Nervous System Review

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission (synapse) in correct sequence. (1) action potential causes the calcium gated channels to open (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) calcium signals the release of neurotransmitters via exocytosis

1,5,3,2,4

There are _________ pairs of cranial nerves and ___________ pairs of spinal nerves.

12, 31

Which of the following sequences best represents cerebral spinal fluid circulation? 1.) third ventricle 2.) choroid plexus 3.) lateral ventricles 4.) sub-arachnoid space 5.) fourth ventricle 6.) venous blood

2,3,1,5,4,6

If you were to burn your hand with a candle, what would the sequence of the reflex arc be? (1) motor neuron (2) interneuron (3) effector organ (4) sensory neuron (5) sensory receptor

5, 4, 2, 1, 3

Leak Channels

Allow for ions to move freely through without closing

Motor pathway

An all or none reaction in one direction

Which of the following does the hypothalamus NOT control?

Balance and fine motor skills

During repolarization

Both potassium rushes out and the sodium potassium pump re-establishes polarization

Mechanoreceptors

Detect chemicals changes

T/F: During a polarized state, the neuron is said to be more positive on the inside in relation to the outside. This is because more potassium ions are leaking out causing the internal environment to be positive.

False

T/F: The spinal cord root associated with the sensory pathway is the ventral root. The nerve impulses in this pathway are propagated (sent) towards the spinal cord.

False

If you want to consciously walk up the stairs, this thought starts:

In the pre central gyrus

The sympathetic nervous system

Is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

The sympathetic nervous system

Is typically associated with a rapid changes in vital signs

At night you become very drowsy this may be a direct result of __________ which is being released from the ____________.

Melatonin, pineal gland

Which of the following does NOT require ATP usage?

Movement of ions through leak channels

Case Scenario: You are sitting at home and you notice that you smell something. The smell is that of natural gas. You immediately check the house and don't notice any fires of sorts. You're a bit worried that this may be a gas leak and panic in a way. You notice your heart rate is thumping and respiratory rates are a bit labored. You immediately leave the house and ran to a neighbor's house were you become very concerned and worried not only for your house but also for your pets that are still inside the house. You call 911 and the fire department determines that there was indeed a natural gas leak and you were lucky to escape without being harmed In this case scenario your instincts allowed you used your sense of smell to determine there was a problem, this was:

Part of the cranial nerves sensing the gases

Graded potential

Short lived changes in membrane potentials

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across an excitable living membranes?

Sodium and potassium leak channels in the membrane are always open which allows for ion movement.

The __________________ "resets" the ionic concentration differences and exchanges ________ sodium for ______ potassium.

Sodium potassium pump, 3, 2

T/F: The astrocyte cell is a glial cell that is responsible for the blood brain barrier and is found wrapping its cellular extension around blood vessels and neurons.

True

Case Scenario: You are sitting at home and you notice that you smell something. The smell is that of natural gas. You immediately check the house and don't notice any fires of sorts. You're a bit worried that this may be a gas leak and panic in a way. You notice your heart rate is thumping and respiratory rates are a bit labored. You immediately leave the house and run to a neighbor's house were you become very concerned and worried not only for your house but also for your pets that are still inside the house. You call 911 and the fire department determines that there was indeed a natural gas leak and you were lucky to escape without being harmed In this case scenario, you physically leaving the house

Was a conscious decision helped by the epinephrine that allowed you to move your muscles quickly

The myelinated sheath

Wraps around the cell body

Case Scenario: You are sitting at home and you notice that you smell something. The smell is that of natural gas. You immediately check the house and don't notice any fires of sorts. You're a bit worried that this may be a gas leak and panic in a way. You notice your heart rate is thumping and respiratory rates are a bit labored. You immediately leave the house and walk to a neighbor's house were you become very concerned and worried not only for your house but also for your pets that are still inside the house. You call 911 and the fire department determines that there was indeed a natural gas leak and you were lucky to escape without being harmed. In this case scenario, after you left the house

You were releasing acetylcholine as you were in the parasympathetic nervous division

Case Scenario: You are sitting at home and you notice that you smell something. The smell is that of natural gas. You immediately check the house and don't notice any fires of sorts. You're a bit worried that this may be a gas leak and panic in a way. You notice your heart rate is thumping and respiratory rates are a bit labored. You immediately left the house and ran to a neighbor's house were you become very concerned and worried not only for your house but also for your pets that are still inside the house. You call 911 and the fire department determines that there was indeed a natural gas leak and you were lucky to escape without being harmed. In this case scenario, after you left the house

You were releasing acetylcholine as you were in the sympathetic nervous division

Which of the following does NOT describe the Autonomic Nervous System?

a system of motor neurons that innervates all skeletal muscle cells

Synaptic vesicles found in the presynaptic terminals of the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine

Which of the following describes the nervous systems integration function?

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Neuroglial cells

are classified as permanent cells

The anatomical part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

axon

The central nervous system is composed of the

brain and spinal cord

neurotransmitters

chemicals that stimulate effector organs

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?

constriction of the stomach

The anterior portion of the sclera that is transparent is the

cornea

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

The __________________ are the structures of the neuron in which action potentials are being sent towards the cell body.

dendrites

What does "B" best represent?

depolarization

What does "E" best represent?

depolarization

Nocciceptors

detect pain

Action potential

directly effects the effector organ

During depolarization the inside of the cell becomes more _____________ because ________ rushes into the cell.

egative -90mv, potassium

The ciliated CNS neuroglia that plays an active role in producing and moving the cerebrospinal fluid are the:

ependymal cells

The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body because:

fibers cross over right below the hypothalamus

What does "E" best represent?

hyperpolarization

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

iris

The motor pathway

is always sending information to an effector organ

Your iris

is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Emotions, fears and memories of specific events that cause emotions are associated with the:

limbic system

Sensory patheay

located in the dorsal root

Stimulating the sympathetic nervous sytem results with stimulation of

motor neuron

The portion of the neural reflex arc that stimulates an effector organ is referred to as the:

motor neuron

The charge on the inside of a cell upon completion of repolarization is ________________.

negative -70mv

In what way does the interior of a cell membrane of a polarized cell differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.

negatively charged and contains less sodium

Conscious perception/interpretation of vision reflects activity in the ________.

occipital lobe of the cerebrum

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

oligodendrocytes

Which of these meningeal membranes is considered to be the least durable and found against the nervous tissue?

pia matter

Immediately after an action potential has peaked (after depolarization), which cellular gates open?

potassium

Which ion is most permeable in a polarized neuron?

potassium

What does "C" best represent?

repolarization

The sodium potassium pump ________________, and exchanges ___________.

resets the ionic concentration difference, 3 sodium for 2 potassium

What does "A" best represent?

resting membrane potential

The ion found predominately in the intracellular fluid in a resting cell is

sodium

During depolarization you would find ________________ moving into the cell.

sodium ions

Referred pain is the result of the body not able to properly determine the _____________ from the ________________ and thus gives us pain in other areas of the body.

somatic pain receptors, visceral pain receptors

______________inhibits melatonin release

sunlight

Which of these is not associated with the motor pathway?

sympathetic

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.

sympathetic nervous system

The area where an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is referred to as the ________.

synapse

The blind spot of the eye is where ________.

the optic nerve enters/leaves the eye

What does "D" best represent?

threshold that needs to be met

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

vision in dim light

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential (charge) and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

voltage-gated channel

The myelinated sheath

wraps around the cell body