Neanderthal Enigma Final Exam

Tabun D

"phase 1 mousterian" --points, blades, retouched pieces --dating difficult 120 ka? 190 ka?

Tabun C

"phase 2 mousterian" --younger than 120 ka BP-90kaBP? --not as many points --lots of levallois tools and side scrapers

Tabun B

"phase 3 mousterian" --back to a bunch of points after lull in phase 2 --many modified at the base for possible hafting into shafts

Mugharet et-Tabun

(cave of the oven) index site for the Mousterian in the Levant--can be defined using bordes typology--more of a temporal trajectory of change--huge sequence of stratigraphy preserved back to the acheulean level 350 kaBP aschelo-yabrudian industry-- 130-243 kaBP --lots of hand axes and toold made with prepared-core methods --amudian phase of this industry is pre-mousterian--has LOTS of blades! Tabun D- "phase 1 mousterian" --points, blades, retouched pieces --dating difficult 120 ka? 190 ka? Tabun C--"phase 2 mousterian" --younger than 120 ka BP-90kaBP? --not as many points --lots of levallois tools and side scrapers Tabun B--"phase 3 mousterian" --back to a bunch of points after lull in phase 2 --many modified at the base for possible hafting into shafts

Combe Grenal

125-50kaBP heads and feet assemblage found here area for butchering??--bringing meat elsewhere --problem with this idea is can't find where meat is being taken to carnivore bite marks found on bones--tooth marks and bite marks--which came first? --who had primary access to carcass

Bruniquel Cave, France

176.5kaBP cave site in SW france --deep in the dark zone of the cave where were circular configurations of broken stalagmites --neanderthal site --would have needed torches--use of fire!

Mousterian tools

200,000-40,000 years ago. Middle paleolithic tools made by Neanderthals. Includes many specialized stone tools like side scrapers (most common), lance points, and knives with other materials incorporated such an antler, horn, sticks, and cordage. Tool manufacture includes multiple components and is highly specialized. side scrapers, Burins, denticulates, drills/borers, backed blades

John Shea

2006 study of ancient stone weapons compared to modern points --made modern experimental thrusting points for comparison --comparing ethnographic points to archaeological --most middle Paleolithic tools NOT consistent with throwing objects--not projectile --chatelperronian points consistent with dart points--could be hafted into projectiles --modern human assoc. industry points=projectile --levantine points same, MP all thrusting spear points, projectiles start in Upper Paleolithic --African points--middle paleolithic thrusting points BUT...small microlithic shards not included in this study but they could have been attached to shafts and maybe used as arrowheads 60kaBP 2011 study of modern human behavioral indicators that are present/absent in different groups (ie. instruments, organized domestic space, exchange networks)--marked that neanderthals didnt exhibit a lot of qualities when other research shows they probably did (ie. persistence in harsh environments, personal ornaments, artifact diversity)

African Ngaloba Specimen

200kaBP (super old) Wolpoff used as an argument against RAO model by saying that the characteristics are not as similar as other species that they are sinking into sapiens BAD--cannot use pleisiomorphic characteristics to sat two groups are more closely related! tried to use these characteristics to compare Niandong to Ngaloba

Torralba/Ambrona, Spain

350kaBP sites in SpainA acheulean tools, burned wood, Several dozen elephants in swampy deposit found this site supposedly shows an early model of hunting--using fires to drive elephants into marshes Binford didn't believe this. "early homo can't hunt big prey" looking at the deposit, there was 1 elephant found every 25 years--not a mass kill site bones could have been water transported--"very few, if any, brought to the swamp by humans"

Vogelherd cave

40 kaBP cave site in Germany associated with the modern human ordination period ivory carving found carved points found ornamentation in europe happening concurrently if neanderthals are associated with the chatelperronian-- 40kaBP pierced teeth of the chatelperronian in france did the last common ancestor of neanderthals and em humans have the capacity for symbolic behavior if descendant generations did? --symbolism becoming necessary in denser populations to identify selves?

El Castillo Cave, Spain

40 kaBP--probably a modern human cave site with stencil images of hands blown onto the wall with pigment

mobility strategies of hunter gatherers

According to Binford, the 2 strategies of mobility for hunter-gatherers are 'foragers' and 'collectors'

Chatelperronian Industry

An "Initial" Upper Paleolithic tool industry that has been found possibly in association with later Neandertals. 54-40kaBP --mix of middle and upper paleolithic attributes ----"transitional?? --projectile points --same time as Uluzzian industry in italy and greece which has lunates--half moon tool --also MAYBE neanderthals --other initual UP industries include neronian and bachokirian industries

Early homo as scavengers

Binford believed that early homonids were opportunistic scavengers, not hunters. oldowon tools associated with scavengers there is no such thing as a full-time mammalian scavenger--will scavenge meat if given the opportunity --however, can we rule out hunting completely?

Binfords on neanderthal subsistence

Binford thought that neanderthals were not hunters, but mainly opportunistic scavengers says that the "head and foot pattern" found at many sites reflects neanderthal scavenging--predators have access to the meatier parts neanderthals hunted small and medium animals and scavenged large animals --definitely hunting small prey

Francois Bordes

Bordes used proportions of blades found in south France to define mousterian tool types (62) as well as 4 basic mousterian "facies/groups/variants" 1) Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MTA) 2) Typical Mousterian 3) Denticulate Mousterian 4) Charentian Mousterian (Quina/Ferrassie grouped here)

Replacement with hybridization

Brauer's modern human origins model --not a speciation event, microevolutionary change as modern humans move out of africa

tool types beyond SW France

East of france--only find charentian types North (ie. belgium)--MTA Central Europe--Micoquian Levant+Zagros mountains mousterian

Middle paleolithic preservation

Have to account for the preservation bias of stone tools and sites with rapid sediment deposition sites with high preservation show more than just stone tools which would decay at other sites ie) Abric Romani site in Spain--has rapid sediment deposition which hardens and leaves molds of tools which decay--if you fill molds with plaster--found wooden knife-like tools in the middle paleolithic

Mandrin Cave

Initial upper paleolithic site in france next to a river which acted as a natural corridor for animal movement associated with the Neronian industry 56-51 kaBP --parallel sided blades --baby tooth--second molar found --reconstructing missing portions of baby tooth in 3 different ways and all fall into the modern upper paleo human range of variation --confirmed that modern humans are associated with neronian industry --industry as incursion of modern humans in neron valley-then disappeared! and replaced by neanderthals also had Quina mousterian levels 55-58kaBP --came before neronian levels later neanderthal levels after neronian --shows no great disadvantages against mod humans? --they didnt disappear with the appearance of mod.. humans

Levant Mobility patterns

John Shea and Dan Lieberman were interested in the mobility patterns in the Levant --figure out how to distinguish site occupation? --used layers of dentine in gazelle teeth cementum to determine when it died--opaque layers are wet season--translucent layers are dry season ----grows from tooth at a known rate--can measure time of death within a month determined that... Tabun B and Kebara (assoc. with Tabun B) were multi-seasonal hunters (COLLECTORS) Tabun C and Qafzeh (assoc. with T.C.) hunted/gathered seasonally (FORAGERS) --Tabun C was fall/winter --Qafzeh spring/summer argue that Tabun B associated with neanderthals and Tabun C associated with early modern humans T.C. foraging-->TB collecting-->UP foraging-->Natufian collecting why changing back and forth? collecting assoc. with resource depletion? Tabun B more hunting? more carnivorous? neanderthals hunting more?

Still Bay & Howiesons Poort

MSA sites in africa that show blade technology for a small amount of time and then disappears could have been a result of environmental pressures--if you dont need tech, you dont use it --pushed to environments with resource pressure --dense populations need intensification

Kobe Cave

Marean and Kim did study where they collected all the tiny bone fragments at the cave to reconstruct--analyzed cut/tooth marks assumed to be neanderthals (mousterian MP) more material from longbones and meatier parts of skeleton present, unlike other MP sites --heads and feet rare --meatier bones with marrow --not many vertebrae (spongey bones that can be eaten) --cut marks on the mid-shafts (meatier parts) --tooth marks on the epiphyses (ends) --supports a HUMAN FIRST model ----hunting and cutting meatier parts off bone--homonins have access first Marean-- Kobeh cave is "what you would expect from large-brained group of seasonal hunters" --head and foot pattern a strained explanation?? majority of taxa are medium sized ungulates Binford suggests that this is a product of still scavenging large animals and only hunting medium and small

Recent African Origin Model

Modern humans arose as a new species in Africa about 300kaBP --homo sapiens were in the last speciation event in africa then moved out of africa after speciation --"replacement" model --can't reproduce with other species--reproductive isolation (but neanderthal genome studies show small percent in mod humans so not fully right) problems: neanderthals and modern humans could reproduce, but their male offspring MAY have been sterile (per Haldane's rule)

Typical Mousterian

Mousterian group defined by bordes that contains a relatively low proportion of hand axes and backed blades and a high number of side scrapers, denticulates, and points contains all 62 tool types

Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition

Relatively late mousterian group defined by Bordes that contains all 62 types plus mousterian handaxes. high frequency of hand-axes, teardrop-shaped, bifacially worked

Zagros Mountains mousterian tools

Shanidar cave flint blanks with smaller cores no levallois technique--wasteful--not many large stones points, blades

Burins

Small, chisel-like tools with a pointed end; thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood.

Assimilation

Smith and Trinkaus model of modern human origins --demic diffusion--genes flowing from one population to another --some places DD stronger, some weaker ----central europe neander contributed more genes to modern humans in that area (prob not true) Vindija--croatian neanderthal site 40 or 38kaBP --smaller brow ridge than most neanderthals --used as proof for gene flow--evolving in mod human direction??--wrong cuz no mod human DNA present here

head-foot model

Steiner--says head and foot model--for access to brains of animal which is fatty meat Marean--says the model is an excavation bias of people choosing just to keep heads (made steiner mad) --shafts arent diagnostic model that suggests scavenging? eating the fatty and calorie rich parts of animals? heads as source of fat in stressed animals?

backed blade

Stone blade tool in which one edge has been dulled or "backed" so it can be more readily held in the hand while being used used in the mousterian one sharp working edge

Acheulian Industry

Stone tool industry from the Early and Middle Pleistocene and characterized by a large proportion of bifacial tools starting in Africa 1.79maBP bifacially worked tools seem like mental template used also presence of hand-axes--multi-use tools? industry named for St. Acheul in France used over a span of 1 million years with little change Associated commonly with H. erectus end of acheulian we see the Levallois technique of making tools where you knock flakes from a core to produce a tortoise-shell shape. aka "prepared core technique"--however, this is a wasteful method of raw material

Middle Paleolithic (Middle Stone Age)

Stone tools that used prepared core technologies. Middle Paleolithic associated with Europe and Asia, Middle stone age is Africa. Middle paleolithic marked by widespread use of the prepared core technique

Lomekwi, Kenya

The earliest (oldest) stone tools were found at hare. 3.3 maBP by Sonia Harmond no fossils here for genus made by Australopithecus? large tools made by breaking stones against hard objects thought to be the bridge between chimp technology and Oldowon tools

Multiregional Evolution Model

The hypothesis that modern humans evolved throughout the Old World as a single species (sapiens) after the first dispersion of Homo erectus out of Africa homo emerged in africa 2maBP then expanded out of africa (sinks erectus into sapiens) --gene flow prevents speciation events --features become fixed over time in different regions --modern humans arise around the world 100-40kaBP Wolpoff's MRE tenets: 1) long term geographic variation 2) significant gene flow between variants 3) common evolutionary trends in all inhabited regions of the old world MRE as a balance between gene flow (makes population look the same) and genetic drift/selection (geographically separate pop) --gene flow prevents too much differentiation and speciation events --says regional differentiation "very ancient" --used Vindija neander as example (cuz of the small brow ridge)--but it was prob just a factor of the young age

Upper Paleolithic

The last part (10,000 to 40,000 years ago) of the Stone Age, featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms. blades, antler, bone, art objects

Micoquian

Tool industry in the middle paleolithic in central europe categorized by long handaxes and irregularly shaped bifaces--very thin tips leaf-shaped folliate points--associated with neanderthals

optimal foraging theory

Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food. hunter-gatherer decision making considers danger, time spent, return rate, and caloric payoff (bufallos not worth caloric payoff) seabirds and fish as lower-ranked resources--high processing time for lower calorie payoff --behavior in neanderthals could be determined by this and not because lacking in "mod human" features --lower ranked resources used out of necessity --wont move until return rates higher elsewhere

calibration curve

a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration in radiocarbon dating, these curves take into account radiocarbon plateaus by using organic materials that can be dated exactly by annual phenomena (ie. tree rings or algae blooms in lake) makes up for the radiocarbon in the atmosphere that could affect the accuracy of dates demise of the neanderthals happened during a radiocarbon plateau

foragers

a group of people who survive by hunting and gathering over a large region they have circulating mobility throughout the year and stay in an area until the resources are depleted then move on can tell that a site has circulating mobility if they are not specialized vs the temporary sites of collectors "optimal foraging theory"--resources ranked by calories? --effort ratio --move to locations with higher ratio

Grotte de Fees

aka "chatelperron" type site for chatelperrionian industry Zilhao showe that bones at site went through hyena digestive tract? hyena den --also said that excavations in the 1950s were digging up backfill from earlier excavations

Aurignacian industry

an "Early" Upper Paleolithic, mainly European, tool culture that existed from about 40,000 to 27,000 years ago associated with modern humans

Zilhao and D'Erico

argued about the dates of chatelperronian and aurignatian industries--chatelperronian is earlier and neanderthals invented it independently of early modern interaction saidmellarsreasoningreliedontheseassumptions. 1) personal adornments from Grotte du Renne is evidence of influence from modern humans (Randall white says the drilling techniques of two industries are very different tho) 2)interstratification at Roc de Combe, Le Piage, El Pendo and Grotte de Fees suggestive of long contemporaneity between two populations 3) assumption that radiocarbon dates at certain sites are proof of age of aurignation being before chatelperronian Zilhao thinks that radiocarbon dates of aurignation in west europe is correct at 36.5kaBP --dates at spanish sites show aurignatian is 37.1kaBP (determined with split base bone points) --they were re-done both calibrated and ultrafiltrated--40kaBP!! they ARE early! Zilhao wrong

Mellars

argued that the neanderthals got the chatelperronian industry from years of interaction /coexisting with modern humans

Upper Paleolithic "revolution"

around 45kaBP--associated with modern humans --parallel sided blades punched off cores (unlike earlier "flakes")--efficient for the most cutting edge off of a stone --tools in antler and bone (ie barbed points) --explosion of art--cave drawings and figurines --changed subsistence strategies

McBrearty & Brooks 2000

article defining modern human behavior arguing that we see behavioral modernity in africa over a long time period, not a "revolution" like its thought to be in Europe UP (USE EUROPE AS A PROXY THO like why) define modern human behavior: 1) abstract thinking 2) planning depth 3) behavioral, economic, and technological innovations 4) symbolic behavior identify in archaeological record with: 1) ecology 2) technology 3) economy/social organization 4) symbolic behavior features of "mod human behavior" showing up much earlier in Africa compared to UP Europe --note that MSA hunters went after dangerous animals like warthogs and zebras (Klein argued they avoided them)

Paul Mellars

believed that mousterian type differenced may have had a temporal trend--stratigraphically, types have temporal trend. (ie. quina later than ferrassie and acheulian is the latest/youngest)

Troisieme cavern

cave in the goyet cave site in Belgium dated to 40.5-45.5 kaBP neanderthals cut marks on broken bones found in percussion pits looks like cannibalism

Moula-Guercy

cave site (120-100 kaBP) in france bones found broken, burned, and with cut marks red deer and human bones found with same treatment cannibalism here, not ritual

Vanguard Cave

cave site in Gibraltar from 45 kaBP found monk seal bones with cut marks associated with mousterian levels presumably neanderthal site with primary access to sea mammals close-range hunting for neanderthals =danger

collectors

collector hunter-gatherers have a year round all purpose site where they have radiating mobility, sending groups out from the main site to gather resourced elsewhere at specialized sites and bring them back to the central site --storable goods in the center Binford says this system is "inherently unstable" because there is a risk of exhausting all local resources, a non-issue for foragers modern groups who do this are capable of drawing detailed maps of territory--knowlede of where to collect what Shea and Lieberman argue that neanderthals in Levant were collectors and collecting is associated with resource depletion

Harold Dibble

commented on mousterian tools with his "reduction sequence argument" --tools are resharpened over time and made into others --some of the tool types are really the same tool at different points in its use-life? --function of low material availability? --higher availability of materials indicated by large tools left behind without reworking

Henshilwood and Marean

critiques mcbrearty and brooks 2000 article for transplanting european concepts on africa archaeological record--proxys are arbitrary and defined based on the location of the archaeologist ie-africa didnt have access to antlers--cant use as proxy also, the traits defined could just be a result of labor intensification and environmental pressure (ie. hunter gatherers in colder climates have to figure out how to store food--technological advancement based on necessity) Marean and Henshilwood redefined "modern human behavior" as symbolic behavior, thinking, and actions to organize ones own behavior and the behavior of others--material information exchange and communication beyond space and time--indicated by art and personal ornamentation in arch record

Bordes-Binford Debate

debate about stone tool assemblages Bordes--believed the tool assemblages indicated 5 different ethnic groups living together in southern france that remained reproductively isolated (not likely) Binford--the difference in mousterian tool groups are functional, contingent on access to materials and difference in activities. (more saws for wood, levallois with stone access, etc.) --uses ethnoarchaeology analogy--lived with hunter-gatherers --too small an area for 5 ethnic groups --scrapers from different sites used in different ways

Qafzeh/skul burial

early known burial from qafzeh cave in 120kaBP burial with antler associated as a grave good and ochre qafzeh 9--double burial of woman and infant skul burial at 80kaBP neanderthal burials found in Europe are all after 75 kaBP Tabun C1--female neanderthal found buried with neonate remains--recorded by gerod but crumbled during excavation

Michael Richards

early studies of photosynthetic pathways in homonins showed that neanderthals did not incorporate fish in their diets because of higher 13-C levels and lower 15-N early modern humans have more fish in diet according to Richards

different hunting methods

encounter disadvantage (thrusting spears used for this; drive animals into disadvantaged location) approach (stalking, easier with projectiles) ambush (sit and wait--thrusting spears SOMETIMES used for this) trapping (traps dont preserve in record) pursuit (chase and exhaust)

Lawrence Strauss

found that neanderthals leave caves when predators inhabit them--they are not top predators and avoid dangerous animals neanderthals don't do well with swift or dangerous prey --don't have projectile technology --neanderthal #s were kept in check by top predators? --do neanderthals lack language?

Mary Stiner

found that the hunting of small animals vs the scavenging of large animals was happening at different sites homo either hunting OR scavenging

Indicators of Modern Human Behavior

from 200kaBP-present upper paleolithic modern humans in europe used as the proxy--most of the researchers excavated here first/longest and the limestone bedrock preserves stuff well -increased artifact diversity and standard types -ritual goods and grave goods -economic intensification -aquatic exploitation -expanded exchange networks and nonlocal artifacts -blade technology -enlarged geographic range -personal ornaments and art/images -structured living spaces problems with this model are that it is specific to europe technology and biology are not interlocked (ie. skul and qafzeh are modern humans using middle paleolithic tools, St Cesaire has neanderthals associated with the chatelperronian industry (IUP with projectile points/blades))

Natufians

group dated to between 12,500 and 10,500 B.P.; subsisted on intensive wild collecting and gazelle hunting and had year-round villages. collectors! last hunter gatherers in levant--also the first to experiment with agriculture Upper paleolithic thought to be foraging

Chatelperronian points

high impact breakage on tips of points consistent with projectile weapons --could possibly be late neanderthals --adopting modern human technology?

Klasies River Mouth, South Africa

important fossils of H. s. sapiens --mandibles with chins associated with bladelettes we see the expansion of diet breadth with seafood exploitation

Salzgitter Lebenstedt

middle paleo mousterian neanderthal site specialization in food--reindeer hunting

Charentian Mousterian

mousterian group defined by Bordes that is split into the "Quina" and "Ferrassie" categories has the "limace" tool-- has a small fin and is bifacially worked not many levallois tools--takes a lot of raw material--if no big cobble on site, not likely to be present. Quina--less than 10% levallois Ferrassie--14-30% levallois quina is generally later than ferrassie

Denticulate Mousterian

mousterian group defined by bordes that is characterized by denticulates and saws, with few backed blades or hand axes

Kudaro cave

mousterian middle paleolithic cave site in South Ossetia. mousterian levels show a mix of neanderthal and cave bear/cave lion levels inhabited at different times --found a bunch of salmon bone that was brought to the cave --measure of sulphur isotopes found by consuming salmon shows that the cave lions/cave bears were NOT consuming salmon, so the neanderthals were eating salmon --disproves earlier research of Richards who said that neanderthals were not exploiting marine resources.

drills/borers

mousterian stone tool for drilling holes--has sharp tip

La Pasiega Cave, Spain

neanderthal (probably) cave site dated to 64 kaBP image drawn on cave walls symbolic behavior!

St. Cesaire, France

neanderthal burial here associated with the chatelperronian industry (IUP)

Krapina 16

neanderthal found with cut marks on the skull--associated with the removal of the temporalis muscle --metal found in the marks--discovery damage?? --boned broken open for access to fatty marrow --small amount of burning on bones--most of faunal remains burned --Klatch argued a "battle of Krapina" bw neanders and other species Steiner argues that broken neander bones could be from hyenas

Engis 2

neanderthal infant first neanderthal discovered by scientists (not first identified) infant died while it was still weaning so its 15N studies showed it to be a very high trophic level because it was one above its mom from breastfeeding

La Ferrassie, France

neanderthal site in France where possible burial goods are found bone with symbolic incision? LF6 buried with large stone placed on top--divits in stone could be human-made (or could be from water dropping over time

La Naulette

neanderthal site in france discovered in 1866 neanderthal mandible found originally described as a victim of cannibalism, but theres no evidence for than cannibalism claims used as a method of dehumanization and "othering" of neander from mod humans

El Sidron

neanderthal site in northern spain where burn marks and broken mandibles (for marrow) were found. could be survival cannibalism?

Zilhao's "ebro frontier" model

neanderthals were keeping the modern humans out of S. Siberia and holding them above the Ebro river because the aurignatian is not found anywhere in S siberia--only appear there in the late aurignatian period this model was recently disproven Picareiro site in W. portugal--there is an aurignatian layer that was found below a stalagmite (meaning NO disturbances) that was calibrated ay 41kaBP Aurignation 1 layer confirmed this far west and south of ebro river--they could have been everywhere south of Ebro rivwer

15N

nitrogen-15 can be measured in carnivores --15N increases as you move up trophic levels plants-->herbivores-->carnivores aquatic food webs=more trophic levels neanderthals are a high trophic level, not much marine or aquatic resources (since they have low 13C) (according to michael richards) 13-C and 15-N studies are showing neanderthals to be predatory

Photosynthetic pathways

plants metabolize carbon. Because the three major pathways discriminate against carbon-13 in different ways, plants that use different pathways can produce different radiocarbon ages. *C3 pathway--(trees, shrubs, temperate grass) (european plants)--select against carbon-13 C4 pathway--(tropical grasses)--not as selective against carbon-13 high levels of carbon-13 in C4 plants (ie. maize) --european plants have less 13C C3 plants like wheat are low in carbon-13 freshwater fish have lower 13C than terrestrial animals marine ecosystems have higher 13C animals that eat lichen (tundra ecosystem) have high carbon-13 levels as you move up trophic levels, 13C remains the same

Neanderthal subsistence

prior to 20kaBP, variations b/w carnivores and herbivores can be described ecologically, after 20 kaBP, modern humans keep out the carnivores--numbers stay low and some go extinct--modern humans are top predators neanderthals were before ^--they competed with the top predators but were NOT the top--switched off in cave occupation--avoided top predators neanderthals hunted animals between the sizes of prey big cats and wolves hunted neanderthal=thrusting spears+scavenging --no analogous to people today --rare hunting activities --mid paleolithic mousterian sites had "head and foot" pattern--rest of body scavenged?? eaten by carnivores ----head and feet have less calories--no marrow

C.K. Brain

questioned assumptions of "man the hunter" idea that assumes tools found next to animal bones indicated that they were there because of humans early homo as hunters questioned •Bones, teeth and horns not those of animals killed by humans--hyena predation? •Bones, teeth and horns are not used as tools •In fact, humans are the hunted rather than the hunters homonids hunted by predators? victims of carnivores? did men hunt at all? (binford thinks scavengers, not hunters)

Bocherens

researcher who does isotopic analysis in Spy and Goyet caves in Belgium Goyet cave has both neanderthals (42kaBP) and early mod humans (40kaBP) in levels --inhabited very closely in time --cannot distinguish early modern from neanderthal in terms of 15N, 13C, and 34S ratios --exploiting the same resources (including marine) Spy cave shows neanderthals got 20-50% of their protein from mammals

side scraper

side scrapers had a working edge along one side of the blade and was used for hides. convergent side scraper had two working edges and looks like a point

La Fabbrica

site associated with the Uluzzian industry 45 ka BP in Italy MAYBE associated with neanderthals uluzzian backed pieces (lunates)--similar to the shards in african MSA toolkit 1cm --sharp side and back side that had an adhesive residue made from ochre, tree gum, and beezwax--to stick into a shaft?? --found with high impact breakage --consistent with long distance projectiles --shea didn't use them in his study because they were too asymmetrical

Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria

site dug by dorothy gerod in the 1930s polish peeps went back in the 70s for radiocarbon dates more peeps went back in 2018 for new dates upper and middle paleolithic levels earliest dates 44-46kaBP would be EARLIEST MOD HUMANS IN EUROPE

Misliyah Cave, Israel

site from 177-194 kaBP north of Carmel caves demi-maxilla found with missing crown--mostly complete dentition--thought to be anatomically modern (if so, this is the first modern human out of africa) deer and gazelle found with cut marks on the meaty bones mainly prime adult prey--selective hunting transport of prey to processing areas

Geissenklosterle

site in Germany assoc with aurignation calibrated radiocarbon dates show 38.5 kaBP--very early site Zilhao tries to argue and says levels are mixed wants researchers to only look at anthropically modified bone with cut marks

Regourdou Cave

site in france 115 ka BP too old for measures of 13C or 15N researcher named dodat looked at calcium isotopes instead 44Ca relative to 42Ca neanderthals eating spongey bone in diets have high 44Ca ratio 3 neanderthals found--each seem to have different diet??

Erd, Hungary

site in hungary where neanderthals were said to have hunted cave beard many baby cave bear bones found at the site--it was probably just a hibernation spot that some bears died in during hibernation

Villa Ruivas, Spain

site in spain that is associated with the mousterian and looks like there may be structured use of space for the neanderthals living here open air site with "complex features"

Cueva de los Aviones

site in spain with problematic dating 50ka? 115 ka? associated with neanderthals if 115 kaBP pierced shells found--evidence of body ornamentation--ochre in shells tools with ochre on tips--pigment processing?

laringen spears

spears in germany associated with the neanderthals --super long and heavy--thrusting spears --could be thrown on occasion ONLY if at advantage --dangerous for neanderthals to hunt--close proximity --hunting was rare for neanderthals (upper paleolithic humans associated with throwing spears)

denticulates

stone implements made with toothed or notched edges probably for cutting wood

Modern human behavior in Africa

the European proxy of modern human behavior is not applicable to Africa --there is earlier use/evidence of the "modern human" characteristics during Middle stone age 77kaBP--engraved objects Blombos cave 100kaBP--shell beads with human-made holes and ochre-processing kits--resource exploitation in MSA--seals and deer b/c H.sapiens emerged first out of africa? by mcbrearty and brooks (2000) standards, Middle stone age in africa fits modern human characteristics --expansion into forests and deserts which are not the easiest to live in --increase in diet breadth and species exploitation (Katanda in Congo 80kaBP--barbed points for harpoon fishing --technology--blades, microblades, backing (Kapthurin, Kenya 235kaBP)--hafting more common than in europe --tools in bone (bone awls found in Blombos)--antlers not geographically available (cannot use as proxy) --special purpose tools (projectiles, etc.) --early long distance procurement of raw materials (ie. obsidian transport) --structured use of space (post holes found in Niger MSA site) geographic and temporal variation

prepared-core technology

the approach to tool manufacture during the middle paleolithic; a technique in which the person making the tools shaped the core to control the form of the flakes produced aka "levallois" technique wasteful of raw material using prepared cores to produce uniform flakes

Churchill

theorized about neanderthal subsistence thought that neanderthals were not primary predators--their numbers were suppressed by other predators demographically disadvantaged--modern humans move in and take over landscape as primary predators talked about neanderthal hunting methods--thrusting spears used for disadvantage hunting method

lissoir

tool made by neanderthals from the ribs of large herbivores--had high use-wear on the tips--sometimes broken identified by modern leather-workers as "lissoir"--used to burnish leather--invented by the neanderthals?? high pressure applied to treat the leather-- compacts a hide, makes leather more water resistant; scraping tool

Oldowon tools

tools used by Homo habilis 2.6 maBP (there was a big gap in stone tools before this between 3.3maBP and 2.6maBP (700ka gap)) made with conchoidal (fracture) mechanics-- produce flakes by hitting 2 rocks together associated with scavenging animals--a rhino couldnt be killed by these tools

Ultrafiltration

ultrafiltration is used in radiocarbon dating to extract bone collagen from a sample--more accurate dates without contamination

Wragg-Sykes

wrote book on neanderthals that talked about how meat swamps the protein in the body making meat-eaters look more carnivorous than they are meat swamps out herbivore signature humans today show lots of variation even with same diet isotope analysis is a very new science