NDFS FINAL EXAM

Alyssa is trying to become pregnant, and she wants to increase her dietary intake of folate. Which of the following key recommendations from the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans will help to improve Alyssa's folate intake?

Eat a variety of vegetables, especially dark-green, and red and orange vegetables, and beans and peas.

____________ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria.

Beta-oxidation

Which of the following body fat assessment techniques relies on the principle that water and electrolytes conduct electricity?

Bioelectrical impedance

This sphincter is situated between the small intestine and colon.

Ileocecal Valve

Which of the following statements about diabetes is MOST CORRECT?

In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

Richard is a body-builder who consumes a "raw egg shake" every morning that contains one to two dozen raw eggs. Consuming raw egg whites puts Richard at risk for a _______ deficiency.

Biotin

Vitamin A plays a critical role in all of the following functions EXCEPT _______.

Blood-clotting

Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction?

Calcium

This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the small intestine and triggers this organ ( ____________ ) to secrete ________________ into the duodenum. This helps slow stomach motility and allows fat to be digested.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gallbladder, Bile

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's ________.

DNA

In order for proteins to be used for energy, amino acids must be _____________ .

Deanimated

_______ occurs when the normal shape of a protein is disrupted by exposure to heat or acid.

Denaturation

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.

Denaturation

This segment of the small intestine is connected to the stomach and is where bile, bicarbonate, and other digestive juice enter the small intestine.

Duodenum

This sphincter is situated between the esophagus and stomach.

Lower esophageal Sphincter

Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?

Maltose

Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?

Vitamin C

This fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized (made) in the GI tract

Vitamin K

Which of the following is not a water-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin K

Babies are given an oral dose or injection of this fat-soluble vitamin shortly after birth.

Vitamin k

This fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized (made) in the GI tract

Vitamin k

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

boiling in a saucepan of water

Obesity increases the risk of sleep apnea.

True

Our body is capable of withstanding short-term fasting, maintains normal activities, and providing the necessary energy needed, thanks to the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles.

True

People are likely to develop pellagra when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein.

True

Taking excessive dietary supplements that contain vitamin E may lead to uncontrolled bleeding.

True

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Protein is 10 - 35% of kcals.

True

The process of adding vitamins A and D to milk is called fortification.

True

The vitamin content of vegetables is determined by growing conditions, including soil and sunlight.

True

Use of certain medications may increase an individual's nutrient needs.

True

Which of the following conditions is NOT a leading cause of death in the United States?

Tuberculosis

Which of the following Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendations were developed to guard against overconsumption?

UL (tolerable upper intake levels)

This water-soluble vitamin is only found in animal products and is sensitive to microwave heating.

Vitamin B-12

Vegans are at risk for a deficiency of this vitamin because it is only found in animal products.

Vitamin B-12

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ________.

fat

Goblet cells produce

mucus

Harmless bacteria (called intestinal flora or microflora) exist and thrive in the GI tract of healthy individuals.

true

Plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

true

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting our intake of _________ and replacing them with ________.

(Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats)

Ryan is a 22-year-old male who is 6'0" and weighs 175 lbs. What is his BMI (body mass index)?

24

Bill recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average fat intake was ________% of total calories each day, which is within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

25

A pound of body fat provides about _____ kcal.

3500

If an average adult's RDA for protein is 65 grams, they would weigh approximately _____.

81 kilograms (178 pounds)

If a small banana supplies 90,000 calories, it supplies _______ kilocalories.

90

A kilocalorie is a unit of energy used to describe the amount of energy in a food or beverage. Which definition best describes how much energy is in one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

________ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.

Antioxidants

Good food sources of Vitamin A include

Apricots, Pumpkins, Spinach, Sweet Potatoes

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb ________.

B-12

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children. Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?

Epidemiological

Which of the following statements is true?

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.

Riboflavin is easily destroyed by

Exposure to UV light

A medical doctor is always a reputable source for nutrition information.

False

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a reliable measure of body "fatness".

False

Carbohydrates are sometimes found in meat.

False

Males generally have a HIGHER percentage of lean body mass than females and because of this, their BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is LOWER

False

The term "appetite" describes a biological need for food.

False

When ground beef is no longer pink, you can assume it is safe to eat.

False

Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?

Fluoride

This water-soluble vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.

Folate

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

Glycogen

The introduction of iodized salt in the 1920s dramatically reduced rates of ________ in the United States.

Goiter

________ is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Hemoglobin

The risk of dehydration in older adults compared to younger adults is

Higher

An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.

In the United States, ________ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency.

Iron

Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true?

Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries. Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child. Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein.

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Suppose you go to your doctor and get the following values on a blood lipid profile. What can you conclude? LDL Cholesterol = 140 mg/dl Blood Glucose = 90 mg/dl Total Cholesterol = 210 mg/dl HDL Cholesterol = 34 mg/dl

LDL Cholesterol is high, Blood Glucose is good, Total Cholesterol is high, HDL Cholesterol is low

Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the

Liver

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?

Methionine

In the body, Vitamin A plays important roles in all of the following EXCEPT

Muscle Contraction

What online website identifies successful weight-loss methods by tracking individuals who have lost > 30 lbs of weight and kept it off for at least a year?

National Weight Control Registry

A deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin is characterized by "the 4 D's" (dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death) are characteristics of a deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin.

Niacin

________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

Niacin

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate way to defrost raw meat?

On the counter

________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.

Osteomalacia

Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance?

Potassium

Which of the following substances is a macronutrient?

Protein

Gabe's elderly neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep. He wonders why milk is not available in glass bottles anymore. Gabe explains to him that light destroys certain water-soluble vitamins in milk and milk is now stored in opaque containers to protect _______ from destruction.

Riboflavin

Painful cracks at the corners of the mouth and a swollen, red tongue are signs of a deficiency of _______.

Riboflavin

During an online interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement, "Most Americans suffer from nutritional-deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________.

Scare Tactic

Which of the following statements is true?

The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.

Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.

Mr. Stockton is a 64-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room with extreme weakness, poor coordination, back-and-forth eye movements, and mental confusion. He had a CT scan to check for signs of stroke, but his results came back normal. After speaking with his family, his doctor learned that Mr. Stockton has a history of alcohol abuse. Based on this information, the physician should test the patient for a deficiency of _______.

Thiamin

Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?

Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.

A person who has a BMI of 17.0 has a greater risk of infections than a person who has a BMI of 21.0.

True

ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.

True

Carbohydrates are created via photosynthesis in plants.

True

Cross contamination occurs when cooked foods come in contact with surfaces touched by raw meat.

True

In order to gain muscle tissue, an underweight person should engage in resistance-training AND increase his/her caloric intake.

True

Which of the following is NOT true about water?

Water is necessary for immune function.

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add ________ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a "margin of safety" amount

Dennis wants to gain weight, primarily as lean tissue. In addition to performing resistance exercise regularly, he should ________.

add nutrient-dense, healthy sources of energy to his diet, including fatty fish, whole-grain cereals, nuts, peanut butter, and olive oil

Sarah had her gallbladder removed one week ago. At her follow-up visit, she complained of having greasy stools. What dietary modification could help to alleviate Sarah's problem?

avoid high-fat meals

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be

converted into fat and stored

Consuela is an overweight young woman who wants to lose 10 pounds. The most reliable and safe way for her to lose this weight is to ________.

decrease her usual daily energy intake

This segment of the small intestine is connected to the stomach and is where bile, bicarbonate, and other digestive juice enter the small intestine.

duodenum

In order, the segments of the small intestine are

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

In their efforts to avoid regaining the weight they have lost, members of the National Weight Control Registry tend to ________.

eat breakfast daily

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been

enriched

Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids.

false

When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ________.

hypoglycemia

The body absorbs and uses ________ for synthesizing thyroid hormone.

iodide

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal.

ketone bodies

Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas." However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Clayton probably has

lactose intolerence

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as _____________.

lipogenesis

Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the

liver

The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus.

lower esophageal

The cardiac sphincter is also known as the ________.

lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?

maltose

Which of the following measurement techniques is a convenient, practical, and inexpensive way to determine if a person has an unhealthy distribution of body fat?

measuring the person's waist circumference

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?

observational

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?

observational study

Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?

peach

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.

peptide bond

Which of the following functions as an emulsifier in the body and is required for cell membrane structure?

phospholipids

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.

phospholipids

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a ________ fatty acid

polyunsaturated

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases the bioavailability of Biotin?

raw eggs

Chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ________.

small intestine

Lola doesn't like to cook, so she eats fast food at least three times a week. When she doesn't eat fast food, she opens a can of soup and makes a ham and cheese sandwich. For snacks, she prefers processed cheese cubes, potato chips, and pretzels. Based on this information, her diet is very high in ________.

sodium

A(n) ______ is circular muscle that opens and closes to regulate the movement of food particles during digestion.

sphincter

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

Gabe is interested in ways to maximize the vitamin content in his fresh fruits and vegetables. All of the following are good practices to ensure maximum vitamin content preservation EXCEPT _______.

storing fresh produce in plastic bags at room temperature