NDFS -- Exam 2

buffer

protects the pH of a solution Proteins can act as buffers because they have acidic and basic components

Albumin

protein in the blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

peptide

a small chain of amino acids - a small part of a protein.

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. treated with insulin

Edema

During starvation (a state in which the body lacks food energy and/or protein), the level of protein in blood decreases, and as a result, some water leaks out of the bloodstream and enters spaces between cells. Resulting in the accumulation of fluid in tissues.

Human Genome Project

In 1990, scientists began an effort to identify and sequence the human genes that code protein synthesis in DNA

Oxidized LDL

LDL that has been damaged by free radicals transports cholesterol into arterial lining

Omega-6 Fatty Acid

PUFA, with its first double bond occurring at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the chain ex. linolenic acid (linolenic?)

Deamination

he process of removing the nitrogen-containing group (usually NH2) from an unneeded amino acid As a result, the amino acid that gives up its amino group becomes a carbon skeleton

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Protein-splitting enzyme secreted from the pancreas

Foam Cells

holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

The RDA for carbs is 130 g/day, this amount prevents ketosis

The RDA for carbs is 130 g/day, this amount prevents ketosis

Glycogen

how the body stores glucose in muscles & the liver highly branched when muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy

The recommended Adequate Intakes (AI's) for fiber are 38 & 25 g/day, but Americans usually only receive 17 g

The recommended Adequate Intakes (AI's) for fiber are 38 & 25 g/day, but Americans usually only receive 17 g

Saccharide

sugar

The AMDR for fat is...

20-35% of total calorie intake adults should emphasize sources of polyunsaturated and monosaturated fatty acids

Glycerol

3-Carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acid

LDL Cholesterol

"bad" blood cholesterol, delivers plaque to the arterial walls. high level and dense LDL = more likely to contract atherosclerosis transports cholesterol to cells for their use contains the highest percentage of cholesterol out of the lipoproteins cholesterol (any type) is found in animal products

Nonnutritive Sugars

"high intensity sweeteners" elicit an intensely sweet taste

Major Functions of Proteins in the Body

-To build new cells and many functional components of cells -As a component of hardened structures, such as hair and nails -As enzymes to speed chemical reactions -As lubricants to ease movement -In clotting compounds in blood -To build antibodies that fight disease organisms -As compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance -As transporters -To make certain hormones -As an energy source (a minor function, under usual conditions)

steps of protein synthesis

1. DNA unwinds exposing a gene 2. the gene undergoes transcription in the nucleus, forming messenger RNA 3. mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to the ribosomes 4. The ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA 5. RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome

AMDR for Protein

10-35% of total calories

Linolenic acid (Linolec?)

18-carbon poly unsaturated fatty acid with 2 double bonds; essential

Maltose

2 Glucose molecules bonded together (malt sugar) disaccharide

marasmus

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies. Obvious signs of marasmus are weakness and wasting other signs: anemia, impaired cognition and poor growth aka starvation

A healthy adult's RDA for protein is 0.8 g/kg of body weight.4 Protein needs increase during pregnancy, breastfeeding, periods of rapid growth, and recovery from serious illnesses, blood losses, and burns. To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by 0.8 g

A healthy adult's RDA for protein is 0.8 g/kg of body weight.4 Protein needs increase during pregnancy, breastfeeding, periods of rapid growth, and recovery from serious illnesses, blood losses, and burns. To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by 0.8 g

Cyclamate

A non-nutritive sweetener identified as a carcinogen. Once thought to cause bladder cancer. banned in US

Chylomicron

A type of lipoprotein; formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract

Phospholipids

a molecule such as lectin that is needed to make cell membranes for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to triglyceride. Except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group with phosphorus partially water soluble due to the phosphorus portion being hydrophilic

High sensitivity C-reactive protein

a protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD; high CRP = increase risk of CVD

Anaphylaxis

a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

gluten sensitivity

Compared to celiac disease, people with gluten sensitivity do not have damage to the small intestine. Individuals who are sensitive to glutens may test negative for celiac disease, yet they report signs and symptoms that are similar to celiac disease after consuming gluten

Disaccharide

a simple sugar that has 2 monosaccharides bonded together. Major dietary disaccharides are maltose, sucrose & lactose two units of sugar

Emulsifier

a substance that keeps water-soluble compounds mixed together has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules & isolates individual fat droplets

Absorption of monosaccharides occurs almost exclusively in the small intestine. Intestinal cells absorb glucose & galactose by active transport

Absorption of monosaccharides occurs almost exclusively in the small intestine. Intestinal cells absorb glucose & galactose by active transport

Although sucrose occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots & pineapple. Much of American's diets is refined sugarcane & sugar beets (molasses)

Although sucrose occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots & pineapple. Much of American's diets is refined sugarcane & sugar beets (molasses)

Aspartame consists of phenylalanine & aspartic acid (2 amino acids)

Aspartame consists of phenylalanine & aspartic acid (2 amino acids)

Small intestine is the main site for carb digestion, but carb digestion begins in the mouth w/ amylase

Small intestine is the main site for carb digestion, but carb digestion begins in the mouth w/ amylase

Glucose

C6H12O6; the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it's a primary fuel for muscle and cells. Used by red blood cells, the brain & other nervous system cells for energy (dextrose) "blood sugar"

Emphasize unsaturated fats rather than saturated or trans fats

Emphasize unsaturated fats rather than saturated or trans fats

Glycerol Bonds

Glycerol bonded to 1 fatty acid = monoglyceride Glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids = diglyceride

Polypeptide

Most naturally occurring protein; comprised of 50 or more amino acids.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

a PUFA, with its first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule ex. alpha-linolenic

creatinine

Nitrogen-containing waste product of muscle metabolism; excreted by the kidney in urine.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

a blood test often used to assess kidney function. Normal values for BUN are between 6 and 20 mg/dL. An elevated BUN level occurs when the kidneys are diseased and unable to filter urea from the blood properly

Diabetes Mellitus

a chronic disorder of CHO metabolism, usually resulting in insufficient or ineffective insulin characterized by abnormal glucose, fat and protein primary sign is hyperglycemia pancreas can't make enough insulin (shots required) genetice autoimmune disorder

Gestational Diabetes

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies during the 24th week of pregnancy occurs in 9.2% of women, results in the fetus receiving too much glucose, can result in a baby weighing 9 pounds treatment is a special carb controlled diet & increased activity

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape generally affects people with African, Caribbean, or Mediterranean ancestry. There is no cure for sickle cell anemia.

Syndrome

a group of signs & symptoms that occur together & indicate a health problem

Triglyceride

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules that are attached to a 3-carbon compound called Glycerol

Carbohydrates

a major energy source from food the pleasant & irresistible​ taste of sugar hints at carbs Simple (monosaccharide and disaccharide) and complex (polysaccharides) includes: sugar, dairy, grains, veggies, and fruits

food intolerances

unpleasant physical reactions, including headaches and intestinal discomfort, after they consume nonprotein substances in foods such as lactose, monosodium glutamate (MSG), or sulfites. A food intolerance is not the same as a food allergy because the offending substance in the food does not trigger the body's immune response.

Amino Acids def

nitrogen-containing chemical units that comprise proteins The human body contains proteins made from 20 amino acids. Each amino acid has a carbon atom that anchors a hydrogen atom and three different groups of atoms: the amino or nitrogen-containing group, the R group (sometimes called the side chain), and the carboxylic acid group. end product of protein digestion after digested goes into the absorptive cells

Galactose

not commonly found in foods, but a component of lactose in milk

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

obtained by processing corn (fructose); food additive chemically, it is 45% glucose and 55% fructose, making it very similar to sucrose (table sugar) there is no comparative data showing that HFCS or sucrose is better or worse than the other like all added sugars, HFCS provides only empty kcalories (lots of energy, few nutrients)

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed major risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

affects people whose diets lack sufficient protein as well as energy dietitians generally consider marasmus, kwashiorkor as forms treatment includes: controlled refeeding, hospitalization, and frequent health assessment

Risk factors of CVD

age, sex, race, ancestry, family history

denaturation

altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation ex the acid in the lemon juice denaturing milk proteins

Homocysteine

amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis

Celia Disease

an autoimmune disorder that results in poor absorption of nutrients (malabsorption) in the small intestine. People with the disease cannot tolerate foods that contain gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, and some other cereal grains.

lactovegetarian diet

an eating pattern that includes milk and milk products, but excludes meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs from the diet

limiting amino acids

an essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient amount, thereby limiting the body's ability to build protein ex. tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine

How are Amino acids classified?

as nonessential and essential the body can make 11 out of the 20 amino acids Several nonessential amino acids are conditionally essential, which means they become essential under certain conditions.

Hypoglycemia

occurs when the blood glucose levels are too low to provide energy for cells diagnosed when blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dL

Transamination

occurs when the nitrogen-containing group is transferred to another substance to make a nonessential amino acid reactions are reversible

Soluble Fiber

pectins & gums; dissolve or swell in water oats, oatmeal, flesh of fruit, legumes

legumes

plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds

enterohepatic circulation

process that recycles bile salts in the body

Insulin

produced by beta cells in the pancreas & alpha cells produce glucagon (increases blood glucose level) regulates/decreases blood glucose level a hormone released when blood glucose levels are high and allows glucose into cells that need energy

Type 2 Diabetes

produces insulin, but the hormones target cells are insulin-resistant; not allowing glucose to enter treatment includes: diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin obesity is #1 risk factor

Fatty Acids

provide energy for muscles and most other types of cells (18 carbons long) comprised of a hydrocarbon chain (chain of carbon atoms bonded with hydrogen)

Lipoprotein Profile

series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels 1 in 3 Americans have high LDL

Sugar Alcohol

sorbitol, xylitol & mannitol; do not promote tooth decay & has fewer calories too much consumption causes diarrhea are only 2 kcal/gram due to them not being fully digested in the intestinal tract

kwashiorkor

stunted growth swollen cheeks (edema) stunted growth brittle hair discoloration of skin and hair protruding abdomen; not enough protein to support liver metabolism poor wound healing infections (measles) 1/5 children in developing countries enough kcal, but acute protein deficiency could be from an infection or a change in diet

Alternative Sweeteners

sugar substitutes or artificial; are substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal sugar alcohol, nonnutritive sugars

Nutritive Sweeteners

sugars that contribute energy to foods

Sucrose

table sugar; consists of a molecule of glucose and 1 fructose natural sources include: maple syrup and carrots disaccharide

Lipolysis

the breakdown of triglyceride (fat) into glycerol & fatty acids

DNA

the hereditary material in a cell's nucleus that are in genes

Lactose

major carb in milk, forms when galactose molecule bonds to a glucose molecule disaccharide

Biological Value (BV)

the measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

Protein turnover

the process of breaking down old or unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins

Urine urea nitrogen (UUN)

can be used as a marker of protein intake. The more protein a person consumes, the more amino acids need to undergo deamination, and therefore, urea synthesis will increase. Normal values for UUN measured from a 24-hour urine sample are between 12 and 20 g.

Andipose (fat) cells

cells that store triglycerides

Insoluble Fiber

cellulose & lignin; do not dissolve in water bran, cellulose, skin of fruits and vegetables

peptide bond

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

Plant Sterols/Stanols

chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol. Occurs naturally in small amounts in grains, fruits, veggies, and nuts

Metabolic Syndrome

chronically elevated blood pressure, high fasting blood fats & large waist waist circumference >/= 35" for women triglycerides >/= 150 mg/dl 1/3 Americans have it

stroke

clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by vessel die

Polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together

Fiber

complex carbs comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that humans can't digest cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums & mucilages lignin = no carbs includes indigestible plant materials, but NOT animal muscular fibers occurs naturally in plants; part of their cell walls pass to the colon and are fermented by bacteria there or are excreted

Protein definition

complex organic molecules that are chemically similar to lipids and carbohydrates because they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Proteins, however, also contain nitrogen, an element cells need to make a wide array of important biological compounds such as enzymes, antibodies, clotting compounds and hormones. Skin, blood, nerve, bone—all cells in the body—contain proteins natural sources of good protein are found in animal products (milk, meats, etc) 15% of protein is nitrogen; positive nitrogen balance means you are growing; negative nitrogen balance means that you are breaking down protein due to illness or disease

Dipeptides and tripeptides

compounds that consist of two and three amino acids

Starch

comprised of amylose that is stored in plant's seeds, roots and tubers wheat, rice, barley & oats (maltodextrin & dexmin) 4 kcal glucose + glucose

Arteriosclerosis

condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility

high-quality or complete protein

contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support protein deposition in muscles and other tissues, as well as supporting the growth of a young child. High-quality proteins are well digested and absorbed by the body. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk and milk products contain high-quality proteins.

personalized nutrition

making dietary choices based on one's genetic makeup, (based on genomics). In addition to relying on traditional forms of health assessment, including height, weight, and blood pressure, health care professionals need to consider the influence that an individual's genetic background can have on dietary recommendations.

Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) PER def

measure of protein quality based on the ability of a protein to support weight gain in a laboratory animal

nutritional genomics

the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease may explain why dietary interventions can have different effects on the health of different individuals.

Complementary combinations

mixtures of certain plant foods that provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins. To make dishes that contain complementary amino acid combinations, consumers must know (1) which plant foods are good protein sources (2) which essential amino acids are limiting or low in those plant foods.

Gaucher disease

most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase

Monosaccharides

the simplest sugar; the basic chemical unit of carbs one unit of sugar

Ketones Bodies

muscle and brain use it for energy, but ketosis means it has accumulated in the blood alternative fuel source made of fatty acids when glucose isn't available for the following items glucose is a primary fuel source for cells in our body the brain and central nervous system always need some glucose

To be labeled has Whole Grained...

must include: fiber-rich bran, starchy endosperm, and oily germ

Nutrigenetics

the study of how inherited genetic variations influence the body's responses to specific nutrients and nutrient combinations

Embolus

thumbs or part of plaque that breaks free and travels through bloodstream

Pancreatic Lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA)

each carbon within the chain has 2 hydrogen atoms attached to it because each carbon within the chain is saturated aka filled with hydrogen

Lipid Digestion

end products include: glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments

Lipases

enzymes that break down lipids fatty chyme enters the small intestine, cells secrete CCK and secretin, produce biles and causes the pancreas to secrete juice

Registered dietitian nutritionists

face the opportunity and challenge to make genetically driven dietary recommendations (personalized diet plans)

Trans Fats

unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one trans-double carbons within their chemical structure, rather than the more common cis configurations trans configuration at the double bond causes the chain to be straight Some foods contain a small amount of natural trans fat (whole milk, butter and meat products)

Ovovegetarian diet

vegan diet + eggs includes eggs as the only source of animal protein

lactoovovegetarian

vegetarian who consumes milk products and eggs for animal protein

Urea

waste product formed in the liver from amino acid metabolism

Lipoproteins

water-soluble substances that transport fat and cholesterol in the bloodstream

Complex Carbohydrates

have 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

Atherosclerosis

long term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls to check for someone's risk a physician checks blood pressure, listens to blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to assess serum HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels can inhibit blood flow and permanently damage, kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain

acid-base balance

maintained by proteins; the proper pH of body fluids. To function properly, blood and tissue fluids need to maintain a pH of 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly basic.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)

fatty acid that has 2 or more double bonds within the carbon chain

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA)

fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain

Arterial Plaque

fatty buildup in the artery and interferes with circulation by narrowing arteries and lumen. Ruptures can also cause clots

Fructose

fruit or levulose sugar; found in honey, fruit & a few vegetables (particularly cabbage, green beans & asparagus) low need, can turn into glucose or fat by certain cells the sweetest monosaccharides

ASD attempted cures

gluten and casein (protein in milk) A 2013 dietary intervention study found that a gluten-free/casein-free (GF/CF) diet was beneficial for autistic children.48 However, other studies have shown no benefits for autistic children who follow GF/CF, casein-free, or gluten-free diets.

Majority of lipid absorption occurs within the small intestine with...

glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments in the end product

HDL Cholesterol

good cholesterol because it does not cause plaque transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal carries the most protein cholesterol (any type) is found in animal products

Homocysteinuria

group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels approximately 68 million americans are living with one or more forms of CVD heart disease and stroke accounted for 1/2 of all deaths in 2014 (stroke, blood vessel diseases, coronary artery diseases)

Gallstones

hard particles that form in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine primarily consists of cholesterol; causes pain

Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA?)

has at least 2 neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing 2 hydrogen atoms and a double bond holds the particular carbons together

essential amino acids

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine aka dispensable amino acids

Lipids

includes: triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (such as cholesterol). lipids dissolve in organic solvents such as alcohol and acetone, but most are insoluble in water

Added Sugars

incorporated in foods during processing or preparation (sucrose & HFCS)

Vegetarians (vegetarianism)

individuals who rely heavily on plant foods; they may or may not include some animal foods in their diets. About 3.2% of American adults do not eat meat, fish, or poultry, and about 0.5% of adults avoid eating any food from animal sources tend to have a lower risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers vegetarian diets provide more fiber, phytochemical, folic acid (a B vitamin), vitamins E and C, and the minerals potassium and magnesium. In addition, vegetarian diets often supply less saturated fat than diets that include animal foods. need to increase their protein intake by 10%

Undernutrition

lack of food

low-quality or incomplete protein

lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Furthermore, the human digestive tract does not digest low-quality protein sources as efficiently as foods containing high-quality protein.

Sterol

lipids that have a more chemically complex structure than a triglyceride or phospholipid essential to health; helps with steroid hormones Cholesterol is only found in products derived from animals (eggs, meat, and milk) not a form of energy