NEET Biology - NCERT Chapter 2 (Biological Classification)

Autoclaving

-Method of sterilization using steam under pressure -Used to kill bacterial endospores

Mutliple fission in Amoeba

-Note: it occurs in adverse conditions only -it secrets three-layered protective, chitinous cyst around itself and becomes inactive -inside the cyst, the nucleus repeatedly divides to form several daughter nuclei which arrange themselves near the periphery -each daughter nucleus becomes enveloped by a small amount of cytoplasm, thus forming a daughter Amoeba, called amoebula or pseudopodiospore -when favorable conditions arrive, the cyst breaks off, liberating the young pseudopodiospores, which each contain fine pseudopodia -the free pseudopodiospores then feed and grow rapidly to become adult Amoeba and lead an independent life

Chemoorganotrophs

-Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals -heterotrophic organisms

Glycocalyx

-a bacterial capsule or slime layer that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars -occurs as a capsule when the polysaccharides are firmly attached to the cell wall of the bacteria, but occurs as a slime layer when the glycoproteins are loosely attached to the cell wall of the bacteria

Ascomycetes

-a class of Kingdom fungi -commonly known as sac-fungi -can be unicellular (ex: yeast -- Genus Saccharomyces) or multicellular (ex: Genus Penicillium) -multiple modes of heterotrophic nutrition such as saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic, or coprophilous (growing on dung) -mycelium is branched and septate -the asexual spores are known as conidia and they are produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores -on germination, conidia produce mycelium -the sexual spores are called ascospores and are produced endogenously in sac-like asci -asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies known as ascocarps -some examples of genera of these types of organisms are Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora -organisms from Class Neurospora are used extensively in biochemical and genetic work -other members of this class of organisms such as morels and truffles are edible and considered delicacies

Phycomycetes

-a class of fungi that are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants -their mycelium is aseptate/coenocytic -asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile) -spores are produced endogenously and in the sporangium -zygospores are formed by sexual reproduction through the fusion of two gametes which are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous) -sexual reproduction takes place by isogamy (where gametes are of similar morphology) or heterogamy (where gametes are of different morphology) -heterogamous reproduction may be anisogamous or oogamous -some common examples are the fungi from Genera Mucor, Rhizopus (black bread mold), and Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

-a disease caused by prions -an analogous variant of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

-a diseased caused by prions -also known as mad cow disease in cattle

Myxomycetes

-a group of fungi -slimy mass of multinucleate protoplasm -having pseudopodia like structures for engulfing food -reproduction through zoospores or fragmentation

Deuteromycetes

-a group of fungi from Kingdom Fungi that are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known -can only reproduce using asexual spores known as conidia, and no sexual reproduction exists in these fungi -the mycelium is septate and branched -some members are saprophytes or parasites, while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling -genera of this group of fungi include Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma

Basidiomycetes

-a group of organisms from Kingdom Fungi that are also known as club fungi -common forms are mushrooms, bracket fungi, or puffballs -grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps, and in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts) -mycelium is branched and septate -one central pore is present in every septum of the mycelia -the central pore is barrel-shaped, due to which it is known as the dolipore septum -vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common -sex organs are absent but plasmogamy is brought about by the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes and the resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to the basidium -karyogamy and meiosis take place inside the basidium, and this ends up exogenously producing 4 basidiospores -the basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps -some common members of this group of fungi are Genera Agaricus (mushroom or gill fungi), Ustilago (smut), and Puccinia (rust fungus)

Dinoflagellates

-a group of organisms from Kingdom Protista that are mostly marine and photosynthetic and appear yellow, green, brown, blue, or red due to a change in the proportion of various pigments present in their cell -their cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface -most have two flagella: one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates

Chrysophytes

-a group of organisms present in Kingdom Protista that include diatoms and golden algae (desmids) -found in fresh and marine water -they're microscopic and float passively in water (planktons) -the majority of them are photosynthetic

Sporulation (in bacteria)

-a means for protection and NOT a type of reproduction -Gram +ve bacteria produce endospores during unfavorable conditions like lack of nutrients, high temperature, or other climatic stress -endospores are tough and resistant structures that remain undamaged during stressful conditions but are killed when autoclaved at 121 degrees celsius for 15 minutes -these are dormant structures that allow the bacteria to stop metabolism and live for longer periods -they germinate when the conditions are favorable to continue growth -they can be stained using Ziehl-Neelsen technique

Curing (in relation to tea leaves)

-a process done to add special flavor and taste in tea leaves -also done for tobacco -in this process, after harvesting, the cured leaves are hung in shade and are permitted for the action of bacteria -the curing of tea leaves is done by Micrococcus candidans -Note: Micrococcus is a gram-positive positive aerobic bacterium that is a member of Family Micrococcaceae

Lichens

-a symbiotic association between algae and fungi -algal component is known as phycobiont and the fungal component is known as mycobiont -algal component is autotrophic and the fungal component is heterotrophic -the algae prepares food for fungi -the fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for the algae -these organisms are very good pollution indicators since they do not grow in polluted areas

Methanogens

-a type of archaebacteria that are obligate anaerobes and found in the gut of several ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes -responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals

Sporozoans

-all of these organisms are endoparasites -locomotory organs are absent -includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle -for example, a genus of this organism includes Plasmodium (malarial parasite) that causes malaria and has a staggering effect on the human population

Insectivorous plants

-also known as carnivorous plants -these are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods -However, these plants generate energy from photosynthesis

Oogamy

-an extreme form of anisogamy where the gametes differ in both size AND form -in this form of sexual reproduction, the large female gamete is immobile, while the small male gamete is mobile

Retroviruses

-animal based viruses that have ssRNA as their genetic material -replicate through a DNA intermediate -the life cycle of the retrovirus proceeds by the reverse transcription of the RNA genome into dsDNA, which is then inserted and integrated into the host's genome -retroviruses like HIV can cause cancers like leukemia (by HIV-1)

Pathogenic bacteria

-bacteria that cause disease to humans, crops, animals, etc. -examples: cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker, etc.

Gram +ve bacteria

-bacteria which are single-layered and contain teichoic acid in their cell walls, and retain the Gram stain -these types of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer which prevents the washing of the crystal violet stain by organic solvents such as acetone, alcohol, etc, and so they retain the Gram stain -example: Bacillus subtilis

Gram -ve bacteria

-bacteria which are three-layered, do not contain teichoic acid in their cell wall, and do not retain the Gram stain -basically, the Gram stain is washed out from these bacteria because of the high lipid content of the cell wall, which gets dissolved in organic solvents like acetone, alcohol, etc. -alcohol then decolorizes the newly exposed and thin peptidoglycan layer by removing the crystal violet dye -example: Escherichia coli

Viroids

-discovered by T.O. Diener in 1971 -an infectious agent that is smaller than a virus and causes potato spindle tuber disease -they are just free RNA -lacked the protein coat (capsid) that is found in viruses and therefore was given the name _________ -the RNA of this organism is of low molecular weight

Ciliated protozoans

-exclusively aquatic protozoans that are actively moving due to the presence of a number of cilia -the coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water that's heavily loaded with food to be steered into the gullet (cavity) for the intake of the food -they have a cavity known as a gullet that opens to the outside of the cell surface -example: organisms from Genus Paramecium

Basophilic prokaryotes

-facultatively anaerobic bacteria (can grow in the presence or absence of bacteria) -grow and multiply in very deep marine sediment -grow better at a pH or 8.5 or higher -also known as basophiles

Ruminant animals

-herbivores that are able to break down cellulose and extract nutrients from tough plant matter -examples: cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, deer, etc.

Prions

-infectious protein particles -disease-causing agents which are not affected by proteases, nucleases, UV rays, etc. -diseases caused by these organisms are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called mad cow disease in cattle, and its analogous variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Viral envelope

-it is the outermost layer of many types of viruses -it protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells -not all viruses have envelopes

Diatoms

-known as the chief "producers" in the oceans -microscopic and float passively in water currents -found in fresh water as well as in marine environments -Photosynthetic protists whose cell walls form two thin overlapping shells that fit together like a soapbox -the walls are enclosed with silica and so the walls are indestructible -these protists pile up together at the bottom of water reservoirs and form big heaps called diatomaceous earth, which is gritty soil that can be used in polishing and the filtration of oils and syrups and also in making sound and fire proof rooms

Flagellated protozoans

-members of this group of organisms from Kingdom Protista are either free-living or parasitic -they have flagella -parasitic forms of these organisms cause diseases -for example, organisms from Genus Trypanosoma cause sleeping sickness

Pinocytic reproduction

-one of the two main types of reproduction in viruses -the whole virus (except the envelope, if present) passes into the host cell

Phagic reproduction

-one of the two main types of reproduction in viruses -this type of reproduction consists of two subtypes: lytic and lysogenic -in this reproduction, only the nucleoid enters the host cell

Crustose lichen

-one of three different types of lichen -lichens that form a hard granular crust closely adhering to rocks and tree trunks -example: Genus Graphics

Foliose lichen

-one of three different types of lichen -these lichens form leaf-like thalli with lobed margins that are attached to tree trunks, rocks, walls, etc. -sometimes referred to as shelf fungus -for example, Genus Parmelia

Fruticose lichen

-one of three types of lichen -this lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure

Chemolithotrophs

-organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds -mostly autotrophic organisms

Chromatophores (in cyanobacteria)

-photosynthetic pigment-containing membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria -the site of photosynthesis

6 kingdom classification

-proposed by Carl Woese in 1977 -the 6 kingdoms are Kingdoms Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia -the three domains are Domains Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria -Domain Bacteria includes Kingdom Eubacteria -Domain Archaea includes Kingdom Archaebacteria -Domain Eukarya includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Amoeboid Protozoans

-protozoans that live in freshwater, sea water, or moist soil -some of them such as those from Genus Entamoeba are parasites -they move and capture their food by pseudopodia (false feet) similarly to Amoeba -marine forms of these organisms have silica shells on their surface

Heterogamy

-sexual reproduction by the fusion of gametes that are different in morphology -includes anisogamy and oogamy

Auxospores

-sexual spores formed by either autogamy, isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy in diatoms -their pattern of formation differs between the two types of diatoms: pennate diatoms and centric diatoms

Formation of hormogonia

-the common method of reproduction in Nostoc cyanobacteria, but is used only by a few cyanobacteria -produced by accidental breaking of trichome (a chain of vegetative cells surrounded by a slimy sheath) into several pieces -may also be formed by death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells (cells in between others and not at terminal ends of a trichome) -hormogonium (short motile chain of 3 - 5 vegetative cells) eventually escapes from the mucilage (mucilaginous sheath) and grows into a new filament and then into a new colony

Macronucleus of ciliated protozoans

-the larger of the two nuclei present in ciliated protozoans -controls metabolic activities and growth -also known as the vegetative nucleus

Nuclear dimorphism

-the phenomenon of having two different types of nuclei within the same cell -ciliated protozoans show this characteristic

Plasmids in bacteria

-the small, separate pieces of DNA present in the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the nucleoid -these circular DNA units are 1/100th the size of the main nuclear DNA (nucleoid) are also not enclosed in a membrane structure -in the cytoplasm, they replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes -sometimes they become integrated into the main DNA and replicate with it -during conjugation, the plasmids, sometimes called episomes, help in the transfer of genetic material between different bacteria -they may carry some genes of resistance to various antibiotics

Micronucleus of ciliated protozoans

-the smaller of the two nuclei present in ciliated protozoans -this nucleus takes part in reproduction -also termed as the reproductive nucleus

Bacteriophages

-viruses that infect the bacteria and are usually dsDNA viruses -their protein coat called the capsid is made of small substituents called capsomeres -the capsid protects the nucleic acid -capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms

Sexual cycle of fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

1. Two haploid hyphae/gametes of compatible mating types come together and fuse 2. Fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes known as plasmogamy occurs -Note: dikaryotic phase is skipped in fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes 3. Immediately after plasmogamy, the nuclei of the two fused haploids fuse together to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell in a process known as karyogamy 4. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which meiosis (reduction division) occurs, leading to the formation of haploid (n) spores

Sexual cycles of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

1. Two haploid hyphae/gametes of compatible mating types come together and fuse 2. Fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes known as plasmogamy occurs, to form a dikaryon (n + n, i.e, two nuclei occur per cell) -Note: dikaryotic phase is present in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes 3. After plasmogamy, the two separate nuclei of the dikaryon fuse together to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell with a single nucleus in a process known as karyogamy 4. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which meiosis (reduction division) of the diploid zygotes (2n) occur, leading to the formation of haploid (n) spores

-Note: bacteria primarily divide by binary fission under favorable conditions, and so in this type of reproduction, each bacterial cell basically becomes two -if one bacterium divides every 35 minutes and 175/35 = 5, then in total, each bacterium from the original culture will end up dividing 5 times into two more bacteria -therefore, after 35 minutes, there will be 2 x 10^5 bacteria per mL, after 70 minutes, there will be 4 x 10^5 bacteria per mL, after 105 minutes, there will be 8 x 10^5 bacteria per mL, after 140 minutes, there will be 16 x 10^5 bacteria per mL, and so after 175 minutes, there will be 32 x 10^5 bacteria per mL

A bacterium divides every 35 minutes. If a culture containing 10^5 cells per mL is grown for 175 minutes, what will be the cell concentration per mL after 175 minutes?

the correct answer is (d): none of the above -Note: dikaryon is only formed if fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy) is not immediately followed by fusion of nuclei (karyogamy), i.e., there is a delay between them

A dikaryon is formed when: (a) meiosis is arrested (b) the two haploid cells do not fuse immediately (c) cytoplasm does not fuse (d) none of the above

a gelatinous sheath surrounds the colonies of cyanobacteria

A gelatinous sheath surrounds the colonies of which organisms from Kingdom Monera?

Flagellum

A long, hair or whip-like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

Nucleoid

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic and bacterial cell where the genetic material is located

Hormogonium

A short motile chain of three to five cells produced in filamentous cyanobacteria like Nostoc either by accidental breaking of trichomes from a cyanobacteria or by the death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells

they could be crystallized

According to W. M. Stanley, what could be done to viruses?

the crystals consisted largely of proteins

According to W. M. Stanley, what were the crystals like that were formed by crystallizing viruses?

these are all dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) viruses

Adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, pox virus, cauliflower mosaic, coliphage lambda, T4 (linear), hepatitis B, simian virus 40(SV40), and polyoma (circular or cyclic) are all which type of viruses, on the basis of genetic material?

embryological development begins

After copulation (mating/sexual intercourse) occurs between a male and female in the sexual reproductive cycle of animals, what occurs?

fruiting bodies are formed, in which meiosis (reduction division) of diploid zygotes (2n) occur, leading to the formation of haploid (n) spores

After karyogamy in the sexual cycle of fungi, what is formed? What happens in these newly formed structures?

the nucleus repeatedly divides to form several daughter nuclei that arrange themselves near the periphery of the cyst

After the Amoeba encysts itself during multiple fission, what happens to its nucleus within the three-layered, chitinous, and protective cyst?

each daughter nucleus becomes enveloped by a small amount of cytoplasm, thus forming daughter Amoeba, called amoebula or pseudopodiospores

After the main nucleus of the Amoeba divides into multiple daughter nuclei and they arrange themselves near the periphery of the cyst during multiple fission, what happens to the daughter nuclei?

near the periphery of the cyst

After the nucleus of the Amoeba divides into several daughter nuclei in the cyst during multiple fission, where do the daughter nuclei arrange themselves?

the vacuole will then later contract (systole) to discharge its water content to the surrounding water

After water enters the freshwater protozoan during feeding and the contractile vacuole periodically increases in volume (diastole) to get filled with water, what happens next?

all are true except (c): sporulation in bacteria is a method of reproduction

All are true about bacterial endospores except: (a) spores of all the medically important bacteria are killed by autoclaving at 121 degrees celsius for 15 minutes (b) bacterial spores help them to survive under unfavorable conditions (c) sporulation in bacteria is a method of reproduction (d) spores can be stained by modified Ziehl-Neelseen technique

into Kingdom Plantae

All chlorophyll containing eukaryotes are classified into which kingdom?

all single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Kingdom Protista

All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under which Kingdom?

Autotrophic organism

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy

Parasitic organism

An organism that lives on or in a host and causes harm to the host by feeding off the host

Enaima

Animals with red blood

Anaima

Animals without red blood (i.e., a different color of blood than red)

the correct answer is (c): (A) - (iv), (B) - (ii), (C) - (i), (D) - (iii)

Answer the question in the given image.

salt pans, petroleum pans, spilled oil, hot springs, sulfur springs, snow, etc.

Apart from archaebacteria, which hostile environments do some eubacteria also live in?

they're helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc.

Apart from being important decomposers, what else do heterotrophic bacteria do?

apart from being known as mushrooms, they're also known as gill fungi

Apart from being known as mushrooms, what are organisms from the ascomycetes Genus Agaricus, also known as?

the coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water that's heavily loaded with food to be steered into the gullet (cavity) to allow for the intake of food

Apart from locomotion, what is the second main purpose of the cilia present on ciliated protozoans?

a large number of living organisms were not able to be classified into either of the two kingdoms (Animalia and Plantae)

Apart from not being able to distinguish between unicellular and multicellular organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms, what else was lacking in Linnaeus' two-kingdom system?

apart from plants, only cyanobacteria contain these 3 photosynthetic pigments

Apart from organisms of Kingdom Plantae, which organisms contain the photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a (similar to green plants), carotenes, and xanthophylls?

apart from archaebacteria and eubacteria, some other groups of Kingdom Monera are mycoplasma, rickettsia, and actinomycetes

Apart from the two major groups - archaebacteria and eubacteria, what are some other smaller groups of Kingdom Monera?

Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) and Eubacteria (true bacteria) are the two major groups of bacteria in Kingdom Monera

Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) and Eubacteria (true bacteria) are the two major groups of bacteria in which kingdom?

stagnant fresh water

Are Euglenoids found in moving fresh water or stagnant fresh water?

they're found in stagnant fresh water

Are Euglenoids found in stagnant marine water or stagnant fresh water?

actinomycetes are bacteria (which are used for the production of antibiotics)

Are actinomycetes, bacteria or fungi?

no, only those with specialized cells known as heterocysts are able to fix nitrogen

Are all cyanobacteria able to fix nitrogen? -Note: diagram given is of organisms from Genus Nostoc

no, members of flagellated protozoans are either parasitic or free-living

Are all flagellated protozoans free living?

no, members of flagellated protozoans are either free-living or parasitic

Are all flagellated protozoans parasitic?

archaea share some similarities with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and so they aren't completely different, but instead, they have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Are archae completely different from prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

ascospores are produced endogenously in the sac-like asci in ascomycetes

Are ascospores produced endogenously in the sac-like asci or are they produced exogenously on the sac-like asci, in ascomycetes?

asexual spores are not found in basidiomycetes (and only sexual ones are), and so the only form of asexual reproduction that occurs is vegetative reproduction using fragmentation

Are asexual spores found in basidiomycetes? What is used for asexual reproduction in these fungi?

asexual spores are absent in basidiomycetes

Are asexual spores present in basidiomycetes?

heterotrophic bacteria

Are autotrophic or heterotrophic bacteria the most abundant in nature?

bacteria are incapable of alternation of generation

Are bacteria capable of alternation of generation?

bacteria are incapable of alternation of generation since no gametes are formed --> no syngamy or reduction division occurs --> therefore, no alternation of generation

Are bacteria capable of alternation of generation? Why?

bacterial endospores are dormant structures since they allow the bacteria to stop metabolism and allow them to live for longer periods of time

Are bacterial endospores dormant structures? Why or why not?

chloroplasts are absent in animal cells

Are chloroplasts present in animal cells?

chrysophytes are microscopic

Are chrysophytes, microscopic or macroscopic?

ciliated protozoans are exclusively aquatic

Are ciliated protozoans, aquatic, terrestrial, or both?

cyanobacteria are colonial

Are cyanobacteria colonial or non-colonial?

cyanobacteria are filamentous since they have long-thread like structures

Are cyanobacteria filamentous or non-filamentous?

cyanobacteria are oxygenic

Are cyanobacteria oxygenic or nonoxygenic?

cyanobacteria are unicellular because they are part of Kingdom Monera

Are cyanobacteria unicellular or multicellular?

cyanobacteria are unicellular and NOT multicellular

Are cyanobacteria, unicellular or multicellular?

fimbriae are present in multiple numbers

Are fimbriae present in multiple numbers or singly/in pairs?

flagella are external structures

Are flagella internal or external structures of a bacterial cell?

fungi are achlorophyllous

Are fungi chlorophyllous or achlorophyllous?

fungi are non-photosynthetic organisms

Are fungi photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic organisms?

locomotory organs are absent in sporozoans

Are locomotory organs present or absent in sporozoans?

members of Kingdom Protista are primarily aquatic

Are members of Kingdom Protista primarily terrestrial or aquatic?

membrane-bound organelles are absent in organisms from Kingdom Monera

Are membrane-bound organelles present in the organisms from Kingdom Monera?

membrane-bound organelles are absent in organisms from Kingdom Monera since all the organisms in this kingdom are prokaryotic

Are membrane-bound organelles present in the organisms from Kingdom Monera? Why?

methanogens are anaerobic (more specifically, obligate anaerobic) organisms

Are methanogens aerobic or anaerobic organisms?

methanogens are found in oxygen-deficient environments

Are methanogens found in oxygen-sufficient or deficient environments?

methanogens are found in oxygen-deficient environments because they are obligate anaerobes

Are methanogens found in oxygen-sufficient or deficient environments? Why?

most fungi are heterotrophic

Are most fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?

yes, most organisms from Kingdom Animalia are able to move and therefore are capable of locomotion

Are most organisms from Kingdom Animalia capable of locomotion?

most protists are aerobic

Are most protists aerobic or anaerobic?

mycoplasma are heterotrophic (more specifically, saprotrophic and/or parasitic)

Are mycoplasma autotrophic or heterotrophic?

mycoplasma are pleomorphic (flexible in shape) since they lack a cell wall

Are mycoplasma pleomorphic (flexible in shape)? How?

they're autotrophic since they're photosynthetic and they are ALSO heterotrophic, meaning they are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Are organisms of Kingdom Protista, both autotrophic and heterotrophic, or just one of the two?

pili are longer

Are pili or fimbriae longer?

pili are present singly or in pairs rather than in multiple numbers

Are pili or fimbriae present singly or in pairs rather than in multiple numbers?

pili are used to transfer DNA to another bacteria

Are pili or fimbriae used for DNA transfer between bacteria?

fimbriae are used to adhere to host tissue

Are pili or fimbriae used to adhere to host tissue?

protists are both asexually and sexually reproducing

Are protists asexually or sexually reproducing?

single layered bacteria are Gram +ve

Are single-layered bacteria classified as Gram +ve or Gram -ve?

tailed bacteriophages are motile (on the surface of bacteria)

Are tailed bacteriophages, motile or non-motile?

no, the vegetative cells are the other normal cells discluding the heterocysts

Are the N2 fixing heterocysts in cyanobacteria such as Nostoc, classified as vegetative cells?

aplanospores used in phycomycetes for asexual reproduction are non-motile

Are the aplanospores used in phycomycetes for asexual reproduction, motile or non-motile?

ascomycetes from Genus Penicillium are multicellular

Are the ascomycetes from Genus Penicillium, unicellular or multicellular?

ascomycetes from Genus Saccharomyces are unicellular

Are the ascomycetes from Genus Saccharomyces, unicellular or multicellular?

conidia are produced exogenously on conidiophores (special mycelia of the ascomycetes)

Are the asexual spores - conidia, produced endogenously in the special mycelium known as conidiophores or exogenously on conidiophores?

they are aerobic

Are the bacteria that help in the curing of tea leaves - Micrococcus, aerobic or anaerobic?

they are gram-positive bacteria

Are the bacteria that help in the curing of tea leaves - Micrococcus, gram-positive or gram-negative?

they're internal to the cell wall of bacteria

Are the following structures internal or external to the cell wall of bacteria: plasma membrane, mesosome, nucleoid, cytoplasm, etc.?

they're the mycelia of basidiomycetes are septate

Are the mycelia of basidiomycetes, septate or aseptate?

the organisms of Kingdom Animalia are not autotrophic but are heterotrophic

Are the organisms of Kingdom Animalia, autotrophic? Are they heterotrophic?

plasmids of bacteria are not enclosed in any membrane structure

Are the plasmids of bacteria enclosed in any membrane structure?

spores are extremely resistant and survive for many years even under adverse conditions

Are the spores of the fruiting bodies that are produced from a plasmodium of slime molds differentiating, resistant or fragile to adverse conditions?

the zoospores used in phycomycetes for asexual reproduction are motile

Are the zoospores used in phycomycetes for asexual reproduction, motile or non-motile?

yes, some are heterotrophic such as insectivorous plants or parasites

Are there any heterotrophic plants in existence?

yes, a few organisms from Kingdom Animalia are parasitic

Are there any parasitic organisms present in Kingdom Animalia?

three layered bacteria are Gram -ve

Are three-layered bacteria classified as Gram +ve or Gram -ve?

toadstool fungi are not edible because they are all poisonous

Are toadstool fungi edible? Why or why not?

no, viruses cannot contain both RNA and DNA

Are viruses capable of containing both RNA and DNA?

viruses are non-cellular organisms

Are viruses cellular or non-cellular?

viruses are not included in the 5 kingdom classification because they are not considered truly living

Are viruses included in the 5 kingdom classification? Why?

viruses are not included in the five kingdom classification

Are viruses included in the five kingdom classification?

these 4 organisms are not present in the 5 kingdom classification

Are viruses, viriods, prions, or lichens present in the 5 kingdom classification?

yeast are non-filamentous and do not contain hyphae

Are yeast filamentous or do they contain hyphae like the other ascomycetes fungi?

yeast are non-filamentous and do not contain hyphae because they are unicellular

Are yeast filamentous or do they contain hyphae like the other ascomycetes fungi? Why?

trees, shrubs, and herbs

Aristotle used morphological characters to try and scientifically classify plants into which three categories?

either one of these is generally the mycobiont in a lichen

Ascomycetes or basidiomycetes fungi are generally which component of a lichen?

the correct answer is (c): if assertion is true but reason is false -Note: the cell wall of chrysophytes like diatoms do not contain magnesium pectate, and also, the cell wall of chrysophytes are indestructible because they actually contain silica

Assertion: Cell wall of chrysophytes are indestructible Reason: Cell wall of chrysophytes have layer of magnesium pectate embedded in it (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

the correct answer is (d): assertion is false but reason is true -Note: lichens are a symbiotic association and so neither the algae or fungi are the "dominant" or "subordinate" partner since both mutually benefit and provide to each other in this association

Assertion: In lichens, mycobiont and phycobiont are symbiotically associated, in which algae is predominant and fungi is a subordinate partner Reason: The alga provides food and fungus provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water for alga (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

the correct answer is (b): both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

Assertion: Mycoplasmas are pathogenic in plants and animals Reason: Mycoplasmas lack cell wall and can survive without oxygen (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

the correct answer is (a) both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Assertion: Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent Reason: They have photogenic granules present in their cytoplasm (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is the incorrect explanation of assertion (c) Assertion is correct but reason is wrong (d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct

the correct answer is (a): Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Assertion: Two kingdom classification was insufficient Reason: Majority of organisms did not fall into either of the categories in two kingdom classification (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

the correct answer is (c): if assertion is true but reason is false

Assertion: cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs Reason: cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a and b similar to green plants (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

the correct answer is (a): both assertion and reason + reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Assertion: the protoplasm of plasmodial slime mold is considered the purest in the world Reason: protoplasm of plasmodium is differentiated into outer-enucleated and central nucleated portions (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

the correct answer is (b): both assertion and reason are correct but reason is incorrect explanation of assertion

Assertion: viruses are obligate parasites Reason: viruses are host specific (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If assertion is false but reason is true

prior to binary fission (since fission is the main reproductive process in bacteria under favorable conditions)

Assuming favorable conditions, when does DNA replication in bacteria occur?

pH of 8.5 or higher

At what pH do basophiles grow better at?

the correct answer is (d): several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria -Note: therefore, several diatoms use auxospore formation as their method of reproduction, while only a few cyanobacteria use formation of hormogonia as their method of reproduction

Auxospores and hormogonia are formed, respectively by: (a) some diatoms and several cyanobacteria (b) some cyanobacteria and many diatoms (c) several cyanobacteria and several diatoms (d) several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria

the correct answer is (d): non-symbiotic N2 fixers

Azotobacter and Bacillus polymyxa are examples of: (a) pathogenic bacteria (b) decomposers (c) symbiotic N2 fixers (d) non-symbiotic N2 fixers

bacteria and cyanobacteria are the two subgroups of eubacteria

Bacteria and cyanobacteria are the two subgroups of which major group of bacteria in Kingdom Monera?

the correct answer is (a): syngamy or reduction division

Bacteria lack alternation of generation because there is: (a) neither syngamy or reduction division (b) distinct chromosomes are absent (c) no conjugation (d) no exchange of genetic material

it is folded to form a nucleoid

Bacteria possess naked, circular DNA. What is this genetic material folded to form?

the correct answer is (a): complex, extensive

Bacteria show _________ behavior due to presence of ___________ metabolic diversity (a) complex, extensive (b) simple, less extensive (c) complex, less extensive (d) simple, extensive

the correct answer is (c): Xanthomonas

Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by a species of genus: (a) Alternaria (b) Erwinia (c) Xanthomonas (d) Pseudomonas

the correct answer is (a): grow and multiply in very deep marine sediments

Basophilic prokaryotes: (a) grow and multiply in very deep marine sediments (b) occur in water containing high concentrations of barium hydroxide (c) readily grow and divide in sea water enriched in any soluble salt of barium (d) grow slowly in highly alkaline frozen lakes at high altitudes

Body organization is one the criteria used by Whittaker for classification in his five-kingdom system

Body organization is one the four criteria used by Whittaker for what?

both of these are classified as autotrophic modes of nutrition

Both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis are classified as which mode of nutrition?

Euglena cannot be classified on the basis of the two-kingdom classification

Can Euglena be classified on the basis of the two-kingdom system of classification?

Euglena cannot be classified on the basis of the two-kingdom classification because it acts photosynthetic in presence of light and heterotrophic in absence of light and so it acts as a plant and an animal and so it cannot be classified directly into either Kingdom Plantae or Animalia

Can Euglena be classified on the basis of the two-kingdom system of classification? Why?

chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria cannot synthesize cellulose from glucose

Can chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria synthesize cellulose from glucose?

yes, mycoplasma are capable of surviving without oxygen

Can mycoplasma (of Kingdom Monera) survive without oxygen?

the correct answer is (d): dsDNA

Cauliflower mosaic virus contains: (a) ssRNA (b) dsRNA (c) dsDNA (d) ssDNA

Cell structure is one of the criteria used by Whittaker for classification in his five-kingdom system

Cell structure is one of the four criteria used by Whittaker for what?

these are the 4 main criteria used by Whittaker for classification in his five-kingdom system

Cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, and reproduction and phylogenetic relationships are the 4 main criteria used by Whittaker for what?

diatomaceous earth

Cell wall deposits of diatoms pile up at the bottom of water reservoirs to form what?

the correct answers are (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv)

Cells of Kingdom Animalia differ from cells of Kingdom Plantae in which of the following ways (multi-correct)?: (i) they lack a thick cellulose wall, but are enclosed by a thin limiting membrane (ii) their protoplasm is denser and contains many small vacuoles (iii) chloroplasts are absent (iv) centrioles are present (v) nuclear membrane is absent

Kingdom Monera and Kingdom Protista

Cellular level of body organization is present in which two kingdoms of the five kingdom classification system?

they're under autotrophic bacteria

Chemoautotrophic and photoautotrophic bacteria are under which category of bacteria, based on modes of nutrition?

these two substances are found in the cell walls of fungi

Chitin and polysaccharides are the two important substances found in the cell walls of which organisms?

cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll a is the pigment found in which organisms of Kingdom Monera?

cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker, etc. are all examples of pathogenic bacteria

Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker, etc. are all examples of which type of bacteria?

the correct answer is (a): planktons -Note: chrysophytes are a group of photosynthetic and marine + fresh water organisms from Kingdom Protista

Chrysophytes are: (a) planktons (b) nektons (c) benthic organisms (d) rooted submerged

the correct answer is (d): having two types of nuclei

Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in: (a) using flagella for locomotion (b) having a contractile vacuole for removing excess water (c) using pseudopodia for capturing prey (d) having two types of nuclei

in Kingdom Fungi

Classes Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes are present in which kingdom?

these are all examples of ssDNA viruses

Coliphage MS2, coliphage fd (linear), and coliphage ϕ x 174 (cyclic), are all examples of which type of virus (on the basis of genetic material)?

the correct answer is (c): Rhizopus -Note: the only one of these organisms that even has sporangium is Rhizopus since it is a phycomycetes fungus

Columnella is a specialized structure found in the sporangnium of: (a) Spirogyra (b) Ulothrix (c) Rhizopus (d) none of these

these are all types of lichen

Crustose, foliose, and fruticose are all types of which organisms?

the correct answer is (b): bacteria

Curing of tea leaves is brought about by the activity of: (a) fungi (b) bacteria (c) mycorrhiza (d) viruses

Cuscuta is a genus of parasitic plants

Cuscuta is a genus of what type of heterotrophic plants?

the correct answer is (a): N2 fixation -Note: it may seem like all of these are correct, and while they are characteristics of cyanobacteria, what really helps in crop improvement is the fact that N2 can be fixed by these bacteria for the crops to use (since algal blooms aren't exactly beneficial for crops and photosynthesis is something that the crops can do on their own anyways)

Cyanobacteria are used in agricultural fields for crop improvement because they cause: (a) N2 fixation (b) algal blooms (c) photosynthesis (d) all of these

the correct answer is (b): prior to fission -Note: the primary form of replication in bacteria under favorable conditions is binary fission

DNA replication in bacteria occurs: (a) within nucleolus (b) prior to fission (c) just before transcription (d) during S phase

desmids and diatoms form chrysophytes

Desmids (golden algae) and diatoms are the two organisms that form which group of organisms in Kingdom Protista?

the correct answer is (d): flagella

Diatom are characterized by all of the following except which?: (a) overlapping shells (b) classification as chrysophytes (c) silica composition (d) flagella

the correct answer is (d): biogas production

Diatomaceous earth is used for all except: (a) polishing (b) filtration of oils and syrups (c) making sound and fire proof rooms (d) biogas production

the correct answer is (a) cell wall

Difference in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is due to: (a) cell wall (b) cell membrane (c) ribosome (d) cytoplasm

the correct answer is (c): marine and photosynthetic

Dinoflagellates are mostly: (a) marine and saprophytic (b) freshwater and photosynthetic (c) marine and photosynthetic (d) terrestrial and photosynthetic

they conduct anoxygenic photosynthesis

Do Chlorobium green-sulfur bacteria conduct oxygen or anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Gram +ve bacteria have teichoic acid present in their cell walls while Gram -ve bacteria do not

Do Gram +ve bacteria have teichoic acid present in their cell walls? Do Gram -ve bacteria?

Gram +ve bacteria retain the Gram stain

Do Gram +ve bacteria, retain or lose the Gram stain?

Gram +ve bacteria retain the Gram stain because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer which prevents the washing of the crystal violet stain by organic solvents such as acetone, alcohol, etc.

Do Gram +ve bacteria, retain or lose the Gram stain? Why?

Gram -ve end up losing their Gram stain

Do Gram +ve or -ve bacteria end up losing their Gram stain?

Gram -ve bacteria do not retain the Gram stain

Do Gram -ve bacteria retain the Gram stain?

no, only some protists have flagella or cilia

Do all protists have flagella or cilia?

no, not all viruses have envelopes

Do all viruses have a viral envelope?

ascomycetes have septate mycelia

Do ascomycetes have septate or aseptate mycelia?

chemosynthetic organisms do not derive energy directly from the sun (since they derive energy from oxidation of inorganic substances)

Do chemosynthetic organisms derive energy directly from the sun?

no, deuteromycetes cannot sexually reproduce

Do deuteromycetes have the capability to reproduce sexually?

archaebacteria include the most primitive prokaryotes found in the harshest habitats

Do eubacteria or archaebacteria include the most primitive prokaryotes found in the harshest habitats in Kingdom Monera?

lichen have a short life because they grow very slowly

Do lichen have a long or short life? Why?

lichens do not represent an example of commensalism

Do lichens represent an example of commensalism?

mycoplasma have naked DNA

Do mycoplasma have naked or enclosed DNA?

yes, organisms in Kingdom Monera have a cell wall

Do organisms in Kingdom Monera have a cell wall?

protists do have a nucleus

Do protists have a nucleus?

protists have a nucleus because they are eukaryotic

Do protists have a nucleus? Why?

protists have membrane-bound organelles

Do protists have membrane-bound organelles?

protists have membrane-bound organelles because they are eukaryotic

Do protists have membrane-bound organelles? Why?

they multiply rapidly

Do red dinoflagellates multiply rapidly or slowly?

retroviruses occur in animals

Do retroviruses occur in plants or animals?

coenocytic/aseptate hyphae do not contain any septum (cross walls that divide the hyphae)

Do septate or coenocytic hyphae not contain any septum?

septate hyphae contain septum (cross walls that divide the hyphae)

Do septate or coenocytic/aseptate hyphae contain septum?

slime molds have a cell wall in the reproductive phase

Do slime molds have a cell wall in the reproductive phase?

slime molds are lacking a cell wall in the vegetative phase

Do slime molds have a cell wall in the vegetative phase?

slime mods do have a naked cytoplasm

Do slime molds have a naked cytoplasm?

slime molds have a naked cytoplasm since their plasmodia don't have cell walls

Do slime molds have a naked cytoplasm? Why or why not?

cells of the organisms of Kingdom Animalia do not contain a nuclear membrane

Do the cells of the organisms of Kingdom Animalia contain a nuclear membrane?

cells of the organisms of Kingdom Animalia do not contain cell walls

Do the cells of the organisms of Kingdom Animalia contain cell walls?

yes, the cells of the organisms of Kingdom Plantae have nuclear membranes

Do the cells of the organisms of Kingdom Plantae nuclear membranes?

heterocysts of cyanobacteria have thick walls

Do the heterocysts of cyanobacteria have a thick or thin wall?

no, the organisms from Kingdom Animalia lack photosynthetic pigments and plastids

Do the organisms from Kingdom Animalia contain photosynthetic pigments or plastids?

yes, organisms of Kingdom Animalia either directly or indirectly depend on plants for food

Do the organisms of Kingdom Animalia depend on plants for food?

no, the organisms of Kingdom Fungi do not use autotrophic modes of nutrition

Do the organisms of Kingdom Fungi use autotrophic modes of nutrition?

the organisms of Kingdom Fungi only heterotrophic modes (saprophytic/parasitic) of nutrition and no autotrophic modes of nutrition

Do the organisms of Kingdom Fungi use autotrophic modes of nutrition? What about heterotrophic modes of nutrition?

yes, the organisms of Kingdom Fungi use heterotrophic modes (saprophytic/parasitic) of nutrition

Do the organisms of Kingdom Fungi use heterotrophic modes of nutrition?

yes, the organisms of Kingdom Plantae use the autotrophic mode of nutrition - photosynthesis

Do the organisms of Kingdom Plantae use autotrophic modes of nutrition?

the organisms of Kingdom Plantae only use the autotrophic mode of nutrition - photosynthesis, and no heterotrophic modes

Do the organisms of Kingdom Plantae use autotrophic modes of nutrition? What about heterotrophic modes of nutrition?

no, the organisms of Kingdom Plantae do not use any heterotrophic modes of nutrition

Do the organisms of Kingdom Plantae use heterotrophic modes of nutrition?

ribosomes of a eubacterial cell do not resemble that of a eukaryotic cell

Do the ribosomes of a eubacterial cell resemble that of a eukaryotic cell?

no, unlike viruses, viroids do not contain a protein coat (capsid) and so they are just free RNA

Do viroids contain a protein coat (capsid) similar to viruses?

HIV occurs in animals

Does HIV occur in plants or animals?

cholera occurs in animals

Does the bacterial disease - cholera, occur in plants or animals?

citrus canker occurs in plants

Does the bacterial disease - citrus canker, occur in plants or animals?

crown gall occurs in plants

Does the bacterial disease - crown gall, occur in plants or animals?

leaf blight of rice occurs in plants

Does the bacterial disease - leaf blight of rice, occur in animals or plants?

typhoid occurs in animals

Does the bacterial disease - typhoid, occur in plants or animals?

cell wall of a eubacterial cell does not resemble that of a eukaryotic cell

Does the cell wall of a eubacterial cell resemble that of a eukaryotic cell?

it contains DNA as its genetic material

Does the disease-causing bacteria: E. Coli, contain RNA or DNA as its genetic material?

nucleus of a eubacterial cell does not resemble that of a eukaryotic cell

Does the nucleus of a eubacterial cell resemble that of a eukaryotic cell?

plasma membrane of a eubacterial cell does resemble that of a eukaryotic cell

Does the plasma membrane of a eubacterial cell resemble that of a eukaryotic cell?

no, the plasma membranes of archaebacteria and eubacteria differ in lipid composition

Does the plasma membrane of archaebacteria have the same type of lipids as eubacteria?

malaria occurs in animals

Does the sporozoan disease - malaria, occur in plants or animals?

SV40 occurs in animals

Does the viral disease - SV40 occur in plants or animals?

dengue occurs in animals

Does the viral disease - dengue, occur in plants or animals?

leaf curl of tomato occurs in plants

Does the viral disease - leaf curl of tomato, occur in plants or animals?

tristeza disease of citrus occurs in plants

Does the viral disease - tristeza disease of citrus, occur in plants or animals?

producers

Due to their photosynthetic activity, what are plants called?

they're used in the transfer of genetic material between different bacteria

During conjugation, what are the plasmids present in the bacterial cytoplasm, used for?

protoplasm is fused

During plasmogamy of any fungi's sexual cycle, what component of each of the two haploid gametes is fused?

-in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, a dikaryotic phase containing a dikaryon (n + n) cell is formed, which has two separate nuclei in it -in other fungi, the dikaryotic phase is skipped (meaning no dikaryon is produced from plasmogamy), and instead right after plasmogamy, karyogamy begins

During the sexual cycle of fungi, how is the outcome of plasmogamy in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes different from other fungi?

in fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

During the sexual cycle of which fungi is the dikaryotic phase not present after plasmogamy?

in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi

During the sexual cycle of which fungi is the dikaryotic phase present after plasmogamy?

Dwarfing and stunted growth is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with a virus

Dwarfing and stunted growth is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with what?

-Earlier classification systems included bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms all under "Plants", because they all have cell walls

Earlier classification systems included bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms all under what? Why?

the correct answer is (a): easily cultured

Escherichia coli is used extensively biological research as it is: (a) easily cultured (b) easily available (c) easy to handle (d) easy multiplied in host

eubacteria are broken down into bacteria and cyanobacteria

Eubacteria is one of the two major groups of bacteria in Kingdom Monera. What two groups are eubacteria further broken down into?

the correct answer is (b): green algae

Euglena is closely related to: (a) diatoms (b) green algae (c) red algae (d) dinoflagellates

the correct answer is (c): Protista

Eukaryotic, achlorophyllous, and heterotrophic organisms are grouped under which of the following kingdoms?: (a) Monera (b) Fungi (c) Protista (d) Plantae

green algae is the more commonly found phycobiont

Even though either green algae or cyanobacteria can act as the phycobiont in a lichen, which is the more commonly found phycobiont?

they prefer to grow in warm and humid places

Even though fungi are cosmopolitan and occur everywhere such as in air, water, soil, on animals, and plants, etc, where do they prefer to grow?

plasmogamy is brought about by the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes

Even though sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, how is plasmogamy brought about to happen?

-plasmogamy is brought about by the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes -the resultant structure formed from plasmogamy is dikaryotic, which ultimately gives rise to the basidium

Even though sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, how is plasmogamy brought about to happen? What is the resultant structure formed from plasmogamy?

they're different in strains or genotypes

Even though sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, plasmogamy is brough about by the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells that are different in what?

through the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes

Even though sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, plasmogamy is brought about by the fusion of what type of cells?

fungal bodies are filamentous, meaning they consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae

Except yeasts which are unicellular, what are the bodies of fungi like?

the correct answer is (b): butyric acid bacteria

For the retting of jute, the fermenting microbe used is: (a) methanophilic bacteria (b) butyric acid bacteria (c) Helicobacter pylori (d) Streptococcus lactin

it is the common type of vegetative reproduction (natural asexual reproduction) in basidiomycetes

Fragmentation is the common type of vegetative reproduction (natural asexual reproduction) in which group of fungi?

fungi use the 3 vegetative reproductive means known as fragmentation, fission, and budding

Fragmentation, fission, and budding are the 3 vegetative (natural asexual reproduction) means that which organisms use to reproduce?

all prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom Monera while unicellular eukaryotes were placed in Kingdom Protista

From earlier classifications, how were prokaryotic organisms separated from unicellular eukaroytes?

no, Kingdom Plantae and Animalia have remained fairly constant

From the earliest to the latest systems of classification, have there been any significant changes in Kingdom Plantae and Animalia over time?

Kingdom Plantae and Animalia have remained constant over time

From the first classification proposed by Linnaeus - two kingdom classification, to the currently widely accepted classification proposed by Whittaker - five kingdom classification, which two kingdoms have always remained constant?

-it resulted in fungi being separated from the common grouping that they shared with plants, and were instead put into their own separate kingdom, known as Kingdom Fungi -Note: the cells walls of fungi and plants are different because fungi contain chitin in their cell walls while plants have cellulosic cell walls

Fungi cell walls being different from plant cell walls resulted in what?

they're classified as symbiont/symbiotic fungi

Fungi that live in association with algae in lichen are classified as what, on the basis of heterotrophic nutrition?

fungi existing within mycorrhizal associations are classified as symbiont/symbiotic fungi

Fungi that live in association with the roots of higher plants in mycorrhizal association are classified as what, on the basis of heterotrophic nutrition?

fungi being grouped with plants turned out to be wrong because the organisms showed a difference in their cell wall composition since fungi had chitin in their cell walls, while plants had cellulosic cell walls

Fungi, which are non-photosynthetic, had been grouped with plants (autotrophs) in earlier classifications. Why did this later turn out to be wrong?

fungi used to be grouped with plants (autotrophs)

Fungi, which are non-photosynthetic, had been grouped with which organisms in earlier classifications?

fungi used to be grouped with plants (autotrophs), but this turned out to be wrong because the organisms showed a difference in their cell wall composition since fungi had chitin in their cell walls, while plants had cellulosic cell walls

Fungi, which are non-photosynthetic, had been grouped with which organisms in earlier classifications? Why did this grouping later turn out to be wrong?

these are all genera of basidiomycetes

Genera Agaricus (mushroom or gill fungi), Ustilago (smut), and Puccinia (rust fungus), are all genera of which group of fungi?

these 3 genera are of deuteromycetes

Genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma are all genera from which group of fungi?

these 3 genera are part of the group of fungi known as ascomycetes

Genera Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora are part of which group of organisms?

because they had cell walls

Genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella were originally placed in algae and grouped with plants because of what?

these 4 genera were all grouped together under Kingdom Protista

Genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Paramecium, and Amoeba were all grouped together under which new kingdom, as compared to earlier classifications?

they both include methanogens

Genera Methanobacillus and Methanothrix include which group of archaebacteria?

these three genera are found in Class Phycomycetes

Genera Mucor, Rhizopus, and Albugo are found in which class of Kingdom Fungi?

nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

Genera Nostoc and Anabaena of Kingdom Monera contain which type of cyanobacteria? -Note: diagram given is of organisms from Genus Nostoc

an ascomycetes or basidiomycetes fungus

Generally, what is the mycobiont component of a lichen?

the phycobiont is mostly a green algae or cyanobacterium

Generally, what is the phycobiont component in lichens?

-the correct answer is (a): micronucleus -Note: ciliated protozoans show nuclear dimorphism, meaning they have two nuclei, and so since the micronucleus is in charge of reproduction, it will be the one that stores the genetic info

Genetic information in Paramecium is contained in: (a) micronucleus (b) macronucleus (c) both micronucleus and macronucleus (d) mitochondria

the correct answer is (c): a single, double-stranded DNA

Genophore/bacterial genome or nucleoid is made of: (a) histones and non-histones (b) RNA and histones (c) a single, double-stranded DNA (d) a single-stranded RNA

Genus Entamoeba includes amoeboid protozoans from Kingdom Protista

Genus Entamoeba includes which type of protozoans from Kingdom Protista?

it is a genus of red dinoflagellates which make the sea appear red

Genus Gonyaulax is a genus of which organism from Kingdom Protista?

Genus Paramecium is from ciliated protozoans

Genus Paramecium is a genus of which type of protozoans?

Genus Physarum belongs to slime molds that are found in Kingdom Protista

Genus Physarum is a genus of which organisms found in Kingdom Protista?

it contains sporozoans

Genus Plasmodium includes contains type of protozoans?

-A: Cytostome -B: Stigma -C: Paramylum bodies -D: Chloroplast

Given the figure that shows the structure of Euglena, what are A, B, C, and D?

the cytostome

Given the figure that shows the structure of Euglena, what is A?

the stigma

Given the figure that shows the structure of Euglena, what is B?

the paramylum bodies

Given the figure that shows the structure of Euglena, what is C?

a chloroplast

Given the figure that shows the structure of Euglena, what is D?

either one of these is generally the phycobiont in a lichen -Note: green algae is more commonly the phycobiont than cyanobacteria

Green algae or cyanobacterium are generally which component of a lichen?

they're incapable of constructing their own food from inorganic sources

Heterotrophic organisms are incapable of constructing their own food from which sources?

they're classified as photosynthetic autotrophs -- photoautotrophs

How are cyanobacteria classified based on their mode of nutrition?

they both have similar pigments present in them

How are euglenoids similar to higher plants?

they are produced from the germination of conidia (asexual spores)

How are mycelia produced in ascomycetes?

-they're autotrophic since they use chemosynthesis and photosynthesis -they're also heterotrophic since they can be saprophytic/parasitic

How are organisms of Kingdom Monera, autotrophic and heterotrophic?

when plasmids are transmitted from one bacterial cell to another, the host cell must be punctured to allow for the release of the plasmid, and so this causes death of the host

How are plasmids transmitted from one bacteria to another?

slime modes are classified as heterotrophic (saprophytic) organisms because they move along decaying twigs and leaves and engulf organic material

How are slime molds classified as heterotrophic (saprophytic) organisms in Kingdom Protista?

because they have photogenic granules in their cytoplasm

How are some dinoflagellates able to show bioluminescence?

they are produced exogenously on the special mycelium (conidiophores) of the ascomycetes

How are the asexual spores - conidia, produced in ascomycetes?

-they are produced endogenously -Note: they are produced endogenously (inside) the sporangium

How are the asexual zoospores and aplanospores in phycomycetes produced?

they are produced endogenously in the sporangium, meaning they are produced inside the sporangium

How are the asexual zoospores and aplanospores in phycomycetes produced? Where are they produced?

in helical or polyhedral geometric forms

How are the capsomeres arranged to form the capsid in a virus?

they're branched and septate

How are the mycelia of basidiomycetes like?

they're produced endogenously in sac-like asci

How are the sexual spores - ascospores, produced in ascomycetes?

spores are dispersed by air currents

How are the spores of the fruiting bodies that are produced from a plasmodium of slime molds differentiating, dispersed?

yeasts are the only fungi that are unicellular

How are yeasts different from the rest of the organisms in Kingdom Fungi?

by autoclaving them at 121 degrees celsius for 15 minutes

How can bacterial endospores be killed?

by using specialized cells known as heterocysts

How can certain cyanobacteria fix nitrogen? -Note: diagram given is of organisms from Genus Nostoc

he divided animals into two groups, those which had red blood (enaima) and those that did not (anaima)

How did Aristotle try and scientifically classify animals?

he used simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs

How did Aristotle try and scientifically classify plants?

by using pseudopodia (false feet) and surrounding and enclosing the food -Note: this is just like how Amoeba use pseudopodia to capture food

How do amoeboid protozoans capture their food?

-by using pseudopodia (false feet) -Note: this is just like how Amoeba use pseudopodia to move

How do amoeboid protozoans move?

archaebacteria are different from other bacteria because they lack peptidoglycan is absent in their cell walls, and this feature allows for their survival in extreme conditions

How do archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in Kingdom Monera?

since they contain a larger macronucleus (= meganucleus) and a smaller micronucleus

How do ciliated protozoans show nuclear dimorphism?

by using photosynthesis

How do euglenoids act as autotrophs in the presence of sunlight?

by predating on other smaller organisms

How do euglenoids act as heterotrophs in the absence of sunlight?

euglenoids behave like heterotrophs in the absence of sunlight by predating on other smaller organisms

How do euglenoids behave in the absence of sunlight?

euglenoids behave like autotrophs and use photosynthesis while in the presence of sunlight

How do euglenoids behave in the presence of sunlight?

-euglenoids behave like autotrophs and use photosynthesis while in the presence of sunlight -euglenoids behave like heterotrophs in the absence of sunlight by predating on other smaller organisms

How do euglenoids behave in the presence vs absence of sunlight?

they obtain their nutrition by ingesting food and breaking it down and digesting it within their bodies using the enzymes that they produce

How do holozoic organisms obtain their nutrition?

lichens grow by extending their thallus outwards from either tips or edges

How do lichen grow?

-lichens grow by extending their thallus outwards from either tips or edges -they grow very slowly and the rate of growth can vary from 0.5 mm to 500 mm to per year -Note: this slow growth equates with their long life

How do lichen grow? What is their growth rate?

by reducing CO2 and oxidized hydrogen

How do methanogens obtain their energy?

organisms of Kingdom Animalia digest food in an internal cavity

How do organisms of Kingdom Animalia digest food?

organisms of Kingdom Animalia digest food in an internal cavity and store food as glycogen or fat

How do organisms of Kingdom Animalia digest food? How do they store it?

they float passively in water currents

How do plankton organisms such as chrysophytes like diatoms and desmids float in the water currents?

since protists are all eukaryotic

How do protists have a nucleus?s

they reproduce sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation

How do protists reproduce sexually?

the life cycle of the retrovirus proceeds by the reverse transcription of the RNA genome into dsDNA, which is then inserted and integrated into the host's genome

How do retroviruses replicate?

they move along decaying leaves and twigs and engulf organic material

How do slime molds engulf organic material?

since their plasmodia don't have cell walls

How do slime molds have a naked cytoplasm?

prions are similar in size to viruses

How do the sizes of prions compare to that of viruses?

-Note: it occurs in adverse conditions only -it secrets three-layered protective, chitinous cyst around itself and becomes inactive -inside the cyst, the nucleus repeatedly divides to form several daughter nuclei which arrange themselves near the periphery -each daughter nucleus becomes enveloped by a small amount of cytoplasm, thus forming a daughter Amoeba, called amoebula or pseudopodiospore -when favorable conditions arrive, the cyst breaks off, liberating the young pseudopodiospores, which each contain fine pseudopodia -the free pseudopodiospores then feed and grow rapidly to become adult Amoeba and lead an independent life

How does an Amoeba reproduce using multiple fission in adverse conditions?

as water enters the freshwater protozoan during feeding, the vacuole periodically increases in volume (diastole) to get filled with water and then contracts (systole) to discharge its water content to the surrounding environment

How does the contractile vacuole act as a osmoregulatory organ in protozoans like Amoeba and Paramecium?

by infecting seeds and flowers of the wheat plants

How does the fungal disease - loose smut of wheat, spread?

protoplasm of animal cells is denser and contains many small vacuoles

How does the protoplasm of animal cells differ from plant cells?

plasmids are 1/100th the size of the nucleoid

How does the size of a plasmid compare to the size of the nucleoid in a bacterial cell?

Gram +ve bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer while Gram -ve bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer

How does the size of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram +ve bacteria compare with the size of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram -ve bacteria?

-Gram +ve bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer while Gram -ve bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, and so alcohol is not able to decolorize and wash away the crystal violet stain in Gram +ve bacteria, while it is able to do so in Gram -ve bacteria -therefore, in Gram +ve bacteria, the stain is retained, while in Gram -ve bacteria, the stain is removed

How does the size of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram +ve bacteria compare with the size of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram -ve bacteria? What does this difference in thicknesses affect during the process of Gram staining?

since it oxidizes ammonia

How is Nitrosomonas an obligate chemoautotroph bacteria?

it is stored as glycogen or fat

How is food stored within the organisms of Kingdom Animalia?

-in viruses that have envelopes, the whole virus except the envelope passes into the host cell, but in viruses that don't have envelopes, the whole virus in its entirety is able to pass into the host cell -Note: the main point is that the viral envelope cannot enter the host cell

How is pinocytic reproduction like in viruses with envelopes vs viruses without envelopes?

dikaryons contain two separate nuclei formed from plasmogamy while the single nuclei of diploids are formed from the fusion of the two separate nuclei in the dikaryon during karyogamy

How is the nucleus of a diploid (2n) cell different from the nucleus of a dikaryon (n + n) cell in the sexual cycle of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi?

plants are immersed in water so that they can absorb the water and swell and due to the activity of bacteria, the fibers are separated and used in the making of ropes and sacks

How is the retting of plant fibers done?

zero

How many contractile vacuoles are present in the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica?

retroviruses only have a single copy of ssRNA

How many copies of ssRNA do retroviruses have?

euglenoids have 2 flagella, a short one and a long one

How many flagella do euglenoids have? What are these flagella like?

a single layer

How many layers do Gram +ve bacteria contain?

Gram -ve bacteria contain 3 layers

How many layers do Gram -ve bacteria contain?

three layers

How many layers do Gram -ve bacteria contain?

3 layers

How many layers does the cyst formed by a Amoeba during multiple fission, have?

only one

How many nuclei do haploids (n) have?

one

How many pseudopodia are present in the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica?

there are two strands (meaning it is double-stranded)

How many strands is the DNA in the disease-causing bacteria - E. Coli?

4 total shapes

How many total shapes of bacteria are there?

the correct statement is (b): they don't have any position in the five kingdom system of classification

Identify the correct statement w.r.t viruses: (a) they have an inert crystalline structure (b) they don't have any position in the five kingdom system of classification (c) they are either obligate or facultative parasites (d) they are unicellular organisms

they would swell to a point of rupture and dissolution

If freshwater protozoans did not possess a mechanism to get rid of the water that enters their cell bodies during feeding, what would happen?

that they were a new infectious agent that were smaller than viruses and causes potato spindle tuber disease

In 1971, what did T.O. Diener observe about viroids?

the correct answer is (d): conidiospores -Note: Penicillium is a genus of the fungal group known as ascomycetes, and since all of these reproduce by conidiospores (also known as conidia), then Penicillium does as well

In Penicillium, the asexual reproduction takes place by: (a) ascospores (b) aplanospores (c) sporangiospores (d) conidiospores

length of the sheath is 950 Angstroms

In a T2 bacteria, what is the length of the sheath?

950 Angstroms

In a T2 bacteriophage, what is height/length of the head?

650 Angstroms

In a T2 bacteriophage, what is the width of the head?

they are found in the bacterial cytoplasm

In a bacterial cell, where are plasmids found?

the algal component prepares food

In a lichen, which component prepares food?

the fungal component provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water

In a lichen, which component provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water?

in the nucleoid region of the cell

In a prokaryotic and bacterial cell, where is the genetic material located?

in addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic material (either RNA or DNA)

In addition to proteins, what else do viruses contain?

sac-like structures known as asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies known as ascocarps

In ascomycetes, what are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies known as ascocarps?

the correct answer is (a): extra chromosomal material

In bacteria, plasmid is: (a) extra chromosomal material (b) main DNA (c) non-functional DNA (d) repetitive gene

karyogamy and meiosis are taking place within the basidium itself, but the basidiospores being produced from these two processes are being produced exogenously on the basidium itself

In basidiomycetes, karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium while this ends up exogenously producing 4 basidiospores. How can this be explained?

this structure ultimately gives rise to basidium (plural: basidia)

In basidiomycetes, the plasmogamy of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes results in a dikaryotic structure. What does this dikaryotic structure ultimately give rise to?

it results in a dikaryotic structure

In basidiomycetes, the plasmogamy of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes, results in which structure?

basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

In basidiomycetes, what are basidia arranged in?

a central pore is present in every septum

In basidiomycetes, what is present in every septum of each mycelium?

on the basis of their similarities and differences in certain easily observable but fundamental characters

In biological classification, we arrange organisms into groups on the basis of what?

the gullet opens to the outside of the cell surface

In ciliated protozoans, the gullet is the cavity that opens where?

it takes part in reproduction

In ciliated protozoans, what does the micronucleus take part in?

gullet

In ciliated protozoans, what is the cavity that opens to the outside of the cell surface known as?

genetic information is stored in the micronucleus (since it is the reproductive nucleus)

In ciliated protozoans, which of the two nuclei stores the genetic information?

due to the coordinated movement of rows of cilia

In ciliated protozoans, why is the water that's heavily loaded with food to be steered into the gullet (cavity)?

the donor cell does have sex pili and F-factor

In conjugation in bacteria, does the donor cell have sex pili and F-factor?

the recipient cell does not have sex pili and F-factor

In conjugation in bacteria, does the recipient cell have sex pili and F-factor?

it is now considered as a sexual process

In diatoms, auxospore formation used to be considered as an asexual process, but what type of reproductive process is it now considered as?

the two thin overlapping shells fit together like a soapbox

In diatoms, how do the two thin overlapping shells formed from the cell walls fit together?

it results in the cell walls being indestructible

In diatoms, the presence of silica in the cell walls results in what?

they form two thin overlapping shells which fit together like a soapbox

In diatoms, what do the cell walls form?

auxospore formation used to be considered as an asexual process

In diatoms, what type of reproductive process did auxospore formation USED to be considered as?

auxospore formation used to be considered as an asexual process but now it is considered as a sexual process

In diatoms, what type of reproductive process did auxospore formation USED to be considered as? What is it now considered as?

silica

In diatoms, which important substance is present in their cell walls that make the walls indestructible?

-in earlier classification systems, unicellular and multicellular organisms were grouped together -for example, the genera, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae

In earlier classification systems, which types of organisms were grouped together on the basis of the number of types of cells present? What is an example?

because all of these organisms have cell walls

In earlier classification systems, why were bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms all classified under "Plants"?

in earlier classification systems, bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms were all classified under "Plants"

In earlier classification, what all organisms were classified under "Plants"?

in earlier classification systems, bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms were all classified under "Plants" because they have cell walls

In earlier classification, what all organisms were classified under "Plants"? Why?

In earlier classifications, Genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella, which both had cell walls, were placed together in algae with plants

In earlier classifications, Genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella, which both had cell walls, were placed together in algae with what?

Genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella, which both had cell walls, used to be placed together in algae with plants

In earlier classifications, Genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella, which both had cell walls, were placed together in what with plants?

because of their lack of cell walls

In earlier classifications, Genera Paramecium and Amoeba were both placed in Kingdom Animalia because of what?

Genera Paramecium and Amoeba were both placed in Kingdom Animalia because of their lack of cell walls

In earlier classifications, Genera Paramecium and Amoeba were both placed in which kingdom because of their lack of cell walls?

In earlier classifications, eukaryotic groups were grouped together with prokaryotic bacteria and blue algae groups

In earlier classifications, eukaryotic groups were grouped together with what?

they were both placed together under algae

In earlier classifications, genera Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were both placed together under what?

In earlier classifications, prokaryotic bacteria and blue algae groups were grouped together with eukaryotic groups

In earlier classifications, prokaryotic bacteria and blue algae groups were grouped together with what?

later on, all prokaryotes were removed from their common grouping with unicellular eukaryotes and were instead placed into Kingdom Monera

In earlier classifications, prokaryotic organisms were grouped together with unicellular eukaryotes. Later on, all prokaryotic organisms were placed into what?

later on, all unicellular eukaryotes were removed from their common grouping with prokaryotic organisms and were instead placed into Kingdom Protista

In earlier classifications, prokaryotic organisms were grouped with unicellular eukaryotes. Later on, all unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed into what?

the correct answer is (a): plasma membrane

In eubacteria, the cellular component that resembles the one that is found in eukaryotic cells is: (a) plasma membrane (b) nucleus (c) ribosomes (d) cell wall

in euglenoids, a pellicle occurs instead of a cell wall

In euglenoids, a protein rich layer known as a pellicle, replaces which commonly occurring structure that surrounds a cell?

conidia, sporangiospores, and zoospores

In fungi, asexual reproduction is due to which spores?

Oospores, ascospores, basidiospores

In fungi, sexual reproduction is due to which spores?

spores are produced in fruiting bodies

In fungi, what are produced in fruiting bodies?

asexual reproduction in fungi is caused by these spores

In fungi, what type of reproduction is caused by the following spores: conidia, sporangiospores, and zoospores?

sexual reproduction in fungi is caused by these spores

In fungi, what type of reproduction is caused by the following spores: oospores. ascospores, and basidiospores?

in distinct structures known as fruiting bodies

In fungi, where are spores produced?

-single or double stranded RNA -double stranded DNA

In general, what are all the types of genetic material do viruses that infect animals have?

only single stranded RNA

In general, what type of genetic material do viruses that infect plants have?

viruses that infect plants

In general, which viruses have only single stranded RNA as their infectious genetic material?

viruses that infect animals

In general, which viruses have single or double stranded RNA OR just double stranded DNA?

large intestine

In humans, where does Entamoeba histolytica cause amoebic dysentery?

the correct answer is (d): archaea have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes -Note: archaea share some similarities with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and so they aren't completely different, but instead, they have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes

In light of the recent classification of living organisms into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya), which one of the following statements is true about archaea?: (a) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (b) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes (c)) Archaea resemble eukarya in all aspects (d) Archaea have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes

the cell does survive (does not die) since it does not undergo lysis and therefore doesn't get lysed

In lysogenic phagic reproduction, does the cell end up surviving after the virus' nucleoid enters it? Why?

the host cell does survive (does not die)

In lysogenic phagic reproduction, does the host cell end up surviving after the virus' nucleoid enters it?

since the host cell does not undergo lysis and therefore doesn't get lysed

In lysogenic phagic reproduction, why does the host cell end up surviving even after the virus' nucleoid enters it?

no, the cell ends up dying

In lytic phagic reproduction, does the cell end up surviving after the virus' nucleoid enters it?

no, the cell ends up dying due to the lytic cycle that occurs in it

In lytic phagic reproduction, does the cell end up surviving after the virus' nucleoid enters it? Why?

because the lytic cycle occurs

In lytic phagic reproduction, why does the cell end up dying after the virus' nucleoid enters it?

infectious neurological diseases were found to be transmitted by prions

In modern medicine, certain infectious neurological diseases were found to be transmitted by which organisms?

each daughter nucleus gets enveloped by a small amount of cytoplasm, thus forming a daughter Amoeba, called amoebula or pseudopodiospore

In multiple fission of an Amoeba, what does each daughter nucleus get enveloped by?

only the nucleoid enters the host cell

In phagic reproduction in viruses, what is the only part of the virus that actually enters the host cell?

by sexual reproduction through the fusion of two gametes which are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous)

In phycomycetes, how are zygospores formed?

isogamous gametes and heterogamous gametes (anisogamous or oogamous gametes)

In phycomycetes, what are the two types of gametes that are used to form zygospores through sexual reproduction through their fusion?

the motile zoospores and non-motile aplanospores that part in asexual reproduction are produced endogenously in the sporangium

In phycomycetes, which spores are produced endogenously (inside/within) in the sporangium?

the correct answer is (a): contractile vacuole

In protozoans like Amoeba and Paramecium, the organ for osmoregulation is: (a) contractile vacuole (b) mitochondria (c) nucleus (d) food vacuole

to prevent food from going bad due to bacterial or fungal infections since fungi mainly like to grow in warm and humid places, and so by creating a cold environment, the growth of fungi on food is prevented

In relation to fungal and bacterial infections, why do we keep food in the refrigerator?

they are non-symbiotic N2 fixers

In relation to nitrogen fixation and symbiosis, what type of bacteria are Azotobacter and Bacillus polymyxa?

Azotobacter is a non-symbiotic N2 fixer

In relation to nitrogen fixation and symbiosis, what type of bacteria are Azotobacter?

Bacillus polymyxa is a non-symbiotic N2 fixer

In relation to nitrogen fixation and symbiosis, what type of bacteria is Bacillus polymyxa?

low concentration of nitrogenous nutrients

In relation to the concentration of nitrogenous nutrients present, what condition prefers the formation of bacterial endospores?

in 1898, he demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco should cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)

In relation to viruses, why was M. W. Beijerinck important?

-he said that the name virus means venom or poisonous fluid in 1892 -recognized that certain microbes were the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco, and these were found to be smaller than bacteria since they could pass through bacteria-proof filters

In relation to viruses, why was Pasteur. Dmitri Ivanowsky important?

it is nucleated (containing nucleus)

In terms of being nucleated, what is the central/inner portion of a plasmodial slime mold's protoplasm like?

it is enucleated (lacking nucleus)

In terms of being nucleated, what is the outer portion of a plasmodial slime mold's protoplasm like?

for being the first person to try and scientifically classify plants and animals

In terms of biology, what is Aristotle known for?

the mycelia are branched in ascomycetes

In terms of branching, what are the mycelia of ascomycetes like?

protoplasm of animal cells contain many small vacuoles

In terms of density, does the protoplasm of animal or plant cells contain many small vacuoles?

protoplasm of animal cells is denser

In terms of density, is the protoplasm of animal or plant cells, denser?

the RNA of viroids is of low molecular weight

In terms of molecular weight, what is the RNA of viroids like?

they are tough and resistant structures that remain undamaged during stressful conditions

In terms of toughness, what are bacterial endospores like?

Kingdom Monera is the only kingdom containing organisms that lack a nuclear membrane

In the 5 kingdom classification, which is the only kingdom with organisms lacking a nuclear membrane?

Kingdom Animalia is the only kingdom containing organisms that lack a cell wall

In the 5 kingdom classification, which is the only kingdom with organisms lacking cell walls?

-Kingdom Archaebacteria -Kingdom Eubacteria -Kingdom Protista -Kingdom Fungi -Kingdom Plantae -Kingdom Animalia

In the 6 kingdom classification, what are the six kingdoms present?

-Domain Eukarya -Domain Archaea -Domain Bacteria

In the 6 kingdom system, what are the 3 domains present?

-lengths of the haploid and diploid phases -whether these phases are free-living or dependent on others

In the alternation of generation in plants, what are the different factors that can vary?

the spore-like stage present in the life cycles of sporozoans is infectious

In the life cycles of sporozoans, which stage is infectious?

the cured leaves are hung in shade and are permitted for the action of bacteria

In the process of curing, what is done after harvesting the tea leaves?

they can be either motile or non-motile

In the sexual cycle of any fungi, do the haploid gametes or hyphae that mate have to be motile or non-motile?

two compatible haploid gametes/hyphae come together to mate and fuse

In the sexual cycle of any fungi, what two things come together to mate?

they must be compatible with each other

In the sexual cycle of any fungus, what must the two haploid hyphae/gametes that come together and fuse be like?

Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia

In the two kingdom classification, which kingdoms are included?

organisms lacking cell walls were classified into Kingdom Animalia

In the two kingdom system proposed by Linnaeus, what was the basis for classifying organisms into Kingdom Animalia?

organisms containing cell walls were classified into Kingdom Plantae in the two-kingdom system

In the two kingdom system proposed by Linnaeus, what was the basis for classifying organisms into Kingdom Plantae?

organisms containing cell walls were classified into Kingdom Plantae while organisms lacking cell walls were classified into Kingdom Animalia in the two-kingdom system

In the two-kingdom system proposed by Linnaeus, what was the basis for classifying organisms into Kingdom Plantae? What was the basis for classifying organisms into Kingdom Animalia?

bacteriophages are used in transduction

In transduction, a virus is used to transfer the genetic material of one bacteria to another as a form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction). What type of virus is used in transduction?

a vesicle is formed

In viral entry by endocytosis, what is formed when the entire virion is surrounded by the host plasma membrane?

the correct answer is (a): host plasma membrane surrounds the whole virion and forms a vesicle

In viral entry by endocytosis: (a) host plasma membrane surrounds the whole virion and forms a vesicle (b) host spikes fuse with host plasma membrane (c) host plasma membrane surrounds only the viral nucleic acid and forms a vesicle around it (d) host plasma membrane surrounds only the viral protein coat and forms a vesicle

the viral envelope is the outermost layer

In viruses that actually have the viral envelope, what layer is the viral envelope?

-the capsid occurs before the envelope since the envelope is the outermost layer -both protect the genetic material, but the envelope is more useful for the virus when travelling in between host cells during something like pinocytic reproduction

In viruses that contain an envelope, what is the difference between the capsid and the envelope?

a protein coat made of smaller substituents (capsomeres) that helps protect the nucleic acid of the virus

In viruses, what is a capsid?

it is called the capsid

In viruses, what is the protein coat that is made of capsomeres and protects the nucleic acid called?

they resemble eukaryotic cells in terms of protein synthesis and protein structure

In what major ways do archae resemble eukaryotic cells?

transformation

In which form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) does the bacterial cell absorb DNA from the surrounding environment?

transduction

In which form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) does the bacterial cell transfer its genetic material to another bacteria, through a virus (bacteriophage)?

conjugation

In which form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) is there a transfer of genetic material between a donor bacterial cell and a recipient bacterial cell, where the donor has sex pili and F-factor, while the recipient is lacking both sex pili and F-factor?

in Phycomycetes, zygospores are formed by sexual reproduction through the fusion of two gametes which are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous)

In which fungi are zygospores formed by sexual reproduction through the fusion of two gametes which are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous)?

in basidiomycetes, there is a central pore present in every septum of each mycelium

In which group of fungi is there a central pore present in every septum of each mycelium?

meiosis occurs in the fruiting bodies, where either the haploid spores are produced endogenously or exogenously, depending on the type of fungus

In which parts of a fungus does meiosis (reduction division) occur and haploid spores are formed?

in their vegetative phase

In which phase are slime molds lacking a cell wall?

in the reproductive phase

In which phase do slime molds have a cell wall?

-cell wall is absent in the vegetative phase -cell wall is present in the reproductive phase

In which phase do slime molds not have a cell wall? In which phase do they have a cell wall?

vegetative phase

In which phase of a slime mold is their nutrition ingestive?

1977

In which year did Carl Woese propose the 6 kingdom classification?

1884

In which year did Christian Gram develop the method of Gram staining?

1898

In which year did M. W. Beijerinck demonstrate that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco should cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)?

1969

In which year did R. H. Whittaker propose the five kingdom system?

it has a pellicle

Instead of a cell wall like other protists, what does the ciliated protozoan - Paramecium caudatum, have?

they have a protein rich layer called a pellicle which makes their body flexible

Instead of a cell wall, what do euglenoids have? What does this other structure allow for?

Kingdom Protista is considered an artificial grouping of organisms because: -its members are each from a different evolutionary line -it has diverse modes of form, structure, and nutrition -there's organisms like slime molds that are completely different from other protists

Is Kingdom Protista considered a natural or artificial grouping of organisms? Why?

a glycocalyx is an external structure

Is a glycocalyx an internal or external structure of a bacteria?

sexual reproduction is more common in organisms from Kingdom Animalia

Is asexual or sexual reproduction more common in organisms from Kingdom Animalia?

no, genetic information is not organized into a nucleus since the nucleus is absent in the prokaryotes (which are all Monerans)

Is genetic information organized into a nucleus in Monerans? Why?

mycorrhizal associations are not very specific

Is mycorrhizal association very specific?

mycorrhizal associations are not very specific because a plant can form associations with several fungi

Is mycorrhizal association very specific? Why?

photosystem II is absent in heterocysts

Is photosystem II present in heterocysts?

phyobilisome is absent in the thylakoids of heterocysts

Is phycobilisome present in the thylakoids of heterocysts?

present

Is teichoic acid present or absent in the cell wall of Gram +ve bacteria?

absent

Is teichoic acid present or absent in the cell wall of Gram -ve bacteria?

the DNA in bacteria is free-floating (in the nucleoid)

Is the DNA in bacteria, enclosed or free-floating?

it is similar to the chlorophyll a found in green plants

Is the chlorophyll a found in cyanobacteria similar or different to the chlorophyll a found in green plants?

the micronucleus is the smaller of the two nuclei present in ciliated protozoans

Is the macronucleus or the micronucleus, the smaller nucleus present in ciliated protozoans?

the nuclear membrane is present in the organisms of Kingdom Fungi

Is the nuclear membrane present or absent in the organisms of Kingdom Fungi?

nuclear membrane is absent in organisms of Kingdom Monera

Is the nuclear membrane present or absent in the organisms of Kingdom Monera?

the nuclear membrane is present in the organisms of Kingdom Protista

Is the nuclear membrane, present or absent in the organisms of Kingdom Protista?

no, it is different in each of the two types of diatoms

Is the pattern of auxospore formation the same in both pennate and centric diatoms?

no, the sexual reproduction that bacteria use is not true sexual reproduction

Is the sexual reproduction that bacteria use to reproduce, true sexual reproduction?

no, the sexual reproduction that bacteria use is not true sexual reproduction because it is limited to mere genetic recombination

Is the sexual reproduction that bacteria use to reproduce, true sexual reproduction? Why?

the thick wall of a heterocyst is permeable to nitrogen

Is the thick wall of a heterocyst permeable to nitrogen?

the thick wall of a heterocyst is permeable to nitrogen and impermeable to oxygen

Is the thick wall of a heterocyst permeable to nitrogen? What about oxygen?

the thick wall of a heterocyst is impermeable to oxygen

Is the thick wall of a heterocyst permeable to oxygen?

it is motile

Is the trophozoite stage of a sporozoan parasite, motile or non-motile?

no, not every organism in Kingdom Protista have a cell wall, and only some organisms of Kingdom Protista have a cell wall

Is there a cell wall present in every organism of Kingdom Protista?

the cell wall is absent in the cells of organisms from Kingdom Animalia

Is there a cell wall present in the cells of organisms from Kingdom Animalia?

yes, organisms in Kingdom Fungi have a cell present, containing chitin

Is there a cell wall present in the organisms of Kingdom Fungi?

there is a cell wall made of cellulose present in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae

Is there a cell wall present in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae?

yes, but only in SOME of the organisms

Is there a cell wall present in the organisms of Kingdom Protista?

a nuclear membrane is not present in the cells of the organisms found in Kingdom Animalia

Is there a nuclear membrane present in the cells of the organisms found in Kingdom Animalia?

yes, there is a nuclear membrane present in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae

Is there a nuclear membrane present in the cells of the organisms of Kingdom Plantae?

yes, there is a nuclear membrane present in the organisms of Kingdom Fungi

Is there a nuclear membrane present in the organisms of Kingdom Fungi?

a nuclear membrane is not present (meaning, it's absent) in the organisms of Kingdom Monera

Is there a nuclear membrane present in the organisms of Kingdom Monera?

yes, organisms of Kingdom Protista do contain a nuclear membrane

Is there a nuclear membrane present in the organisms of Kingdom Protista?

there is no "dominant" or "subordinate" partner in the symbiotic association that exists between algae and fungi in lichens since both mutually benefit and provide to each other in this association

Is there any "dominant" or "subordinate" partner in the symbiotic association that exists between algae and fungi in lichens?

yes, locomotion is present in cyanobacteria

Is there locomotion present in cyanobacteria?

Leishmania donovani are the causes of kala-azar and dum-dum fever

Kala-azar and dum-dum fever are caused by which flagellated protozoans?

the correct answer is (d): all of the above

Kingdom Protista is not considered a natural classification of organisms because: (a) its members are each from a different evolutionary line (b) it has diverse modes of form, structure, and nutrition (c) there's organisms like slime molds that are completely different from other protists (d) all of the above

these are all the kingdoms present in the 6 kingdom classification system

Kingdoms Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are all the kingdoms present in which classification?

these kingdoms are included in the five kingdom system

Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are included in which kingdom system?

these kingdoms are all included in the four kingdom system

Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia are included in which kingdom system?

in the three kingdom classification system

Kingdoms Protista, Animalia, and Plantae are included in which classification system?

Leaf rolling and curling is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with a virus

Leaf rolling and curling is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with what?

all three of these are the disease causing forms of flagellated protozoans

Leishmania donovani, Giardia intestinalis, and Trypanosoma cruzi are all the disease causing forms of which type of protozoans?

these are the different factors which can vary in the process known as alternation of generation in plants

Lengths of the haploid and diploid phases and whether these phases are free-living or dependent on others are the factors which can vary in which process in plants?

between algae and fungi

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between which organisms?

only plants and animals were included in this system of classification

Linnaeus' two kingdom classification included only Kingdom Plantae and Animalia. Therefore, only which animals were included in this system of classification?

Pili

Long bristle-like protein appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA and are present singly or in pairs

marine forms of amoeboid protozoans have silica shells on their surface

Marine forms of amoeboid protozoans have what, on their surface?

(i) - CO2, (ii) - hydrogen

Methanogens gain energy by reducing _____(i)______ and oxidizing _____(ii)_______

Methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles are the three major types of archaebacteria

Methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles are the three major types of what type of organisms found in Kingdom Monera?

Mode of nutrition is one of the four criteria used by Whittaker for classification in his five-kingdom system

Mode of nutrition is one of the four criteria used by Whittaker for what?

these are the three bases for the classification of Kingdom Fungi into multiple classes

Morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation, and fruiting bodies are the three bases for the classification of which kingdom into multiple classes?

Mosaic formation is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with a virus

Mosaic formation is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with what?

these are all symptoms that a plant has been infected by a virus

Mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, and dwarfing and stunted growth, are all symptoms of what?

2

Most dinoflagellates have how many flagella?

the correct answer is (a): green algae and ascomycetes

Most of the lichens consist of: (a) green algae and ascomycetes (b) brown algae and higher plants (c) blue-green algae and basidiomycetes (d) red algae and ascomycetes

this level of body organization is present in the organisms of Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular/loose tissue level body organization is present in the organisms of which kingdom?

mushrooms and toadstools are organisms from Kingdom Fungi

Mushrooms and toadstools are organisms from which kingdom?

these 3 are the common forms of basidiomycetes

Mushrooms, bracket fungi, or puffballs are the common forms of which group of fungi?

mussels feed on some species of dinoflagellates

Mussels feed on some species of which organism from Kingdom Protista?

humans, plants, and animals

Mycoplasma can either be saprotrophic or parasitic. In the case that they are parasitic, which organisms do they live off of?

Mycoplasma, rickettsia, and actinomycetes are some other smaller groups of Kingdom Monera, apart from the two major groups - archaebacteria and eubacteria

Mycoplasma, rickettsia, and actinomycetes are some other groups of which kingdom, apart from the two major groups - archaebacteria and eubacteria?

the correct answer is (d): slime molds

Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated, and saprophytic are the characteristics of: (a) monerans (b) protists (c) fungi (d) slime molds

the correct answer is (a): chemosynthetic organisms

Name the organisms that do not derive energy directly or indirectly from the sun: (a) chemosynthetic organisms (b) pathogenic bacteria (c) symbiotic bacteria (d) mould

nitrifying bacteria are classified as chemoautotrophic bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria are classified as which type of bacteria, based on modes of nutrition?

they're recycled by chemoautotrophic bacteria

Nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulphur are recycled by what type of bacteria?

mucilagenous sheath

Nitrogen-fixing organisms from the Genus Nostoc of Kingdom Monera contain the following structure. In this structure, what is "A"?

heterocyst

Nitrogen-fixing organisms from the Genus Nostoc of Kingdom Monera contain the following structure. In this structure, what is "B"?

Noncellulosic cell walls are present only in the organisms of Kingdom Monera

Noncellulosic cell walls are present only in the organisms of which kingdom?

these are the reasons why Linnaeus' two-kingdom classification system was discarded

Not being able to distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms, photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms are the reasons for which system of classification was discarded?

Not being able to distinguish between photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms is one of the reasons for which Linnaeus' two-kingdom classification system was discarded

Not being able to distinguish between photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms is one of the 3 reasons for which system of classification was discarded?

Not being able to distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is one of the reasons for which Linnaeus' two-kingdom classification system was discarded

Not being able to distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is one of the 3 reasons for which system of classification was discarded?

Not being able to distinguish between unicellular and multicellular organisms is one of the reasons for which Linnaeus' two-kingdom classification system was discarded

Not being able to distinguish between unicellular and multicellular organisms is one of the 3 reasons for which system of classification was discarded?

after being germinated, conidia end up producing mycelia

On germination, what do conidia (asexual spores) end up producing?

Bacillus subtilis is a Gram +ve bacteria

On the basis of Gram staining, is Bacillus subtilis a Gram +ve or -ve bacteria?

Escherichia coli is a Gram -ve bacteria

On the basis of Gram staining, is Escherichia coli a Gram +ve or -ve bacteria?

they're all the bases for classifying eubacteria

On the basis of Gram staining, on the basis of structure, and on the basis of mode of nutrition are the 3 bases for classifying which type of bacteria?

Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria

On the basis of Gram staining, what are the two types of bacteria?

cyanobacteria are Gram -ve bacteria

On the basis of Gram staining, what type of bacteria are cyanobacteria?

unicellular fungi are used to make bread and beer

On the basis of cell count, what type of fungi are used to make bread and beer?

-unicellular fungi are used to make bread and beer -for example, yeast is a unicellular fungi used to make bread

On the basis of cell count, what type of fungi are used to make bread and beer? What is an example of such a fungus?

T4 (linear) is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is T4 (linear)?

TMV is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is TMV?

turnip yellow mosaic virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is a turnip yellow mosaic virus?

adenovirus is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is adenovirus?

cauliflower mosaic is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is cauliflower mosaic?

coliphage MS2 is a ssDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is coliphage MS2?

coliphage fd (linear) is a ssDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is coliphage fd (linear)?

coliphage lambda is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is coliphage lambda?

coliphage ϕ x 174 (cyclic) is a ssDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is coliphage ϕ x 174 (cyclic)?

foot and mouth disease virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is foot and mouth disease virus?

hepatitis B is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is hepatitis B?

herpes simplex virus is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is herpes simplex virus?

influenza virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is influenza virus?

poliomyelitis virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is poliomyelitis virus?

polyoma (circular or cyclic) is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is polyoma (circular or cyclic)?

potato mosaic virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is potato mosaic virus?

pox virus is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is pox virus?

rous sarcoma virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is rous sarcoma virus?

simian virus 40(SV40) is a dsDNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is simian virus 40(SV40)?

bean mosaic virus (all linear) is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is the bean mosaic virus (all linear)?

tobacco necrosis virus is a ssRNA virus

On the basis of genetic material, what type of virus is the tobacco necrosis virus?

bacteriophages are dsDNA viruses

On the basis of genetic material, what type of viruses are bacteriophages?

retroviruses are ssRNA viruses

On the basis of genetical material, what type of viruses are retroviruses?

Gram +ve bacteria produce endospores

On the basis of gram staining, which bacteria produce endospores during unfavorable condition for their own protection?

-saprophytic fungi: absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates -parasitic fungi: live off of living host plants and animals -symbiont/symbiotic fungi: live in association with algae in lichen and with the roots of higher plants as mycorrhiza

On the basis of heterotrophic nutrition, what are the three types of fungi?

Trypanosoma is a flagellated protozoan that is polymorphic since it has multiple forms

On the basis of how many forms it has, what type of flagellated protozoan is the disease causing organism - Trypanosoma?

SV40 is a viral disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is SV40?

SV40 is a viral disease occurring in animals

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is SV40? Does it occur in plants or animals?

cholera is a bacterial disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is cholera?

cholera is a bacterial disease present in animals

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is cholera? Does it occur in plants or animals?

citrus canker is a bacterial disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is citrus canker?

citrus canker is a bacterial disease present in plants

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is citrus canker? Does it occur in plants or animals?

crown gall is a bacterial disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is crown gall?

crown gall is a bacterial disease present in plants

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is crown gall? Does it occur in plants or animals?

dengue is a viral disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is dengue?

dengue is a viral disease that occurs in animals

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is dengue? Does it occur in plants or animals?

leaf blight of rice is a bacterial disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is leaf blight of rice?

leaf blight of rice is a bacterial disease occurring in plants

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is leaf blight of rice? Does it occur in plants or animals?

malaria is a sporozoan disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is malaria?

malaria is a sporozoan disease and it occurs in animals

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is malaria? Does it occur in plants or animals?

leaf curl of tomato is a viral disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is the leaf curl of tomato?

leaf curl of tomato is a viral disease occurring in plants

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is the leaf curl of tomato? Does it occur in plants or animals?

tristeza disease of citrus is a viral disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is the tristeza disease of citrus?

tristeza disease of citrus is a viral disease occurring in plants

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is the tristeza disease of citrus? Does it occur in plants or animals?

typhoid is a bacterial disease

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is typhoid?

typhoid is a bacterial disease present in animals

On the basis of its causal organism, what type of disease is typhoid? Does it occur in plants or animals?

-amoeboid protozoans -flagellated protozoans -ciliated protozoans -sporozoans

On the basis of locomotory organelles, protozoans are divided into which 4 categories?

it is a lytic virus since it causes the lysis of its host bacteria

On the basis of lysis, what type of virus is the bacteriophage T4?

unicellular and multicellular organisms

On the basis of number of different types of cells present, which two categories of organisms were grouped together?

classified as a parasite (since it causes amoebic dysentery in large intestine of humans)

On the basis of nutrition, what type of organism is the amoeboid protozoan - Entamoeba histolytica, classified as?

photolithotrophs

On the basis of nutrition, what type of organisms are purple sulfur bacteria?

on the basis of nutrition, viruses are obligate parasites

On the basis of nutrition, what type of organisms are viruses?

rod-shaped Bacillus bacteria

On the basis of shape, which group are most bacteria grouped under?

Bacillus (rod shaped) bacteria

On the basis of shapes, what are the most common type of bacteria?

only fresh-water protozoans have contractile vacuoles (used for osmoregulation)

On the basis of the aquatic environment in which they live, what type of protozoans have a contractile vacuole?

-autogamous (self-fertilizing) -isogamous -anisogamous -oogamous

On the basis of the types of gametes involved, what type of spores are the sexual spores known as auxospores, in diatoms?

they are facultatively anaerobic bacteria

On the basis of their need of oxygen, what type of bacteria are basophilic prokaryotes (basophiles)?

on the basis of locomotory organelles

On the basis of what, are protozoans divided into 4 categories: amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans, ciliated protozoans, and sporozoans?

the hormogonium eventually escapes from the mucilage (mucilaginous sheath) and grows into a new filament and then into a new colony

Once a hormogonium (short motile chain of 3 - 5 vegetative cells) is formed from filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc, what happens?

it allows the Gram +ve bacteria to stop metabolism and live longer

Once an endospore is formed, what does it to the Gram +ve bacteria?

alcohol decolorizes the newly exposed and thin peptidoglycan layer by removing the crystal violet dye and this causes the Gram -ve bacteria to lose the Gram stain

Once the cell wall of the Gram -ve bacteria gets dissolved in organic solvents such as acetone, alcohol, etc because of the cell wall's high lipid content, what happens?

(i) - deuteromycetes

Once the perfect (sexual) stages of members of ______(i)______ were discovered, they were moved into ascomycetes or basidiomycetes

the correct answer is (a): they are multicellular

One of the following is not a characteristic of cyanobacteria: (a) they are multicellular (b) they form colonies (c) they form blooms in polluted water bodies (d) they can fix atmospheric nitrogen

heterotrophic modes of nutrition (saprophytic/parasitic)

Organisms of Kingdom Fungi use which mode of nutrition?

they act as saprophytes and parasites, which causes them to be classified as heterotrophs as well

Organisms of Kingdom Monera act as which two types of feeders that causes them to be classified heterotrophic as well?

Heterotrophic organisms

Organisms that are unable to construct their own food from inorganic sources, and therefore must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment

the correct answer is (b): spinning movement

Organisms that form red tides also show: (a) reserve food as leucosin (b) spinning movement (c) nitrogen fixation (d) complimentary chromatic adaptation

the correct answer is (b): lichens

Organisms which are indicator of SO2 pollution: (a) mosses (b) lichens (c) mushrooms (d) puffballs

the correct answer is (a): two and three -Note: Kingdoms Fungi and Animalia include holozoic organisms and Kingdoms Plantae, Protista, and Monera include photosynthetic organisms

Organisms with holozoic and photosynthetic modes of nutrition are placed respectively under how many kingdoms in Whittaker's classification?: (a) two and three (b) two and two (c) three and two (d) three and three

only Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes have conidia as their asexual spores -Note: Phycomycetes contain zoospores and aplanospores as their asexual spores while basidiomycetes don't have asexual spores

Out of Phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes, which groups of fungi have conidia as their asexual spores?

out of these 4 groups of fungi, basidiomycetes are the only ones without asexual spores being present

Out of Phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes, which is the only group of fungi that does not have any asexual spores present?

Kingdom Animalia is the only kingdom whose organisms contain cells that do not have a cell wall

Out of all the kingdoms in the five-kingdom classification, proposed by Whittaker, which is the only kingdom that contains organisms whose cells do not have a cell wall?

all of these groups of fungi are capable of being parasitic

Out of phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes, which are capable of being parasitic?

phycomycetes are the class of fungi out of these 4 classes that have aseptate (coenocytic) mycelium

Out of phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes, which is the class of fungi with aseptate mycelium?

a classification system which reflects not only the morphological, physiological, and reproductive similarities, but also phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships

Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve what type of classification system?

Endoparasites

Parasites that live within the body of their host

these are all the possible modes of nutrition of the organisms of Kingdom Protista

Parasitic, ingestive, photosynthetic, saprophytic, and mixotrophic are all the possible modes of nutrition of the organisms of which kingdom?

because they passed through bacteria-proof filters

Pasteur. Dmitiri Ivanowsky recognized certain microbes to be the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco. How were these microbes found to be smaller than bacteria?

these microbes were found to be smaller than bacteria

Pasteur. Dmitiri Ivanowsky recognized certain microbes to be the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco. Were these microbes found to be larger or smaller than bacteria?

these microbes were found to be smaller than bacteria because they passed through bacteria-proof filters

Pasteur. Dmitiri Ivanowsky recognized certain microbes to be the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco. Were these microbes found to be larger or smaller than bacteria? Why?

90% of all human diseases

Pathogenic bacteria are responsible for causing what percentage of all human diseases?

pennate and centric are the two types of diatoms

Pennate and centric are the two types of which organism from Kingdom Protista?

peptidoglycan and teichoic acid are present in the cell walls of bacteria

Peptidoglycan and teichoic acid characterize the cell walls of which group of organisms?

Phagic and pinocytic are the two main types of reproduction in viruses

Phagic and pinocytic are the two main types of reproduction in which organism?

these are the two main types of reproduction in viruses

Phagic and pinocytic are the two main types of reproduction in which organism?

the correct is (d): all of the above -Note: blue-green algae are also known as cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic pigments of blue-green algae include: (a) chlorophyll a (b) carotenes (c) xanthophylls (d) all of the above

the correct answer is (b): chromatophores -Note: chromatophores are the site of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria

Pigment containing membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria are: (a) pneumatophores (b) chromatophores (c) heterocysts (d) basal bodies

all of these are examples of ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) viruses

Poliomyelitis virus, foot and mouth disease virus, influenza virus, rous sarcoma virus, retroviruses, turnip yellow mosaic virus, tobacco necrosis virus, TMV, potato mosaic virus, and bean mosaic virus (all linear), are all examples of which type of virus (on the basis of genetic material)?

Chemosynthesis

Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

prokaryotic cells are present only in the organisms of Kingdom Monera

Prokaryotic cells are present only in the organisms of which kingdom?

(i) - cell fusion, (ii) - zygote formation

Protists are capable of reproducing sexually through the processes of _____(i)_______ and ______(ii)________

the correct answer is (b): membrane bound nucleoproteins lying embedded in the cytoplasm -Note: by nucleoproteins, we are referring to the genetic material of protists

Protists have: (a) only free nucleic acid aggregates (b) membrane bound nucleoproteins lying embedded in the cytoplasm (c) gene containing nucleoproteins condensed together in loose mass (d) nucleoprotein in direct contact with the rest of the cell substance

to reproduce sexually

Protists use a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation to reproduce in what way?

cereal rust, black rust, red rust, or red dust of wheat

Puccinia graminis causes stem rust of wheat. What is stem rust of wheat also known as?

yellow rust of wheat

Puccinia striiformis causes stripe rust of wheat. What is stripe rust of wheat also known as?

purple bacteria and green sulphur bacteria are classified as photoautotrophic bacteria

Purple bacteria and green sulphur bacteria are classified as which type of bacteria, based on modes of nutrition?

the correct answer is (d) 10:90

Ratio between phycobiont and mycobiont in a lichen association is: (a) 50:50 (b) 25:75 (c) 75:25 (d) 10:90

the correct answer is (b): A - Mucor, B - Saccharomyces, C - Penicillium, D - Agaricus

Refer to given image for question.

the protozoan protist shown in image is the parasitic amoeboid protozoan that causes amoebic dysentery - Entamoeba histolytica

Refer to image.

the correct answer is (d): facultative parasites can grow only on their specific hosts -Note: Facultative parasite is an organism, that may either lead an independent existence or live as a parasite. Facultative parasites can grow in the hosts or without hosts

Refer to question from provided image.

-A: pellicle -B: cilia -C: macronucleus -D: cytostome

Refer to the given figure of Paramecium caudatum and identify A, B, C, and D.

this figure is of Entamoeba histolytica

Refer to the given image and answer the question.

Correct answer is (A) Neurospora

Refer to the given image for the question.

the correct answer is (b): Entamoeba histolytica, amoebic dysentery

Refer to the given image for the question.

the correct answer is (c): Paramecium caudatum -Note: all protists of Genus Paramecium are ciliated protozoans

Refer to the given image.

the correct answers are (i) and (ii) -Note: option (i) is talking about the chitin that is present in fungal cell walls and also the exoskeleton of insects and (ii) is the nucleus since aseptate hyphae are multinucleate -Note: (iii) cannot be correct since fungi are non-photosynthetic and (iv) is incorrect because it is actually the cytoplasm

Refer to the image for the question and answer choices.

the correct answer is (c)

Refer to the image for the question.

P - head, Q - collar, R - sheath, S - basal plate, T - tail fibers

Refer to the question and diagram provided in the image.

the head of the T2 bacteriophage

Referring to the given diagram from the image, what is P?

the collar of the T2 bacteriophage

Referring to the given diagram from the image, what is Q?

the sheath of the T2 bacteriophage

Referring to the given diagram from the image, what is R?

the basal plate of the T2 bacteriophage

Referring to the given diagram from the image, what is S?

the tail fibers of the T2 bacteriophage

Referring to the given diagram from the image, what is T?

the head of the bacteriophage virus

Referring to the given diagram of a bacteriophage virus, what is A?

the collar of the bacteriophage virus

Referring to the given diagram of a bacteriophage virus, what is B?

the sheath of the bacteriophage virus

Referring to the given diagram of a bacteriophage virus, what is C?

the tail fibers of the bacteriophage virus

Referring to the given diagram of a bacteriophage virus, what is D?

A - head, B - collar, C - sheath, D - tail fibers

Referring to the given diagram of a bacteriophage, what are A, B, C, and D?

A is the pellicle

Referring to the given figure of Paramecium caudatum, what is A?

B are cilia

Referring to the given figure of Paramecium caudatum, what is B?

C is the macronucleus -Note: remember that ciliated protozoans have two nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus and therefore show nuclear dimorphism

Referring to the given figure of Paramecium caudatum, what is C?

D is the cytostome

Referring to the given figure of Paramecium caudatum, what is D?

part C cannot contain carotenes and xanthophylls since these are pigments used to perform photosynthesis and fungi are non-photosynthetic

Referring to the given image of a fungal cell, can C contain carotenes and xanthophylls that harvest light energy for photosynthesis?

part D, since it is the nucleus and aseptate hyphae are multinucleated (i.e., multiple nuclei present)

Referring to the given image of a fungal cell, more than one of which part, is present in aseptate hyphae?

A is the chitin-containing cell wall

Referring to the given image of a fungal cell, what is A?

B is the cytoplasm

Referring to the given image of a fungal cell, what is B?

D is the nucleus of the fungal cell

Referring to the given image of a fungal cell, what is D?

A is Genus Mucor (from phycomycetes)

Referring to the given image, what genus of fungus is A?

B is Genus Saccharomyces (from ascomycetes)

Referring to the given image, what genus of fungus is B?

C is Genus Penicillium (from ascomycetes)

Referring to the given image, what genus of fungus is C?

D is Genus Agaricus (from basidiomycetes)

Referring to the given image, what genus of fungus is D?

only a few

Relatively, how many cyanobacteria use the formation of hormogonia as their method of reproduction?

several diatoms

Relatively, how many diatoms use the formation of auxospores as their method of reproduction?

Reproduction and Phylogenetic relationships is one of the four criteria used by Whittaker for classification in his five-kingdom system

Reproduction and phylogenetic relationships is one of the four criteria used by Whittaker for what?

Sandflies transmit the kala-azar and dum-dum fever causing flagellated protozoans known as Leishmania donovani

Sandflies transmit the kala-azar and dum-dum fever causing flagellated protozoans known as what?

saprophytes and parasites both use heterotrophic modes of nutrition

Saprophytic and parasitic organisms use which mode of nutrition?

these three are classified under heterotrophic bacteria

Saprotrophic (saprophytic), symbiotic, and parasitic bacteria are classified under which of bacteria?

the correct answer is (d): (i), (ii), and (iv)

Select the correct combination of the statements (i - iv) regarding the characteristics of certain organisms: (i) Methanogens are archaebacteria which produce methane in marshy areas (ii) Nostoc is a filamentous blue-green algae which fixes atmospheric nitrogen (iii) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria synthesize cellulose from glucose (iv) Mycoplasma lack a cell wall and can survive without oxygen The correct statements are: (a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (ii), and (iii) (c) (ii), (iii), and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), and (iv)

the correct statement is (b): in binary fission, Amoeba forms a cyst -Note: Amoeba forms a cyst in multiple fission, not binary fission

Select the correct statement about Amoeba: (a) It has great power of regeneration (b) In binary fission, Amoeba forms a cyst (c) It tides over unfavorable conditions by dividing into two (d) It reproduces sexually

the correct answer is (d): all of these

Select the correct statement regarding heterocysts: (a) These are present in some filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc and Anabaena (b) These cells are specialized to perform N2 fixation (c) These cells contain the enzyme nitrogenase (d) All of these

since none of these statements are wrong, the correct answer is (d): none of these

Select the incorrect statement regarding mycoplasma: (a) Mycoplasmas possess 70S ribosomes and naked DNA (b) Mycoplasmas are the simplest and smallest free-living eukaryotes (c) Absence of cell wall makes the organism pleomorphic (d) None of these

the incorrect statement is (d): DNA is not present at any stage in the life cycle of retroviruses

Select the incorrect statement regarding retroviruses: (a) Retroviruses carry genes for RNA dependent DNA polymerase (b) The genetic material in mature retroviruses is RNA (c) Retroviruses are the causative agents for certain kinds of cancers in man (d) DNA is not present at any stage in the life cycle of retroviruses

the incorrect statement is (d): prions possess nucleoids and no proteins

Select the incorrect statement?: (a) most plant viruses are RNA viruses (b) bacteriophages possess dsDNA (c) virus having an arthropod as a vector is called a ribovirus (d) prions possess nucleoids and no proteins

the correct answer to the question is (d): both (a) and (b)

Select the pair that consists of plant or animal bacterial diseases: (a) cholera and typhoid (b) citrus canker and crown gall (d) malaria and dengue (d) both (a) and (b)

they're absent in basidiomycetes

Sex organs are absent in which group of fungi?

they're both infectious neurological diseases

Since both bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are caused by prions (infectious protein particles), what type of diseases are they?

their colonies are generally surrounded by a gelatinous sheath

Since cyanobacteria are colonial, what are their colonies generally surrounded by?

they must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment

Since heterotrophic organisms are incapable of constructing their own food from inorganic sources, what must they do?

yes, protists contain a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Since protists are eukaryotes, do they contain a well-defined nucleus? Do they contain membrane-bound organelles?

it is enclosed by a nuclear envelope

Since protists are unicellular eukaryotes, what is their linear DNA enclosed by?

the correct answer is (a): their swimming cells are either flagellated or amoeboid

Slime molds are similar to fungi in all regards except: (a) Their swimming cells are either flagellated or amoeboid (b) They store glycogen (c) Their cell wall has cellulose and chitin (d) They are heterotrophic

the correct answer is (a): eubacteria and archaea

Some hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in highly acidic (pH = 2) habitats belong to the two groups: (a) eubacteria and archaea (b) cyanobacteria and diatoms (c) protists and mosses (d) liverworts and yeasts

some species of dinoflagellates are taken as food by mussels

Some species of dinoflagellates are taken as food by which organisms?

the correct answer is (b): statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect

Statement 1: Almost all bacteria possess lipo-proteinaceous plasma membrane Statement 2: The plasma membrane of archaebacteria, as well as eubacteria, have the same type of lipids (a) Both statements are correct (b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect (c Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct (d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

the correct answer is (a): both statements 1 and 2 are correct

Statement 1: Euglena can be considered as a plant due to the presence of chlorophyll Statement 2: Euglena cannot be classified on the basis of the two-kingdom system of classification (a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct (b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect (c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct (d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

The correct answer is (b): double stranded and circular

The DNA of E. Coli is: (a) double stranded and linear (b) double stranded and circular (c) single stranded and linear (d) single stranded and circular

it includes parasites

The Genus Entamoeba of amoeboid protozoans includes what type of heterotrophic organisms?

this genus is a part of the organisms known as euglenoids

The Genus Euglena is a part of which organisms from Kingdom Protista?

bacterial Genera Rhizobium, Frankia, etc contain organisms that are classified as symbiotic

The bacterial Genera Rhizobium, Frankia, etc contain organisms that are classified as which type of bacteria, based on modes of nutrition?

chitin is also present in the exoskeleton of insects

The carbohydrate chitin is present in the cell wall of fungi as well as in the exoskeleton of which organisms?

the correct answer is (a): the ability to survive during adverse physical changes

The chief advantage of encystment of an Amoeba is: (a) the ability to survive during adverse physical changes (b) the ability to live for sometime without ingesting food (c) protection from parasites and predators (d) the chance to get rid of accumulated waste products

it results in the water that's heavily loaded with food to be steered into the gullet (cavity) to allow for the intake of food

The coordinated movement of rows of cilia in ciliated protozoans, results in what?

Micrococcus candidans

The curing of leaves is done by which bacteria?

it occurs between plasmogamy and karyogamy

The dikaryotic phase that is present in the sexual cycles of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes occurs between which two processes?

these are the distinct phases present in the life cycle of plants

The diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases are the two distinct phases in the life cycle of which organisms?

penicillin affects cell wall synthesis

The drug penicillin affects what part of a bacterial cell?

these heterotrophic modes of nutrition are characteristic of ascomycetes

The following modes of nutrition are characteristic of which group of fungi: saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic, or coprophilous (growing on dung)?

this food reserve is present in the organisms of Kingdom Protista

The food reserve consisting of glycogen, paramylon, chrysolaminarin, and fat is present in the orgaisms of which kingdom?

fungi from Genus Penicillium

The fungi from which genus are used in antibiotics?

A - Naked DNA, B - Thylakoid

The given figure represents the ultrastructure of a typical cyanobacterial cell. Identify A and B.

A is naked DNA

The given figure represents the ultrastructure of a typical cyanobacterial cell. Identify A.

B is thylakoid

The given figure represents the ultrastructure of a typical cyanobacterial cell. Identify B.

the correct answer is (a): A - Naked DNA, B - Thylakoid

The given figure represents the ultrastructure of a typical cyanobacterial cell. Identify the different parts and select the correct option for A and B: (a) A - Naked DNA, B - Thylakoid (b) A - Thylakoid, B - Naked DNA (c) A - DNA + Histones, B - Thylakoid (d) A - DNA + Histones, B - 80S Ribosomes

it represents the ultrastructure of a cyanobacterial cell

The given figure represents the ultrastructure of what type of bacterial cell?

the correct answer is (d): euglenoids

The given statements describe a group of organisms: (i) instead of a cell wall, they have a protein-rich pellicle, making their body flexible (ii) they have 2 flagella, a short one and a long one (iii) they show mixotrophic nutrition (iv) they are the connecting link between plants and animals Which of the following groups is referred to here: (a) dinoflagellates (b) slime molds (c) desmids and diatoms (d) euglenoids

these 5 groups of organisms are all included under Kingdom Protista

The groups of organisms including chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime molds, and protozoans are included under which kingdom?

nitrogenous nutrients

The low concentration of which nutrients favors bacterial endospore formation?

the correct answer is (b): digestion or breakdown of organic compounds

The main role of bacteria in the carbon cycle involves: (a) chemosynthesis (b) digestion or breakdown of organic compounds (c) photosynthesis (d) assimilation of nitrogenous compounds

the host cell does not end up getting lysed (does not undergo lysis) and therefore does not die

The nuceloid of the virus entering the host cell is common to both types of phagic reproduction, so what is different about lysogenic phagic reproduction?

the lytic cycle occurs causing the host cell to undergo lysis and die

The nuceloid of the virus entering the host cell is common to both types of phagic reproduction, so what is different about lytic phagic reproduction?

the organisms of Kingdom Monera use these modes of nutrition

The organisms of which kingdom are autotrophic and use chemosynthesis + photosynthesis, and are also heterotrophic (saprophytic/parasitic)?

the parasitic forms of flagellated protozoans can cause disease

The parasitic (not the free-living) forms of which protozoans can cause diseases?

the correct answer is (c): Rhizopus, a mold

The pathogen Microsporum responsible for ringworm disease in humans belongs to the same kingdom of organisms as that of: (a) Taenia, a tapeworm (b) Wuchereria, a filarial worm (c) Rhizopus, a mold (d) Ascaris, a round worm

they're similar to the pigments present in higher plants

The pigments present in euglenoids are similar to the pigments present in which organisms?

it results in ciliated protozoans to be actively moving

The presence of a number of cilia on ciliated protozoans results in what?

The presence of photogenic granules in the cytoplasm of certain dinoflagellates allows them to show bioluminescence

The presence of photogenic granules in the cytoplasm of certain dinoflagellates allows them to show which distinctive biological characteristic?

it sometimes results in the death of other marine animals such as fishes

The release of toxins by red dinoflagellates when they begin multiplying rapidly in large numbers in the sea and start making it red, results in what?

roots of Anthoceros and Trifolium form a symbiotic association with the Nostoc cyanobacteria

The roots of Anthoceros and Trifolium form a symbiotic association with which organism?

the roots of Anthoceros and Trifolium

The roots of which plants form a symbiotic association with the Nostoc cyanobacteria?

the correct answer is (c): 3000 Angstroms

The size of small pox virus is: (a) 2000 Angstroms (b) 5000 Angstroms (c) 3000 Angstroms (d) 1000 Angstroms

sporozoans of Genus Plasmodium are malarial parasites that are known to cause malaria

The sporozoans of which genus are malarial parasites that are known to cause malaria?

stems of Gunnera form a symbiotic association with the Nostoc cyanobacteria

The stems of Gunnera form a symbiotic association with which organism?

the stems of Gunnera

The stems of which plants form a symbiotic association with the Nostoc cyanobacteria?

the correct answer is (a): motile on surface of bacteria

The tailed bacteriophages are: (a) motile on surface of bacteria (b) non-motile (c) motile on surface of plant leaves (d) actively motile in water

The title: "Jokers of the Plant Kingdom", is given to mycoplasma

The title: "Jokers of the Plant Kingdom", is given to which organism from Kingdom Monera?

use of pseudopodia by amoeboid protozoan is similar to amoeba

The usage of pseudopodia (false feet) by pseudopodia by amoeboid protozoans is similar to which other organism?

the correct answer is (c): both (a) and (b)

The wonder drug, penicillin, is extracted from which of the following species of the ascomycetes fungus, Genus Penicillium?: (a) Penicillium notatum (b) Penicillium chrysogenum (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

tissue/organ level of body organization is present in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae

Tissue/organ level of body organization is present in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae?

organisms of Kingdom Animalia have tissue/organ/organ system level of body organization

Tissue/organ/organ system level of body organization is present in which kingdom from the five-kingdom classification?

capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms

To form a capsid, which smaller substituents are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms?

correct option is (d): all of the above

To study the evolutionary kingdoms, which of the following will be useful?: (a) connecting links (b) fossils (c) missing links (d) all of the above

the correct answer is (a): ssRNA

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genes are: (a) ssRNA (b) dsDNA (c) proteinaceous (d) dsRNA

False, ascomycetes can be unicellular as in the case of yeast (Genus Saccharomyces) or multicellular as in the case of Genus Penicillium

True or False: All ascomycetes are multicellular fungi

True, amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans, ciliated protozoans, and sporozoans are all animal-like protists

True or False: Amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans, ciliated protozoans, and sporozoans are all animal-like protists

True, bacteria do mainly reproduce using binary fission

True or False: Binary fission is the main way bacteria reproduce

False, chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids are all plant-like protists

True or False: Chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids are animal-like protists

true, eukaryotic cells are present in all the organisms of Kingdom Animalia

True or False: Eukaryotic cells are present in all the organisms of Kingdom Animalia

true, Kingdom Monera does only consist of prokaryotes

True or False: Kingdom Monera consists of prokaryotic organisms only

False, because Kingdom Protista actually contains all unicellular eukaroytes

True or False: Kingdom Protista contains all multicellular eukaryotes

False, because members of Kingdom Protista are primarily aquatic

True or False: Members of Kingdom Protista are primarily terrestrial

False, in fact, mycoplasma are capable of surviving without oxygen

True or False: Mycoplasma of Kingdom Monera are not able to survive without oxygen

True, mycoplasma are the smallest Monerans and are pleomorphic (flexible in shape since they lack a cell wall)

True or False: Mycoplasma, the smallest Monerans, are pleomorphic (flexible in shape)

True, phycomycetes are found in these three environments

True or False: Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats, on decaying wood in moist and damp places, and as obligate parasites on plants

False, protists use cell fusion and zygote formation to reproduce sexually, not asexually

True or False: Protists use a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation to reproduce asexually

False, because in phycomycetes, sexual reproduction takes places through both isogamy and heterogamy

True or False: Sexual reproduction in phycomycetes only takes place through isogamy (where gametes are of similar morphology)

False, because the cell type of organisms in Kingdom Protista is actually eukaryotic

True or False: The cell type of organisms in Kingdom Protista is prokaryotic

True, the majority of chrysophytes are autotrophic (photosynthetic)

True or False: The majority of chrysophytes are autotrophic (photosynthetic)

False, because the organisms of Kingdom Plantae have eukaryotic cells

True or False: The organisms of Kingdom Plantae have prokaryotic cells

True, basidiomycetes do in fact grow on logs and tree stumps

True or False: Basidiomycetes can grow on logs and tree stumps

False, because in fact, basidiomycetes can actual grow in soil

True or False: Basidiomycetes cannot grow in soil

True, organisms in Kingdom Monera do in fact have cellular level body organization

True or False: Organisms in Kingdom Monera have cellular level body organization

True, protists are actually capable of reproducing both asexually and sexually

True or False: Protists are capable of reproducing both asexually and sexually

False, because a large number of living organisms were not able to be classified into either of the two kingdoms

True/False: All living organisms were able to be classified into either Kingdom Plantae or Animalia in Linnaeus' two kingdom classification

True, almost all bacteria do have a lipo-proteinaceous plasma membrane

True/False: Almost all bacteria have a lipo-proteinaceous plasma membrane

False, because Amanita muscaria is actually a basidiomycetes fungus that is poisonous and contains hallucinogens

True/False: Amanita muscaria is an ascomycetes fungus that is poisonous and contains hallucinogens

False, because archaebacteria are in fact the oldest living beings

True/False: Archaebacteria are not the oldest living beings

False, because Azotobacter is actually a non-symbiotic N2 fixer

True/False: Azotobacter is a symbiotic N2 fixer

False, because Bacillus polymyxa is actually a non-symbiotic N2 fixer

True/False: Bacillus polymyxa is a symbiotic N2 fixer

False, because bacterial endospores are actually tough and resistant structures that remain undamaged even during stressful conditions

True/False: Bacterial endospores are not tough or resistant and tend to get damaged after a while, in stressful conditions

False, because bacteriophages are actually dsDNA viruses

True/False: Bacteriophages are ssDNA viruses

True, basidiomycetes can occur in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts)

True/False: Basidiomycetes can occur in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts)

True, basidiomycetes do only contain sexual spores and no asexual spores

True/False: Basidiomycetes contain only sexual spores, and no asexual spores

False, chemoautotrophic bacteria are not capable of synthesizing cellulose from glucose

True/False: Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria are capable of synthesizing cellulose from glucose

True, chitin is present in both these things

True/False: Chitin is present in the cell wall of fungi and also the exoskeleton of insects

True, chloroplasts are absent in animal cells and present in plant cells

True/False: Chloroplasts are absent in cells of Kingdom Animalia but are present in cells of Kingdom Plantae

False, because chrysophytes such as diatoms and desmids are found in marine and fresh water environments

True/False: Chrysophytes such as diatoms and desmids are mainly only found in marine environments

False, because even though common mushrooms are edible, all toadstools are poisonous and therefore, not edible

True/False: Common mushrooms and toadstools are edible fungi

False, because marine protozoans lack a contractile vacuole

True/False: Contractile vacuole is present in marine protozoans

True, cyanobacteria are actually Gram -ve

True/False: Cyanobacteria are Gram -ve bacteria

True, cyanobacteria are actually oxygenic

True/False: Cyanobacteria are oxygenic bacteria

True, cyanobacteria are indeed unicellular

True/False: Cyanobacteria are unicellular organisms

False, because deuteromycetes actually have septate (and branched) mycelia

True/False: Deuteromycetes have aseptate mycelia

False, because diatoms don't even have any flagella in the first place since they are plankton and just passively float

True/False: Diatoms are multiflagellates

False, because each member of Kingdom Protista is from a different evolutionary line

True/False: Each member of Kingdom Protista has evolved from a common ancestral protist

True, endospores are actually dormant structures that allow bacteria to stop metabolism and live for longer periods

True/False: Endospores are dormant structures that allow bacteria to stop metabolism and live for longer periods

True, Euglena can be considered as plant due to the presence of chlorophyll

True/False: Euglena can be considered as a plant due to the presence of chlorophyll

False, because when plasmids are transmitted from one bacterial cell to another, the host cell must be punctured to allow for the release of the plasmid, and so this causes death of the host

True/False: In bacteria, most plasmids can be transmitted from cell to cell by infection without bringing about the death of host cells

False, cilia can be used in locomotion, sticking to surfaces, and also as a part of their ingesting mechanism

True/False: In bacterial cells, cilia are only used in locomotion

False, because the plasmids are actually found in the bacterial cytoplasm

True/False: In bacterial cells, the plasmids are found in the nucleoid?

True, in diatoms, auxospore formation can be done through these 4 types of sexually reproductive processes

True/False: In diatoms, the sexual spores known as auxospores can be either, autogamous (self-fertilizing), isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous

True, bacterial plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes

True/False: In the cytoplasm, bacterial plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes

False, because in viral entry by endocytosis, the host plasma membrane actually surrounds the whole virion and forms a vesicle

True/False: In viral entry by endocytosis, only the genetic material is surrounded by the host plasma membrane to form a vesicle

False, because lichen do not constitute the pioneer community in the case of hydrosere

True/False: Lichen constitute the pioneer community in the case of hydrosere

False, because lichens represent an example of a symbiotic, not a commensalistic relationship

True/False: Lichens represent an example of a commensalism

False, because locomotion is present in cyanobacteria

True/False: Locomotion is absent in cyanobacteria

True, many fungi do tolerate highly hyperosmotic environments

True/False: Many fungi tolerate highly hyperosmotic environments

True, many fungi do tolerate low temperatures

True/False: Many fungi tolerate low temperatures

True, since mitochondria is not present in Moneran cells

True/False: Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms except Monera

True, most organisms from Kingdom Animalia are in fact capable of locomotion

True/False: Most organisms from Kingdom Animalia are capable of locomotion

True, mycoplasma do actually have naked DNA

True/False: Mycoplasma have naked DNA

True, myxomycetes does have a multinucleated protoplasm

True/False: Myxomycetes have a multinucleated protoplasm

True, not all viruses have a viral envelope

True/False: Not all viruses have a viral envelope

True, one of the two methods by which the formation of hormogonia takes place in Nostoc is by the accidental breaking of trichomes

True/False: One of the two methods by which the formation of hormogonia takes place in Nostoc is by the accidental breaking of trichomes (a chain of vegetative cells surrounded by a slimy sheath) into several pieces

True, One of the two methods by which the formation of hormogonia takes place in Nostoc is by the death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells

True/False: One of the two methods by which the formation of hormogonia takes place in Nostoc is by the death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells (cells in between others and not at terminal ends of a trichome)

False, diatomaceous earth cannot be used in biogas production

True/False: One of the uses of diatomaceous earth is that it can be used in biogas production

True, organisms from Kingdom Animalia do follow a definite growth pattern

True/False: Organisms from Kingdom Animalia follow a definite growth pattern

True, organisms like slime molds are completely different from other protists

True/False: Organisms like slime molds are completely different from other protists

False, because the organisms of Kingdom Animalia are either directly or indirectly dependent on plants for food

True/False: Organisms of Kingdom Animalia are independent of the organisms of Kingdom Plantae for food, meaning they do not rely on plants for food

False, pattern of auxospore formation differs from one type of diatom to the other

True/False: Pattern of auxospore formation (either autogamy, isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy) is the same in both pennate and centric diatoms

True, photosystem II is actually absent in heterocysts

True/False: Photosystem II is absent in heterocysts

True, phycomycetes can be found in aquatic habitats

True/False: Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats along with two other environments

True, phycomycetes can be present as obligate parasites on plants

True/False: Phycomycetes can be present as obligate parasites on plants along with being present in two other separate types of environments

True, phycomycetes can be present on decaying wood in moist and damp places

True/False: Phycomycetes can be present on decaying wood in moist and damp places along with being present in two other separate types of environments

False, because the plasma membrane of archaebacteria actually has different types of lipids as compared to the plasma membrane of eubacteria

True/False: Plasma membrane of archaebacteria contains the same type of lipids as the plasma membrane of eubacteria

False, the nucleoid is the main DNA of a bacteria

True/False: Plasmids are the main DNA of bacteria

True, plasmids present in the bacterial cytoplasm may carry some genes of resistance to antibiotics

True/False: Plasmids present in the bacterial cytoplasm may carry some genes of resistance to antibiotics

False, because prions are actually similar in size to viruses

True/False: Prions are infectious protein particles that are larger than viruses

True, protists do in fact contain all of these membrane-bound organelles

True/False: Protists contain membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, etc.

False, because protists have linear DNA that is enclosed by a nuclear envelope

True/False: Protists have linear DNA that is not enclosed

True, retroviruses do actually carry genes for RNA dependent DNA polymerase

True/False: Retroviruses carry genes for RNA dependent DNA polymerase

False, because retroviruses only have a single copy of ssRNA

True/False: Retroviruses have two copies of ssRNA

True, retroviruses are capable of causing some types of cancers in humans

True/False: Some retroviruses are the causative agents for certain kinds of cancers in man

False, because sporulation is actually a means of protection (in unfavorable conditions) and not reproduction

True/False: Sporulation is a method of reproduction in bacteria

True, Streptomyces is actually an actinomycetes bacteria used for the production of antibiotics

True/False: Streptomyces is an actinomycetes bacteria used for the production of antibiotics

False, because T4 is actually a lytic bacteriophage

True/False: T4 is a lysogenic bacteriophage

True, the DNA in bacteria is like this

True/False: The DNA in bacteria is circular and free DNA

False, because the DNA in bacteria is actually circular

True/False: The DNA in bacteria is helical

False, the DNA of protists is actually organized into chromosomes

True/False: The DNA of protists is not organized into chromosomes but into some other genetic structure

False, because the cell walls of chrysophytes actually have silica in them -Note: the fact that the cell walls of chrysophytes contain silica, attributes to their indestructible nature

True/False: The cell walls of chrysophytes like diatoms have a layer of magnesium pectate in them

False, because the ciliated protozoan - Paramecium caudatum actually has a pellicle

True/False: The ciliated protozoan - Paramecium caudatum has a cell wall as its outer covering

False, because cyanobacteria are not reactive to pollution

True/False: The cyanobacteria, Nostoc, are highly pollution resistant and can act as an indicator of water pollution

False, the glycocalyx or capsule of bacterial cell is actually made of non-cellulosic polysaccharides

True/False: The glycocalyx or capsule of a bacterial cell is consisting of cellulosic polysaccharides

False, when a virus infects a cell and takes over its machinery to replicate itself, the host cell ends up dying

True/False: The host cell does not die once a virus infects it and takes over the cell's machinery to replicate itself

False, because viruses are actually assumed to have arisen from nucleic acid and protein found in primitive water/soup

True/False: The latest view for the origin of viruses is that they arose from bacteria as a result of loss of cell wall

True, the main basis for classification in the three domain system is rRNA gene base sequence

True/False: The main basis for classification in the three domain system is rRNA gene base sequence

False, because this is not the main basis for classification in the three kingdom system

True/False: The main basis for classification in the three kingdom system is cell structure

False, because conjugation is present in bacteria not Amoeba

True/False: The method of reproduction known as conjugation is present in Amoeba

True, the nuclear enveloped enclosed linear DNA in protists is actually complexed with proteins

True/False: The nuclear enveloped enclosed linear DNA in protists is complexed with proteins

False, because the plasma membrane of prokaryotes is actually permeable

True/False: The plasma membrane of prokaryotes is impermeable and that restricts the entry and exit of molecules into and out of the cell

True, the plasmids of a bacteria are actually not enclosed in membrane structures

True/False: The plasmids of a bacteria are not enclosed in membrane structures

True, the reproductive stage is in fact the only stage in the life cycle of a diatom in which it has a flagella -Note: other than the reproductive stage, diatoms are non-motile and just passively floating as plankton in water

True/False: The reproductive stage is the only stage in the life cycle of a diatom in which it has a flagella

True, the sun is one of the sources from which pathogenic bacteria derive their energy from

True/False: The sun is one of the sources from which pathogenic bacteria derive energy from

True, thylakoids of heterocysts do lack phycobilisome

True/False: The thylakoids of heterocysts lack phycobilisome

False, the trophozoite state is motile

True/False: The trophozoite stage of a sporozoan parasite is non-motile

False, there are no viruses which can contain both RNA and DNA as their genetic material

True/False: There are viruses which contain both RNA and DNA

True, TMV is a ribovirus

True/False: Tobacco mosaic virus is classified as a ribovirus

True, Trypanosoma is in fact polymorphic

True/False: Trypanosoma is a disease-causing flagellated protozoan that is polymorphic since it has multiple forms

False, viroids are actually lacking the protein coat while viruses have it

True/False: Viroids contain a protein coat (capsid) just like viruses

False, because viruses are actually obligate parasites (since they cannot live outside their host bodies)

True/False: Viruses are facultative parasites

True, viruses are in fact inert outside their specific host cells

True/False: Viruses are inert outside their specific host cells

-True, viruses are actually not host-specific organisms -Note: viruses are not host-specific because viruses they do not only have to live on a single type or species of host

True/False: Viruses are not host-specific organisms

False, because viruses can only be cultured in an artificial medium when a living medium is also present

True/False: Viruses can be cultured in artificial medium without a living medium

False, because viruses can only be obligate parasites since the only way they can survive is by living off their host -Note: facultative parasites are organisms which either live off of a host or lead an independent existence, and viruses are not of this type

True/False: Viruses can either be obligate or facultative parasites

False, because yeasts are unicellular and so they cannot be filamentous or have hyphae

True/False: Yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-like hyphae

True, the sun is one of the sources from which symbiotic bacteria derive their energy from

True/False: The sun is one of the sources from which symbiotic bacteria derive energy from

False, because chemosynthetic organisms actually do not derive energy directly from the sun

True/False: chemosynthetic organisms derive energy directly from the sun

the spores possess true cells walls, meaning they are cellulosic

Under favorable conditions, the plasmodium of slime molds differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. What are the cell walls of these spores like?

an aggregation known as a plasmodium, which may grow and spread over several feet

Under suitable conditions, what do slime molds form by coming together?

-it forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips -Note: the spores possess true cells walls, meaning they are cellulosic

Under unfavorable conditions, the plasmodium of slime molds differentiates and forms what?

under unfavorable conditions

Under what conditions do bacteria produce spores as a means of protection?

the correct answer is (c): are decomposers

Vast majority of bacteria: (a) Use chemical energy for food production (b) Use light energy for food production (c) Are decomposers (d) Are obligate aerobes

the correct answer is (d): a completely assembled virus outside the host

Virion is : (a) the nucleic acid of a virus (b) an antiviral agent (c) the protein of a virus (d) a completely assembled virus outside the host

the correct answer is (d): completely assembled virus outside host

Virion is: (a) nucleic acid of virus (b) antiviral agent (c) protein of virus (d) completely assembled virus outside host

the correct answer is (d): they both require the environment of a cell to replicate

Viruses are no more "alive" than isolated chromosomes are, because: (a) they require both RNA and DNA (b) they both need food molecules (c) they both require oxygen for respiration (d) they both require the environment of a cell to replicate

the correct answer is (a): obligate intracellular parasites

Viruses are: (a) obligate intracellular parasites (b) divide by binary fission (c) have their own metabolism (d) contain enzymes for the formation of 16S rRNA

it is the main cause for why antibiotics have no effect on them

Viruses not being able to show their own metabolism is the main cause of what?

the correct answer is (c): lytic

Viruses that infect bacteria, multiply, and cause their lysis are called: (a) lysozymes (b) lipolytic (c) lytic (d) lysogenic

archaebacteria that grow in high acidic environments

What acidophiles?

they're used in locomotion, sticking to surfaces, and also used as a part of their ingesting mechanism

What all are cilia used for in bacteria?

-marshes -swamps -sludges (formed during sewage treatments) -digestive systems of ruminants

What all environments are methanogens found in?

-Genus Mucor -Genus Rhizopus (black bread mold) -Genus Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard)

What are 3 examples of genera from the class of fungi known as Phycomycetes?

Genera Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora

What are 3 examples of genera of the group of fungi known as ascomycetes?

alkaloids and LSD

What are Claviceps known to be a source of?

flagellated protozoans that cause giardiasis disease in the small intestine of humans

What are Giardia intestinalis?

-bacteria which are single-layered and contain teichoic acid in their cell walls, and retain the Gram stain -these types of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer which prevents the washing of the crystal violet stain by organic solvents such as acetone, alcohol, etc, and so they retain the Gram stain -example: Bacillus subtilis

What are Gram +ve bacteria?

flagellated protozoans that cause kala-azar or dum-dum fever and transmitted by sandflies

What are Leishmania donovani?

PPLOs are insensitive to antibiotics that affect cell wall synthesis like penicillin

What are PPLOs (pleuropneumonia-like organisms -- another name for mycoplasma), insensitive to?

PPLOs are insensitive to antibiotics that affect cell wall synthesis like penicillin, because the cell wall is absent in these organisms

What are PPLOs (pleuropneumonia-like organisms -- another name for mycoplasma), insensitive to? Why?

flagellated protozoans that cause South American trypanosomiasis (also called Chagas disease)

What are Trypanosoma cruzi?

organisms that require oxygen to live

What are aerobic organisms?

-parasitic -ingestive -photosynthetic -saprophytic -mixotrophic

What are all the possible modes of nutrition of organisms of Kingdom Protista?

-protozoans that live in freshwater, sea water, or moist soil -some of them such as those from Genus Entamoeba are parasites -they move and capture their food by pseudopodia (false feet) similarly to Amoeba -marine forms of these organisms have silica shells on their surface

What are amoeboid protozoans?

organisms that occur in the absence of oxygen or do not require oxygen to live

What are anaerobic organisms?

Animals without red blood (i.e., a different color of blood than red)

What are anaima?

one of the two major groups of bacteria from Kingdom Monera and it includes the most primitive prokaryotes found in the most harsh habitats

What are archaebacteria?

different types of fruiting bodies within ascomycetes, into which asci are arranged

What are ascocarps?

sac-fungi

What are ascomycetes commonly known as?

-organisms of Kingdom fungi -commonly-known as sac-fungi -can be unicellular (ex: yeast -- Genus Saccharomyces) or multicellular (ex: Genus Penicillium) -multiple modes of heterotrophic nutrition such as saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic, or coprophilous (growing on dung) -mycelium is branched and septate -the asexual spores are known as conidia and they are produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores -on germination, conidia produce mycelium -the sexual spores are called ascospores and are produced endogenously in sac-like asci -asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies known as ascocarps -some examples of genera of these types of organisms are Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora -organisms from Genera Neurospora are used extensively in biochemical and genetic work -other members of this group of organisms such as morels and truffles are edible and considered delicacies

What are ascomycetes?

they're the sexual spores present in ascomycetes

What are ascospores in ascomycetes?

organisms capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy

What are autotrophic organisms?

-sexual spores formed by either autogamy, isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy in diatoms -their pattern of formation differs between the two types of diatoms: pennate diatoms and centric diatoms

What are auxospores?

-viruses that infect the bacteria and are usually dsDNA viruses -their protein coat called the capsid is made of small substituents called capsomeres -the capsid protects the nucleic acid -capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms

What are bacteriophages?

fruiting bodies in which the basidia of basidiomycetes are arranged

What are basidiocarps?

club fungi

What are basidiomycetes also known as?

-a group of organisms from Kingdom Fungi that are also known as club fungi -common forms are mushrooms, bracket fungi, or puffballs -grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps, and in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts) -mycelium is branched and septate -one central pore is present in every septum of the mycelia -the central pore is barrel-shaped, due to which, the septum containing it is known as the dolipore septum -vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common -sex organs are absent but plasmogamy is brought about by the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes and the resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to the basidium -karyogamy and meiosis take place inside the basidium, and this ends up exogenously producing 4 basidiospores -basidiospores are exogenously produced on the basidia -the basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps -some common members of this group of fungi are Genera Agaricus (mushroom or gill fungi), Ustilago (smut), and Puccinia (rust fungus)

What are basidiomycetes?

basophiles

What are basophilic prokaryotes also known as?

-facultatively anaerobic bacteria (can grow in the presence or absence of bacteria) -grow and multiply in very deep marine sediment -grow better at a pH or 8.5 or higher -also known as basophiles

What are basophilic prokaryotes?

both are made of proteins

What are both pili and fimbriae made of?

both these species of the ascomycetes fungi, Genus Penicillium, are known to help produce the wonder drug penicillin

What are both, Penicillium notatum and Pencillium chrysogenum, known to help produce?

the retting of jute

What are butyric acid bacteria used for?

-organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds -mostly autotrophic organisms

What are chemolithotrophs?

-Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals -heterotrophic organisms

What are chemoorganotrophs?

they're also known as chemolithotrophs

What are chemosynthetic autotrophs also known as?

grass-green bacteria -Note: these are a group of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

What are chloroxybacteria (one of the two groups of cyanobacteria), also known as?

-photosynthetic pigment-containing membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria -the site of photosynthesis

What are chromatophores (in cyanobacteria)?

-a group of organisms present in Kingdom Protista that include diatoms and golden algae (desmids) -found in fresh and marine water -they're microscopic and float passively in water (planktons) -the majority of them are photosynthetic

What are chrysophytes?

ciliated protozoans are also known as ciliates

What are ciliated protozoans also known as?

-exclusively aquatic protozoans that are actively moving due to the presence of a number of cilia -the coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water that's heavily loaded with food to be steered into the gullet (cavity) for the intake of the food -they have a cavity known as a gullet that opens to the outside of the cell surface -example: organisms from Genus Paramecium

What are ciliated protozoans?

they're filled with multinucleated cytoplasm

What are coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae filled with?

hyphae that are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm in which there aren't any cross-walls (septa) present and so the hyphae aren't divided into any cellular compartments

What are coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae?

coenocytic hyphae are also known as aseptate hyphae

What are coenocytic hyphae also known as?

organisms that grow on dung

What are coprophilous organisms?

-lichens that form a hard granular crust closely adhering to rocks and tree trunks -example: Genus Graphics

What are crustose lichen?

blue-green algae

What are cyanobacteria also known as?

they're commonly known as blue-green algae

What are cyanobacteria commonly known as?

imperfect fungi

What are deuteromycetes commonly known as?

deuteromycetes are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known

What are deuteromycetes commonly known as? Why?

-a group of fungi from Kingdom Fungi that are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known -can only reproduce using asexual spores known as conidia, and no sexual reproduction exists in these fungi -the mycelium is septate and branched -some members are saprophytes or parasites, while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling -genera of this group of fungi include Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma

What are deuteromycetes?

-known as the chief "producers" in the oceans -microscopic and float passively in water currents -found in fresh water as well as in marine environments -Photosynthetic protists whose cell walls form two thin overlapping shells that fit together like a soapbox -the walls are enclosed with silica and so the walls are indestructible -these protists pile up together at the bottom of water reservoirs and form big heaps called diatomaceous earth, which is gritty soil that can be used in polishing and the filtration of oils and syrups and also in making sound and fire proof rooms

What are diatoms?

-a group of mostly marine and photosynthetic organisms from Kingdom Protista that appear yellow, green, brown, blue, or red due to a change in the proportion of various pigments present in their cell -their cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface -most have two flagella: one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates

What are dinoflagellates?

Animals with red blood

What are enaima?

endotrophic mycorrhizae

What are endomycorrhizal associations also known as?

Classes Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes

What are examples of 4 classes present in Kingdom Fungi?

rusts and smuts

What are examples of basidiomycetes that are living in plant bodies are parasites?

-adenovirus -herpes simplex virus -pox virus -cauliflower mosaic -coliphage lambda -T4 (linear) -hepatitis B -simian virus 40(SV40) -polyoma (circular or cyclic)

What are examples of dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) viruses?

cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker, etc.

What are examples of pathogenic bacteria?

purple bacteria and green sulphur bacteria

What are examples of photoautotrophic bacteria?

-coliphage MS2 -coliphage fd (linear) -coliphage ϕ x 174 (cyclic)

What are examples of ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) viruses?

-poliomyelitis virus -foot and mouth disease virus -influenza virus -rous sarcoma virus -retroviruses -turnip yellow mosaic virus -tobacco necrosis virus -TMV -potato mosaic virus -bean mosaic virus (all linear)

What are examples of ssRNA (single-stranded RNA)?

bristle-like attachment protein structures on the surface of some prokaryotes/bacteria that are present in multiple numbers and adhere to host tissues

What are fimbriae?

zooflagellates

What are flagellated protozoans also known as?

-members of this group of organisms from Kingdom Protista are either free-living or parasitic -they have flagella -parasitic forms of these organisms cause diseases -for example, organisms from Genus Trypanosoma cause sleeping sickness

What are flagellated protozoans?

shelf fungus

What are foliose lichen also sometimes referred to as?

-one of three different types of lichen -these lichens form leaf-like thalli with lobed margins that are attached to tree trunks, rocks, walls, etc. -sometimes referred to as shelf fungus -for example, Genus Parmelia

What are foliose lichen?

a coral-like shrubby or busy growth structure

What are fruticose lichen characterized by?

they are filamentous and consisting of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae

What are fungal bodies like?

the bacterial cell structures that are present external to the cell wall

What are glycocalyx or capsule, flagella, fimbriae, and pili?

they're termed "salt-loving bacteria"

What are halophiles termed?

a type of archaebacteria that is termed as a "salt-loving bacteria" since it is found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration

What are halophiles?

gametes that are different in morphology

What are heterogamous gametes?

Organisms that are unable to construct their own food from inorganic sources, and therefore must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment

What are heterotrophic organisms?

organisms that ingest food that is mechanically broken down and is subsequently digested by enzymes produced within the organism

What are holozoic organisms?

each of the individual branching, slender, and thread-like filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

What are hyphae?

-also known as carnivorous plants -these are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods -However, these plants generate energy from photosynthesis

What are insectivorous plants?

cells in between others and not the ones at terminal ends of a trichome

What are intercalary cells in a trichome of a filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc?

gametes that are similar in morphology

What are isogamous gametes?

-a symbiotic association between algae and fungi -algal component is known as phycobiont and the fungal component is known as mycobiont -algal component is autotrophic and the fungal component is heterotrophic -the algae prepares food for fungi -the fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for the algae -these organisms are very good pollution indicators since they do not grow in polluted areas

What are lichens?

metazoa

What are members of Kingdom Animalia also known as?

mycota

What are members of Kingdom Fungi also known as?

metaphyta

What are members of Kingdom Plantae also known as?

-a type of archaebacteria that are obligate anaerobes and found in the gut of several ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes -responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals

What are methanogens?

organisms that live as photosynthetic autotrophs in the presence of light, but absorb organic nutrients as ingestive heterotrophs in the absence of light

What are mixotrophic organisms?

they're known for being edible and delicacies

What are morels and truffles from ascomycetes known for?

a network of hyphae in fungi

What are mycelium?

PPLOs (pleuropneumonia-like organisms)

What are mycoplasma, the smallest Monerans, also called?

mycorrhiza

What are mycorrhizal relationships between fungi and higher plants also known as?

-a group of fungi -slimy mass of multinucleate protoplasm -having pseudopodia like structures for engulfing food -reproduction through zoospores or fragmentation

What are myxomycetes?

proteases, nucleases, UV rays, etc.

What are not able to affect prions?

organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present, meaning they die in the presence of oxygen

What are obligate anaerobes?

organisms that are unable to live outside of a living host

What are obligate parasites?

parasites that live within the body of their host are known as endoparasites

What are parasites that live within the body of their host known as?

one of three types of heterotrophic fungi that live off of living host plants and animals

What are parasitic fungi?

-bacteria that cause disease to humans, crops, animals, etc. -examples: cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker, etc.

What are pathogenic bacteria?

they're also known as conjugation fungi

What are phycomycetes (zygomycetes) fungi also known as?

algal fungi

What are phycomycetes also known as?

zygomycetes

What are phycomycetes also known as?

-a class of fungi that are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants -their mycelium is aseptate/coenocytic -asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile) -zoospores and aplanospores are produced endogenously and in the sporangium -zygospores are formed by sexual reproduction through the fusion of two gametes which are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous) -sexual reproduction takes place by isogamy (where gametes are of similar morphology) or heterogamy (where gametes are of different morphology) -heterogamous reproduction may be anisogamous and oogamous -some common examples are the fungi from Genera Mucor, Rhizopus (black bread mold), and Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard)

What are phycomycetes?

microscopic organisms that float in water or aquatic environments; includes both phytoplankton and zooplankton

What are plankton?

they're sometimes known as episomes

What are plasmids in bacteria also sometimes known as?

-the small, separate pieces of DNA present in the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the nucleoid -these circular DNA units are 1/100th the size of the main nuclear DNA (nucleoid) are also not enclosed in a membrane structure -in the cytoplasm, they replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes -sometimes they become integrated into the main DNA and replicate with it -during conjugation, the plasmids, sometimes called episomes, help in the transfer of genetic material between different bacteria -they may carry some genes of resistance to various antibiotics

What are plasmids in bacteria?

-infectious protein particles -disease-causing agents which are not affected by proteases, nucleases, UV rays, etc. -diseases caused by these organisms are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called mad cow disease in cattle, and its analogous variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

What are prions?

false feet

What are pseudopodia also known as?

night light

What are red dinoflagellates also known as?

for making it appear red

What are red dinoflagellates known for doing to the sea?

-animal based viruses that have ssRNA as their genetic material -replicate through a DNA intermediate -the life cycle of the retrovirus proceeds by the reverse transcription of the RNA genome into dsDNA, which is then inserted and integrated into the host's genome -retroviruses like HIV can cause cancers like leukemia (by HIV-1)

What are retroviruses?

they're used in the making of ropes and sacks

What are retted plant fibers used for?

herbivores that are able to break down cellulose and extract nutrients from tough plant matter

What are ruminant animals?

one of three types of heterotrophic fungi that absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates

What are saprophytic fungi?

organisms that obtain their nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter

What are saprophytic organisms?

hyphae in which cross walls (septa) divide the hyphae into cellular compartments

What are septate hyphae?

false fungi or protistan fungi

What are slime molds also known as?

fungus animals

What are slime molds also known as?

Genera Agaricus (mushroom or gill fungi), Ustilago (smut), and Puccinia (rust fungus)

What are some common genera of basidiomycetes?

Genera Rhizobium, Frankia, etc

What are some examples of bacterial genera that contain organisms that are classified as symbiotic based on their mode of nutrition?

Genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma

What are some examples of genera of deuteromycetes?

mumps, smallpox, polio, herpes, measles, influenza, and AIDS

What are some examples of important diseases caused by viruses?

cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, deer, etc.

What are some examples of ruminant animals?

reindeers

What are some species of lichen eaten by?

protection (NOT REPRODUCTION) during unfavorable conditions

What are spores or endospores used for in bacteria?

-all of these organisms are endoparasites -locomotory organs are absent -includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle -for example, a genus of this organism includes Plasmodium (malarial parasite) that causes malaria and has a staggering effect on the human population

What are sporozoans?

one of three types of heterotrophic fungi that live in association with algae in lichen and with the roots of higher plants in mycorrhizal association

What are symbiont/symbiotic fungi?

mutually useful associations between two organisms

What are symbiotic associations?

-on the basis of Gram staining -on the basis of structure -on the basis of mode of nutrition

What are the 3 bases for classifying eubacteria?

chlorophyll a (similar to green plants), carotenes, and xanthophylls

What are the 3 main photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria?

chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids

What are the 3 plant-like protists?

fragmentation, fission, and budding

What are the 3 vegetative (natural asexual reproduction) means by which fungi are able to reproduce?

amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans, ciliated protozoans, and sporozoans

What are the 4 animal-like protists?

yellow, green, brown, blue, red are the 5 different colors that dinoflagellates can show because of the change in proportion in various pigments present in their cell

What are the 5 possible different colors that dinoflagellates can be? Why?

they have a definite shape and size

What are the adults of organisms from Kingdom Animalia like?

they're known to produce

What are the ascomycetes fungi - Aspergillus and Pencillium, known to produce in stored seeds and grains?

conidia

What are the asexual spores in ascomycetes known as?

conidiospores

What are the asexual spores, conidia, also known as?

they are known to produce a large number of antibiotics (75% of antibiotics)

What are the bacteria known as actinomycetes primarily known to produce?

they are gram-positive and aerobic

What are the bacteria that help in the curing of tea leaves - Micrococcus, like?

Glycocalyx or capsule, flagella, fimbriae, and pili

What are the bacterial cell structures that are present external to the cell wall?

they're arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

What are the basidia in basidiomycetes arranged in?

they are not well-defined

What are the boundaries of Kingdom Protista like?

-the fruiting bodies bear spores at their tips -the spores of the fruiting bodies have true (cellulosic) cell walls -spores are extremely resistant and survive for many years even under adverse conditions -spores are dispersed by air currents

What are the characteristics of the spores of the fruiting bodies that are produced from the plasmodium of slime molds differentiating under unfavorable conditions?

diatoms, which are a part of Kingdom Protista

What are the chief producers in the ocean? Which kingdom are these organisms classified into?

mushrooms, bracket fungi, or puffballs

What are the common forms of basidiomycetes?

they are the asexual spores of ascomycetes

What are the conidia in ascomycetes?

amoebula or pseudopodiospores

What are the cytoplasm enveloped daughter nuclei in multiple fission of Amoeba, also known as?

-chemoorganotrophs oxidize organic substances for energy while chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic substances for energy -chemoorganotrophs are heterotrophs while chemolithotrophs are mostly all autotrophs (except a few exceptions)

What are the differences between chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs (chemosynthetic autotrophs)?

pili and fimbriae are both bristle-like protein structures externally present on a bacteria, but pili are longer, present singly/in pairs, and are used for DNA transfer between bacteria, as opposed to fimbriae which are shorter, present in multiply numbers, and used to adhere to host tissues

What are the differences between pili and fimbriae?

saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic, or coprophilous (growing on dung)

What are the different heterotrophic modes of nutrition of ascomycetes?

plasmids are the extra chromosomal genetic material found in bacteria

What are the extra chromosomal genetic material found in bacterial cells known as?

-spherical coccus (pl. cocci) -rod-shaped bacillus (pl. bacilli) -spiral spirillum (pl. spirilla) -comma-shaped vibrium (pl. vibrio)

What are the four categories of bacteria based on their shape?

they're used for antibiotics

What are the fungi from Genus Penicillium used for?

they're know for causing wheat-rust

What are the fungi from Genus Puccinia known for?

Leishmania donovani is transmitted by sandflies

What are the kala-azar and dum-dum fever causing flagellated protozoans known as Leishmania donovani, transmitted by?

they're attached to tree trunks, rocks, walls, etc.

What are the leaf-like thalli with lobed margins in foliose lichen, attached to?

the correct answer is (d): both (a) and (c)

What are the major evolutionary advances exhibited by protozoan cells as compared with bacterial cells?: (a) Presence of extensive system of cytoplasmic organelles (b) Formation of permeable cell membrane (c) Presence of nucleus (d) both (a) and (c)

it is branched and septate

What are the mycelia like in ascomycetes?

yeasts are the only unicellular fungi

What are the only unicellular fungi?

parasitic forms of flagellated protozoans cause diseases

What are the parasitic (not the free-living) forms of flagellated protozoans known to cause?

they are 70S in nature

What are the ribosomes in bacterial cells like?

the correct answer is (a): sex pili

What are the sex organs provided in some bacteria?: (a) sex pili (b) plasmids (c) circular DNA (d) gametes

sexual spores in ascomycetes known as ascospores

What are the sexual spores in ascomycetes known as?

they're known as plasmids

What are the smaller, separate pieces of DNA present in the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the nucleoid, known as?

mycoplasma

What are the smallest organisms from Kingdom Monera?

they are malarial parasites that are known to cause malaria and have a staggering effect on the human population

What are the sporozoans of Genus Plasmodium known for?

they're either flagellated or are of amoeboid type

What are the swimming cells of slime molds like?

-mosaic formation -leaf rolling and curling -yellowing and vein clearing -dwarfing and stunted growth

What are the symptoms that a plant has been infected by a virus?

-morphology of the mycelium -mode of spore formation -fruiting bodies

What are the three bases for which Kingdom Fungi is divided into multiple classes?

methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles

What are the three major types of archaebacteria?

-Transformation: absorption of DNA from the surrounding environment -Transduction: a mode of genetic transfer from one bacteria to another through a virus (bacteriophage), where there is no direct contact between the bacterial cells -Conjugation: transfer of genetic material between a donor bacterial cell and a recipient bacterial cell, where the donor has sex pili and F-factor, while the recipient is lacking both sex plli and F-factor

What are the three methods of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) in bacteria?

transformation, transduction, and conjugation

What are the three methods of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) in bacteria?

-its members are each from a different evolutionary line -it has diverse modes of form, structure, and nutrition -there's organisms like slime molds that are completely different from other protists

What are the three reasons for why Kingdom Protista is not considered a natural kingdom?

the two kingdom classification system could not distinguish between the following: (i) eukaryotes and prokaryotes (ii) unicellular and multicellular organisms (iii) photosynthetic (green algae)) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms

What are the three reasons for why the two kingdom classification system given by Linnaeus was discarded?

saprotrophic (saprophytic), symbiotic, and parasitic bacteria

What are the three types of heterotrophic bacteria?

-crustose lichen -foliose lichen -fruticose lichen

What are the three types of lichen?

-bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called mad cow disease in cattle -an analagous variant of BSE known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

What are the two common diseases caused by prions?

the diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases

What are the two distinct phases of the plant life cycle?

for locomotion and engulfing food

What are the two flagella (one long and one short) in euglenoids used for?

one flagella is short while the other is long

What are the two flagella of euglenoids like?

-they oxidize various substances such as nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, while using the released energy for ATP production -they play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulphur

What are the two functions of chemosynthetic autotrophic (chemoautotrophic) bacteria?

blue-green bacteria (also known as blue-green algae or Cyanophyta), which comprise the vast majority of members, and also the grass-green bacteria, chloroxybacteria

What are the two groups of cyanobacteria?

-cilia help provide locomotion to the cell -the coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water that's heavily loaded with food to be steered into the gullet (cavity) to allow for the intake of food

What are the two main functions of the cilia present on ciliated protozoans?

-zoospores -fragmentation

What are the two main methods of reproduction in myxomycetes fungi?

phagic and pinocytic

What are the two main types of reproduction in viruses?

Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) and Eubacteria (true bacteria)

What are the two major groups of bacteria in Kingdom Monera?

-produced by accidental breaking of trichome (a chain of vegetative cells surrounded by a slimy sheath) into several pieces -may also be formed by death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells (cells in between others and not at terminal ends of a trichome)

What are the two methods by which the formation of hormogonia (common method of reproduction in Nostoc) takes place?

vegetative phase and reproductive phase

What are the two phases of a slime mold's life cycle?

one lies longitudinally and the other lies transversely in a furrow between the stiff cellulose wall plates that occur on the outer surface of the cell wall

What are the two positions of the flagella present in dinoflagellates from Kingdom Protista?

euglenoids can be both autotrophic (if sunlight is present) by using photosynthesis, and also heterotrophic (if sunlight is absent)

What are the two possible modes of nutrition of euglenoids?

-to move -to surround and enclose the food so that they can capture their food

What are the two purposes that amoeboid protozoans use their pseudopodia (false feet) for?

chemoautotrophic bacteria and photoautotrophic bacteria

What are the two subcategories of autotrophic bacteria?

chitin and polysaccharides

What are the two substances that are important constituents of the cell walls of fungi?

anisogamy and oogamy

What are the two subtypes of heterogamous sexual reproduction that occur in phycomycetes?

lytic and lysogenic are the two subtypes of phagic reproduction

What are the two subtypes of phagic reproduction in viruses?

the presence of a rigid cell wall and a flagellum (if motile)

What are the two things which eubacteria are characterized by?

pennate diatoms and centric diatoms

What are the two types of diatoms?

capsules and slime layers

What are the two types of glycocalyces that surround bacteria?

septate hyphae and coenocytic/aseptate hyphae

What are the two types of hyphae in fungi?

ectomycorrhizae (ectotrophic mycorrhizae) and endomycorrhizae (endotrophic mycorrhizae)

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

through isogamy (where gametes are of similar morphology) or through heterogamy (where gametes are of different morphology)

What are the two ways sexual reproduction takes place in phycomycetes?

in association with algae in lichen and with the roots of higher plants in mycorrhizal association

What are the two ways that symbiont/symbiotic fungi live?

organisms from Genera Neurospora are used extensively in biochemical and genetic work

What are the uses of ascomycete fungi from Genera Neurospora?

-locomotion -sticking to surfaces -used for ingesting mechanism

What are the uses of cilia in bacteria?

uses include polishing, filtration of oils and syrups, and making sound and fire proof rooms

What are the uses of diatomaceous earth?

they're arranged in different types of fruiting bodies known as ascocarps

What are the various asci in ascomycetes arranged in?

a type of archaebacteria that are found in hot sulphur springs

What are thermoacidophiles?

Genera Nostoc and Anabaena

What are two examples of genera that have nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that contain their specialized cells - heterocysts? -Note: diagram given is of organisms from Genus Nostoc

Genera Methanobacillus and Methanothrix

What are two examples of genera that include methanogens?

Bladderwort and venus fly trap

What are two examples of insectivorous plants?

Azotobacter and Bacillus polymyxa

What are two examples of non-symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria?

Thermoproteus and Thermococcus

What are two examples of thermoacidophiles that live in strong acidic conditions and high temperatures up to 88 degrees celsius?

insectivorous plants and parasitic plants

What are two general examples of heterotrophic plants?

-using binary fission to reproduce asexually (the main way they reproduce) under favorable condition -by using a method that is not true sexual reproduction but technically still a type of sexual reproduction, since DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another

What are two possible ways that bacteria can reproduce?

-discovered by T.O. Diener in 1971 -an infectious agent that is smaller than a virus and causes potato spindle tuber disease -they are just free RNA -lacked the protein coat (capsid) that is found in viruses and therefore was given the name _________ -the RNA of this organism is of low molecular weight

What are viroids?

they're inert outside their host cells, meaning they cannot move outside their host cells

What are viruses like outside their host cells?

they are inert outside their specific host cells

What are viruses like outside their specific host cells?

viruses that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophages

What are viruses that infect bacteria known as?

it can considered a plant

What can Euglena be considered as due to the presence of chlorophyll?

they can be used for reclamation of soil

What can Nostoc cyanobacteria be used for, in relation to soil?

by the modified Ziehl-Neelseen technique

What can bacterial endospores be stained by?

-polishing -filtration of oils and syrups -making sound and fire proof rooms

What can diatomaceous earth be used for?

black bread mold is caused by Rhizopus while red bread mold is caused by Neurospora

What causes black bread mold? What causes read bread mold?

stem rust of wheat is caused by Puccinia graminis

What causes stem rust of wheat?

Penicillium striiformis

What causes stripe (yellow) rust of wheat?

plasmids are the circular DNA units that are 1/100th the size of the main nuclear DNA (nucleoid)

What circular DNA units in a bacteria are 1/100th the size of the main nuclear DNA (nucleoid)?

he used simple morphological characters

What did Aristotle use to try and scientifically classify plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs?

he recognized certain microbes as the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco

What did Ivanowsky recognize certain microbes as?

Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)

What did M. W. Beijerinck call the extract of the infected tobacco plants that were able to cause infection in healthy plants?

he demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco should cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)

What did M. W. Beijerinck demonstrate in relation to tobacco and viruses?

he showed that viruses could be crystallized and the crystals consisted largely of proteins

What did W. M. Stanley show in 1935, in relation to viruses?

sleeping sickness

What disease do organisms from the Genus Trypanosoma of flagellated protozoans cause?

giardiasis disease

What disease do the flagellated protozoans, Giardia intestinalis, cause in the small intestine of humans?

they both have cellular level body organization

What do Kingdoms Monera and Protista have in common (in terms of level of body organization)

both have autotrophic + heterotrophic modes of nutrition

What do Kingdoms Monera and Protista have in common (in terms of modes of nutrition)?

they both have cellular level body organization and autotrophic + heterotrophic modes of nutrition

What do Kingdoms Monera and Protista have in common?

amoeboid protozoans use pseudopodia (false feet) for locomotion

What do amoeboid protozoans use for locomotion?

they synthesize their own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy

What do autotrophic organisms synthesize their own food from?

they infect bacteria

What do bacteriophages infect?

they use the released energy for ATP production

What do chemoautotrophic bacteria use the energy released from the oxidation of nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, for?

ciliated protozoans use cilia for locomotion

What do ciliated protozoans use for locomotion?

they form a hard granular crust that closely adheres to rocks and tree trunks

What do crustose lichen form?

they use conidia to reproduce asexually

What do deuteromycetes use conidia for?

flagellated protozoans use flagella for locomotion

What do flagellated protozoans use for locomotion?

these lichens form leaf-like thalli with lobed margins that are attached to tree trunks, rocks, walls, etc.

What do foliose lichen form?

fungi have chitin in their cell walls, while plants have cellulosic cell walls

What do fungi have in their cell walls, while what is the cell wall of plants made of?

methanogens produce methane (biogas) from the dung of ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes

What do methanogens produce from the dung of ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes?

methanogens produce methane (biogas) from the dung of ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes

What do methanogens produce methane (biogas) from?

for

What do myxomycetes fungi use pseudopodia for?

for engulfing food

What do myxomycetes fungi use pseudopodia for?

adults that have a definite shape and size

What do organisms from Kingdom Animalia eventually grow into through definite growth?

black bread mold

What do phycomycetes from Genus Rhizopus cause?

toxins

What do red dinoflagellates release when they begin multiplying rapidly in large numbers in the sea and start making the sea red?

toxins that can kill other marine animals such as fishes

What do red dinoflagellates release when they begin multiplying rapidly in large numbers in the sea and start making the sea red? The release of this results in what?

dead or decaying organic matter

What do saprophytic organisms obtain their nourishment from?

to fix nitrogen

What do some specific cyanobacteria use their specialized cells known as heterocysts, for? -Note: diagram given is of organisms from Genus Nostoc

they alternate with each other in a phenomenon known as alternation of generation

What do the diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases do with each other in a plant's life cycle?

they decompose

What do the majority of heterotrophic bacteria do?

these two processes end up exogenously producing 4 basidiospores

What do the processes of karyogamy and meiosis that take place in the basidium of basidiomycetes, end up exogenously producing?

they replicate themselves and kill the host during this process

What do viruses do when they infect a host cell and take over its machinery?

infectious living fluid

What does Contagium vivum fluidum mean, in terms of the infected tobacco plants that are able to cause infection in healthy plants (which was demonstrated by M. W. Beijerinck)?

HIV (a retrovirus) causes AIDS in humans

What does HIV cause in humans?

pleuropneumonia-like organisms

What does PPLOs stand for?

stripe (yellow) rust of wheat

What does Penicillium striiformis cause?

late blight of potato

What does Phytophthora infestans cause?

stem rust of wheat

What does Puccinia graminis cause?

it absorbs nutrients from the host

What does a sporozoan parasite do in its trophozoite stage?

flexible in shape

What does pleomorphic mean?

having various/multiple forms

What does polymorphic mean?

the algae prepares food for the fungi

What does the algae prepare for the fungi in a lichen?

ergot disease in Bajra

What does the ascomycetes fungi, Claviceps purpurea, cause?

it causes ring-worm disease in humans

What does the ascomycetes fungus - Microsporum, cause?

red rot of sugarcane

What does the deuteromycetes fungi, Colletotrichum falcatum, cause?

it causes early blight of tomato

What does the deuteromycetes fungus - Alternaria solani, cause?

early blight of potato

What does the deuteromycetes fungus, Alternaria solani, cause?

basidium (plural: basidia)

What does the dikaryotic structure produced in basidiomycetes from plasmogamy, ultimately give rise to?

the fungus provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water for the algae

What does the fungus provide the algae in a lichen?

it controls metabolic activities and growth

What does the macronucleus in ciliated protozoans control?

according to Ivanowsky, the name "virus" means venom or poisonous fluid

What does the name "virus" mean, according to Ivanowsky?

the name "virus" means venom or poisonous fluid and this definition (not name) was given by Pasteur. Dmitri Ivanowsky in 1892

What does the name "virus" mean? Who gave this definition and when was it given?

single pseudopodia and no contractile vacuole

What does the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica contain?

crystal violet dye

What dye is used in Gram staining?

cell wall deposits of diatoms form diatomaceous earth at the bottom of water reservoirs by piling together over billions of years

What forms diatomaceous earth at the bottom of water reservoirs?

DNA (which is linear)

What genetic material do protists have?

Genus Agaricus

What genus of basidiomycetes is shown in the given image?

it gets classified into ascomycetes

What group of fungi does the ring-worm causing fungus - Microsporum, get classified into?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is included in ascomycetes

What group of fungi is Saccharomyces cerevisiae included in?

they were then moved out of Deuteromycetes and into ascomycetes or basidiomycetes

What happened once perfect (sexual) stages of members of Deuteromycetes were discovered?

the host plasma membrane surrounds the whole virion and forms a vesicle

What happens during viral entry by endocytosis?

then the plasmid will end up replicating with the main DNA instead of independently from the bacterial chromosomes (as it did in the cytoplasm)

What happens if a bacterial plasmid ends up getting integrated into the main DNA (nucleoid)?

the free pseudopodiospores feed and grow rapidly to become Amoeba and lead an independent life

What happens once the pseudopodiospores are liberated from the cyst (once it breaks off from the Amoeba - in multiple fission)?

the virus takes over the host cell's machinery to replicate itself while killing the host during this

What happens when a virus infects a cell?

some deuteromycetes are saprophytes and parasites, while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling

What heterotrophic modes of nutrition do some deuteromycetes use? What do a majority of them do?

chloroplasts are the chlorophyll-containing organelle that are present in plants

What important chlorophyll-containing organelle is present in plant cells?

the most delicious mushroom

What is Agaricus bisporus more commonly known as?

mad cow disease

What is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) also known as in cattle?

-a diseased caused by prions -also known as mad cow disease in cattle

What is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

-a disease caused by prions -an analogous variant of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

it is known to cause amoebic dysentery

What is Entamoeba histolytica known to cause in the large intestine of humans?

it is abbreviated as E. coli

What is Escherichia coli also abbreviated as?

baker's yeast

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly referred to as?

-bacteria which are three-layered, do not contain teichoic acid in their cell wall, and do not retain the Gram stain -basically, the Gram stain is washed out from these bacteria because of the high lipid content of the cell wall, which gets dissolved in organic solvents like acetone, alcohol, etc. -alcohol then decolorizes the newly exposed and thin peptidoglycan layer by removing the crystal violet dye -example: Escherichia coli

What is a Gram -ve bacteria?

a protein coat made of small substituents (capsomeres) that protects the nucleic acid

What is a capsid in viruses?

capsules are thick, rigid, smooth, and are firmly attached to the cell wall

What is a capsular glycocalyx like?

A long, hair or whip-like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

What is a flagellum?

-one of three types of lichen -this lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure

What is a fruticose lichen?

it is a cavity that opens to the outside of the cell surface and allows for the intake of water heavily loaded with food (so that food may be consumed) -Note: water heavily loaded with food is steered into the gullet through the coordinated movement of rows of cilia

What is a gullet in ciliated protozoans?

A short motile chain of three to five cells produced in filamentous cyanobacteria like Nostoc either by accidental breaking of trichomes from a cyanobacteria or by the death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells

What is a hormogonium?

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a higher plant

What is a mycorrhiza or mycorrhizal relationship?

mycelium

What is a network of hyphae in fungi known as?

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic and bacterial cell where the genetic material is located

What is a nucleoid?

An organism that lives on or in a host and causes harm to the host by feeding off the host

What is a parasitic organism?

an aggregation formed by slime molds under suitable conditions, that can grow and spread over several feet

What is a plasmodium?

a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid protozoan cell for movement and feeding.

What is a pseudopodia?

a virus having an arthropod as its vector

What is a ribovirus?

slime layers are thin, loose, globular, and are loosely attached to the cell wall

What is a slime layer glycocalyx like?

a chain of vegetative cells surrounded by a slimy sheath -Note: vegetative cells do not include heterocysts

What is a trichome in Nostoc cyanobacteria?

a motile and growing/feeding stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host

What is a trophozoite?

-it is the outermost layer of many types of viruses -it protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells -not all viruses have envelopes

What is a viral envelope?

a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell

What is a virion?

it is known as a ribovirus

What is a virus having an arthropod as its vector known as?

the swimming cells of slime molds are flagellated or are of amoeboid type

What is a way in which slime molds differ from fungi?

the alternation between the haploid gametophytic and the diploid sporophytic phases in a plant's life cycle

What is alternation of generation?

one of the two types of mycorrhizal association between fungi and the roots of higher plants, and in this association, the fungus exists outside (on top of) the plant body

What is an ectomycorrhizal association (ectotrophic mycorrhizae)?

one of the two types of mycorrhizal association between fungi and the roots of higher plants, and in this association, the fungus exists within (inside) the plant body

What is an endomycorrhizal association (endotrophic mycorrhizae)?

Genus Parmelia

What is an example of a foliose lichen genus?

Genus Entamoeba

What is an example of a genus of amoeboid protozoans?

Genus Graphics

What is an example of a genus of crustose lichen?

Genus Euglena

What is an example of a genus of euglenoids from Kingdom Protista?

Genus Trypanosoma

What is an example of a genus of flagellated protozoans?

Cuscuta

What is an example of a genus of parasitic plants?

Genus Plasmodium

What is an example of a genus of sporozoans?

Genus Penicillium

What is an example of a genus that contains multicellular ascomycete fungus?

Chlorobium

What is an example of a green-sulfur bacterial genus?

Vibrio chloerae

What is an example of a parasitic bacteria?

Genus Physarum

What is an example of a slime mold genus from Kingdom Protista?

yeast (from Genus Saccharomyces)

What is an example of a unicellular ascomycete fungus?

yeast

What is an example of a unicellular fungi that is used to make bread?

Nitrosomonas

What is an example of an ammonia-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria?

Clostridium butyricum

What is an example of butyric acid bacteria that helps in the retting of plant fibers?

nitrifying bacteria

What is an example of chemoautotrophic bacteria?

Genus Paramecium

What is an example of genus of ciliated protozoans?

Genus Gonyaulax

What is an example of red dinoflagellate genus (make the sea appear red)?

a form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes that differ in size and/or form

What is anisogamy?

-Method of sterilization using steam under pressure -Used to kill bacterial endospores

What is autoclaving?

the scientific way of orderly arranging organisms into groups on the basis of their similarities and differences in certain easily observable but fundamental characters

What is biological classification?

leaf blight of rice

What is caused by the bacteria: Xanthomonas oryzae?

Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

What is chemosynthesis?

transfer of genetic material between a donor bacterial cell and a recipient bacterial cell, where the donor has sex pili and F-factor, while the recipient is lacking both sex pili and F-factor

What is conjugation in bacteria?

sexual intercourse or the act of mating

What is copulation?

-a process done to add special flavor and taste in tea leaves -also done for tobacco -in this process, after harvesting, the cured leaves are hung in shade and are permitted for the action of bacteria -the curing of tea leaves is done by Micrococcus candidans -Note: Micrococcus is a gram-positive positive aerobic bacterium that is a member of Family Micrococcaceae

What is curing (in relation to tea leaves)?

silica gel (keiselghur)

What is diatomaceous earth known as?

cell wall deposits from diatoms pile up together at the bottom of water reservoirs, over time (billions of years), and form big heaps called diatomaceous earth, which is gritty soil that can be used in polishing and the filtration of oils and syrups and also in making sound and fire proof rooms

What is diatomaceous earth?

double stranded DNA

What is dsDNA?

double-stranded RNA

What is dsRNA?

ectotrophic mycorrhizae

What is ectomycorrhizal association also known as?

starch and fat are the food reserve in organisms from Kingdom Plantae

What is generally the food reserve in organisms from Kingdom Plantae?

desmids

What is golden algae also known as?

-sexual reproduction by the fusion of gametes that are different in morphology -includes anisogamy and oogamy

What is heterogamy?

sexual reproduction by the fusion of gametes that are similar in morphology

What is isogamy?

-it is the fusion of nuclei to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell with a single nucleus -in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, the dikaryon's two separate nuclei fuse to form the single nucleus, but in other fungi, the dikaryotic phase never occurs and so karyogamy occurs directly after plasmogamy and the diploid zygote (2n) cell is formed right after the fusion of protoplasm occur

What is karyogamy in the sexual cycle of fungi?

a subtype of phagic reproduction where only the nucleoid of the virus enters the host cell (which is common to all phagic reproduction), but the cell does not end up getting lysed (does not undergo lysis) and therefore does not die

What is lysogenic phagic reproduction?

a subtype of phagic reproduction where only the nucleoid of the virus enters the host cell (which is common to all phagic reproduction) and the lytic cycle occurs causing the host cell to undergo lysis and die

What is lytic phagic reproduction?

reduction division

What is meiosis also referred to as?

-the phenomenon of having two different types of nuclei within the same cell -ciliated protozoans show this characteristic

What is nuclear dimorphism?

-an extreme form of anisogamy where the gametes differ in both size AND form -in this form of sexual reproduction, the large female gamete is immobile, while the small male gamete is mobile

What is oogamy?

peptidoglycan is known as murein and it is found in the cell wall of eubacteria

What is peptidoglycan also known as? Whose cell wall is it found in?

-one of the two main types of reproduction in viruses -this type of reproduction consists of two subtypes: lytic and lysogenic -in this reproduction, only the nucleoid enters the host cell

What is phagic reproduction?

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

What is photosynthesis?

the whole virus except the envelope pass into the host cell

What is pinocytic reproduction like in viruses that do contain a viral envelope?

the whole virus passes into the host cell

What is pinocytic reproduction like in viruses that do not contain a viral envelope?

-it is the fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes -it forms a dikaryon in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, while it does not form a dikaryon in fungi other than these two

What is plasmogamy in the sexual cycle of fungi?

it is the process of separating fibers that are held together in close association, using a variety of bacteria

What is retting?

sexual reproduction is by copulation (sexual intercourse) of male and female, followed by embryological development

What is sexual production like in organisms from Kingdom Animalia?

they show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanisms

What is special about higher forms of organisms from Kingdom Animalia?

-a means for protection and NOT a type of reproduction -Gram +ve bacteria produce endospores during unfavorable conditions like lack of nutrients, high temperature, or other climatic stress -endospores are tough and resistant structures that remain undamaged during stressful conditions but are killed when autoclaved at 121 degrees celsius for 15 minutes -these are dormant structures that allow the bacteria to stop metabolism and live for longer periods -they germinate when the conditions are favorable to continue grow -they can be stained using modified Ziehl-Neelseen technique

What is sporulation (in bacteria)?

single stranded DNA

What is ssDNA?

single stranded RNA

What is ssRNA?

any type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic

What is symbiosis?

it is organized into distinct chromosomes

What is the DNA of protists organized into?

TMV

What is the abbreviated form for tobacco mosaic virus?

BSE

What is the abbreviation for prion-caused disease known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy?

CJD

What is the abbreviation for the prion-cause disease known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

their large surface area to volume ratio

What is the absorptive nutrition of fungi aided by?

phycobiont

What is the algal component of lichens known as?

it is a source of antibiotics

What is the ascomycetes fungus - Pencillium, a source of?

classification of mycorrhizae into ectomycorrhizae (ectotrophic mycorrhizae) and endomycorrhizae (endotrophic mycorrhizae) are on the basis of the residence of the fungus, meaning if it is located outside the plant body or inside the plant body

What is the basis of classifying mycorrhizae into two different types?

its basis is on the residence of the fungus, meaning if it is located outside the plant body or inside the plant body

What is the basis of classifying mycorrhizae into two different types?

they're branched

What is the branching in the mycelia of basidiomycetes like?

it is used in the retting of plant fibers

What is the butyric acid bacteria - Clostridium butyricum, used for?

a parasitic amoeboid protozoan known as Entamoeba histolytica

What is the causal organism of amoebic dysentery in the large intestine of humans?

the bacteria of Genus Xanthomonas

What is the causal organism of citrus canker?

Alternaria solani is a deuteromycetes fungus that causes early blight of potato

What is the causal organism of early blight of potato?

Alternaria solani

What is the causal organism of early blight of tomato?

Phytophthora infestans is a fungus that causes late blight of potato

What is the causal organism of late blight of potato?

the phycomycetes fungus - Rhizopus

What is the cause of black bread mold?

the ascomycetes fungi, Claviceps purpurea

What is the cause of ergot disease in Bajra?

the ascomycetes fungus - Neurospora

What is the cause of red bread mold?

organisms in Kingdom Fungi have eukaryotic cells

What is the cell type of organisms in Kingdom Fungi?

organisms in Kingdom Monera have prokaryotic cells

What is the cell type of organisms in Kingdom Monera?

cell type of organisms in Kingdom Protista is eukaryotic

What is the cell type of organisms in Kingdom Protista?

organisms of Kingdom Plantae have eukaryotic cells

What is the cell type of organisms of Kingdom Plantae?

it has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface

What is the cell wall of dinoflagellates like?

Noncellulosic (polysaccharide + amino acid)

What is the cell wall of organisms in Kingdom Monera?

the cell wall of plant cells is made of cellulose

What is the cell wall of plant cells made of?

it is made of cellulose

What is the cell wall present in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae, made of?

it is termed as a dolipore septum

What is the central pore present in each septum of a mycelium in basidiomycetes, termed as?

it is termed as a dolipore septum because the central pore is barrel-shaped

What is the central pore present in each septum of a mycelium in basidiomycetes, termed as? Why?

hormogonia is the common method of reproduction in Nostoc cyanobacteria

What is the common method of reproduction in Nostoc cyanobacteria?

the common mode of nutrition of all fungi in Kingdom Fungi is that they're heterotrophs

What is the common mode of nutrition of all fungi in Kingdom fungi?

mushroom or gill fungi

What is the common name of organisms from Genera Agaricus of basidiomycetes?

rust fungus

What is the common name of organisms from Genera Puccinia ofbasidiomycetes?

smut

What is the common name of organisms from Genera Ustilago of basidiomycetes?

osmoregulation

What is the contractile vacuole used for, in protozoans like Amoeba and Paramecium?

it is three-layered, protective, and chitinous

What is the cyst that the Amoeba forms in multiple fission like?

-capsules are thick, rigid, smooth, and are firmly attached to the cell wall -slime layers are thin, loose, globular, and are loosely attached to the cell wall

What is the difference between a glycocalyx that's a capsule and one that's a slime layer?

anisogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes that differ in size and/or form, while oogamy is a specific case of anisogamy where the two gametes differ in size AND in form since the large female gamete is immobile, while the small male gamete is mobile

What is the difference between anisogamy and oogamy?

Chagas disease

What is the disease South American trypanosomiasis, also known as?

a deuteromycetes fungus known as Alternaria solani

What is the early blight of potato caused by?

Two haploid hyphae/gametes of compatible mating types come together and fuse

What is the first step of the sexual cycle of any fungus?

-glycogen -paramylon -chrysolaminarin -fat

What is the food reserve of protists?

-the common method of reproduction in Nostoc cyanobacteria, but is used only by a few cyanobacteria -produced by accidental breaking of trichome (a chain of vegetative cells surrounded by a slimy sheath) into several pieces -may also be formed by death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells (cells in between others and not at terminal ends of a trichome) -hormogonium (short motile chain of 3 - 5 vegetative cells) eventually escapes from the mucilage (mucilaginous sheath) and grows into a new filament and then into a new colony

What is the formation of hormogonia?

The fungi form fruiting bodies in which meiosis (reduction division) of the diploid zygotes (2n) occurs, leading to the formation of haploid (n) spores

What is the fourth and final step of any fungus?

it is used in osmoregulation, meaning it is used to store and remove excess water during endosmosis

What is the function of a contractile vacuole in fresh-water protozoans?

to allow the bacterial cell to adhere to host tissues

What is the function of fimbriae?

they help the cell move

What is the function of flagella on cells?

they're used to transfer DNA to another bacteria

What is the function of pili?

to protect the nucleic acid

What is the function of the capsid in a virus?

it helps them closely adhere to rocks and tree trunks

What is the function of the hard granular crust that crustose lichen form?

it protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells

What is the function of the viral envelope in viruses that actually have it?

mycobiont

What is the fungal component of a lichen known as?

fungus-like protists are known as slime molds

What is the fungus-like protist known as?

ssRNA is the genetic material present in mature retroviruses

What is the genetic material in mature retroviruses?

the correct answer is (c): RNA

What is the genetic material in the influenza virus?: (a) Double helical DNA (b) Single helix DNA (c) RNA (d) none of these

their genetic material is linear DNA that is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is complexed with proteins and organized into distinct chromosomes

What is the genetic material of protists like?

it is made of non-cellulosic polysaccharides

What is the glycocalyx or capsule of a bacteria made of?

they grow very slowly and the rate of growth can vary from 0.5 mm to 500 mm to per year

What is the growth rate of lichen?

dsDNA is present in the bacterium - E. coli

What is the hereditary material present in the bacteria, E. coli?

organisms from Kingdom Animalia are holozoic (ingestion of food)

What is the heterotrophic mode of nutrition of the organisms from Kingdom Animalia?

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes show a dikaryotic phase between plasmogamy and karyogamy while other fungi do not

What is the key difference in the sexual cycle of ascomycetes + basidiomycetes and other fungi?

the larger nucleus is known as a macronucleus

What is the larger nucleus of ciliated protozoans also known as?

the latest view is that viruses arose from nucleic acid and protein found in primitive water/soup

What is the latest view for origin of viruses?

cellular level of body organization is present in Kingdom Protista

What is the level of body organization in Kingdom Protista?

multicellular/loose tissue level body organization

What is the level of body organization in organisms of Kingdom Fungi?

tissue/organ/organ system level of body organization is present in the organisms of Kingdom Animalia

What is the level of body organization in the organisms of Kingdom Animalia?

the organisms of Kingdom Plantae have tissue/organ body level organization

What is the level of body organization in the organisms of Kingdom Plantae?

cellular level body organization

What is the level of body organization of organisms in Kingdom Monera?

complexed with proteins

What is the linear DNA that is surrounded by a nuclear envelope in protists, complexed with?

because they grow very slowly

What is the long life of lichen attributed to?

the vegetative nucleus

What is the macronucleus in ciliated protozoans also known as?

-the larger of the two nuclei present in ciliated protozoans -controls metabolic activities and growth -also known as the vegetative nucleus

What is the macronucleus of ciliated protozoans?

the nucleoid is the main DNA in a bacterial cell

What is the main DNA in bacterial cells?

it is able to protect itself and survive during adverse physical changes

What is the main advantage that an Amoeba has when it encysts itself in a three-layered, chitinous cyst?

mode of nutrition

What is the main basis for classification in the five kingdom system?

rRNA gene base sequence

What is the main basis for classification in the three domain system?

it is the fact that they show nuclear dimorphism -- two different types of nuclei

What is the main characteristic of ciliates that makes them stand out in comparison to other protozoans?

digestion or breakdown of organic compounds

What is the main role of bacteria in the carbon cycle?

the main way bacteria reproduce is asexually and by using binary fission

What is the main way that bacteria reproduce under favorable conditions?

-the four kingdom system includes only four kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, and Monera, while the five kingdom system includes Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera, and also Fungi (the new addition) -hence, basically, Kingdom Fungi was added to the two kingdom system to form the three kingdom system

What is the major difference between the four kingdom classification system given by Copeland and the five kingdom system given by Whittaker?

-the three kingdom system includes only three kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, and Protista, while the four kingdom system includes Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Protista, and also Monera (the new addition) -hence, basically, Kingdom Monera was added to the two kingdom system to form the three kingdom system

What is the major difference between the three kingdom classification system given by Haeckel and the four kingdom system given by Copeland?

-the two kingdom system includes only two kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia, while the three kingdom system includes Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, and also Protista (the new addition) -hence, basically, Kingdom Protista was added to the two kingdom system to form the three kingdom system

What is the major difference between the two kingdom classification system given by Linnaeus and the three kingdom system given by Haeckel?

respiration

What is the mesosome used for in bacteria?

yeast use budding

What is the method of reproduction used in yeast?

the reproductive nucleus

What is the micronucleus of ciliated protozoans also termed as?

Autotropic (chemosynthetic and photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (saprophytic/parasitic)

What is the mode of nutrition of organisms in Kingdom Monera?

organisms of Kingdom Plantae use autotrophic (photosynthesis) modes of nutrition

What is the mode of nutrition of the organisms of Kingdom Plantae?

autotrophic (photosynthetic) and heterotrophic

What is the mode of nutrition present in organisms of Kingdom Protista?

they're all heterotrophs (endoparasites)

What is the mode of nutrition that ALL sporozoans use?

it's used to stain bacterial endospores

What is the modified Ziehl-Neelseen technique used for (in relation to staining)?

ascomycetes fungus

What is the most common mycobiont in lichen?

green algae

What is the most common phycobiont in lichen?

ciliated protozoans are actively moving due to the presence of a number of cilia

What is the movement of ciliated protozoans like? What is the cause of this?

the mycelium is septate and branched

What is the mycelium like in deuteromycetes?

the fungal component of the lichen

What is the mycobiont in a lichen?

ingestive

What is the nutrition of slime molds like in their vegetative phase?

contractile vacuole

What is the organ for osmoregulation in protozoans like Amoeba and Paramecium?

extremely acidic pH of 2

What is the pH of the environments that thermoacidophiles live in?

Microsporum

What is the pathogen ascomycetes fungus that causes ringworm?

the algal component of the lichen

What is the phycobiont in a lichen?

it is known to cause the disease - white rust of crucifers

What is the phycomycetes fungi - Albugo candida known to cause?

it is a parasite on the mustard plant

What is the phycomycetes fungi - Albugo candida?

it is a parasite on the mustard plant that is known to cause the disease - white rust of crucifers

What is the phycomycetes fungi - Albugo candida? What is it known to cause?

they contain the enzyme nitrogenase and are specialized to perform N2 fixation

What is the purpose of the heterocyst cells present in some filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc and Anabaena?

the purpose of using cyanobacteria in agricultural fields is that they can fix N2 that the crops can then use

What is the purpose of using cyanobacteria in agricultural fields for crop improvement?

10:90

What is the ratio between the phycobiont and mycobiont component in a lichen association?

a deuteromycetes fungus known as Colletotrichum falcatum

What is the red rot of sugarcane caused by?

alcohol is not able to decolorize and wash away the crystal violet stain in Gram +ve bacteria, while it is able to do so in Gram -ve bacteria

What is the result of Gram +ve bacteria having a thick peptidoglycan layer and Gram -ve bacteria having a thin peptidoglycan layer?

the resultant structure formed from plasmogamy is dikaryotic, which ultimately gives rise to the basidium

What is the resultant structure formed from plasmogamy in basidiomycetes?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

What is the scientific name of baker's yeast?

Xanthomonas oryzae

What is the scientific name of the bacteria that causes leaf blight of rice?

Agaricus bisporus

What is the scientific name of the most delicious mushroom?

Fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes known as plasmogamy occurs, to form a dikaryon (n + n, i.e, two nuclei occur per cell)

What is the second step of the sexual cycle of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes fungi?

Fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes known as plasmogamy occurs

What is the second step of the sexual cycle of fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

plasmogamy of two vegetative/somatic cells of different strains/genotypes --> dikaryotic structure --> basidium ultimately formed from dikaryotic structure --> karyogamy and meiosis occur within the basidium --> 4 basidiospores are produced exogenously on the basidium

What is the sexual cycle in basidiomycetes like?

1. Two haploid hyphae/gametes of compatible mating types come together and fuse 2. Fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes to known as plasmogamy occurs, to form a dikaryon (n + n, i.e, two nuclei occur per cell) -Note: dikaryotic phase is present in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes 3. After plasmogamy, the two separate nuclei of the dikaryon fuse together to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell with a single nucleus in a process known as karyogamy 4. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which meiosis (reduction division) occurs, leading to the formation of haploid (n) spores

What is the sexual cycle of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes fungi?

1. Two haploid hyphae/gametes of compatible mating types come together and fuse 2. Fusion of protoplasms between the two motile or non-motile haploid gametes known as plasmogamy occurs -Note: dikaryon phase is skipped in fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes 3. Immediately after plasmogamy, the nuclei of the two fused haploids fuse together to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell in a process known as karyogamy 4. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which meiosis (reduction division) occurs, leading to the formation of haploid (n) spores

What is the sexual cycle of fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

they're rod-shaped

What is the shape of bacillus bacteria?

they're spherical

What is the shape of coccus bacteria?

they are circular

What is the shape of plasmids in bacteria?

they're spiral shaped

What is the shape of spirillum bacteria?

it is linear

What is the shape of the DNA in protists?

it is circular shaped

What is the shape of the DNA in the disease-causing bacteria - E. Coli?

it is barrel-shaped

What is the shape of the central pore (dolipore septum) present in each septum of a mycelium in basidiomycetes?

circular

What is the shape of the naked DNA found in the nucleoid of a bacteria?

they're comma-shaped

What is the shape of vibrium bacteria?

mesosome

What is the site of respiration in bacteria?

a viroid is smaller than a virus

What is the size of a viroid in comparison to a virus?

3000 Angstroms

What is the size of the small pox virus (in Angstroms)?

the smaller nucleus is known as a micronucleus

What is the smaller nucleus of ciliated protozoans also known as?

it is infectious

What is the spore-like stage in the life cycles of sporozoans like?

they are sac-like

What is the structure of asci in ascomycetes like?

fruticose lichen have coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure

What is the structure of fruticose lichen like?

lichens are the symbiotic association between fungi and algae

What is the symbiotic association between fungi and algae known for?

extremely high temperatures up to 110 degrees celsius

What is the temperature of the environments that thermoacidophiles live in?

it is gritty

What is the texture of diatomaceous earth like?

After plasmogamy, the nuclei of the dikaryon fuse together to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell in a process known as karyogamy

What is the third step of the sexual cycle of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes fungi?

Immediately after plasmogamy, the nuclei of the two fused haploids fuse together to form a diploid zygote (2n) cell in a process known as karyogamy

What is the third step of the sexual cycle of fungi other than ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

it is composed of chitin

What is the three-layered and protective cyst of an Amoeba in multiple fission, composed of?

so that their bodies may be flexible

What is the use of euglenoids having a pellicle (protein-rich layer) instead of a cell wall?

they help in the curing of tea leaves

What is the use of the gram-positive aerobic bacterium known as Micrococcus candidans?

a form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) in which there's genetic transfer from one bacteria to another through a virus (bacteriophage) and there is no direct contact between the bacterial cells

What is transduction in bacteria?

a form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) where the bacterial cell absorbs DNA from the surrounding environment

What is transformation in bacteria?

diatomaceous earth is used for making sound and fire proof rooms

What is used for making sound and fire proof rooms?

diatomaceous earth is used for polishing

What is used for polishing?

diatomaceous earth is used for the filtration of oils and syrups

What is used for the filtration of oils and syrups?

a variety of bacteria such as butyric acid bacteria

What is used to perform retting?

a unicellular fungi used to make bread

What is yeast?

bacteria produce spores and use this as protection

What means of protection do bacteria use under unfavorable conditions?

dinoflagellates mostly use photosynthesis

What mode of nutrition do dinoflagellates mostly use?

they're saprophytic (heterotrophic)

What mode of nutrition do most of the antibiotic-producing bacteria, known as actinomycetes, use?

slime molds are heterotrophic (saprophytic)

What mode of nutrition do slime molds use?

the algal component is autotrophic

What mode of nutrition does the algal component of the lichen use?

the fungal component is heterotrophic

What mode of nutrition does the fungal component of the lichen use?

all organisms of Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs

What mode of production do all organisms from Kingdom Fungi use?

the whole virus (except the envelope, if present) passes into the host cell

What occurs in pinocytic reproduction in viruses?

circular-shaped

What shape of free DNA is found in bacteria?

capsomeres

What smaller substituents make up a capsid in a virus?

they have spores

What special feature do bacillus bacteria have that other shapes of bacteria don't?

they use pseudopodia for engulfing food

What structure do myxomycetes fungi use for engulfing food?

300 x 20 nm

What the dimensions of the tubular filament - TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)?

-peptidoglycan and teichoic acid -Note: teichoic acid is present in the cell walls of Gram +ve bacteria but not in Gram -ve ones

What two substances is a bacterial cell wall characterized by?

isogamy (fusion of gametes of similar morphology) and heterogamy (fusion of gametes of different morphology)

What two types of sexual reproduction occur in phycomycetes?

circular and free DNA

What type of DNA is found in bacteria?

methanogens are obligate anaerobes, meaning they cannot survive (they die) in the presence of oxygen

What type of anaerobes are methanogens?

these are thermoacidophiles that live in strong acidic conditions and high temperatures up to 88 degrees celsius

What type of archaebacteria are Thermoproteus and Thermococcus?

methanogens are the type of archaebacteria which are found in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes

What type of archaebacteria are found in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes?

thermoacidophiles are the type of archaebacteria found to live in hot sulphur springs

What type of archaebacteria are found to live in hot sulphur springs?

methanogens are the type of archaebacteria that are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes

What type of archaebacteria are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes?

halophiles are the type of archaebacteria are termed as "salt-loving bacteria" and are found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration

What type of archaebacteria are termed as "salt-loving bacteria" and are found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration?

halophiles are termed as "salt-loving bacteria"

What type of archaebacteria are termed as "salt-loving bacteria"?

polluted areas

What type of areas do lichen not grow in?

acidophiles are archaebacteria

What type of bacteria are acidophiles?

lactic acid bacteria (which are heterotrophic)

What type of bacteria are used in the preparation of curd from milk?

heterotrophic bacteria are used in both these things

What type of bacteria are used in the production of curd from milk and in the production of antibiotics?

an obligate chemoautotroph bacteria

What type of bacteria is Nitrosomonas?

an obligate chemoautotroph bacteria since it oxidizes ammonia

What type of bacteria is Nitrosomonas? Why?

Streptomyces is an actinomycetes bacteria

What type of bacteria is Streptomyces?

cholera is a pathogenic bacteria in animals

What type of bacteria is cholera?

citrus canker is a pathogenic bacteria in plants

What type of bacteria is citrus canker?

tetanus is a pathogenic bacteria in animals

What type of bacteria is tetanus?

typhoid is a pathogenic bacteria in animals

What type of bacteria is typhoid?

cyanobacteria are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath

What type of bacterial cells are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath?

rusts and smuts are parasitic basidiomycetes

What type of basidiomycetes fungi are rusts and smuts?

a rigid cell wall

What type of cell wall do all eubacteria have?

the spores of slime molds have true (cellulosic) cell walls

What type of cell walls do the spores of slime molds contain, once the plasmodium of the slime molds has differentiated and formed fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips?

eukaryotic cells are present in the organisms of Kingdom Animalia

What type of cells are present in the organisms of Kingdom Animalia?

diploids are represented by "2n" since they are formed from the combination of two nuclei to form a single nuclei

What type of cells are represented by "2n"?

dikaryons are represented by "n + n"

What type of cells are represented by "n + n" while referring to the sexual cycle of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi?

haploids are represented by "n" since they have a single nucleus

What type of cells are represented by "n"?

it is a protein coat

What type of coat is a capsid in a virus?

unfavorable conditions like lack of nutrients, high temperature, or other climatic stress

What type of conditions do Gram +ve produce endospores in?

infectious neurological diseases

What type of diseases are prions generally known to transmit?

bacteria show the most extensive metabolic diversity in comparison to other organisms

What type of diversity do bacteria show the most of, in comparison to other organisms?

halophiles are found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration

What type of environments are halophiles found to live in?

strong acidic conditions and high temperatures up to 88 degrees celsius

What type of environments do Thermoproteus and Thermococcus live in?

they are membranous extensions -Note: chromatophores contain photosynthetic pigment and are therefore also the site of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria

What type of extensions are chromatophores in cyanobacteria?

these are both disease causing fungi

What type of fungi are the ones that cause white spots on mustard leaves and wheat-rust?

disease causing fungi

What type of fungi are the ones that cause white spots on mustard leaves?

coenogametic formation (since their hyphae are coenocytic/aseptate)

What type of gametic formation/fusion do the gametes have, in the sexual reproduction process of phycomycetes?

naked, circular DNA

What type of genetic material do bacteria possess?

bacteria possess naked, circular DNA that is folded to form a nucleoid

What type of genetic material do bacteria possess? What is this genetic material folded to form?

either RNA or DNA

What type of genetic material do viruses contain?

double stranded and circular DNA

What type of genetic material is present in the disease-causing bacteria: E. Coli?

they follow a definite growth pattern

What type of growth pattern do organisms from Kingdom Animalia follow?

chitin is a carbohydrate

What type of macromolecule is chitin?

they are fermenting microbe (used in retting of jute)

What type of microbe are butyric acid bacteria?

phycomycetes have aseptate (coenocytic) mycelium

What type of mycelium do phycomycetes have?

it is a bacteria

What type of organism is E. Coli?

this is a fungal organism

What type of organism is Phytophthora infestans (causes late blight of potato)?

the organism that causes ring-worm in humans is Microsporum, and this is an ascomycetes fungus from Kingdom Fungi

What type of organism is the organism that causes ring-worm in humans?

all sporozoans are endoparasites (heterotrophs)

What type of organisms are all sporozoans?

heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and lack cell walls

What type of organisms are characteristic of Kingdom Animalia?

they're both classified as fungi

What type of organisms are mushrooms and toadstools classified as?

methanogens are archaebacteria

What type of organisms from Kingdom Monera are methanogens?

sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes

What type of organs are absent in basidiomycetes?

viruses are obligate parasites

What type of parasites are viruses?

infectious protein particles

What type of particles are prions?

they're green-sulfur bacteria

What type of photoautotrophic bacteria are Chlorobium?

anoxygenic photosynthesis

What type of photosynthesis do Chlorobium green-sulfur bacteria conduct?

they're both insectivorous plants

What type of plants are bladderworts and venus fly traps?

lipo-proteinaceous plasma membrane

What type of plasma membrane do almost all bacterial cells have?

stiff cellulose plates

What type of plates are present on the outer surface of the cell wall of dinoflagellates?

chitin is a mucopolysaccharide

What type of polysaccharide is chitin (present in fungal cells and exoskeleton of insects)?

it is a ciliated protozoan since it is part of Genus Paramecium

What type of protist is Paramecium caudatum?

multinucleate protoplasm

What type of protoplasm do myxomycetes fungi have?

it is an amoeboid protozoan

What type of protozoan is the parasitic causal organism of amoebic dysentery in the large intestine of humans, known as Entamoeba histolytica?

Leishmania donovani are flagellated protozoans

What type of protozoans are Leishmania donovani?

flagellated protozoans include Trypanosoma cruzi

What type of protozoans include the disease-causing Trypanosoma cruzi that cause South American trypanosomiasis (also called Chagas disease)

mycoplasma have 70S ribosomes (just like bacteria)

What type of ribosomes do mycoplasma have?

they're both classified as heterogamy

What type of sexual reproduction are anisogamy and oogamy classified as?

growing/feeding stage

What type of stage is the trophozoite stage in a sporozoan parasite?

a flagellum

What type of structure do motile eubacteria have?

an inert crystalline structure

What type of structure do viruses have outside the living cell?

continuous tubes

What type of tubes are coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae?

fragmentation is the type of vegetative reproduction (natural asexual reproduction) that is common in basidiomycetes

What type of vegetative reproduction (natural asexual reproduction) is common in basidiomycetes?

HIV is a retrovirus

What type of virus is HIV?

it's a retrovirus

What type of virus is the leuko virus?

it's a retrovirus with the enzyme: reverse transcriptase

What type of virus is the leuko virus? Which special enzyme does it have that allows it to have both DNA and RNA?

the cell wall

What was the main basis for classification in the two kingdom system?

-cell structure -body organization -mode of nutrition -reproduction and phylogenetic relationships

What were the 4 main criteria used by Whittaker for classification in his five-kingdom system?

it put organisms together which, in earlier classifications, were placed in different kingdoms. For example, genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella (which both had cell walls and were earlier placed in algae and grouped with plants) together with genera Paramecium and Amoeba (which were earlier placed in the animal kingdom because they lack a cell wall) in Kingdom Protista

What were the benefits that arose from the creation of Kingdom Protista?

they will generally produce endospores for their protection since lack of nutrients is an unfavorable condition

When Gram +ve bacteria face a lack of nutrients, what do they generally tend to produce?

they will generally produce endospores for their protection since climatic stress is an unfavorable condition

When Gram +ve bacteria face climatic stress in their environment, what do they generally tend to produce?

they will generally produce endospores for their protection since high temperatures are unfavorable conditions

When Gram +ve bacteria face high temperatures in their environment, what do they generally tend to produce?

the correct answer is (d): decrease in size

When a fresh-water protozoan possessing a contractile vacuole, is placed in a glass containing marine water, the vacuole will: (a) increase in number (b) disappear (c) increase in size (d) decrease in size

the correct answer is (d): spores are present in the air -Note: fungal spores are always present in the air and when the bread is kept exposed to air for too long, they settle on the bread and begin growing, causing the bread to turn black and moldy

When a moist bread is kept exposed in the air, it becomes black and moldy because: (a) spores are present in the bread (b) spores are present (c) the bread gets decomposed (d) spores are present in the air

the Amoeba becomes inactive

When an Amoeba encysts itself during multiple fission, what happens to the motion of the Amoeba?

-the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips -Note: the spores possess true walls

When conditions are unfavorable, what happens to the plasmodium of slime mold?

they germinate and continue to grow

When conditions become favorable again, what happens to bacterial endospores?

in 1892

When did Ivanowsky give his definition of the name "virus"?

during adverse environmental conditions

When do Amoeba reproduce using multiple fission (by encystment)?

if fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy) is not immediately followed by fusion of nuclei (karyogamy), i.e., there is a delay between them

When does a dikaryon or dikaryotic phase arise?

when the fresh-water protozoan is placed in a hypertonic solution

When does the contractile vacuole of a fresh-water protozoan decrease in size?

when the fresh-water protozoan is placed in a hypotonic solution

When does the contractile vacuole of freshwater protozoans increase in size and eventually burst?

when the fresh-water protozoan is placed in a hypotonic solution, since water will keep entering into the contractile vacuole, increasing its size and ultimately causing it to burst and disappear

When does the contractile vacuole of freshwater protozoans increase in size and eventually burst? Why?

when conditions become favorable again

When does the germination and continuation of growth of bacterial endospores occur?

the cyst breaks off from the Amoeba, liberating the young pseudopodiospores, which each contain fine pseudopodia

When favorable conditions arrive, what happens to the cyst and the young pseudopodiospores formed from multiple fission in Amoeba?

they replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes

When found in the cytoplasm, how do plasmids in bacterial cells, replicate?

because the host cell has to be punctured to allow for the release of the plasmid from itself and so the host dies

When plasmids are transmitted from one bacterial cell to another, why does the host cell die?

the contractile vacuole periodically increases in volume (diastole) to get filled with water -Note: the vacuole will then later contract (systole) to discharge its water content to the surrounding water

When water first enters a freshwater protozoan during feeding, what happens to the contractile vacuole?

we are referring to a type of eubacteria, because bacteria and cyanobacteria are the types of eubacteria

When we talk about "bacteria", are we referring to a type of eubacteria or archaebacteria?

in stagnant fresh water

Where are Euglenoids found?

they are present almost everywhere and occur in soil, extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow, deep oceans, where very few other life forms survive, some live as parasites

Where are bacteria present?

in fresh water and marine environments

Where are chrysophytes (includes desmids and diatoms) found?

they're found in the gut of several ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes

Where are methanogens found?

-in aquatic habitats -on decaying wood in moist and damp places -as obligate parasites on plants

Where are phycomycetes found?

in the sporangium

Where are the asexual zoospores and aplanospores in phycomycetes produced?

at the tips of the fruiting bodies

Where are the spores located on the fruiting bodies that are produced from a plasmodium of slime molds differentiating?

they pick up free N2 from the soil and atmosphere

Where do N2 fixing bacteria pick up free N2 from?

in high acidic evironments

Where do acidophiles like living?

in freshwater, sea water, or moist soil

Where do amoeboid protozoans live?

they grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps, and in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts)

Where do basidiomycetes grow?

they grow and multiply in very deep marine sediment

Where do basophilic prokaryotes (basophiles) grow and multiply?

in water bodies

Where do blooms of cyanobacteria occur?

in marine aquatic environments

Where do dinoflagellates mostly live?

fungi are cosmopolitan/omnipresent and occur everywhere such as in air, water, soil, on animals and plants, etc.

Where do fungi occur?

in the small intestine

Where do the flagellated protozoans known as Giardia intestinalis cause giardiasis disease in humans?

in a furrow between the stiff cellulose wall plates that occur on the outer surface of the cell wall

Where do the longitudinally and transversely positioned flagella occur in a dinoflagellate?

in hot sulphur springs

Where do thermoacidophiles live?

diatomaceous earth is formed at the bottom of water reservoirs

Where is diatomaceous earth formed?

diatomaceous earth is formed at the bottom of water reservoirs from cell wall deposits of diatoms piling together over time (billions of years)

Where is diatomaceous earth formed? What is it formed by?

they survive by becoming parasites

Where very few other life forms survive, what do bacteria do in order to remain alive?

Kingdom Animalia gets classified under Domain Eukarya

Which Domain does Kingdom Animalia get classified under, in the six kingdom classification?

Kingdom Archaebacteria gets classified under Domain Archaea

Which Domain does Kingdom Archaebacteria get classified under, in the six kingdom classification?

Kingdom Eubacteria gets classified under Domain Bacteria

Which Domain does Kingdom Eubacteria get classified under, in the six kingdom classification?

Kingdom Fungi gets classified under Domain Eukarya

Which Domain does Kingdom Fungi get classified under, in the six kingdom classification?

Kingdom Plantae gets classified under Domain Eukarya

Which Domain does Kingdom Plantae get classified under, in the six kingdom classification?

Kingdom Protista gets classified under Domain Eukarya

Which Domain does Kingdom Protista get classified under, in the six kingdom classification?

Mycoplasma (also known as PPLOs)

Which Monerans (organisms from Kingdom Monera) are insensitive to antibiotics that affect cell wall synthesis, because they lack a cell wall?

CJD occurs in

Which animals does Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) occur in?

BSE occurs in cattle while CJD occurs in humans

Which animals does bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) occur in? Which animals does the analogous variant of BSE known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) occur in?

sporozoans are the only type of protozoans that lack locomotory organs

Which are the only type of protozoans that lack locomotory organs?

they are parasitic fungi that live on mustard

Which are the phycomycetes from Genus Albugo like?

anisogamy and oogamy are the two types of heterogamous sexual reproduction that take place in phycomycetes

Which are the two types of heterogamous sexual reproduction that takes place in phycomycetes?

Aspergillus and Pencillium

Which ascomycetes fungi are known to produce toxins in stored seeds and grains?

Aspergillus is the ascomycetes fungus known to produce aflatoxins in stored fruits, vegetables, food grains, seeds, etc

Which ascomycetes fungus is known to produce aflatoxins in stored fruits, vegetables, food grains, seeds, etc?

Penicillium is the ascomycetes fungus is known to produce yellow rice toxins in stored rice, barley, and corn

Which ascomycetes fungus is known to produce yellow rice toxins in stored rice, barley, and corn?

photosynthesis only

Which autotrophic process do organisms of Kingdom Protista use to feed?

chemosynthesis and photosynthesis

Which autotrophic processes do organisms of Kingdom Monera use to feed?

heterotrophic bacteria are important decomposers

Which bacteria are important decomposers?

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Which bacteria is used extensively in biological research because it can be easily cultured?

the plasma membrane

Which cellular component present in eubacteria, resembles the one found in eukaryotic cells?

the chrysophytes known as diatoms are the chief producers in the ocean

Which chrysophytes are the chief producers in the ocean?

Class Mastigophora

Which class are flagellated protozoans like Trypanosoma included in?

phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats, on decaying wood in moist and damp places, and as obligate parasites on plants

Which class of fungi are found in aquatic habitats, on decaying wood in moist and damp places, and as obligate parasites on plants?

the algal component of a lichen is autotrophic

Which component of a lichen is autotrophic?

the fungal component of a lichen is heterotrophic

Which component of a lichen is heterotrophic?

Alternaria solani causes both these diseases

Which deuteromycetes fungus causes both early blight of tomato and early blight of potato?

Giardia intestinalis causes giardiasis disease in the small intestine of humans

Which disease causing flagellated protozoan causes giardiasis disease in the small intestine of humans?

Genus Puccinia

Which disease causing fungi genus results in wheat-rust?

viruses

Which disease causing organisms are not included in the five kingdom classification?

South American trypanosomiasis (also called Chagas disease)

Which disease do the flagellated protozoans known as Trypanosoma cruzi, cause?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the analogous variant of BSE

Which disease is also caused by prions and is the analogous variant of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is also known as mad cow disease in cattle

Which disease is also known as mad cow disease in cattle?

kala-azar and dum-dum fever

Which diseases are caused by the flagellated protozoans, Leishmania donovani?

Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia all get classified under Domain Eukarya

Which domain do Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia get classified under?

the enzyme nitrogenase

Which enzyme do the heterocysts of cyanobacteria contain?

they're part of Family Micrococcaceae

Which family are the bacteria that help in the curing of tea leaves - Micrococcus, part of?

butyric acid bacteria

Which fermenting microbe is used in the retting of jute?

Trypanosoma cruzi cause South American trypanosomiasis (also called Chagas disease)

Which flagellated protozoans cause South American trypanosomiasis (also called Chagas disease)?

the flagellated protozoans known as Giardia intestinalis

Which flagellated protozoans cause giardiasis disease?

marine forms

Which forms of amoeboid protozoans have silica shells on their surface?

nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulphur

Which four nutrients do chemoautotrophic bacteria help recycle?

the correct answer is (a) loose smut of wheat

Which fungal diseases spread by infecting seeds and flowers?: (a) loose smut of wheat (b) corn smut (c) covered smut of barley (d) soft rot of potato

Genus Claviceps (an ascomycetes fungal genus)

Which fungal genus is a source of alkaloids and LSD?

stem rust of wheat is also known as cereal rust, black rust, red rust, or red dust of wheat

Which fungal infection on wheat is also known as cereal rust, black rust, red rust, or red dust of wheat?

the ascomycetes known as Claviceps purpurea

Which fungi are the cause of ergot disease in bajra?

viroids contain RNA (since they basically just are free and floating RNA with no capsid around them)

Which genetic material do viroids contain?

Genus Saccharomyces

Which genus are yeast found in?

Genus Albugo

Which genus from Class Phycomycetes includes parasitic fungi that live on mustard?

Genus Rhizopus

Which genus from Class Phycomycetes is responsible for causing black bread mold?

Genus Neurospora

Which genus of ascomycetes are used extensively in biochemical and genetic work?

Genus Neurospora is considered as Drosophila of plant kingdom

Which genus of ascomycetes is considered as Drosophila of plant kingdom?

Genus Aspergillus

Which genus of ascomycetes is shown in the given image?

methanogens are found in all these environments

Which group of archaebacteria are found in marshes, swamps, sludges (formed during sewage treatments), and digestive systems of ruminants?

methanogens are included in Genus Methanobacillus

Which group of archaebacteria are included in Genus Methanobacillus?

methanogens are included in Genus Methanothrix

Which group of archaebacteria are included in Genus Methanothrix?

deuteromycetes are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling

Which group of fungi are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling?

deuteromycetes are incapable of sexually reproducing

Which group of fungi are incapable of sexually reproducing?

phycomycetes are known as algal fungi

Which group of fungi are known as algal fungi?

basidiomycetes are known as club fungi

Which group of fungi are known as club fungi?

deuteromycetes are known as imperfect fungi

Which group of fungi are known as imperfect fungi?

ascomycetes are known as sac-fungi

Which group of fungi are known as sac-fungi?

phycomycetes can be obligate parasites in plants -Note: all 4 groups of fungi can be parasitic but Phycomycetes are more specifically, obligate parasites (in plants)

Which group of fungi can be obligate parasites (parasites that cannot live outside the host) in plants?

basidiomycetes grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps, and in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts)

Which group of fungi grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps, and in living plant bodies as parasites (ex: rusts and smuts)?

basidiomycetes include Genus Agaricus

Which group of fungi include Genus Agaricus (mushrooms or gill fungi)?

phycomycetes include Genus Albugo

Which group of fungi include Genus Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard)?

deuteromycetes include Genus Alternaria

Which group of fungi include Genus Alternaria?

ascomycetes include Genus Aspergillus

Which group of fungi include Genus Aspergillus?

ascomycetes include Genus Claviceps

Which group of fungi include Genus Claviceps?

deuteromycetes include Genus Colletotrichum

Which group of fungi include Genus Colletotrichum?

phycomycetes include Genus Mucor

Which group of fungi include Genus Mucor?

ascomycetes include Genus Neurospora

Which group of fungi include Genus Neurospora?

ascomycetes include Genus Penicillium

Which group of fungi include Genus Penicillium?

basidiomycetes include Genus Puccinia

Which group of fungi include Genus Puccinia (rust)?

phycomycetes include Genus Rhizopus

Which group of fungi include Genus Rhizopus (black bread mold)?

ascomycetes include Genus Saccharomyces

Which group of fungi include Genus Saccharomyces?

deuteromycetes include Genus Trichoderma

Which group of fungi include Genus Trichoderma?

basidiomycetes include Genus Ustilago

Which group of fungi include Genus Ustilago (smut)?

ascomycetes include this fungi

Which group of fungi includes the fungus, Claviceps purpurea?

Agaricus bisporus is included in basidiomycetes

Which group of fungi is Agaricus bisporus, included in?

it's classified into basidiomycetes

Which group of fungi is the hallucinogen-containing fungus known as Amanita muscaria classified in?

archaebacteria are known as the oldest living beings

Which group of organisms from Kingdom Monera are known as the oldest living beings?

protozoans from Kingdom Protista are divided into 4 subgroups based on locomotory organelles

Which group of organisms from Kingdom Protista are divided into 4 subgroups based on locomotory organelles?

protozoans are known as the primitive relatives of animals

Which group of organisms from Kingdom Protista are known as the primitive relative of animals?

chrysophytes are plankton

Which group of organisms from Kingdom Protista are plankton?

bacteria show the most extensive metabolic diversity

Which group of organisms show the most extensive metabolic diversity in comparison to other organisms?

dinoflagellates have spinning movement due to the presence of two flagella: a transverse one and a longitudinal one

Which group of organisms that form red tides in oceans also have spinning movement? Why do they have spinning movement?

protozoans are considered to be primitive relatives of animals

Which group of protists are considered to be primitive relatives of animals?

euglenoids are the connecting link between plants and animals

Which group of protists is the connecting link between plants and animals?

euglenoids are the connecting link between plants and animals because they act like photosynthesizes in the presence of light and like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms in the absence of light

Which group of protists is the connecting link between plants and animals? Why?

euglenoids show mixotrophic nutrition

Which group of protists show mixotrophic nutrition?

flagellated protozoans include Genus Trypanosoma

Which group of protozoans includes the Genus Trypanosoma?

flagellated protozoans include Giardia intestinalis

Which group of protozoans includes the disease-causing protozoans known as Giardia intestinalis?

-chrysophytes -dinoflagellates -euglenoids -slime molds -protozoans

Which groups of organisms are included under Kingdom Protista?

they oxidize various substances such as nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia

Which inorganic substances do chemoautotrophic bacteria oxidize?

they oxidize various substances such as nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, while using the released energy for ATP production

Which inorganic substances do chemoautotrophic bacteria oxidize? What do these bacteria do with the energy released from the oxidation process?

the five kingdom classification system

Which is the currently used and most accepted kingdom classification system?

it is done to add special flavor and taste in tea leave

Which is the main function of the process of curing (in relation to tea leaves)?

their reproductive stage

Which is the only stage in the life cycle of diatoms in which they have flagella?

the correct answer is (a): polymorphic

Which is true about Trypanosoma?: (a) polymorphic (b) monogenetic (c) facultative parasite (d) non-pathogenic

the correct answer is (a): oxygenic with nitrogenase

Which is true for cyanobacteria?: (a) oxygenic with nitrogenase (b) oxygenic without nitrogenase (c) anoxygenic with nitrogenase (d) anoxygenic without nitrogenase

protozoans are found in Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom are protozoans found in?

slime molds are part of Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom are slime molds part of?

Two kingdom classification

Which kingdom classification did Linnaeus give?

6 kingdom classification system

Which kingdom classification system did Carl Woese propose in 1977?

Kingdom Protista contains disease causing parasites along with photosynthetic phytoplankton and non-photosynthetic zooplankton

Which kingdom contains disease-causing parasites along with photosynthetic phytoplankton and non-photosynthetic zooplankton?

Kingdom Protista contains non-photosynthetic zooplankton

Which kingdom contains non-photosynthetic zooplankton?

Kingdom Animalia contains organisms like these

Which kingdom contains organisms that are heterotrophic, multicellular, and lack cell walls?

Kingdom Protista contains photosynthetic phytoplankton, non-photosynthetic zooplankton, and disease-causing parasites

Which kingdom contains photosynthetic phytoplankton, non-photosynthetic zooplanktons, and disease-causing parasites?

Kingdom Protista contains photosynthetic phytoplankton

Which kingdom contains photosynthetic phytoplankton?

Kingdom Protista forms a link between plants, animals, and fungi

Which kingdom from the 5 kingdom classifications, forms a link between plants, animals, and fungi?

Kingdom Fungi has multicellular/loose tissue level of body organization

Which kingdom has organisms with multicellular/loose tissue level of body organization?

Kingdom Plantae has organisms with tissue/organ level of body organization

Which kingdom has organisms with tissue/organ level of body organization?

Kingdom Archaebacteria is the only kingdom present in Domain Archaea

Which kingdom is present in Domain Archaea in the six kingdom classification?

Kingdom Eubacteria is the only kingdom present in Domain Bacteria

Which kingdom is present in Domain Bacteria in the six kingdom classification system?

slime molds occur in Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom is the group of organisms know as slime molds in?

chrysophytes occur in Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom is the group of organisms known as chrysophytes in?

dinoflagellates occur in Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom is the group of organisms known as dinoflagellates in?

euglenoids occur in Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom is the group of organisms known as euglenoids in?

protozoans occur in Kingdom Protista

Which kingdom is the group of organisms known as protozoans in?

the four kingdom system

Which kingdom system did Copeland develop?

three kingdom classification system

Which kingdom system did Haeckel develop?

Whittaker introduced the five kingdom system

Which kingdom system did R.H. Whittaker introduce?

Kingdom Fungi was added

Which kingdom was added to the four kingdom system to form the five kingdom system?

Kingdom Monera was added

Which kingdom was added to the three kingdom system to form the four kingdom system?

Kingdom Protista was added

Which kingdom was added to the two kingdom system to form the three kingdom system?

both these genera were classified into Kingdom Plantae

Which kingdom were Genera Chlamydomonas and Chlorella classified in because of them having cell walls?

Kingdom Protista's boundaries are not well defined because what may be a "photosynthetic protist" to one biologist might be a "plant" to another

Which kingdom's boundaries are not well defined? Why?

Kingdom Plantae's members are also known as metaphyta

Which kingdom's members are also known as metaphyta?

Kingdom Animalia's members are also known as metazoa

Which kingdom's members are also known as metazoa?

Kingdom Fungi's members are known as mycota

Which kingdom's members are known as mycota?

the organisms of Kingdom Fungi cosmopolitan

Which kingdom's organisms are cosmopolitan/omnipresent and occur everywhere such as in air, water, soil, on animals and plants, etc?

organisms of Kingdom Fungi (except yeast) are filamentous

Which kingdom's organisms have filamentous bodies consisting of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae?

Kingdom Animalia's organisms have higher forms that show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanisms

Which kingdom's organisms have higher forms that show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanisms?

organisms of Kingdom Fungi prefer to grow in warm and humid places

Which kingdom's organisms prefer to grow in warm and humid places even though they are cosmopolitan and occur everywhere such as in air, water, soil, on animals, and plants, etc, where do they prefer to grow?

the organisms of Kingdom Animalia use these heterotrophic modes of nutrition

Which kingdom's organisms use heterotrophic (holozoic/saprophytic) modes of nutrition?

Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia

Which kingdoms are included in the four kingdom system?

Kingdoms Plantae, Protista, and Animalia

Which kingdoms are included in the three kingdom system?

Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Which kingdoms are present in Domain Eukarya?

Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Which kingdoms were defined by Whittaker in the five kingdom classification system?

each has pseudopodia

Which locomotory and feeding structure does each pseudopodiospore (in the cyst of a Amoeba in multiple fission) have?

morels and truffles

Which members of ascomycetes are edible and considered delicacies?

chromatophores are the membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria that are the site of photosynthesis -Note: chromatophores also contain photosynthetic pigment

Which membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria are the site of photosynthesis?

chromatophores are the membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria that contain photosynthetic pigment -Note: chromatophores are also the site of photosynthesis

Which membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria contain photosynthetic pigment?

multiple fission (by encystment)

Which method of reproduction do Amoeba use during adverse environmental conditions?

the correct answer is (b): conjugation

Which method of reproduction is absent in Amoeba?: (a) sporulation (b) conjugation (c) binary fission (d) multiple fission

all protozoans are heterotrophs (either predators or parasites)

Which mode of nutrition do all protozoans use?

mycoplasma use heterotrophic modes of nutrition such as saprotrophic and parasitic

Which mode of nutrition do mycoplasma use?

organisms of Kingdom Animalia use heterotrophic (holozoic/saprophytic) modes of nutrition

Which mode of nutrition do organisms of Kingdom Animalia use?

organisms of Kingdom Fungi use heterotrophic modes of nutrition (saprophytic/parasitic)

Which mode of nutrition do organisms of Kingdom Fungi use?

the majority of chrysophytes use the autotrophic mechanism - photosynthesis

Which mode of nutrition do the majority of chrysophytes use?

zoospores are the motile spores used in asexual reproduction in phycomycetes

Which motile spores are used in asexual reproduction in phycomycetes?

nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria from Genus Nostoc

Which nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria is given in the figure?

aplanospores

Which non-motile spores are used for asexual reproduction in phycomycetes?

macronucleus is known as the vegetative nucleus

Which nuclei of the two present in ciliated protozoans is known as the vegetative nucleus?

the macronucleus controls metabolic activities and growth

Which nucleus in ciliated protozoans controls metabolic activities and growth?

the macronucleus is larger

Which nucleus in ciliated protozoans is the larger of the two nuclei present?

flagella are used by flagellated protozoans

Which of the 4 types of protozoans use flagella for locmotion?

the correct answer is (a): Albugo candida -Note: Puccinia causes rust on wheat, while Albugo causes white rust of crucifers

Which of the following fungi is a parasite on mustard plant and causes the disease - white rust of crucifers?: (a) Albugo candida (b) Puccinia graminis tritici (c) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (d) Ustilago hordei

the correct answer is (c): cells possess well-developed membrane-bound cell organelles

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the structure of a typical bacterial cell?: (a) cells possess naked, circular DNA that is folded to form a nucleoid (b) cells are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall and a mucilaginous sheath (c) cells possess well-developed membrane-bound cell organelles (d) ribosomes in these cells are 70S in nature

the correct answer is (a): red rot of sugarcane -Note: red rot of sugarcane is actually caused by the deuteromycetes fungus - Colletotrichum falcatum

Which of the following is not a viral disease of plants?: (a) red rot of sugarcane (b) tobacco mosaic disease (c) leaf curl of tomato (d) tristeza disease of citrus

the correct answer is (b): Protista

Which of the following kingdoms has no well-defined boundaries?: (a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) None of these

the correct answer is (c): Nostoc

Which of the following organisms can be used in the reclamation of soil (cultivation of waste land or land under water)?: (a) viruses (b) mycoplasma (c) Nostoc (d) fungi

the correct answer is (a): Aspergillus

Which of the following secretes toxins when crop plants are stored?: (a) Aspergillus (b) Colletotrichum (c) Fusarium (d) none

(i) and (vi)

Which of the following statements about lichen are incorrect (select two)?: (i) They represent an example of commensalism (ii) Algal partner obtains water and mineral salts from the fungus and the fungal partner obtains food prepared by the algae (iii) These do not grow in polluted areas (iv) The mycobiont is usually an ascomycetes or basidiomycetes (v) The phycobiont is usually a green algae or cyanobacterium (vi) These constitute the pioneer community in the case of hydrosere

the answer is (a): they grow very rapidly (2 cm per day)

Which of the following statements about lichen is wrong?: (a) they grow very rapidly (2 cm per day) (b) they show fungal and algal symbiotic relationships (c) some of its species are eaten by reindeers (d) these are pollution indicators

the correct statements are (i),(ii), (iii), and (vi) -Note: yellow rust of wheat is caused by Puccinia striiformis, not Puccinia graminis

Which of the following statements are true?: (i) The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms (ii) The common mushroom and toadstools are fungi (iii) White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to the presence of parasitic fungus (iv) Some unicellular fungi (Ustilago) are used to make bread and beer (v) Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for yellow rust of wheat (vi) Penicillium yields the antibiotic penicillin

the incorrect statement is (b) -Note: actinomycetes are actually bacteria and not a class of fungi

Which of the following statements is incorrect?: (a) Pathogenic bacteria cause 90% of human diseases (b) A large number of antibiotics are produced by actinomycetes (e.g., Streptomyces), which are a class of fungi (c) N2-fixing bacteria pick up free N2 from the soil and atmosphere and convert it into nitrogenous compounds (d) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions

(iv) is incorrect

Which of the following statements is incorrect?: (i) Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by viroids (ii) Viruses are obligate parasites (iii) Retoviruses have two copies of ssRNA (iv) Capsomeres are arranged in rounded form

the correct answer is (a): low concentration of nitrogenous nutrients

Which of the following will favor endospore formation?: (a) low concentration of nitrogenous nutrients (b) high concentration of nitrogenous nutrients (c) low concentration of oxygen (d) none of these

Kingdom Protista has no well-defined boundaries

Which of the kingdoms from the five-kingdom classification has no well-defined boundaries?

the only wrong statement is (c): they can be cultured in artificial medium without living medium

Which of the statements is wrong in the case of viruses?: (a) They can be crystallized (b) They do not have their own machinery (c) They can be cultured in artificial medium without living medium (d) None of the above

blue-green bacteria (also known as blue-green algae or cyanophyta)

Which of the two groups of cyanobacteria includes the majority?

the grass-green bacteria, chloroxybacteria

Which of the two groups of cyanobacteria is the minority?

archaebacteria are known as ancient bacteria

Which of the two major groups of bacteria in Kingdom Monera are known as ancient bacteria?

eubacteria are known as true bacteria

Which of the two major groups of bacteria in Kingdom Monera are known as true bacteria?

the micronucleus is termed as the reproductive nucleus

Which of the two nuclei in ciliated protozoans is termed as the reproductive nucleus?

the micronucleus takes part in reproduction in ciliated protozoans

Which of the two nuclei present in ciliated protozoans takes part in reproduction?

the correct answer is (b): Amanita muscaria

Which one of the following fungi contain hallucinogens?: (a) Morchella esculenta (b) Amanita muscaria (c) Neurospora (d) Ustilago

the incorrect answer is (a): yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-like hyphae

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?: (a) yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-like hyphae (b) morels and truffles are edible delicacies (c) Claviceps is a source of many alkaloids and LSD (d) conidia are produced exogenously and ascospores endogenously

the correct answer is (b): Leuko virus -Note: the leuko virus is a retrovirus with the enzyme: reverse transcriptase

Which one of the following viruses contains both DNA and RNA?: (a) Herpes virus (b) Leuko virus (c) Polio virus (d) Cyanophage

prions are unaffected by proteases, nucleases, UV rays, etc.

Which organism is unaffected by proteases, nucleases, UV rays, etc.?

red dinoflagellates

Which organism of Kingdom Protista undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red?

the protoplasm of plasmodial slime mold is considered the purest in the world

Which organism's protoplasm is considered the purest in the world?

the protoplasm of plasmodial slime mold is considered the purest in the world because it is differentiated into outer-enucleated and central nucleated portions

Which organism's protoplasm is considered the purest in the world? Why is this organism's protoplasm considered the purest in the world?

slime molds are known as false fungi or protistan fungi

Which organisms are also known as false fungi or protistan fungi?

all chlorophyll containing eukaryotes

Which organisms are classified into Kingdom Plantae?

actinomycetes are bacteria that are known for being able to produce a large number of antibiotics

Which organisms are known for being able to produce a large number of antibiotics (75% of antibiotics)?

they're capable of being pathogenic in both plants and animals -Note: mycoplasmas can be either pathogenic in plants and animals or they can be saprophytes

Which organisms are mycoplasmas capable of being pathogenic in?

viruses are noncellular

Which organisms are non-cellular?

-viruses -viriods -prions -lichens

Which organisms are not mentioned in Whittaker's 5 kingdom classification?

viruses are nucleoproteins and are not included in the 5 kingdom classification

Which organisms are nucleoproteins are not included in the 5 kingdom classification?

viruses are nucleoproteins

Which organisms are nucleoproteins?

prions cause Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Which organisms are the cause of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

prions cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Which organisms are the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

lichens are the first to die since they cannot live in polluted environments at all

Which organisms are the first to die if the amount of SO2 in the atmosphere increases (pollution increases), in a particular location?

viroids are unlike viruses and are smaller than them, lacking a protein coat (capsid), and are basically just free RNA

Which organisms are unlike viruses and are smaller than them, lacking a protein coat (capsid), and are basically just free RNA?

lichens are very good pollution indicators

Which organisms are very good indicators of pollution?

lichens are very good pollution indicators since they do not grow in polluted areas

Which organisms are very good pollution indicators? How?

pathogenic bacteria

Which organisms cause 90% of all human diseases?

viruses cause AIDS

Which organisms cause AIDS?

prions cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called mad cow disease in cattle, and its analogous variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Which organisms cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called mad cow disease in cattle, and its analogous variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

viruses cause herpes

Which organisms cause herpes?

viruses cause influenza

Which organisms cause influenza?

viruses cause measles

Which organisms cause measles?

viruses cause mumps

Which organisms cause mumps?

viruses cause polio

Which organisms cause polio?

viroids cause potato spindle tuber disease

Which organisms cause potato spindle tuber disease?

viruses cause smallpox

Which organisms cause smallpox?

viruses cause all of these diseases

Which organisms cause the following diseases: mumps, smallpox, polio, herpes, measles, influenza, and AIDS?

viroids contain RNA of low molecular weight as their genetic material

Which organisms contain RNA of low molecular weight as their genetic material?

bacteria contain ribosomes that are 70S in nature

Which organisms contain ribosomes in their cell that are of 70S nature?

cyanobacteria contain these 3 photosynthetic pigments

Which organisms contain the following 3 photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a (similar to green plants), carotenes, and xanthophylls?

filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc and Anabaena

Which organisms contain the specialized cells known as heterocysts that contain the enzyme nitrogenase and are specialized to form N2 fixation?

-the roots of Anthoceros and Trifolium -the stems of Gunnera

Which organisms does the cyanobacteria, Nostoc, form symbiotic associations with?

mycoplasma are known as the "Jokers of Plant Kingdom"

Which organisms from Kingdom Monera are known as the "Jokers of Plant Kingdom"?

Euglenoids are found in stagnant fresh water

Which organisms from Kingdom Protista are found in stagnant freshwater?

slime molds are known as fungus animals

Which organisms from Kingdom Protista are known as fungus animals?

dinoflagellates generally have 2 different flagella: one that lies longitudinally and the other lies transversely in a furrow between the wall plates

Which organisms from Kingdom Protista generally have 2 different flagella?

methanogens gain energy by reducing CO2 and oxidizing hydrogen

Which organisms gain energy by reducing CO2 and oxidizing hydrogen?

viruses have an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell

Which organisms have an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell?

cyanobacteria have blooms of population in water bodies

Which organisms in Kingdom Monera have blooms of their population in water bodies?

it is similar to green plants and algae

Which organisms is the chlorophyll a present in cyanobacteria, similar to?

cyanobacteria are classified as photoautotrophs

Which organisms of the overarching group of eubacteria in Kingdom Monera are classified as photoautotrophs?

bacteria take care of the digestion and breakdown of organic compounds in the organic cycle

Which organisms take care of the digestion and breakdown of organic compounds in the carbon cycle?

its genetic material (which can either be RNA or DNA but never both)

Which part of a virus is infectious?

chlorophyll is present in Euglena

Which photosynthetic pigment is present in Euglena?

chlorophyll a

Which pigment do cyanobacteria have, that is similar to green plants?

it is done in tea leaves and tobacco

Which plants is the process of curing done in?

SO2

Which pollutant substance are lichens very sensitive to?

RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Which polymerase do retroviruses carry genes for?

the process of autoclaving

Which process is used to kill bacterial endospores?

chrysophytes are microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton)

Which protists are microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton)?

ciliated protozoans are

Which protozoans are exclusively aquatic?

sporozoans lack locomotory organs

Which protozoans lack locomotory organs?

amoeboid protozoans live in freshwater, seawater, or moist soil

Which protozoans live in freshwater, seawater, or moist soil?

ciliated protozoans show nuclear dimorphism since they contain a larger macronucleus (= meganucleus) and a smaller micronucleus

Which protozoans show nuclear dimorphism since they contain a larger macronucleus (known as meganucleus) and a smaller micronucleus?

ciliated protozoans show nuclear dimorphism

Which protozoans show nuclear dimorphism?

HIV-I

Which retrovirus can cause leukemia in humans?

spirilla bacteria have flagella for movement

Which shape of bacteria have flagella for movement?

bacillus bacteria have spores

Which shape of bacteria have spores?

reverse transcriptase

Which special enzyme is present in the retrovirus known as leuko virus, that allows it have both DNA and RNA?

bacterial plasmids may carry some genes of resistance to antibiotics

Which special genes are bacterial plasmids capable of carrying?

flagella

Which special structure do spirilla bacteria have that allows for movement?

nuclear dimorphism (showing two types of nuclei)

Which special trait do ciliated protozoans show?

some dinoflagellates show bioluminescence

Which special trait do some dinoflagellates show that led them to be named as "night light"?

heterocysts contain the enzyme nitrogenase in cyanobacteria

Which specialized cells contain the enzyme nitrogenase in cyanobacteria?

heterocysts perform N2 fixation in cyanobacteria

Which specialized cells perform N2 fixation in cyanobacteria?

columnella

Which specialized structure is found in the sporangium of the phycomycetes fungus - Rhizopus?

Amanita muscaria

Which species of basidiomycetes fungi contain hallucinogens?

ascospores are the sexual spores produced endogenously in the asci

Which spores are produced endogenously in the asci of ascomycetes?

ascospores are produced endogenously in the asci of ascomycetes and conidia are produced exogenously on conidiophores

Which spores are produced endogenously in the asci of ascomycetes? Which spores are produced exogenously?

zoospores and aplanospores are produced endogenously in the sporangium of phycomycetes

Which spores are produced endogenously in the sporangium of Phycomycetes?

conidia are the asexual spores produced exogenously on conidiophores in ascomycetes

Which spores are produced exogenously on conidiophores in ascomycetes?

conidia are asexual spores that are produced exogenously on the special mycelium (conidiophores) of the ascomycetes

Which spores are produced exogenously on the special mycelium (conidiophores) of the ascomycetes?

zoospores (motile) and aplanospores (non-motile)

Which spores are used for asexual reproduction in phycomycetes?

conidiospores (also known as conidia)

Which spores are used to do asexual reproduction in Genus Penicillium (which is a genus of the fungal group - ascomycetes)?

deuteromycetes use conidia to reproduce asexually

Which spores do deuteromycetes use to reproduce asexually?

stored fruits, vegetables, food grains, seeds, etc.

Which stored food items does Aspergillus produce aflatoxins in?

stored rice, barley, and corn

Which stored food items does Penicillium produce yellow rice toxin in?

plasma membrane, mesosome, nucleoid, cytoplasm, etc.

Which structures are internal to the cell wall of bacteria?

teichoic acid is absent in the cell walls of Gram -ve bacteria

Which substance is absent in the cell walls of Gram -ve bacteria?

teichoic acid

Which substance is present in the cell walls of Gram +ve bacteria?

chitin

Which substance is present in the cell walls of organisms in Kingdom Fungi?

peptidoglycan is absent in the cell walls of archaebacteria

Which substance present in the cell walls of other bacteria is not present in the cell walls of archaebacteria?

peptidoglycan is absent in the cell walls of archaebacteria, and this feature allows for their survival in extreme conditions

Which substance present in the cell walls of other bacteria is not present in the cell walls of archaebacteria? Why is this substance not present in the cell walls of archaebacteria?

high lipid content in the cell wall of Gram -ve bacteria

Which substance's high content in the cell of Gram -ve bacteria causes their cell wall to get dissolved in organic solvents like acetone, alcohol, etc.?

chemoautotrophic bacteria oxidize nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, while they recycle nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur

Which substances do chemoautotrophic oxidize? Which substances do they recycle?

he coined the term "virus"

Which term did Louis Pasteur coin?

aflatoxin

Which toxin does Aspergillus produce in stored fruits, vegetables, food grains, seeds, etc?

yellow rice toxins

Which toxin does Penicillium produce in stored rice, barley, and corn?

-leaf blight of rice -citrus canker

Which two common plant diseases are the bacteria of Genus Xanthomonas, known to cause?

an algal and fungal component

Which two components form a lichen?

animals with red blood (enaima) and animals with a color of blood other than red (anaima)

Which two groups did Aristotle try and scientifically classify all animals into?

slime molds (saprophytic) and protozoans (predators and/or parasites)

Which two groups of organisms from Kingdom Protista are specifically only heterotrophic?

they show both autotrophic (chemosynthesis/photosynthesis) and heterotrophic (saprotrophic, symbiotic, and parasitic) modes of nutrition

Which two modes of nutrition do bacteria show?

diatoms and golden algae (desmids)

Which two organisms do chrysophytes from Kingdom Protista, include?

karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium of basidiomycetes

Which two processes take place in the basidium of basidiomycetes?

karyogamy and meiosis take place within the basidium producing 4 basidiospores exogenously

Which two processes take place in the basidium of basidiomycetes? What do these two processes produce?

Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum

Which two species of the ascomycetes fungus, Genus Penicillium, are known to help produce the wonder drug penicillin?

a larger macronucleus (= meganucleus) and a smaller micronucleus

Which two types of nuclei are present in ciliated protozoans?

the correct answer is (a): circular and free DNA

Which type of DNA is found in bacteria?: (a) circular and free DNA (b) membrane bound DNA (c) straight DNA (d) helical DNA

vibirum bacteria

Which type of bacteria are comma-shaped?

bacillus bacteria

Which type of bacteria are rod-shaped?

coccus bacteria

Which type of bacteria are spherical in shape?

spirillum bacteria

Which type of bacteria are spiral shaped?

mycelial bacteria known as actinomycetes

Which type of bacteria produce the maximum number of antibiotics?

heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature

Which type of bacteria, based on modes of nutrition, are the most abundant in nature?

heterotrophic bacteria are helpful in making curd from milk

Which type of bacteria, on the basis of modes of nutrition, are helpful in making curd from milk?

heterotrophic bacteria are used in the production of antibiotics

Which type of bacteria, on the basis of modes of nutrition, are used in the production of antibiotics?

heterotrophic bacteria fix nitrogen in legume roots

Which type of bacteria, on the basis of modes of nutrition, fix nitrogen in legume roots?

foliose lichen are also known as shelf fungus

Which type of lichen are also known as shelf fungus?

foliose lichen are from Genus Parmelia

Which type of lichen is part of Genus Parmelia?

crustose lichen are included in Genus Graphics

Which type of lichens are included in Genus Graphics?

zygospores

Which type of spores are produced from sexual reproduction of two isogamous or heterogamous gametes in phycomycetes?

Leuko virus (a retrovirus with the enzyme: reverse transcriptase)

Which virus is an exception to the rule that "viruses cannot contain both RNA and DNA"?

1971

Which year did T.O. Diener discover viroids in?

15 minutes

While autoclaving bacterial endospores to kill them, what is the amount of time for which the autoclaving occurs at 121 degrees celsius?

121 degrees celsius

While autoclaving bacterial endospores to kill them, what is the temperature at which the autoclaving occurs for 15 minutes?

Louis Pasteur

Who coined the term "virus"?

Christian Gram

Who developed Gram staining and coined the term as well?

T.O. Diener

Who discovered viroids in 1971?

T.O. Diener discovered viroids in 1971

Who discovered viroids? Which year were they discovered in?

Copeland

Who gave the four kingdom system?

Haeckel

Who introduced the three kingdom system?

Carl Woese

Who proposed the 6 kingdom classification in 1977?

R. H. Whittaker

Who proposed the five kingdom classification system?

Pasteur. Dmitiri Ivanowsky recognized certain microbes to be the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco

Who recognized certain microbes to be the causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco?

Pasteur. Dmitri Ivanowsky

Who said that the name "virus" meant venom or poisonous fluid, in 1892?

W. M. Stanley showed that viruses could be crystallized and that the crystals consisted largely of proteins

Who showed that viruses could be crystallized and that the crystals consisted largely of proteins?

Aristotle

Who was the earliest one to attempt a more a scientific basis for classification?

because the cell wall is absent in these organisms

Why are PPLOS (pleuropneumonia-like organisms -- another name for mycoplasma) insensitive to antibiotics that affect cell wall synthesis?

due to the presence of a number of cilia

Why are ciliated protozoans actively moving?

because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known

Why are deuteromycetes commonly known as imperfect fungi?

because of the change in proportion in various pigments present in their cell

Why are dinoflagellates able to show 5 different colors: yellow, green, brown, blue, and red?

because they act like photosynthesizes in the presence of light and like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms in the absence of light

Why are euglenoids considered the connecting link between plants and animals?

since they are found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration

Why are halophiles termed as "salt-loving bacteria"?

since they do not grow in polluted areas

Why are lichens very good pollution indicators?

since all the organisms in this kingdom are prokaryotic

Why are membrane-bound organelles present in the organisms from Kingdom Monera?

because they are obligate anaerobes

Why are methanogens found in oxygen-deficient environments?

because they lack a cell wall

Why are mycoplasma pleomorphic (flexible in shape)?

because a plant can form associations with several fungi

Why are mycorrhizal associations not very specific?

because they show bioluminescence due to photogenic granules in their cytoplasm

Why are some dinoflagellates known as night light?

because they are all poisonous

Why are toadstool fungi not edible?

because they both require the environment of a cell to replicate and cannot replicate on their own

Why are viruses no more "alive" than isolated chromosomes are?

viruses are not host-specific because viruses they do not only have to live on a single type or species of host

Why are viruses not host-specific organisms?

because they are not considered truly living

Why are viruses not included in the 5 kingdom classification?

because they are unicellular

Why are yeast are non-filamentous and do not contain hyphae like the other ascomycetes fungi?

because it acts photosynthetic in presence of light and heterotrophic in absence of light and so it acts as a plant and an animal and so it cannot be classified directly into either Kingdom Plantae or Animalia

Why cannot Euglena be classified on the basis of the two-kingdom system of classification?

because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer which prevents the washing of the crystal violet stain by organic solvents such as acetone, alcohol, etc.

Why do Gram +ve bacteria retain the Gram stain?

since no gametes are formed --> no syngamy or reduction division occurs --> therefore, no alternation of generation

Why do bacteria lack alternation of generation?

-fresh-water protozoans live in a hypotonic environment and so it is necessary for them to be able to store and more importantly, remove, excess water during endosmosis -marine protozoans live in a hypertonic environment and so they need to be able to conserve water instead of getting rid of it since they are actually hypotonic to their surrounding water

Why do fresh-water protozoans have a contractile vacuole, and why don't marine protozoans have one?

since they are hypotonic to their environment, because they live in a hypertonic environment, and so they need to conserve water instead of getting rid of it

Why do marine protozoans not have a contractile vacuole that is used for osmoregulation?

because viruses don't show their own metabolism

Why do most antibiotics not have any effect on viruses?

since they are eukaryotic

Why do protists have membrane-bound organelles?

since water will keep entering into the contractile vacuole, increasing its size and ultimately causing it to burst and disappear

Why does the contractile vacuole of a fresh-water protozoan increase in size and eventually burst when the organism is placed in a hypotonic solution?

because they have a highly siliceous wall

Why don't diatoms decay very easily?

because it can be easily cultured

Why is E. coli used extensively in biological research?

since the nucleus is absent in the prokaryotes (which are all Monerans)

Why is genetic information not organized into a nucleus in Monerans?

peptidoglycan is not present in the cell walls of archaebacteria because unlike other bacteria, they have to survive in extreme conditions and the lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls allows this

Why is peptidoglycan not present in the cell walls of archaebacteria, while it is present in the cell walls of other bacteria?

because of the high lipid content of the cell wall (of Gram -ve bacteria), which gets dissolved in organic solvents like acetone, alcohol, etc., and then alcohol decolorizes the newly exposed and thin peptidoglycan layer by removing the crystal violet dye

Why is the Gram stain washed out from Gram -ve bacteria?

because the central pore is barrel-shaped

Why is the central pore present in each septum of a mycelium in basidiomycetes, termed as a dolipore septum?

because it is infectious

Why is the genetic material of viruses important?

it is considered the purest in the world because it is differentiated into outer-enucleated and central nucleated portions

Why is the plasmodial slime mold's protoplasm considered the purest in the world?

because it is only limited to mere genetic recombination

Why is the sexual reproduction that bacteria use to reproduce, not true sexual reproduction?

since meiosis does not occur in the organisms of Kingdom Monera

Why is true sexual reproduction absent in Kingdom Monera?

since it is unicellular and not multicellular like other fungi

Why is yeast not capable using spores, and only can use budding as its form of reproduction?

because fungi and plants orginally used to be grouped together in earlier classifications, and later it was found that both these organisms showed differences in their cell wall compositions since the cell walls of fungi contain chitin, while plants have cellulosic cell walls and so fungi were then separated from plants into their own separate kingdom

Why were fungi placed in their own kingdom -- Kingdom Fungi?

because they lacked the protein coat (capsid) that was found in viruses

Why were the infectious agents that are smaller than viruses, discovered by T.O. Diener in 1971, given the name "viroids"?

these 5 colors are what dinoflagellates can show

Yellow, green, brown, blue, and red are the 5 possible different colors that which organism from Kingdom Protista can show?

Yellowing and vein clearing is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with a virus

Yellowing and vein clearing is one of the symptoms that a plant has been infected with what?

the correct answer is (d): both (a) and (b)

_____________ are important decomposers that cause decay and decomposition of dead bodies of plants and animals. (a) Saprophytic bacteria (b) Saprotrophic fungi (c) Plants, like Sarracenia (d) Both (a) and (b)

Trichome (Nostoc cyanobacteria)

a chain of vegetative cells surrounded by a slimy sheath -Note: vegetative cells do not include heterocysts

Virion

a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell

Transduction in bacteria

a form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) in bacteria in which there's genetic transfer from one bacteria to another through a virus (bacteriophage) and there is no direct contact between the bacterial cells

Transformation in bacteria

a form of sexual reproduction (not true sexual reproduction) where the bacterial cell absorbs DNA from the surrounding environment

Anisogamy

a form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes that differ in size and/or form

trophozoite

a motile and growing/feeding stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host

Lytic phagic reproduction

a subtype of phagic reproduction where only the nucleoid of the virus enters the host cell (which is common to all phagic reproduction) and the lytic cycle occurs causing the host cell to undergo lysis and die

Lysogenic phagic reproduction

a subtype of phagic reproduction where only the nucleoid of the virus enters the host cell (which is common to all phagic reproduction), but the cell does not end up getting lysed (does not undergo lysis) and therefore does not die

Pseudopodia

a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid protozoan cell for movement and feeding.

Thermoacidophiles

a type of archaebacteria that are found in hot sulphur springs

Halophiles

a type of archaebacteria that is termed as a "salt-loving bacteria" since it is found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration

Yeast

a unicellular fungi used to make bread

Plasmodium

an aggregation formed by slime molds under suitable conditions, that can grow and spread over several feet

Symbiosis

any type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic

Acidophiles

archaebacteria that grow in high acidic environments

Fimbriae

bristle-like attachment protein structures on the surface of some prokaryotes/bacteria that are present in multiple numbers and adhere to host tissues

Diatomaceous earth

cell wall deposits from diatoms pile up together at the bottom of water reservoirs, over time (billions of years), and form big heaps called diatomaceous earth, which is gritty soil that can be used in polishing and the filtration of oils and syrups and also in making sound and fire proof rooms

Ascocarps

different types of fruiting bodies within ascomycetes, into which asci are arranged

dsDNA

double stranded DNA

dsRNA

double stranded RNA

Hyphae

each of the individual branching, slender, and thread-like filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Trypanosoma cruzi

flagellated protozoans that cause South American trypanosomiasis (also called Chagas disease)

Giardia intestinalis

flagellated protozoans that cause giardiasis disease in the small intestine of humans

Leishmania donovani

flagellated protozoans that cause kala-azar or dum-dum fever and transmitted by sandflies

Basidiocarps

fruiting bodies in which the basidia of basidiomycetes are arranged

Heterogamous gametes

gametes that are different in morphology

Isogamous gametes

gametes that are similar in morphology

Polymorphic

having various forms

Septate hyphae

hyphae in which cross-walls (septa) divide the hyphae into cellular compartments

Coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae

hyphae that are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm in which there aren't any cross-walls (septa) present and so the hyphae aren't divided into any cellular compartments

Plankton

microscopic organisms that float in water or aquatic environments; includes both phytoplankton and zooplankton

Archaebacteria

one of the two major groups of bacteria from Kingdom Monera and it includes the most primitive prokaryotes found in the most harsh habitats

Ectomycorrhizal association (ectotrophic mycorrhizae)

one of the two types of mycorrhizal association between fungi and the roots of higher plants, and in this association, the fungus exists outside (on top of) the plant body

Endomycorrhizal association (endotrophic mycorrhizae)

one of the two types of mycorrhizal association between fungi and the roots of higher plants, and in this association, the fungus exists within (inside) the plant body

Saprophytic fungi

one of three types of heterotrophic fungi that absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates

Symbiont/symbiotic fungi

one of three types of heterotrophic fungi that live in association with algae in lichen and with the roots of higher plants in mycorrhizal association

Parasitic fungi

one of three types of heterotrophic fungi that live off of living host plants and animals

Obligate parasites

organisms that are unable to live outside of a living host

Obligate anaerobes

organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present, meaning they die in the presence of oxygen

Coprophilous organisms

organisms that grow on dung

Holozoic organisms

organisms that ingest food that is mechanically broken down and is subsequently digested by enzymes produced within the organism

Mixotrophic organisms

organisms that live as photosynthetic autotrophs in the presence of light, but absorb organic nutrients as ingestive heterotrophs in the absence of light

Saprophytic organisms

organisms that obtain their nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter

Anaerobic organisms

organisms that occur in the absence of oxygen or do not require oxygen to live

Aerobic organisms

organisms that require oxygen to live

Copulation

sexual intercourse or the act of mating

Isogamy

sexual reproduction by the fusion of gametes that are similar in morphology

ssDNA

single stranded DNA

ssRNA

single stranded RNA

Alternation of generation

the alternation between the haploid gametophytic and the diploid sporophytic phases in a plant's life cycle

Photosynthesis

the process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Retting

the process of separating fibers that are held together in close association, using a variety of bacteria

Biological classification

the scientific way of orderly arranging organisms into groups on the basis of their similarities and differences in certain easily observable but fundamental characters

Conjugation in bacteria

transfer of genetic material between a donor bacterial cell and a recipient bacterial cell, where the donor has sex pili and F-factor, while the recipient is lacking both sex pili and F-factor