NERC BI - Reliability and Function

Balancing function

1 calculates ace 2 controls load, generation interchange 3 formulate an operational plan 4 reports control performance 5 implement emergency procedures

Generator Operations function

1 formulate daily generation plan 2 report availability status of units and related equipment 3 operate generators to provide real and reactive power or reliability related services per contracts or arrangements

How many NERC regional reliability organizations exist?

8 RROs - WECC MRO NPCC RFC SPP SERC FRCC TRE

Two types of reliability categories

Adequacy - ability to supply the aggregate electrical demand and energy requirements of the end use customers at all times, taking into account scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outages of system elements Operating reliability - the ability to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements from credible contingencies while avoiding uncontrolled cascading blackouts or damage to equipment

RRO functions

All 8 regional reliability organizations has its own NERC approved compliance enforcement program Each RRO must enforce and audit mandatory NERC reliability standards

NERC 2005

April - version 0 reliability standards becomes effective. Voluntary compliance is expected August - The energy policy act of 2005 authorizes creation of an audited self regulatory electric reliability organization spanning north America , with FERC oversight in the US. Legislation affirms compliance with reliability standards will be mandatory and enforceable

NERC 2006

April- NERC applies with FERC the "electric reliability organization" in the US. NERC files 102 reliability standards with FERC - the 90 version 0 standards plus 12 standards developed interim July - FERC certifies NERC as the ERO for the US

Planning Reliability function

Collect information for planning purposes including a transmission facility characteristics and ratings b demand and energy forecasts capacity resources and demand response programs c generation unit performance d long term capacity purchases and sales

The purpose of having reliability standards is to deliver an adequate level of reliability, which is defined by

Controlled System to stay within acceptable limits System can withstand credible contingencies Supply energy requirements at all times

Planning coordinator (PC)

Coordinates and integrates transmission facility and service plans, resource plans and protection system plans among the transmission planner and resource planner within its area of purview and coordinates those plans with the adjoining planning coordinator areas

Transmission Planning (TPL)

Designed so system simulations and associated assessments are developed and used to ensure the transmission system can meet present and future system needs

Voltage and reactive (VAR)

Designed so voltage levels, reactive flows and reactive resources are monitored controlled and maintained within limits to protect equipment and the reliable operation of the BES

Modeling data and analysis (MOD)

Designed to ensure companies are gathering and communicating modeling and data used in analysis to promote the reliable operation of the BES

Communications (COM)

Designed to ensure entities have the proper and adequate primary and backup communications for dealing with normal and emergency situations

Interchange scheduling and coordination (INT)

Designed to promote effective and reliable implementation of interchange schedules for buying and selling power

Planning coordinator tasks

Develop and maintain methodologies for the analysis and simulation of the transmission systems Define and collect information for planning purposes such as: Transmission facility ratings demand forecasts and capacity resources generator unit performance long term capacity purchases and sales Evaluate develop document and report on resource and transmission expansion plans for the PC area including (1+ year): evaluate customer transmission service requests review and determine transfer capability monitor and evaluate transmission expansion plan and resource implementation coordinate projects requiring transmission outages Develop and maintain transmission and resource system models

Transmission owner tasks

Develop interconnection agreements Establish ratings of transmission facilities Design, install, obtain and maintain transmission facilities and associate right of ways Design and authorize maintenance on transmission protective relaying systems special protection systems

How does NERC promote bulk electric system reliability

Developing and enforcing mandatory standards

NERC 1997

Electric system reliability task force determines grid reliability rules must be mandatory and enforceable in an increasingly competitive marketplace. It recommends the creation of an independent, audited self- regulatory electric reliability organization. NERC begins converting its planning policies, criteria and guides into standards

The distribution provider is the person in the field working on the physical connections between the electric system and the

End use customer

What is NERC Mission

Ensure reliability of the north American bulk power system

NERC's core mission

Ensure the reliability of the North American bulk power system through developing and enforcing mandatory standards.

Nuclear plant interface (NUC)

Ensures coordination between nuclear plant generator operators and transmission entities for the purpose of ensuring nuclear plant safe operations and shutdown

Transmission operation (TOP)

Ensures critical reliability parameters are monitored in real time and within operating limits at all times to protect the transmission system from instability or cascading outages

Emergency Preparedness and operations (EOP)

Ensures entities have policies and procedures in place to anticipate, identify, and respond to emergency conditions

Personal performance, training and qualifications (PER)

Ensures personnel have responsibility and authority, appropriate training, competency, and certifications to ensure the stable and reliable operation of the BES

Protection and control (PRC)

Ensures system and equipment protection is coordinated among entities

Generator owner tasks

Establish generating facilities ratings, limits and operating requirements. Design and maintain protective relaying systems of generating plants, transmission lines connecting the generation plant to the transmission system and special protection system Provide verified generating facility performance characteristics / data

NERC June 1 1968

Established after blackout of 1965 Recommended by the Federal Power Commission Nine regional reliability organizations formed under NERC NERC maintains regional planning and coordination guides

The relationship between NERC and FERC is best described

FERC has delegated authority to the electric reliability organization NERC

NERC 2004

Final report on 2003 blackout completed Final recommendation to make all reliability standards mandatory and enforceable

NERC 2003

Huge blackout occurs in NE US and Canada after event both NERC and FERC begin conducting investigations Soon after decided one task force should be formed to conduct a single investigation. Regional reliability organization (RRO) typically investigates disturbances or other events, this rule is disregarded when a major large scale event occurs. In this case a joint task force between FERC and NERC were utilized

NERC functions

Implements reliability standards in accordance with FERC procedures NERC DOES NOT enforce regional reliability

Transmission planner tasks

Maintain and develop methodologies and tools for the analysis and simulation of the transmission system Collect or develop information required for planning purposes, such as transmission facility and generator characteristics and ratings Maintain transmission system models to evaluate BES performance Define system protection and control needs

Balancing Authority Operator (BA)

Maintain balance between loads and resources in real time within its balancing authority area by keeping its actual interchange equal to its scheduled interchange and meeting its frequency bias obligation Load resource balance is measured by the balancing authority's area control error (ACE) The balancing authority receives information from the generator operators and generator owners and provides real time operational information to the reliability coordinator

NERC 2007

March - FERC approves 83 NERC reliability standards, the first set of legally enforceable standards for the US bulk power system April - FERC approves 8 delegation agreements that give authority to monitor and enforce compliance with NERC reliability standards in the us to eight regional entities with NERC continuing in an oversight role June - compliance with approved NERC reliability standards become mandatory and enforceable in the US

Reliability coordinator tasks

Monitor all reliability related parameters including generation dispatch and generation/ transmission maintenance plans identify communicate and direct actions to relieve reliability threats and limit violations develop interconnection reliability operating limits to protect area from instability and cascading perform reliability analysis actual and contingency for reliability area direct revisions to transmission and generation maintenance plans as permitted by agreements direct implementation of emergency procedures including load shedding and direct coordination of system restoration Curtail confirmed interchange that adversely impacts reliability

NERC 1978

NERC adds organizational objectives to charter Define and measure reliability Analyze and testify about legislation affecting reliability Study interregional interconnections Communicate with and educate others about reliability Collect - publish data on future electric supply & demand

NERC 1992

NERC board of trustees states conformance to NERC and regional reliability policies, criteria, and guides should be mandatory to ensure reliability in one of six agreement principle. At this time NERC had no authority to enforce compliance with the policies, criteria and guides

NERC 2002

NERC operating and planning standards become mandatory and enforceable in Ontario

NERC July 1977

New York blackouts occur leading to the first limited reliability provision in federal legislation Legislation enables federal government to propose voluntary standards ( an authority never exercised)

NERC 1999

Nine independent directors added to NERC board, joining the president and 37 industry stakeholder members Control area criteria task force is established by NERC and begins listing all tasks required for maintaining electric reliability through the beginning framework of the reliability standards

Generator operator (GO)

Operates or directs the operation of the generation facilities. Ultimately the generator operators role is to meet generation schedules, manage fuel supplies and provide frequency support and reactive resources without jeopardizing equipment Provides real time operating information to the transmission operator and the balancing authority Adjusts real and reactive power as directed by the balancing authority and transmission operator

Which general group must provide the ratings and limits and operating requirements for their equipment to other entities

Owners

Generator Owner

Owns its generation facilities and provides maintenance for those facilities. Generator owner provides equipment operating limits and supplies this information to the generator operator, reliability coordinator, transmission planner and planning coordinator

Transmission owner

Owns its own transmission facilities and provides for the maintenance of those facilities Specifies equipment operating limits and supplies this information to the transmission operator, reliability coordinator, transmission planner and planning coordinator

Distribution provider tasks

Provide and operate electrical delivery facilities between the transmission system and the end use customer Implement voltage reductions design and maintain protective relaying systems under frequency load shedding systems under voltage load shedding systems and special protection systems that interface with the transmission system provide and implement load shed capability maintain voltage and power factor within specified limits at interconnection

Balancing Authority and interchange coordinator

Provides association interchange details to the balancing authority when energy transfers cross a balancing authority boundary. In many cases the interchange coordinator tasks are being performed by the organization registered as the balancing authority. The functional model could in principle have assigned the interchange coordinator tasks to the balancing authority and avoided the need for a separate interchange function. This approach was not followed because in the future the interchange coordinator tasks may be performed by entities other than a balancing authority.

Benefits of Interconnections

Reduce costs of supplying electricity through Pooling generation Sharing reserves Exchanging power Increasing reliability transmission and generation capability support interconnection frequency Assist in disturbance events

FERC functions

Regulates transmission of electric, gas and oil Review mergers and acquisitions and corporate transactions by electric companies Protection of high voltage reliability through reliability standards Enforcement of regulatory requirements through imposition of civil penalties and other means

Which three entities have to be certified and verified by the RRO before the entity can perform the real time tasks.

Reliability coordinator, balancing authority, transmission owner

FERC

The Energy Regulatory Commission; energy authority and governing body

Functional Model

The NERC functional model is a guideline and organization register as a specific entity in the functional model

NERC

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation, certified as the "electric reliability organization" for the continental United States, compliance monitoring

What is the NERC functional model

The framework for the development and application of the NERC reliability standards

Transmission planner (TP)

The transmission planner develops a long term (1+years) plan for reliability (adequacy) of the interconnected bulk electric transmission systems within its area transmission planners coordinate their plans with the adjoining transmission planners to assess impact of those plans the transmission planner provides its transmission plans to its planning coordinator for review to ensure impacts on the interconnected systems are addressed

Reliability

To ensure reliable operations of the bulk electric system, all entities must communicate and coordinate with each other in accordance with the NERC and RRO reliability standards

NERC 1996

Two major blackouts in the western us prompt WSCC (a regional reliability organization, now western electricity coordinating council) to develop the reliability management system in which members enter voluntarily into agreements into WSCC to pay fines if certain reliability standards are violated

Transmission operators (TO)

Under the reliability coordinator's direction respecting the wide area reliability considerations the TO operates or directs the operation of transmission facilities and maintains the reliability of the system and area for which the transmission operator responsibility The reliability coordinator and the transmission operator have similar roles but different scopes. While the TO directly maintains reliability for its own defined area the RC maintains reliability in concert with the other reliability coordinators for the interconnection as a whole

Load serving entity (LSE)

arranges for the provision of energy to its end use customers by securing energy and transmission services to serve the electric demand but does not provide distribution services (wires)

What is the role of the regional reliability organizations

auditing and compliance enforcement reliability assessments event analysis

Transmission service provider (TSP)

authorizes the use of the transmission system under its authority in most cases the organization serving as transmission service provider is also the market operator

Which entity maintains balance between generation, interchange and loads in real time while meeting frequency bias obligation

balancing authority

Balancing Authority Operator tasks

calculate ace controls load, generation, and interchange formulates an operational plan reports control performance implements emergency procedures The balancing authority receives information from the generator operators and generator owners and provides real time operational information to the reliability coordinator

Reliable bulk power system

capable of meeting electricity needs of end use customers even when unexpected equipment failures or other factors reduce the amount available

Load serving entity tasks

collect individual load profiles identify capability for and communicate request for voluntary load curtailment participate in under frequency load shedding systems and under voltage load shedding systems through identification of critical customer loads hat are to be excluded from the load shedding systems Identify need for facilities and provide capability of self provided reliability related services for its load Develop overall load profiles and forecasts of end user energy requirements Acquire necessary transmission and reliability related services Submit requests for interchange to interchange coordinators manage resource portfolios to meet demand and energy requirements of end use customers

Resource planner tasks

consider generation capacity from resources both inside and outside of the resource planner area monitor and report on its resource plan implementation develop and maintain resource (demand and capacity) models to evaluate resource adequacy collect or develop information required for resource adequacy purposes, such as demand and energy forecasts, capacity resources, demand response programs, generator unit performance characteristics and capabilities, sales and transmission (interface) limits, and long term capacity purchases evaluate, develop, and report on resource adequacy plans for its portion of the transmission planner and planning coordinator area assist in evaluation of resource deliverability

Interconnection reliability operations and coordination (IRO)

designed for reliability coordinators to establish the wide area oversight for the reliable operations of the BES

Facilities design, connection and maintenance (FAC)

designed to ensure all BES facilities are properly connected, rated, maintained and planned. This data is communicated to all interested parties

Resource and Demand Balancing (BAL)

designed to maintain balance of generation to load in the bulk electric system (BES) and support interconnection frequency

Resource planner (RP)

develops long term plan for resource adequacy of specific loads (customer demand and energy requirements) within a resource planner area. Resource is understood to include generation supply and load demand.

Generator operator tasks

formulate daily generation plan report operating and availability status of units and related equipment Operate generators to provide real and reactive power or reliability related services per contracts or arrangements monitor status of generating facilities Support interconnection frequency

Market operator ( MO)

functions its tasks and the interrelationships with other entities are included in the functional model only as an interface point of reliability functions with commercial functions market operations is not a reliability function. NERC does not assign standards requirements to the market operator In a full service market there is a close relationship between the market operator and the balancing authority. In jurisdictions not having a full service market there will often be a utility that may be both the Market operator and the balancing authority and most or all of the associated tasks will be performed internal to the utility

Reliability coordinator (RC)

highest operating authority over the reliability of a wide area that takes precedence over the reliability of any single local area Since the reliability coordinator has the perspective necessary to act in the interest of the wide area reliability, the RC has the authority to direct other functional entities to take certain actions to ensure that its RC area operates reliably the RC ensures the generation demand balance is maintained within its RC area which assures the interconnection frequency remains within acceptable limits

Transmission operator tasks

monitor reliability related parameters and deploy transmission assets within the transmission operator area Develop system operating limits and total transfer capabilities, operate within those limits especially interconnection reliability operating limits develop and implement emergency procedures develop and implement system restoration plans perform reliability analysis (actual and contingency) adjust flow control devices within the transmission operator area to maintain reliability

which group must develop and maintain models to evaluate the system and determine the needs and long term performance

planners

Critical infrastructure protection (CIP)

promotes efficient identification and communication of sabotage events and the identification and protection of critical cyber assets in support of reliable operation of the BES

Distribution provider (DP)

provides the physical connection between end use customers and the electric system including customers served at transmission levels and voltages

Purchasing selling entity tasks

purchase and sell energy or capacity arrange for transmission service required by tariffs Request implementation of arranged interchange

Transmission service provider tasks

receive and process transmission service requests according to the requirements of the tariff maintain commercial interface (OASIS) for receiving and confirming requests for transmission serice according to tariff requirements determine and post available transfer capability values approve or deny transmission service requests approve arranged interchange from transmission service perspective allocate any transmission losses (MWs or funds) among balancing authorities

Which functional entity is to maintain the wide area view and is the highest authority for reliable system operations

reliability coordinator

Purchasing selling entity (PSE)

the purchasing and selling entity arranges for and takes title to capacity and energy it secures from a resource for delivery to a load serving entity the purchasing selling entity arranges for transmission service with the transmission service provider that provides transmission service to the load serving entity under a tariff or market rule the purchasing selling entity also initiates an interchange between balancing authority areas