create satisfying lives for themselves
One of the most critical requisites to be considered in a research design is:
to rule out as many plausible rival hypotheses as possible
stanines 7 through 9, represent the ____________________________
top quarter (quartile).
Parsons (1909) advocated a three-step process that became the basis for what is called the _____________________________ of the 20th century.
trait-and-factor approach
The first common characteristic of single-subject experimental designs involves the specification of _______________.
treatment goals
The third characteristic of single-subject experimental designs is the inclusion of different__________________, each representing a different experimental condition.
treatment phases
A great deal of research in counseling involves extending the results of previous research.
true
According to Kahn (2001), the relationship of a student with his or her mentor is significantly associated with his or her scholarly activity through research self-efficacy.
true
An early research strategy in comparative research framework involved comparison of members of diverse groups with the majority White population on various psychological variables.
true
Belief in the utility of research is a critically important factor in the process of becoming a competent researcher.
true
Even if a researcher employs other individuals, such as research assistants, the primary researcher is ultimately responsible for the execution of a research study.
true
Experimental control allows researchers to make inferences about causal relationships between variables, which is referred to as the internal validity of the study.
true
In a research study, if the obtained mean of the observations is close to the population parameter, then in one sense the sample is considered representative of the target population.
true
In a research study, the degree to which inferences reflect how things actually are is referred to as validity of the research.
true
In context of the issue of confidentiality, if someone other than the experimenter will have access to data, this should be explained to the participants along with plans for maintaining confidentiality.
true
In evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP), in addition to client characteristics, it is also important to consider the client's values, religious beliefs, worldviews, goals, and treatment preferences when determining the best available treatment for the client.
true
In order for the definition of a construct of interest to be operationalized, the construct should be written in a statement that is measurable.
true
In the constructivist paradigm, there can be no predictions based upon hypothesized truths or tests of conjectures.
true
In the context of establishing validity in the absence of random sample selection, the "good enough" principle stipulates that nonrandom samples can have characteristics such that generalization to a certain population is reasonable.
true
In the context of reliability estimates, coefficient alphas provide the researcher with information about the degree of the homogeneity or internal consistency among a set of items.
true
In the introduction of a research report, the term "literature review" is deliberately avoided because it implies a synopsis of one study after another, along with considerable integration and synthesis of the findings.
true
Instrumentation refers to changes in the measuring device or procedure over the course of a study.
true
It is essential for researchers to focus on investigating a few constructs only and not to try to do too much in developing an original contribution.
true
Most social scientists agree that race is not a biological reality, but rather a social construct.
true
One purpose of multicultural research is to refute the negative nature of early research conducted on racial and ethnic minority populations.
true
Operational definitions are referred to as a sort of manual of instructions that spells out what an investigator must do to measure or manipulate research variables during the procedures of a study.
true
Qualitative research can be particularly useful when investigating new topics about which very little is known.
true
Range restriction is one of the threats to statistical conclusion validity.
true
Research clearly indicates that ???
true
Researchers are exempted from the need to document consent of the participants when they are observing public behavior.
true
The discussion section in a research report includes a summary of the findings of the study in the context of prior research and theory, an overview of study limitations, future directions, and implications.
true
The fundamental aim of factor analysis is to search for underlying psychological constructs seen in the common dimensions that underlie the original items or variables.
true
The length of the results section for qualitative manuscripts is generally greater than that for quantitative manuscripts.
true
The practitioner-scholar model places more emphasis on the training of practitioners than the scientist-practitioner model.
true
The use of culturally inappropriate measures increases error variance and may mask significant relationships among variables in research related to diverse populations.
true
There is history of researchers inflicting harm on clients
true
To enhance the construct validity of a scale, researchers are advised to conduct content analyses and consult with domain experts and to pilot items to identify potential problems with their wording.
true
Value assumptions
underlie all questions (and answers) related to ethical behavior in career development interventions. particularly relevant regarding counselor's & client's understanding, & definition, of the career relationship
positivism approach
universal truth to be discovered by researchers. Galileo's study of the falling balls a the leaning tower of Pisa - recounted by his student vicenzo Viviani.
Role of advocacy
use skills and influence to work with the various stakeholders (i.e. faculty, administrators & managers), serving on advisory boards or committees, making presentations or exerting influence in other ways.
career adaptability
used for adults instead of career maturity. Career maturity used for children/adolescents. Authors prefer adaptability for all populations (38)
systematic empiricism
using observation to draw conclusions in a systematic, orderly manner
The alternative hypothesis (aka the researcher's hypothesis" represents what?
what it is that the researcher the trying to support.
Middle School
years of broad-based exploration of occupations & gaining awareness of this work world through becoming acquainted with clusters of occupations. Time to motivate awareness that there is relationship between schoolwork and future plans.
The Code of Fair Testing Practices (Joint Committee on Testing Practices, 2004) states the following two principles related to selection of instruments for persons of diversity:
· Make appropriately modified forms of tests or administration procedures available for test takers with disabilities who need special accommodations. · Obtain and provide evidence on the performance of test-takers of diverse subgroups, making significant efforts to obtain sample sizes that are adequate for subgroup analyses. Evaluate the evidence to ensure that differences in performance are related to the skills being assessed.
Some of the characteristics of informal assessments are:
· They have not been subjected to scientific rigor, nor do they have known properties, such as reliability and validity. · They are not supported by any data that allow a person to compare his results with those of other people. · Though inferences can be made by the client and the counselor, there are no documents that facilitate a connection between the choices made by the client and specific occupations. · There is no standard way to interpret the results of these activities, which leaves such interpretation totally to the competence of the counselor.
Some of the most important properties that counselors need to know when selecting instruments include the following:
· VALIDITY. · RELIABILITY, OFTEN CALLED TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY. · FAIRNESS RELATED TO DIVERSITY. · COMPARISON.
Important factors to address in designing and delivering culturally competent career development interventions include:
· the degree to which interventions address universal and/or culturally specific variables, · the degree of ethnocentrism embedded in career interventions, · the client's level of acculturation, and · the client's identity development.
Unacceptable counselor behavior on the internet was identified by NCDA (1997) as follows:
Use of false email identity when interacting with clients and/or other professionals. When acting in a professional capacity on the Internet, a counselor has a duty to honestly identify him/herself & "Sharking" or monitoring chat rooms and bulletin board services and offering career planning and related services when no request has been made for services & Accepting a client who will not identify him/herself and be willing to arrange for phone conversation as well as online interchange
