NDT Chapter 5: Lipids

low density lipoprotein

a lipoprotein formed in the blood from VLDLs; transports cholesterol to the cells of the body

very low density lipoprotein

a lipoprotein made in the liver and intestine that functions to transport endogenous lipids, especially triglycerides, to the tissues of the body

high density lipoprotein

a lipoprotein made in the liver and released into the blood; transports cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver

chylomicron

a lipoprotein produced in the interior sites; transports dietary fat out of the intestinal tract

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

a metabolic derivative of Alpha-linolenic/omega 3 fatty acids acid semicolon also available from Marine foods

triglyceride

a molecule consisting of Three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon glycerol backbone

lipoprotein

a spherical compound in which fat clusters in the center and phospholipids and proteins form the outside of the sphere

micelle

a spherical compound made up of bile salt and biliary phospholipids that transports lipid digestion products to the intestinal mucosal cell

sterols

a type of lipid found in foods and the body that has a ring structure;

phospholipids

a type of lipid in which a fatty acid is combined with another compound that contains phosphate; unlike other lipids, phospholipids are soluble in water

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid __________ -are non-essential fatty acids -cannot be synthesized in the body -are found only in meats -should not be consumed in a healthy diet

cannot be synthesized in the body

The hormone _______________________ stimulates the gallbladder to release bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum

cholecystokinin

The enzyme _________________, secreted from the chief cells in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides

gastric lipase

The structure composed of a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid is called a ____________________

monoacylglyceride

Fatty acids with one double bond between two of their carbon atoms are referred to as -saturated -polyunsaturated -monounsaturated -steroids

monounsaturated

Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids? -skim milk -olive oil -sour cream -corn oil

olive oil

A lipid that the body requires to make several critical substances but can't synthesize on its own is _____. -cholesterol -vitamin D -phosphates -omega-3 fatty acids

omega-3 fatty acids

This enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the two fatty acids from the glycerol backbone in the intestine, is called ______________

pancreatic lipase

Which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids? -pancreatic lipase -bile -lingual lipase -gastric lipase

pancreatic lipase

part ii of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

pancreatic lipase can then access the triglycerides and break them apart into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol

This compound, which is the most common lipid in foods, is made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone and is called a ____________

triglyceride

HDL is low in what kind of lipid

triglycerides and cholesterol

T/F Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in foods

true

trans fatty acid

type of fatty acid in which the hydrogen atoms are attached on diagonally opposite sides of the double carbon Bond

The most healthful dietary lipid to consume is __________. -cholesterol -unsaturated fat -trans fat -saturated fat

unsaturated fat

The AMDR for fat is -10% to 25% of total energy. -20% to 35% of total energy. -There is no AMDR for fat. -15% to 30% of total energy.

20% to 35% of total energy.

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

A metabolic derivative of alpha-linolenic acid/omega 3 fatty acids. also available from marine foods

fatty acid

an acid composed of a long chain of carbon atoms bound to each other as well as to hydrogen atoms, with a carboxyl group at the alpha end of the chain

linoleic acid

an essential fatty acid found in vegetable and nut oils; an omega-6 fatty acid

Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats? -butter -skim milk -olive oil -peanuts

butter

examples of visible fats

butter, margarine, cream, shortening, salad dressings, chicken skin, and untrimmed fat on meat

LDL is high in what kind of lipid

cholesterol

what is the most common sterol that is occurs in our diets

cholesterol

invisible fats

fats that are headed in foods, such as the fats found in baked goods

short chain fatty acids

fatty acids fewer than six carbon atoms in length

This alcohol, called __________, is made up of three carbons, three hydroxyl groups, and five hydrogen ions

glycerol

The risk for cardiovascular disease is reduced in people who have high blood levels of -very-low-density lipoproteins. -triglycerides -high-density lipoproteins. -low-density lipoproteins

high-density lipoproteins.

Saturated fatty acids are saturated with _____ -glycerol -carbon -fat -hydrogen

hydrogen

Triglycerides within chylomicrons are taken up by body cells with the help of -lipoprotein lipase -bile. -gastric lipase -pancreatic lipase

lipoprotein lipase

what is bad cholesterol

low-density lipoprotein

what is the function of phospholipids?

transport fat in the bloddstream

function of chylomicrons

transports dietary fat into the blood and to the tissues of the body

what is the function of VLDL

transports endogenous lipids, especially triglycerides, to various tissues of the body

VLDL is high in what kind of lipid

triglycerides

chylomicron is high in what kind of lipid

triglycerides

T/F Lecithin is a sterol found in egg yolks

FALSE

T/F Trans fatty acids are byproducts of certain types of food processing; they do not occur in nature.

FALSE

How much of your daily caloric intake should come from all fats? -10% to 20% -5% to 10% -40% to 45% -20% to 35%

20% to 35%

T/F Fat is unhealthful, and we should consume as little as possible.

FALSE

The FDA has banned manufactures from adding trans fatty acids in the form of hydrogenated oils to processed food products. Trans fatty acid intake is highly coorelated with heart disease and thei intake should be limited. Which foods naturally contain trans fatty acids? -Nuts butters and avocados -Canola and safflower oils -Beef, butter, full fat dairy products

Beef, butter, full fat dairy products

Lipoproteins are classified by their density. Low-density lipoproteins are associated with high risk of heart disease because they are most dense in -Cholesterol -Micelles -Protein -Triglycerides

Cholesterol

Which statement below is TRUE about cholesterol -Cholesterol is found in animal products including beef and chicken. -Pecans are a rich source of cholesterol. -Cholesterol is the major fat in the diet of Americans -Cholesterol is an essential nutrient and must be consumed in the diet.

Cholesterol is found in animal products including beef and chicken

what is good cholesterol

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

____________ always have two or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain, making them liquid at room temperature. -Saturated fatty acids -Polyunsaturated fatty acids -Monounsaturated fatty acids -Unsaturated fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Which of the following foods most likely contains invisible fat? -Bacon -orange slices -Green leafy salad (no salad dressing) -Potato chips

Potato chips

All fats are part of a larger group known as lipids. Lipids come in Choose the statement below that correctly describes the types of lipids found in food -Triglycerides contain two fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. -All fatty acids in triglycerides have 6 to 12 carbons per chain. -The body does not manufacture phospholipids, so they must be included in the diet. -Sterols like cholesterol have a ring structure.

Sterols like cholesterol have a ring structure.

T/F During a long bike ride, lipids are mobilized from adipose tissue for use as energy.

TRUE

T/F Fried foods are relatively nutritious as long as vegetable shortening is used to fry the foods

TRUE

T/F High-fat diets cause cancer

TRUE

T/F To reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease, avoid eating most of your Calories in the evening before bed

TRUE

__________ have "kinked" fatty acids at the area of their double bonds, preventing them from packing tightly together -Trans fats -Unsaturated fats -Saturated fats -Sterols

Unsaturated fats

Atherosclerosis

a disease in which arterial walls accumulate deposits of lipids and scar tissue, which build up to a point at which they impair blood flow

Fats are ________________ -provide less energy, gram for gram, than carbohydrates, but are metabolized more efficiently. -keep foods from turning rancid. -enable the digestion of fat-soluble vitamins -are a major source of fuel for the body both during physical activity and at rest

are a major source of fuel for the body both during physical activity and at rest

Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid? -olive oil -avocado -steak -corn oil

corn oil

Your cousin has a BMI of 29.5 and has just learned he has atherosclerosis. What would be the best strategies for him to lower his risk of a heart attack? -increase his physical activity, consume plenty of fruits and vegetables, and consume oily fish at least twice weekly -increase his physical activity, consume plenty of fruits and vegetables, and consume at least three alcoholic beverages daily -start smoking to help him lose weight, consume processed foods, and consume oily fish at least twice weekly -lose weight, consume whole foods, and avoid consuming fish

increase his physical activity, consume plenty of fruits and vegetables, and consume oily fish at least twice weekly

To reduce your risk for cancer, the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that you __________. -maintain a healthful body weight -select processed meats instead of red meat -drink two glasses of red wine daily -eat at least 5 cups of fruits and vegetables each day

maintain a healthful body weight

Which of the three lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes -sterols -phospholipids -triglycerides -None of these lipids is used in cell membranes

phospholipids

Three healthful sources of beneficial fats are -skim milk, lamb, and fruits. -oats, broth-based soups, and red wine. -whole milk, egg whites, and stick margarine -plant oils, fish, and seeds

plant oils, fish, and seeds

part iii of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

products from lipase digestion along with cholesterol are trapped in the micelle

Which of the following individuals would likely have the lowest risk for cardiovascular disease? -someone who eats only invisible fats -someone who eats steak, burgers, and ice cream daily -someone who eats processed foods or fast food five to six days a week -someone who eats fish or vegetarian meals five or more days a week

someone who eats fish or vegetarian meals five or more days a week

part vi of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

within enterocytes, components from micelles reform triglycerides and are repackaged as chylomicrons for transport into the lymphatic system

what is the function of lipoproteins?

transport lipids into the bloodstream

what is the function of HDL

transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

what is the function of LDL

transports cholesterol to the cells of the body

From the list below, choose all the correct statements about the functions of fat. -Fat is a good source of energy, providing 4 kcal/g. -Fat provides flavor and texture to food (think ice cream) and also leaves you satisfied for longer after a meal. -Lipids are an essential component of cell membranes, provide materials needed to make steroid hormones, act as insulation under the skin, and protect organs from injury. -The body can rely on carbohydrate stores during periods of low energy intake. -Fat in the diet allows for the transport of vitamins A, C, and E because they are fat-soluble.

-Fat provides flavor and texture to food (think ice cream) and also leaves you satisfied for longer after a meal. -Lipids are an essential component of cell membranes, provide materials needed to make steroid hormones, act as insulation under the skin, and protect organs from injury.

what does the gallbladder secrete during lipid digestion

-bile

what does the stomach secrete during lipid digestion

-gastrin -gastric lipase

Which diet or lifestyle changes are recommended to reduce cancer risk? -increase intake of high-fiber plant foods -choose refined grains over whole grains -limit alcohol to three drinks per day for men, two drinks per day for women -choose fish, poultry, and beans instead of red meat

-increase intake of high-fiber plant foods -choose fish, poultry, and beans instead of red meat

what does the mouth secrete during lipid digestion

-lingual lipase

what happens in the mouth during lipid digestion?

-lingual lipase secreted by tongue cells and mixed with saliva digests some triglycerides -little lipid digestion occurs here

what are the two essential fatty acids

-linoleic acid -alpha-linolenic acid

what happens in the stomach during lipid digestion?

-most fat arrives intact at this organ, where it is mixed and broken into droplets -gastric lipase digests some trigylcerides

what does the pancreas secrete during lipid digestion

-phospholipase -pancreatic lipase

what are the health effects of omega-3 fatty acids?

-reduce risk of heart disease -reduce inflammatory responses -reduce blood clotting and plasma triglycerides

what does the small intestine secrete during lipid digestion

-secretin -cholecystokinin

From the list below, choose the types of fat that should be limited in a person's diet, assuming his or her consumption of total fat is within the recommended range of 20% to 35% of daily energy -trans fat -polyunsaturated fat -saturated fat -monounsaturated fat -essential fatty acids

-trans fat -saturated fat

Lard is a solid fat composed mainly of saturated fatty acids (SFAs). What feature of SFAs contributes to the solidity of lard? -Double bonds join carbons in the SFA chain. -All carbons in SFAs are joined with single bonds. -SFAs have several kinks in the chain. Carbon bonds in -SFAs are in the cis formation

All carbons in SFAs are joined with single bonds.

Choose the statement below that correctly describes the relationship between dietary fat and chronic heart disease. -To lower risk of heart disease, trans fats should be kept to 5% to 6% of total energy intake. -A diet high in omega-3 fatty acids may lower the risk of heart disease by raising low-density lipoproteins (LDL). -Diets high in trans fat increase blood levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), or the "bad cholesterol," and, therefore, increase risk for heart disease. -Diets high in fat, simple sugars, and excess calories increase blood levels of triglycerides, and, therefore, increase risk of heart disease.

Diets high in fat, simple sugars, and excess calories increase blood levels of triglycerides, and, therefore, increase risk of heart disease.

T/F A serving of food labeled reduced fat has at least 25% fewer Calories than a full-fat version of the same food

FALSE

T/F Certain fats protect against heart disease

FALSE

T/F Dietary cholesterol is not required because our body makes all the cholesterol it needs

FALSE

Which of the following statements is NOT a function of fat in the body -Fats provide structure to cell membranes. -Fats are a major energy source during rest. -Fats transport fat-soluble vitamins. -Fats function to repair damaged muscle

Fats function to repair damaged muscle

Which of the following statements regarding the structure of triglycerides is TRUE -Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule, which contain a single double bond, are referred to as monounsaturated fatty acids. -A triglyceride consists of a fatty acid with three glycerol molecules attached. -Unsaturated fatty acids have only one shape, referred to as a cis configuration, which bends at the double bond. -Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule with more than one double bond are referred to as saturated fatty acids

Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule, which contain a single double bond, are referred to as monounsaturated fatty acids.

Choose the correct statement about enzymes that assist with fat digestion. -Lipoprotein lipase is found on the inside of body cells. -Lingual lipase is secreted by the stomach to digest some triglycerides. -Triglyceride digestion requires pancreatic lipase. -Gastric lipase is released by the tongue during chewing

Triglyceride digestion requires pancreatic lipase.

glycerol

an alcohol composed of three carbon atoms; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule

lipoprotein lipase

an enzyme that sits on the outside of cells and breaks apart triglycerides, so that their fatty acids can be removed and taken up by the cell

alpha linoleic acid

an essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables, flaxseed oil, soy oil, fish oil, and fish products; and omega-3 fatty acid

Fat digestion begins when fats are emulsified by __________ -lipoproteins -chylomicrons -the stomach -bile

bile

When fat enters the duodenum, an emulsifier called ________ is released into the small intestine to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets

bile

What are micelles? -emulsifiers used to break fat globules into small droplets during digestion -lipid-digesting enzymes located in the small intestine -a type of lipoprotein needed to absorb lipids -clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi

clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi

Sophie would like to increase her intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Which of the following would NOT be an effective strategy? -eat hamburgers made with ground beef that is 80% lean -replace her weekly grilled steak with grilled salmon -make a salad dressing with canola oil and balsamic vinegar -add walnuts to yogurt and salads

eat hamburgers made with ground beef that is 80% lean

All of the following are ways to lower your saturated fat intake EXCEPT ___________ -choosing yellow cake instead of angel food cake -eating baked tortilla chips in place of regular chips -using wine, lemon juice, or broth instead of butter -baking or broiling in place of frying

eating baked tortilla chips in place of regular chips

T/F Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both

false

T/F Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion.

false

long chain fatty acids

fatty acids that are 14 or more carbon atoms and length

medium chain fatty acids

fatty acids that are 6 to 12 carbon atoms in length

polyunsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids that have more than one double bond in the chain semicolon these types of fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature

saturated fatty acid

fatty acids that have no carbons joined together with a double bond; these types of fatty acids are generally solid at room temperature

monounsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids that have two carbons in the chain bound to each other with one double bond; these types of fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature

essential fatty acids

fatty acids that must be consumed in the diet because they cannot be made by the body

A good source of EPA and DHA in the diet is _____. -fried foods -lettuce -fatty fish -oats

fatty fish

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is -found in leafy green vegetables, flaxseed oil, and fatty fish -a precursor to linoleic acid -also known as arachidonic acid. -a metabolic derivative of EPA and DHA

found in leafy green vegetables, flaxseed oil, and fatty fish

The lipid profile associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease is __________ -high HDL, low LDL, low triglycerides -high HDL, low LDL, high triglycerides -high HDL, high LDL, low triglycerides -low HDL, low LDL, low triglycerides

high HDL, low LDL, low triglycerides

visible fats

if that's we can see in our food or see added to foods

Trans fatty acids -increase the blood's level of the lipids associated with cardiovascular disease. -are synthesized in the liver and intestine, and therefore do not need to be consumed in the diet -have double carbon bonds in which both hydrogen atoms are located on the same side of the double bond. -have no double carbon bonds

increase the blood's level of the lipids associated with cardiovascular disease

part i of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

large fat droplets filled with triglycerides are emulsified (broken down) by bile into smaller droplets

To lower risk of cardiovascular disease, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends __________ of daily kcal come from saturated fat -less than 10% -10% to 11% -less than 20% -20% to 35%

less than 10%

a diverse group of organic substances that are insoluble in water

lipids

Long-chain fatty acids are transported via chylomicrons from inside the enterocyte into the _________________ to be delivered to the rest of the body

lymphatic system

The products of lipid hydrolysis are transported to the enterocytes in ________________

micelles

part v of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

micelles transport lipid digestion products to the enterocytes

examples of invisible fats

regular-fat dairy products, marbling in meat, and fried foods

Choose the meal below that contains primarily healthful fats -roasted salmon, spinach sautéed in olive oil, brown rice, and toasted walnuts -roasted turkey breast (no gravy), broccoli topped with 2 tablespoons of shredded cheddar cheese, and mashed potatoes made with cream and butter -fried chicken breasts from a fast-food restaurant, a green salad with no dressing, mac and cheese, and green beans with butter -grilled hamburger patty (85% lean) on a whole-wheat bun, raw carrots and celery with 1/4 cup of blue cheese dressing, and buttered corn on the cob

roasted salmon, spinach sautéed in olive oil, brown rice, and toasted walnuts

The fish that contain greater quantities of EPA and DHA, omega-3 fatty acids known to benefit health, are __________. -fish sticks and fried white fish -cod and haddock -salmon and tuna -tilapia and mahi mahi

salmon and tuna

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk? -polyunsaturated fat -monounsaturated fat -saturated fat

saturated fat

part vii of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

shorter fatty acids can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream

part iv of lipid digestion in the small intestine:

the micelle transports these digestion products to the intestinal enterocyte to be absorbed

hydrogenation

the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated in thereby more solid at room temperature

what is the function of plant sterols?

they appear to block the absorption of dietary cholesterol

How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food -four -two -three -six

three