Neuro 2
Which are correct a) drugs lowering excitotoxicity can slow the progression of dementia b) tiapride is a selective antagonists of dopamine receptors c) memantine (castlechtym??) blocking NMDA glutamate receptors improves the transmission of neuronal excitation. d) increased production and decreased metabolism of beta-amyloid is one of the mechanisms leading to disability of Alzheimer's dementia
a) drugs lowering excitotoxicity can slow the progression of dementia b) tiapride is a selective antagonists of dopamine receptors c) memantine (castlechtym??) blocking NMDA glutamate receptors improves the transmission of neuronal excitation. d) increased production and decreased metabolism of beta-amyloid is one of the mechanisms leading to disability of Alzheimer's dementia
a) enlargement of lat ventricles in schizophrenia correlates with good treatment response b) absence of gliosis supports the hypothesis about neurodegenerative cause of schizophrenia c) people that develop schizophrenia show higher occurence of birth complications d) positive symptoms of schizophrenia are connected to the change of blood circulation in the parahippocampal gyrus
a) enlargement of lat ventricles in schizophrenia correlates with good treatment response c) people that develop schizophrenia show higher occurence of birth complications d) positive symptoms of schizophrenia are connected to the change of blood circulation in the parahippocampal gyrus
Which of the following is true a) thalamus is a part of diencephalon b) the pyramidal tract has 2 neurons c) the mesencephalic nucleus of the 5th nerve has pseudounipolar cells for proprioception d) the indentation of the spinal cord is deeper on the dorsal side
a) thalamus is a part of diencephalon b) the pyramidal tract has 2 neurons c) the mesencephalic nucleus of the 5th nerve has pseudounipolar cells for proprioception
a) the main sign of huntingtons d. is choreifom movements and dementia b) parkinson sy. is caused by high dopamine and low ACh c) rigidity is the main symptom of huntingtons d) chorea is a sign of CJD
a) the main sign of huntingtons d. is choreifom movements and dementia
a) tinitus is an accompanying symptom of menieres disease b) temporomandibular joint dysfunction cannot be the cause of tinnitus c) tinitus can be caused by drugs d) tinitometry is measuring of tinitus via logarithmic rule
a) tinitus is an accompanying symptom of menieres disease c) tinitus can be caused by drugs
1.Which of the following are true? a. Atrophy of the tongue is found in bulbar syndrome (bulbar palsy) b. When affected the optic nerve behind the eye bulb (before the chiasma) , the patient will have homonymous hemianopsia on the same side c. In peripheral paresis of n.VII , the patient has weakness on half of the face and lagophthalmos d. Pseudobulbar syndrome is caused by impairment of cranial nerve nuclei
a. Atrophy of the tongue is found in bulbar syndrome (bulbar palsy) c. In peripheral paresis of n.VII , the patient has weakness on half of the face and lagophthalmos
16. which of the following is correct a) Midazolam is among SNRI b) Benzodiazepins have anxiolytic effect c) As an anxiolytic we could use donepezil d) Zolpidem provokes extrapyramydal symptoms
b) Benzodiazepins have anxiolytic effect d) Zolpidem provokes extrapyramydal symptoms
13 choose the correct a) Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is defined by the presence of 6 or more mood episodes (depression, mania, hypomania) within 1 year b) Display and functional imaging methods found in depressive patients changes in the activity or volume of anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and amygdala c) Currently there are not known biological markers (eg. Blood tests, imaging studies of the brain etc) that would allow positively and unequivocally diagnose depressive and bipolar disorders, and would be in diagnostic criteria d) Strongest predictor of suicidal behavior in depressed patients is the presence of psychotic symptoms
b) Display and functional imaging methods found in depressive patients changes in the activity or volume of anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and amygdala c) Currently there are not known biological markers (eg. Blood tests, imaging studies of the brain etc) that would allow positively and unequivocally diagnose depressive and bipolar disorders, and would be in diagnostic criteria
10. choose the right statement a) For right-handed is dominant the right cerebellar hemisphere b) Patient with paleocerebellar syndrome staggers and falls with eyes opened c) During examination taxe (ataxic? Gate?) patient with cerebellar syndrome will not perform the whole bending, but will stop...???? d) Adiadochokinesia is a disorder of the mutual coordination of limbs
b) Patient with paleocerebellar syndrome staggers and falls with eyes opened c) During examination taxe (ataxic? Gate?) patient with cerebellar syndrome will not perform the whole bending, but will stop...????
21. choose the correct statement a) Inflammatory infiltrate in acute bacterial meningoencephalitis is composed primarily of modified histiocytes b) Prion diseases are characterized by the presence of tiny vacuoles in the neuropil c) Anterior acute poliomyelitis is induced by herpesvirus d) Morphological manifestation of neurosyphilis can be the atrophy of cortex rubra
b) Prion diseases are characterized by the presence of tiny vacuoles in the neuropil d) Morphological manifestation of neurosyphilis can be the atrophy of cortex rubra
25. right statement a) 'Red neuron' is a morphological image of acute intracerebral... b) Red encephalomalacia is the same as traumatic intracranial hemorrhage c) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is most often associated with amyloid B peptide d) The most common place for intracerebral bleeding is in the mesencephalon idue to a common rupture lenticulostriata a.
b) Red encephalomalacia is the same as traumatic intracranial hemorrhage c) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is most often associated with amyloid B peptide
Which of the following is true a) In the neuropathic pain treatment the treatment of choice is SSRIs and SNRIs b) Triptans stimulate 5-HT1D receptors c) IN neuropathic pain treatment SSRIs (ex: escitalopram) is used as an antidepressive d) Triptans effect is stringer than the combination of paracetamol + metoclopramid (the same)
b) Triptans stimulate 5-HT1D receptors c) IN neuropathic pain treatment SSRIs (ex: escitalopram) is used as an antidepressive
a) hypacusis without seizures can only be caused by the middle ear b) amaurosis fugax occurs during the insufficient blood flow into the ophthalmic a. c) bleeding into the upper brainstem can cause ipsilat. lesion of the 3rd cranial nerve with contralat hemiparesis d) drop of soft palate on one side is the result of chorda tympani disfunction
b) amaurosis fugax occurs during the insufficient blood flow into the ophthalmic a.
a) delusion is a sign of panic anxiety disorder b) during delusion formation doperminergic mesolimbic system takes part c) The patient insists that he is being followed by secret police. If the other criteria of delusions are fulfilled.... d) rumination delusion menas that that patient doesn't see the point in living anymore
b) during delusion formation doperminergic mesolimbic system takes part
a) hypesthesia (tuning fork) can accompany nerve damage, root damage, dorsal column and soemthing else.. and it is in the parietal lobe b) parkinsonian sy. has increased basal postural reflexes and cogwheel phenomenon c) astereognosia means that the patient doesnt orient well in space (ne, it's the ability to identify the object by active touch without other sensory input) d) in meningeal sy patient cant tilt the head, flex LE
b) parkinsonian sy. has increased basal postural reflexes and cogwheel phenomenon
a) CADASIL is AR hereditary disorder of small vessels that leads to prosessive vascular dementia b) secondary vessel spasms are a relatively common complication of subarachnoid bleeding c) rupture of an aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic subarachnoid bleeding d) rupture of aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic epidural bleeding
b) secondary vessel spasms are a relatively common complication of subarachnoid bleeding c) rupture of an aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic subarachnoid bleeding
a) chronic otitis media needs conservative treatment b) tympanometric B curve represents middle ear liquid c) basic hearing exam method is threshold tone audiometry d) lound speech has the intensity of 40-60dB
b) tympanometric B curve represents middle ear liquid c) basic hearing exam method is threshold tone audiometry d) lound speech has the intensity of 40-60dB
Which are correct a) by paresis n. III seriously affected the movement of the eyeball nasally, upward and downward b) positive reflexes labial, suction and gripping are physiologically at any age, even in old age c) When damaged side mixed system (which apparently is CN IX, X, and XI) on one side is homolateral bunk dropped from shoulder d) peripheral paresis n. VII include hemihypestesia of the face
c) When damaged side mixed system (which apparently is CN IX, X, and XI) on one side is homolateral bunk dropped from shoulder
Baclofen
BAGA-B receptor agonist, postsynaptic!! Not pre
Mesocortical dopaminergic sensitization is believed to underlie pathophysiology of paranoid delusions
False, it is mesolimbic here
a) positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are the result of BDNF defect b) Delusion is a conviction that doesnt have influence on behaviour c) a patient that thinks that his thoughts have been broadcasted on tv for a few months has mania d) Bleulers 4A: autism, blunted affect, ambivalence, loss of association
d) Bleulers 4A: autism, blunted affect, ambivalence, loss of association
12. choose the right statements a) Damage of subthalamic nuclei leads to Parkinson disease b) Damage to subthalamic nuclei will cause Korsakovovu psychozu c) Hemiparesis develops as a result of damage to the ipsilateral internal capsule d) Risk factors most frequently cited with stroke is hypertension
d) Risk factors most frequently cited with stroke is hypertension
a) patient with social phobia is not interested in others company b) panic attacks occur only within panic disorder c) untreated panic attack disappears within 30min d) all existing places and situations can be the cause of anxiety during agoraphobia
d) all existing places and situations can be the cause of anxiety during agoraphobia
Phenytoin is anxiolytikum?
No
Ct myelography is mainly today used in cervical spine
no
5. choose the right statement a) Memantin is inhibitory of glutamate NMDA receptors b) To behavioral disorders in demented patients (agresivity, psychotic symptoms) risperidone is appropriate c) Peripheral myorelaxation can positively influence the symptoms of Huntington disease d) Psychosocial stress may be the reason of progression of Alzheimer`s dementia
a) Memantin is inhibitory of glutamate NMDA receptors b) To behavioral disorders in demented patients (agresivity, psychotic symptoms) risperidone is appropriate
Parkinson´s disease related to cholinergic receptors
no dopaminergic
Alzheimer´s disease leads to anterograde amnesia
yes
Corticosteroids used in acute relapses of MS
yes
Which of the following are the true? 1) Ischemia some areas of the brain may be a consequence of intracebral bleeding? 2) aphasia most often occurs when there is a stroke in the left hemisphere chicken? 3) Stroke has only ischemia character? 4) aphasia develops as a consequence of ischemia in the supply of the right middle cerebral artery
1) Ischemia some areas of the brain may be a consequence of intracebral bleeding? 2) aphasia most often occurs when there is a stroke in the left hemisphere chicken? 4) aphasia develops as a consequence of ischemia in the supply of the right middle cerebral artery
Which of the following options apply? 1) meningeal syndrome occurs when bleeding from meningeal artery and is a sign of subdural bleeding? 2) Central dk paraparesis without sensory disturbances may cause parasagittal lesions (eg. Meningioma) 3) For parkinson syndrome is usually micrographs, hypersalivation and hypomimie 4) When the affected brachial plexus is present HEAVY limb paresis without sensory disturbances)
2) Central dk paraparesis without sensory disturbances may cause parasagittal lesions (eg. Meningioma) 3) For parkinson syndrome is usually micrographs, hypersalivation and hypomimie 4) When the affected brachial plexus is present HEAVY limb paresis without sensory disturbances)
Choose the correct answer 1) Typical early disability in Parkinson's disease dementia of frontal type 2) inkluce huntingtin are typically in the nuclei of oligodendrocytes in atrofying nc. caudatus 3) Huntingtionova chorea is a disease with auozomalne domnantni inheritance 4) syndrome, "a foreign hand" is characteristic of Parkinson disease
2) inkluce huntingtin are typically in the nuclei of oligodendrocytes in atrofying nc. caudatus 3) Huntingtionova chorea is a disease with auozomalne domnantni inheritance
11. from the following choose the correct statements a) Nicergolin is characterized by cognitive rather than general nootropic effect b) The mechanism of action of gabapentin is to reduce excitation of GABA c) Donepezil in Alzheimers disease positively affects serotonin neuronal pathways d) Lamotrigine blocks Ca channels with subsequent stabilization of the neuromuscular junction
FILLED IN BY MYSELF a) Nicergolin is characterized by cognitive rather than general nootropic effect b) The mechanism of action of gabapentin is to reduce excitation of GABA
CADASIL
Is it´s an AD disease with increased risk of infarcts - yes
Anhedonia is loss of pleasure
True
Anticipatory anxiety is a maintaining factor in a panic disorder
True
Bipolar disorders share numerous genetic abnormalities with
True
Dizziness, paraesthesias and cramps during a panic attack are result of hyperventilation
True
Mood-congruent delusion is present in mood disorders
True
New emotional experience is processed through
True
Paranoid delusions include persecutory delusions, delusions of reference and control, delusions og grandeur is macromanic delusions
True
Quick switches from one unrelated idea to another (flight of ideas) are typical for
True
The core symptoms of depressions is depressed mood more than 2 weeks, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy and activity
True
In stimulation theraphy of depression you only stimulate a part of cingulum?
Yes
a) 3rd ventricle is unpaired b) gamma motorneurons are in ant. spinal horns c) cortical auditory area is in the frontal lobe d) ncl. basalis meynerti is cholinergic
a) 3rd ventricle is unpaired b) gamma motorneurons are in ant. spinal horns d) ncl. basalis meynerti is cholinergic
9. choose the right statement a) Brain edema may develop as a consequence of hyponatremia b) Swelling of the brain develops as a result of plasma hypoosmolality c) For patient with acute intracranial hypertension, vasodilation can reduce intracranial pressure d) Hyperglycemic coma can cause brain swelling
a) Brain edema may develop as a consequence of hyponatremia b) Swelling of the brain develops as a result of plasma hypoosmolality
18. choose the correct a) In inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate dermatomyositis CD4+ T lymphocytes are predominant b) Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disease c) Lambert-Eaton syndrome is a paraneoplastic neuropathy d) Duchene muscular dystrophy is an AD disease
a) In inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate dermatomyositis CD4+ T lymphocytes are predominant c) Lambert-Eaton syndrome is a paraneoplastic neuropathy
24. which of the following match a) Peripheral neuropathy can develop with deficiency of vit B12 b) During the anterior root damage of the spinal cord there's electric irritation of the muscles innervated by those roots c) During the anterior root damage of the spinal cord there's spasms of the muscles innervated by those roots d) Apraxia is damage of the reflective motor skills
a) Peripheral neuropathy can develop with deficiency of vit B12 c) During the anterior root damage of the spinal cord there's spasms of the muscles innervated by those roots
Megalomanic delusions are present in mania and in depressions?
"Grandeous delusions" No
Is half life of Zolpidem 2-4h ?
(2-3h) so, yes
Somnollence is ebriety stage of alcoholic
? Maybe referring to alcohol withdrawal? In that case, insomnia is an important feature Klara: somnolence too
MS is AI against myelinic protein not against some basic glial protein??
? The trigger of MS is unknown The immune system reacts towards myelin or myelin producing cells.
In epilepsy therapy you start with low doses of medication, and slowly increase the dose?
? probably true
Glaucoma can be treated with anti _______ ??
?? It just said: wrong.. *Drugs for treating glaucoma are:* 1. Miotic drugs 2. Sympatolytic 3. Beta blockers 4. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 5. Osmotic diuretics 6. Prostaglandin analogues 7. Laser surgery
The most common anaesthetic technique in pain therapy in cancer pain is A. Continuous Intrathecal analgesia B. Continuous epidural analgesia C. Neurolysis D. Systemic administration of local anaesthetics
B. Continuous epidural analgesia
6. Symptoms of panic disorder do not include: A. Panic attacks B. Delusions C. Anticipatory anxiety D. Palpitations, sweating, sensations of shortness of breath
B. Delusions
69. For personality disorders is typical: A. Abrupt onset B. Development from early childhood and adolescence C. Higher prevalence in females D. Treatment response to specific psychotropic drugs
B. Development from early childhood and adolescence
63. Hallucination is: A. Disturbance of thinking B. Disturbance of perception C. Disturbance of consciousness D. Obsolete term for illusions
B. Disturbance of perception
62. A 17 year old patient brought to the mental hospital by the parents. What should you do? A. First speak with the patient and send parents home B. First speak with patient and ask his permission to obtain information from parents C. At first invite all the family into your office D. Speak with the parents first, then the parent and send parents home
B. First speak with patient and ask his permission to obtain information from parents
9. Disorientation to time is: A. Frequent symptom of schizophrenia B. Frequent symptom of delirium C. Part of delusion D. An intrusive thought (an obsession)
B. Frequent symptom of delirium
10. Patient with Obsessive Compulsive Syndrome: A. Has delusions and hallucinations B. Has intrusive thoughts resulting in anxiety that provoke repetitive behaviour C. Has disturbances of memory D. Cannot be treated
B. Has intrusive thoughts resulting in anxiety that provoke repetitive behaviour
39. Vascular dementia: A. Has usually an insidious onset with slow gradual deterioration B. Has usually an abrupt onset with stepwise deterioration C. The risk factors for vascular dementia are: history of stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes D. There is no way to prevent vascular dementia
B. Has usually an abrupt onset with stepwise deterioration C. The risk factors for vascular dementia are: history of stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes
Ethiology of psychogenetic pain may be: A. Injury or chronic CNS disorder impairment B. Intrapsychic conflict C. Hyperactivity of dopaminergenic neurotransmission system D. Other psychiatric disorder (psychosis, affective disorder, personality disorder)
B. Intrapsychic conflict
5. Electroconvulsive therapy: A. Is not used anymore B. Is effective in the treatment of severe depression C. Is effective in the treatment of catatonic schizophrenia D. Is allowed only with presence of anaesthesiologist
B. Is effective in the treatment of severe depression C. Is effective in the treatment of catatonic schizophrenia D. Is allowed only with presence of anaesthesiologist
40. There are several characteristic neuropathological changes found in the brain in Alzheimer's Disease: A. Microinfarcts B. Numerical atrophy of neurons C. Neuritic plaques D. Neurofibrillary tangles
B. Numerical atrophy of neurons C. Neuritic plaques D. Neurofibrillary tangles
35. Which substance does not belong to Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: A. Donepezil hydrochloride B. Olanzapine C. Rivastigmine D. Galantamine
B. Olanzapine (zyprexa) - dopamine antagonist - schizophrenia and bipolar disease
49. Neurotrophic factor: A. This term is not used B. Regulate neuronal growth and differentiation during development C. Regulate plasticity and survival of neurons and glial cells D. One of them is brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
B. Regulate neuronal growth and differentiation during development C. Regulate plasticity and survival of neurons and glial cells D. One of them is brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
44. Gyrus cinguli: A. Is irrelevant from the point of view of affective disorders B. Represents a crossroad of emotions processing cognitive functions C. Integrates visceral and affective information with attention mechanisms D. None of the above
B. Represents a crossroad of emotions processing cognitive functions C. Integrates visceral and affective information with attention mechanisms
11. Patient complains of insomnia, GP should: A. Prescribe hypnotics immediately B. Search for symptoms of depression C. Make referral to psychiatrist D. Not trust the patient and ask husband or wife
B. Search for symptoms of depression
The fast sharp pain signals are mostly transmitted in peripheral nerves to the spinal cord by A. Type C Fibres B. Small Type A-delta Fibres C. Type A-beta fibres D. All types of Fibres
B. Small Type A-delta Fibres
2. Neuroleptics: A. This name is not used anymore B. This name is used in clinical practice C. 1st generation antipsychotics is a synonym for neuroleptics D. Typical antipsychotics is a synonym for neuroleptics
B. This name is used in clinical practice C. 1st generation antipsychotics is a synonym for neuroleptics D. Typical antipsychotics is a synonym for neuroleptics
17. Treatment of schizophrenia is based: A. Only on pharmacotherapy B. Only on non pharmacological interventions C. On combination of pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions D. Only on hospitalisation
C. On combination of pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions
55. Advantages of SSRIs are: A. Good antipsychotic efficacy B. Good antimanic efficacy C. Simple dosing D. Safety in overdose
C. Simple dosing D. Safety in overdose
Descendant pain inhibitory system involves all mentioned structures except of: A. Periaqueductal Gray matter B. Ncl. Raphe Magnus C. Substancia Nigra D. Ncl. Raphe Dorsalis
C. Substancia Nigra
64. A situation in the inpatient psychiatric department occurs. Patient is sitting under the table, his hands over his ears and refusing to answer your questions. What do you do? A. Ask staff to remove patient to their room B. Instruct staff to apply injection C. Try to communicate with them by calm talk D. Try to communicate by sharing the same pace with the patient
C. Try to communicate with them by calm talk
NOTCH 3 mutations on chromosome 19 causes risk of what?
CADASIL Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Karbonyl Hb: CO oil/fuel
CO oil/fuel
Folic acid deficiency leads to?
Can cause depression, anemia, birth defects, problems with tissue with fast regeneration
What does lesion of subthalamic nucleus cause?
Causes hemiballismus
Subarachoideal hemorage
Causes vascular spasms, can lead to ischaemia
Are the central muscle relaxants or peripheral muscle relaxants most beneficial in Huntington's disease?
Central muscle relaxants
Causes of pseduobulbar syndrome ? (Supranuclear)
Cerebrovascular disease, arteriosclerosis (multi-infarct conditions)
What is moria?
Childish euphoria Cheerful excitement Euphoric behavior, such as frivolity and the inability to act seriously.
CADASIL - mutation on which chromosome and gene? - Clinical signs? - How is it diagnosed?
Chromosome 19, notch 3 Migrains with aura, repeated strokes, subcortical predominant form of dementia Diagnosed by skin biopsy + immunohistochemistry or electrons microscopy Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
What are the subthalamic nucelus?
Diencephalic grey matter part of the BG The only part of the ganglia that produces excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate)
Ergotaminer
Disadvantages is the accompanyed hypotension
What is Dissociative sensation? what is dissociated sensory loss?
Disruption or breakdowns of memory,awareness, identity and perception; can be seen in despersonalization disorder, dissociateive amnésia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder Dissociated sensory loss is a pattern of neurological damage caused by a lesion to a single tract in the spinal cord which involves selective loss of fine touch and proprioception without loss of pain and temperature, or vice versa.
Name some Inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase ?
Donepezil Rivastigmine Galantamine
What will lesion of Gracilis and cuneate tract look like?
Dorsal tracts - loss of proprioception, vibration and fine touch below the lesion *Cuneate* - T6 and above *Gracilis* - T7 and below
What are red neurons?
Dying neurons due to hypoxia
What does both bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy lead to?
Dysarthria and dysphagia (also weak facial muscles) *Bulbar palsy - LMN* - V, VII, X, XI, XII is affected - Affection from nuclei and distally Gag reflex - absent Tongue - wasted, fasciculations "wasted, wrinkled, thrown into folds and increasingly motionless". Palatal movement - absent. Jaw jerk - absent or normal Speech - nasal "indistinct (flaccid dysarthria), lacks modulation and has a nasal twang" Emotions - normal Other - signs of the underlying cause, e.g. limb fasciculations. *Pseudobulbar palsy - UMN* - Affection of corticobulbar tract innervating V, VII, XI, X, XII - problems with masticatory muscles and facial expression Gag reflex - increased or normal Tongue - spastic "it cannot be protruded, lies on the floor of the mouth and is small and tight". Palatal movement - absent. Jaw jerk - increased Speech - spastic: "a monotonous, slurred, high-pitched, 'Donald Duck' dysarthria" that "sounds as if the patient is trying to squeeze out words from tight lips". Emotions - labile Other - bilateral upper motor neuron (long tract) limb signs.
What is the impaired protein in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Dystrophin
27. Hyperthermia: A. Can lead to rhabdomyolysis B. Can cause kidney failure C. Can be fatal D. Can be induced by ecstasy E. A and D are correct F. Nothing is correct
E. A and D are correct May also be fatal?! What about kidney failure? Yes, it can be fatal! Wiki: Extreme temperature elevation can become a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent disability or *death*. If heat stroke, the decrease in blood pressure can then cause blood vessels to contract reflexly, resulting in a pale or bluish skin color in advanced cases. Young children, in particular, may have seizures. Eventually, *organ failure*, unconsciousness and death will result. Cocaine, crack, metamphetamine, MDMA (ectasy)
14. 1st rank schizophrenia symptoms according to Schneider do not include: A. Audible thoughts B. Voices arguing or discussing or both C. Voices commenting D. Somatic passivity experiences E. Depression
E. Depression
Myastenia gravis Dg: m. biopsie EMG inhibitor/ ACH CT chest
EMG inhibitor/ ACH CT chest
a) perceptice aphasia is mostly caused by tumors of corpus callosum b) flashbacks arise when you have malfunction in the temporal lobe c) in traumatic deviation of optic bulb, alexia happens d) optic agnosia belongs to cognitive diseases
Elise: True B,D K: enig med elise
32. Anti-craving therapy: A. Is not used B. Bupropione is used in the treatment of nicotine addiction C. Caffeine is used in the treatment of amphetamine addiction D. Ibogain is experimentally used in the treatment of opioid addiction E. Is casual F. B and C are correct
G. "G" is said to be correct - but there is no answer?! *Ibogain* - Used experimentally in the treatment of addiction on alcohol, heroin and nicotine "*Bupropion* is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid." So, the answer should be B and D.
When can triptans not be used?
HTN May cause recurrent migraine Pregnancy
Chronic pain or pressure on the dorsal root in the spinal cord can cause tormenting pain in the region it supplies. These pains are in the category of: A. Psychogenic Pain B. Referred Pain C. Central Pain D. Neuralgic Pain
D. Neuralgic Pain
Allodynia is A. Painful sensation evoked by noxious stimuli B. Increased sensitivity to noxious stimulation C. Decreased sensitivity to noxious stimulation D. Painful sensation provoked by non- noxious stimuli
D. Painful sensation provoked by non- noxious stimuli
24. Following diagnosis does not belong to psychiatric classification associated with substance abuse: A. Acute intoxication B. Harmful use C. Dependence D. Pyromania E. Dementia
D. Pyromania (=obsessive desire to set fire to things)
Irritation of viscera frequently produces pain, which is not felt in the viscera, but in some somatic structure that may be a considerable distance away. Such pain is called: A. Phantom Pain B. Chronic Pain C. Central Pain D. Referred Pain
D. Referred Pain
Pain tolerance with comparable somatic stressor (physical magnitude of tissue irritation or damage) depends in the majority of people most upon: A. Their temperamental traits B. Their opportunity to express their pain C. Their ability to suppress their outward expression of their pain D. The meaning they attribute to their pain
D. The meaning they attribute to their pain
Parkinson diagnosis; is dstSCAN used?
DaTscan is an imaging technology that uses small amounts of a radioactive drug to help determine how much dopamine is available in a person's brain. cannot diagnose Parkinson's disease. These scans are used to help a doctor confirm a diagnosis
Definition of bipolar 1 disorder?
Defined by 1. manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days or by 2. manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks.
Definition of bipolar 2 disorder?
Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic or mixed episodes.
The melatonine theory of depression and the theory of circadian rhythm disturbance led to the implementation of electroconvulsive therapy
False
The myasthenia gravis is characterized by irreversible muscle weakness
False
The occurrence of panic attack is predictable and thus it can be prevented by monitoring the early warning signs
False
The origin of Parkinson´s disease lies in the dominance of dopaminergic component over the cholinergic one
False
The paleocerebellar syndrome includes limb ataxia and dysdiadochokinesia
False
The progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is caused by the JC virus of herpes family
False
The so called sham rage is a behaviour observed in animal models and it is caused by the bilateral damage to amygdala
False
The so-called rapid cycling in a bipolar disorder is defined by six or more distinct episodes of mood disorder (depression, mania, hypomania) per year
False
The syringomyelic dissociation syndrome may be caused by a metastasis involving a vertebral body
False
The uraemic encephalopathy develops in patients with a hepatic failure
False
The withdrawal of stimulants leads to somatic symptoms, such as pain the muscles and joints
False
There is an ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature below the lesion level in the Brown-Sequard syndrome
False
Though withdrawal is typical symptom of bipolar disorder?
False
Thought withdrawal is typical symptom of bipolar disorder
False
Triptans stimulate 5-HT3 receptors
False
Typical changes in the sleep architecture during depression include both an increased activity in stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep and a REM sleep reduction
False
Typical symptoms of a somatophorm disorder are the fear of a serious disease, an interpretation of somatic sensations as signs of such an illness, and a delusional character of such beliefs
False
Unwanted intrusive thoughts (obsessions) are typical of agoraphobia
False
Vigilance is the ability to switch attention and concentrate on several tasks at the same time over a longer period of time
False
Visual hallucinations are the most frequent perception disorders in schizophrenia
False
- Obsessions and phobias are formal thought disorders
False Content of thought
- PML demyelinisation is due to JCD virus in the immunocompromised people
False JC virus
Serotonergic theory of pscyhosis has root in experiements with cannabis
False LSD!
Oxycodon and naloxol will cancel out each others function, so to use them together is pointless ?
False Oxycodon + naloxone - used for treatment of pain, ok to combine. - Does not produce constipation - Oxycodon has low first pass effect, naloxone has high first pass effect - Oxycodon goes out into circulation, and naloxone is almost compleltely removed - Good for pain relief without causing constipation
illusions are thought disturbances?
False They are perceptive disturbances
- Confabulation fills in memories in mania
False Confabulation - making up stories, very characteristic in Korsakoff psychosis)
- Mesocortical dopaminergic sensitization is believed to underlie pathophysiology of paranoid delusions
False Should be mesolimbic! Mesocortical is possibly linked to negative symptoms of psychosis.
The lifetime prevalence of depression is between 40-50
False - 15 %
Illusions are thoughts disturbances
False - perspective disorders
What is Hexylresorcinolum ?
Fixed combination of alcoholic & phenolic antiseptic drug Local anesthetic, antiseptic and amtihelmintic. Topical use and mouth wash.
What are Lisch nodules, when and where can you find them?
Found on iris in neurofibromatosis type 1. A Lisch nodule is a pigmented hamartomatous nodular aggregate of dendritic melanocytes
Dementia before age 60
Frontotemporal dementia develops in younger population, around and earlier than age 60. Young onset of Alzheimers disease also affects people under the age of 65
Viral meningitis
Has increased mononuclear cells (While acute purulent has increased polymorphonuclear and proteins?)
Lesions in cerebellum, what happens when the patient bends backwards?
He does not flex is knees, so he falls backward
Typical meningeal symptoms are?
Headache Vomiting Nausea Photophobia Neck stiffness? --> this is a sign, not a symptom
Sensory stimulation - first to amygdala for an emotional vignette, then to thalamus
Hearing and seeing goes to thalamus first, then to amygdala. Olfaction and tactile sense bypass thalamus and go directly to amygdala (Then it should be true for tactile and olfactory input? - Klara)
lesion of the back portion of parietal lobe will lead to ataxia ?
No, it would be apraxia and hemispatial neglect *Apraxia* is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex), in which someone has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked. A person with apraxia cannot move his or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds correctly because, even though the muscles are not weak, the messages from the brain to the mouth are disrupted.
MS has changes in white matter mostly in ncl. Caudatus?
NO mostly in optic nerve, chiasma , and periventricular white matter
Leasion of angulus cerebellopontinus causes central lesion of VII?
NO peripheral lesions
Lesion of II. before chiasma leads to homonym hemianopsy?
NO scotoma, monocular blindness
Echolalia is a typical sign of cataplexy? What is Echolalia and Cataplexy ?
NO! OBSOBS! Echolalia is typical of catatonic schizophrenia! Echolalia: meaningless repetition of another person's spoken words as a symptom of psychiatric disorder. Cataplexy: temporary loss of muscle tone and weakness precipitated by emotional state. A strong emotion or laughter causes a person to suffer *sudden* physical collapse though remaining conscious.
Hypoprosexia is lack of attraction?
NO, it is loss of attention! Hypoprosexia is the reduced ability to focus attention and to concentrate on an object or task.
Hiraniho bodies in ALS
NO- they are in Alzheimers and creutzfeld
Sy kluver bucy - hypersexualnity and easy to control is caused by leasion in prefrontal cortex?
NO. In amygdala. Kl üver-Bucy syndrome is a syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobe (including amygdaloid nucleus). Klüver-Bucy syndrome may present with hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia, and docility.
Confabulation is a perception disorder?
NO. Memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive usually seen in alzheimers, dementia, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
Benzydamini hydrochloride: 1. Spermicidic effect 2. bactericide + fungicide + viricide eff. 3. NSAID
NSAID Anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory for mouth and throat Has antibacterial effect
The drug most commonly used for migraine is?
NSAIDs OBS! Triptans are effective in 80 % of patients and are "first line drug" BUT only cca 20 % of patients are treated by triptans.. Teit!
Is the therapeutic window for lithium narrow or wide?
Narrow
When MS is acutely worse, which drug to use?
Natalizumab (also known as Tysabri)
What medication is used for Huntingtons disease ?
Neuroleptics (1st generation antipsych Haloperiodol) Benzodiazapines (Diazepam) Tetrabenezines Pharma pp notes 1. Reserpine, Meserpine --> depletion of dopamine 2. Tetrabenzine -> Depletion of dopamine 3. Baclofen --> Central muscle relaxants 4. Typical antipsychotics 5. Drugs decreasing excitotoxicity
What is Korsakoff psychosis?
Neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Its onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse and/or severe malnutrition.
Antidepresants are agonists of 5HT?
No
Anxiety is only in panic attack?
No
Bipolar disease: The depressive episodes are less frequent and last shorter than the manic episodes?
No
Bulbar syndrome, central hypoglossal paralysis is present?
No
Can Benzodiazepines induce psychosis?
No
Can u use triptans if you are pregnant?
No
Can you reason with patient´s fallacy?
No
Can you use triptans if you are pregnant?
No
Hypoxie is the same as ischaemia?
No
Ictus is always hemoragic?
No
Idiognosia (Self-awareness) is typical only for patients with schizophrenia?
No
Imputace + amputace of ideas are signs of first level of schizofrenia?
No
Imputation of ideas in mania?
No
In dementia of frontal type is the most apparent inflict on speech?
No
In parkinson's disease "alian hand syndrome" is a sign?
No
Is Balo-concentric sclerosis realted to cancer and alcoholism?
No
Ischemia and hypoxia is the same?
No
Leasion of back portion of parietal lobe will lead to ataxia?
No
Lesions of cerebellum appears on the opposite side of the body?
No
Liquorrhea is typical for tinnitus?
No
Medulloblastoma is linked to the oncogene c-ras?
No
Meduloblastoma - if it is linked to oncogene c-ras
No
Metastasis to vertebra leads to synringomyelic dissociation?
No
OCD voiced that comment ones actions?
No
Plaque in Alzheimer's related to tau-proteins
No
Postraumatic stress reaction starts immediatelly after the stress?
No
Posttraumatic stress reactions starts immediately after the stress?
No
Primidone is converted to phenobarbital and has identical effect
No
Schyzotypal desease belongs in psychosis?
No
Speech belongs to symbolic function?
No
Suicide is common with ppl suffering from tinnitus?
No
TDP - 43 in patholocigal states is found in nukleus
No
The most common localization of intracerebral hemorhage is in the mesencephalon due to the lenticulostriate vessels?
No
Triptans are safe during pregnancy?
No
Vigility does not influence memory?
No
Visceral pain (from organs) are conducted by A delta fibers?
No
affection of a peripheral nerve or of a spinal root manifests as tactile sensation disorder, deep and thermic sensation is normal?
No
strongest indication of suicidal tendencies in depressed people is psychosis?
No
Subarachnoideal (periencephalic) bleeding is characterized by blood in the ventricles?
No (Not characterized, but blood can be present in ventricles after both subarachnoid bleeding and intracerebral bleeding!) (I think it is "often" seen in intracerebral btw)
In intracerebral bleeding is often connected with diastasis of sutures and damage to meningeal arteries?
No (This should be epidural bleeding)
Tremor is always a manifestation of parkinson's disease?
No (this question has a double meaning, but both are wrong)
Traumatic deviation of eye ball can lead to alexia?
No Alexia is due to a lesion in cerebrum, nothing to do with the periphery!
Anosognosia is typical just for patients with schizophrenia?
No Also for those with bipolar disorder Anosognosia is *a deficit of self-awareness*, a condition in which a person who suffers some disability seems unaware of the existence of his or her disability.
Frontal dementia leads to anterograde amnesia
No Anterograde amnesia is typical for lesions in hippocampus and subcortical regions.. I don't think the FTdementia typically present with anteograde amensia, but I read some research saying it can.. But I don't know. I frontotemporal dementia pp fra skolen: no problems with memory test? from wiki: However, the following abilities in the person with FTD are preserved:[3] Perception Spatial Skills Memory --> preserved memory! Praxis
Bipolar disease has the same prevalence as depression?
No BD: 1-2% Depression: 20%
Can 6th cranial enrve palsy lead to divergent strabismus?
No Cause convergent strabismus due to failure to abduct horizontally to affected side
Confabulations are perception disorders?
No Confabulations are *memory disturbance*, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive usually seen in *alzheimers, dementia, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome*. Confabulation is distinguished from lying as there is no intent to deceive and the person is unaware the information is false.
Metastasis to vertebrae leads to syringomyelic dissociation?
No Definition: loss of pain and temperature sensation with relative retention of tactile sensation, related to a cavity in the central portion of the cord interrupting the decussation of nerve fibers.
In depression, is stage 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep increased, and REM sleep decreased?
No Depressed people show abnormal sleep EEG 1. Reduced REM latency (lasts shorter) 2. reduction of 3rd and 4th stage of NREM 3. prolongation of REM in the 1st half of the night 4. more frequent alteration of NREM phases
The risk of suffering from bipolar disease is the same as with depression?
No Depression 20% risk BPD 1% (but there his a higher suicide risk in those with BPD)
Incidence of BAD and depression is the same?
No Depression: 20% BAD (bipolar affective disorder): 1-2%
Lesions in wernickes area is called expressive aphasia?
No Expressive aphasia is the same as Broca's aphasia Receptive aphasia is the same as Wernickes aphasia
Variant CJD incidence
No Gives a statement about occurrence in 1-2/million people or smth like that and then says ''that so naturally we have 5-8 incidents per year in CR''. This is wrong since the epidemiology is described in the ppt for cows and not for people. a. Hmm, in my documents (from the pp) it says occurrence of *sporadic* CJD is 1-2/1million.. According pp we have around 220 cases of vCJD.. So it is not 1-2 per million people at least..
During hemiplegia alternans inferior we have circular rotatory nystagmus?
No Hemiplegia alternans inferior occurs with hypoglossal palsy - lesion of medulla oblonganta. Nystagmus occurs with vestibulocerebellar lesions, which is in lesions of pons. Hemiplegia alternans media
- Concomitant use of naloxone with oxycodon removes the analgesic effect
No If naloxone is given i.v --> YES If naloxone is given as tablets --> NO (high 1st pass effect)
Is Risperidon used for cognitive enhancement? What kind of drug is it?
No It is an antipsychotic (atypical) for schizophrenia, bipolar, mixed and maniac and autism
Olfactory and tactile sensory signals go to thalamus, and then to the amygdala ?
No Olfactory sense and tactile is connected *directly* to amygdala, and bypasses the thalamus. --> Smells and pain, therefore, often evoke stronger memories or feelings than do sights or sounds, which have to go through thalamus first!
Does a lesion of optic nerve cause homonymous hemianopia?
No Optic nerve lesion --> mono-ocular blindness Lesion posterior to optic chiasma causes homonymous hemianopsia
Paracetamol and Metoclopramide is much better than triptans?
No Paracetamol 1g + Metoclopramide 10mg has *no significant difference* in pain relief compared to sumatriptan 100 mg after 2 hours. There is no difference between the two drugs in photophobia and phonophobia, but there is more adverse drug reactions after sumatriptan.
The plaque in Alzheimers disease is realted to tau proteins?
No Plaques -> Beta amyloid Tangles -> Tau protein
(Level of) Vigility does not influence memory ?
No Quantity: level of consciousness - vigility (normal) vs. somnolence, stupor, coma Assess the patients' ability to interact with his environment
T-cell CD8+ in dermatomyositis
No, its CD4+
A lesion to CN3 can lead to problems closing the affected eye?
No, leads to problem opening the eye
Mood is long term and unchangable?
No, longterm but not unchangeable
Is prefrontal cortex responsible for making a space memory?
No, memory is in hippocampus, amygdala, striatum and mamillary body
Nieman Pick is neurodegeneration?
No, metabolic
When a patient is in complete coma is GCS must be 0 ?
No, minimum is 3
When patient is totally knocked out his GCS 0?
No, minimum is 3
In polymiozitis there are B cells?
No, mostly CD8 T cells
In polymyositis there are B-cells ?
No, mostly CD8+ Tcell
Patient with chronic muscle pain will have increased hearth rate and blood pressure?
No, not chronic
dementia, AD and chorea
No, on the opposite
Ictus are always hemorrhagic ?
No, only 20% rest is ischemic
Lesion of cerebellopontine angle causes central lesion of VII?
No, peripheral lesion Other tests say it shuld be CN VIII (5,7,8 th nerve goes out through cerebellopontine angle)
Poliomyelitis anterior acuta is cause by herpes virus?
No, polio virus
Ncl accumbens is responsible for craving?
No, prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Social fobia is a fear of social interaction without vegetative symptoms?
No, there are vegetative symptoms
Social phobia is a fear of social interaction without vegetative symptoms?
No, there are vegetative symptoms
Are Clopidogrel and Plavix thrombolytic drugs?
No, they are antiplatelet
Crow divided schizophrenia into 2 types, based on the numbers of attacks?
No, they were based on positive and negative symptoms, ventricular size and response to therapy.
Thinnest cranial nerve is XI?
No, trochlear
Rabies get to the brain via the middle ear?
No, via peripheral nerves from muscles after animal bit
Can you reason with a patients delusions?
No, you can't change what he thinks, because he is sure that it is real.
Hypacusis on one side can be ony from the middle ear?
No.. can also be from external ear
Osteochondoza is lysis of vertebra?
No.. defined as a focal disturbance of endochondral ossification
Glove sleeve = diffuse sensory impairment?
No... ? Stocking and glove (strømpe og hanske) typical for peripheral neuropathy eg. DM. Where tingling and paresthesia starts on feets then hands. (longest nerves)
In subarachnoidal bleeding the meningeal signs are present at once?
No? Symptoms of meningeal irritation, including nuchal rigidity and pain, back pain, and bilateral leg pain, occur in as many as 80% of patients with SAH but *may take several hours to manifest*.
central conus leads to mydriasis on the opposide side?
No??
a) pyritinol is a drug used for encephalopathy in children b) therapy with a dopamine precursor causes strong dopaminergic side effects c) newborn seizures in acute phase can be successfully supressed by BZD d) Primidone partially changes to phenobarbital in the body and has similar pharmacological action to it
None are marked as correct. Correction: D+B (Unsure!?!) Pyritinol - used in cognitive disorders and learning disorders in children. Used for dementia and cognitive decline in elderly, little evidence of function.. Ida: c) should be correct.
Incidence of MS is 1:10000
Nope its 1:1000
Oculovestibular reflex is tested when you irrigate the inner ear with water, what is the normal response?
Normal response: *Warm water*: Both eyes turn away from the ear with hot water + nystagmus toward the ear with hot water *Cold water*: Eyes turn towards the cold ear, nystagmus away from the cold ear.
Benzalkonium is an antidote for TCA? Benzalokonium is used for artificial tearss?
Not antidote Yes (It is a preservative used in artifical tear solutions, but due to damaging effects it is today on its way out of the market!)
1) Typical modifications of sleep architecture depression belongs multiplication stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep and REM sleep reduction 2) Typical symptoms psychotiske in Manila include inserting and withdrawing thoughts 3) Increased sleepiness (hypersomnia) was in depression occur 4) The most common co-morbid mental disorders in the patient and bipolar disorders are anxiety disorders and addictions.
Nothing is marked Correction: C - depressed people have either insomnia or hypersomnia D - true according our pp!
What is obsessive compulsive disorder?
Obsessions or compulsions that take up a considerable amount of time in one's days, and causes impairment in that person's normal day, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Individual is aware that the obsessions/compulsions are causing impairments in daily functioning.
The narcolepsy may manifest by: a. attacks of imperative falling asleep b. sleep paralysis c. sleepiness during the whole day d. sleep apnoea syndrome e. attacks of cataplexy
Old test: a. attacks of imperative falling asleep e. attacks of cataplexy Correction: a, b, c,e Agreed --> "tetrad of narcolepsy, are cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleepiness."
65. For depressive mood is typical A. Sad and depressive feelings with sleep and appetite disturbance B. Sad and depressive feelings typically without sleep and appetite disturbance C. Sad and depressive feelings with simultaneous energy disturbance D. Sad and depressive feelings with disorientation in time
Old test: A Correction: A+C A. Sad and depressive feelings with sleep and appetite disturbance C. Sad and depressive feelings with simultaneous energy disturbance
a) patient in stupor is at risk for hyperventilation b) panic attack can last for days c) in pathophys OCD enforced by basal ganglia d) delusion are false sensoric perceptions that occur without outer stimulus
Old test: A + C Correction: C OBS! On the test viewing from February, a) is marked as FALSE. Positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have shown increased brain activity in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia and cingulum in OCD patients as compared to controls
The difference between a recurrent depressive episode and depressive episodes in BAD is very easy?
No Recurrent depressive episode: Is multiple depressive episodes, without any episodes of mania or hypomania BAD: At least one depressive episode, with atleast one manic or hypomanic episode Often BAD is diagnosed as depression first.
Lumbar disc herniation leading to cauda equina syndrome can be operated within a week?
No The patient has to be acutely operated, disc prolapse must be removed within 24-48 hours
For surgical therapy is used ventral stereotaktical operation of radix anterior?
No Therapy of what? :P https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotactic_surgery Test from this years winter semester: Stereotactic surgery of thalamus is the best method for the treatment of neuropathic pain - TRUE
Triptans are contraindicated in hypotension?
No They are contraindicated in untreated arterial hypertension
Lesion in superior medulla oblongata will cause contralateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral lesion to CN III ?
No This is a description of a superior *midbrain* lesion (Weber syndrome) In medulla we find the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII)
Effect of triptans is severely stronger when combined with METO (etc) ... (???)
No Triptans should no be combined with MAOinhibitors!
Preparations containing Ginkgo can be used for migraine patients?
No (Alzheimers) I think it can.. atleast the internet thinks so! https://migraine.com/migraine-treatment/natural-remedies/gingko-biloba/ Klara: Agree that it can be used for prophylaxis :)
In addiction treatment cocaine is connected with lacrimation?
No (That is opioids)
Are there imputation of ideas in mania?
No (Thought insertion)
Compulsions is a perception disorder?
No (anxiety disorder)
TDP-43 in pathological states are found in the nucleus?
No (physiologically found in the nucleus)
The incidence of MS is 1:10000 ?
No 1:1000
Hypascusis on one side can be only from the middle ear?
No Can also be from the external ear hypascusis=partial loss of hearing
Causalgia is the same as phantomic limb pain?
No Causalgia - occurs after large mixed nerve injury with partial denervation. Involves burnin paing, prominent in the hand or foot within 24 h of injury Sensory stimulation worsens the pain it is not the same. Causalgia is pain of an limb that is actually existing, while phantom limb is pain in a limb that is not existing
Parkinson's disease is somehow related to cholinergic receptors?
No Dopaminergic receptors But OBS! You have increased acetylcholine and decreased dopamin in Parkinsons, but the cholinergic receptors are not "affected".
Increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens leads to craving?
No During drug abuse the amount of dopamine increases, so when you stop taking the drug, the body is not satisfied with the "normal" amount, and wants more --> Craving! -Lack of dopamine in NAc gives craving
In frontal type of dementia the function mostly affected is speech?
No I think behavior and personality is first.. Changes in personality Deterioration of language These two are present *before* memory disturbance.. Behavior changes are often the first noticeable symptoms in bvFTD, the most common form of FTD.
The thinnest cranial nerve is number XI ?
No IV nerve is the thinnest
Tickborn encephalitis is JUST leukoencephalitis?
No It has 3 variants (Unsure what they mean here..)) Types of tick born encephalitis viruses: 1. European or Western tick-borne encephalitis virus 2. Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus 3. Far eastern Tick-borne encephalitis virus ( Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus) Can affect: 1. meninges 2. brain 3. both
MS changes in white matter happens mostly in the ncl. Caudatus?
No Mostly in optic nerve chiasma and periventricular white matter Ncl. Caudatus is grey matter (A part of Basal Ganglia)
Is the prefrontal cortex responsible for creating space memory ?
No Powerpoint: Memory formation happens in hippocampus, amygdala, striatum and mammillary body Wiki article: The medial prefrontal cortex processes egocentric spatial information. It participates in the processing of short-term spatial memory used to guide planned search behavior and is believed to join spatial information with its motivational significance. So what do we answer here? - no according to school!
Lesions of optic nerve before the chiasma leads to homonymous hemianopsia?
No Scotoma or monocular blindness
Patient with chronic muscle pain will have increased HR and BP?
No The chronic pain does not seem to activate the sympathetic system
Ms affects males>females?
No females more
The most common localization of intracerebral hemorrhage is in the mesencephalon due to the lenticulostriate vessels?
No From most common to least: 1. basal ganglia haemorrhage (especially the putamen) 2. thalamic haemorrhage 3. pontine haemorrhage 4. cerebellar haemorrhage Mesencephalon is made from: tectum inferior colliculi superior colliculi cerebral peduncle midbrain tegmentum crus cerebri substantia nigra Lenticulostriate vessels come from the a. cerebri media And supply the basal ganglia and much of the internal capsule.
Vasodilatation decreases intracranial hypertension?
No I think vasodilation is the way to increased the ICP
Is carbamazepine safe in pregnancy?
No Like other anticonvulsants, intrauterine exposure is associated with spina bifida and neurodevelopmental problems.
Increased passivity in lesion of cerebellum is due to apathy?
No (?) Passivity (hypotonia) during passive movements: • Resistance to passive movements is diminished • The joints may be passively hyperextended • Pendulousness is increased Due to loss of the *deep nuclei in cerebellum* supplying the cerebellocortical tract.
Osteochondrosis is lysis of vertebra?
No (?) They are characterized by interruption of the blood supply of a bone, in particular to the epiphysis, followed by localized bony necrosis, and later, regrowth of the bone. Ida: It will cause necrosis, so maybe lysis is correct?
Phantomic limb - due to increased amines (?)
No (?????) Tricyclic antidepressant are one of the most effective treatment against neuropathic pain. And these are reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and NA. (Just info depending on how the question is asked)
Can triptans be used in pregnancy?
No (Asked the teacher!) Eva: No (triptans are used as abortive medication, it is non-recommended to use them in pregnancy)
Cerebropontine angle - central facial nerve affected
No (not central)
If there is a pathology of cerebellopontine angle, is the *central* facial nerve affected?
No (not central) But the peripheral nerve can be affected! "Central facial palsy can be caused by a lacunar infarct affecting fibers in the internal capsule going to the nucleus" Central: From cortex --> Nucleus in brainstem
Niemann Pick is a neurodegenerative disease ?
No - metabolic A group of inherited severe metabolic disorders in which sphingomyelin accumulates in lysosomes in cells.
Triptans will cause contrictions of VEINS in brain?
No arteries
Can dissociated sensory loos be caused by anterior spinal artery occlusion?
No(??) (old test answer) --> Wikipedia --> YES it can be a cause...! Dissociated sensory loss: a pattern of neurological damage caused by a lesion to *a single tract* in the spinal cord which involves selective loss of fine touch and proprioception without loss of pain and temperature, or vice versa
In deramtomyositis the infiltrate is mostly CD8?
No, CD4+
In dermatomyositis the infiltrate is mostly CD8+ ?
No, CD4+
In dermatomyositis there is increase of CD8+ Tcells ?
No, CD4+ T-cells (In polymyositis there is increase in CD8+ T-cells)
Subdural hematoma is assessed by x-ray of the skull?
No, CT
Baclofen is an GABA-B receptor antagonist?
No, agonist
For alleric running nose is used alfa 2 mimetic
No, alfa 1
Affection of a peripheral nerve or of a spinal root manifests as tactile sensation disorder, deep and thermic sensation is normal ?
No, all modalities are impaired Skjønner ikke denne? Lesion of peripheral nerve, a plexus or a root leads to motor and sensory disturbance of all modalities, alt går jo sammen ut fra spinal cord i samme nerve - klara)
Anosognosia is typical just for patiens with schizofrenia?
No, also with bipolar. Anosognosia is a deficit of self-awareness, a condition in which a person who suffers some disability seems unaware of the existence of his or her disability.
Compulsion is a perception disorder?
No, anxiety disorder
Somnolence is the highest stages in quantitative consciousness?
No, awake and aware is higher? - Awake and aware (alert) - vigility - Somnolence - Stupor - Coma
Glaucoma is caused by increased ICP (intracranial pressure) ?
No, caused by increased intraocular pressure High ICP can cause papilledema
Incidention in BAD and depression is the same?
No, depression much higher
Does oculomotor nerve lesion leads to convergent strabismus ?
No, divergent strabismus (VI takes over) (ptosis, absent accomodation, mydriasis, no light reflex)
Schizofrenia onset during third decenium?
No, early adulthood
Fenytoin is anxiolytikum?
No, epileptic drug
Phenytoin is an anxiolytic drug?
No, epileptic drug
MS affects more male
No, female
Ergotamines - a disadvantage is the accompanying hypotension
No, hypertension They have vasoconstrictor effects
Antipsychotic medication occupying dopamine receptors affect mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathway, but not tuberoinfundibular?
No, it affects all three a. Mesolimbic and mesocortical system: antipsychotic effects b. Nigrostriatal system: extrapyramidal effects c. Tuberoinfundibular system: endocrine effects
Suicide is common with ppl suffering from tinnitus ?
No, it happens but it is not very common
Tick encefalitis is JUST leukoencefalitis
No, it has 3 variants
Creutzfeld Jakob is not neurodegenerative disorder?
No, it is
Benzalconium increases the viability of sperms?
No, it is a spermicide
Uremic encephalopathy is related to liver failure
No, it is related to renal failure
Triptans will cause constriction of veins in the brain?
No, it should be arteries (???) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "The specific receptor subtypes it activates are present on the cranial arteries and veins."
38. Withdrawal following opioid abuse is characterised by: A. Dysphoric mood B. Nausea C. Muscle pain D. Lacrimation E. None of the above mentioned F. A and D are correct
Old test: A+D Correction: A,B,C,D Withdrawal (pp) o Tearing, rhinitis, stomach pain, muscle pain or even convulsions, pilo-erection, sweating, increased heart frequency, increased blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, mydriasis and strong craving
Histological findings in the progressive multifocal leukoencephalities?
Oligodendrocytes with intranuclear inclusions and astrocytes with pleiomorphism
Side effects of prostaglandin analogues are? (Probably meant as a SE of glaucoma treatment!)
On eye lashes: you'll get ticker and more eyelashes Discoloration of iris: • Mostly irreversible • Very typical for blue eye patient o Blue eyes --> brown o Brown eyes --> even darker eyes!
The difference between suicide and "self kill" is ?
Only orientated and healthy people commit suicide, if you hear voices telling you to kill yourself this is different
Optic manifestation of pituitary tumor
Optic chiasma compression --> visual field defect Ocular motility defect Diplopia Nystagmus (optic atrophy, pituitary apoplexy)
How does Chlorhexidine work?
Osmotic destabilisation (loss of K+ and PO42-); at higher concentrations precipitation in cytoplasma
What is a red neuron? And is it related to ischemia?
Pathological finding, indication of acute neuronal injury, followed by apoptosis or necrosis Found in the first 12-24 h after stroke Red color due to pyknosis or degradation of the nucleus and loss of nissl bodies (which are basophilic), leaving only proteins, which stain eosinophilic
How does hemiparetic walking look like?
Patient does circumduction with his paretic leg (throws it around)
What is dysthymia?
Persistent depressive disorder with less severe but longer lasting symptoms than major depressive disorder; Present for atleast 2 years More common in women
What is Alexithymia?
Personality construct characterized by the sub-clinical ability to indentify and describe emotions in the self There is a dysfunction in emotional awareness, social attachment, and interpersonal relating
Drug of choice of choice for neuropathic pain?
Pharma pp: antidepressants, anti epileptics (anticonvul.), opiods and locally acting drugs. Carbamazepine - drug of choice in trigeminal neuralgia Tricyclic antidepressant - Amitriptylin is drug of choice in post-herpetic neuralgia and central pain.
Name some agonists of cholinergic receptors?
Pilokarpin
Causes of bulbar syndrome? (nuclear)
Polyradiculoneuritis Guillan-Barre sy Brainstem lesion Tumors, meningoencephalitis, motor neuron disease
What is parietal syndrome?
Problems in spatial orientation are produced by *damage to the parietal lobe*, typically in the right hemisphere. Spatial abilities are used when one forms a "mental map" of an area, or when one figures out how shapes will fit together. For example, in the acute phase (soon after injury) they get lost easily. What about neglect if it is in non-dominant hemisphere? Teuber test http://www.intropsych.com/ch02_human_nervous_system/parietal_syndrome.html
What does JC polyoma virus cause?
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis A disease commonly affecting immunocompromised. Affect white matter. Death within 6 months
Bulbar syndrome - which way does the tongue deviate?
Protruded --> toward lesion At rest --> away from lesion
What are some primary neurotropic viruses?
Rabies VZV
Primary neurotropic viruses
Rabies, VZV
What is Devic disease?
Reaction against aquaporins 4. *Neuromyelitis optica*, is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder in which a person's own immune system attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord. This produces an inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Although inflammation may also affect the brain, the lesions are different from those observed in the related condition, multiple sclerosis. Spinal cord lesions lead to varying degrees of weakness or paralysis in the legs or arms, loss of sensation (including blindness), and/or bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Medial parabrachial nucleus function?
Relay information from the taste area of the solitary nucleus to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus
What is the mechanism of action of amphetamine?
Release of -> DA -> NA -> 5-HT into synaptic cleft
How does amphetamine work - release of dopamine
Release of DA, NA and 5-HT (via reversal of transporter function)
A central paraparesis (of lower extremities) without sensory impairment can be due to a parasagittal lesion (meningioma)
True
A combination of acetylosalicylic acid with dipyridamol is used for the secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke recurrence
True
A conversion is a defense mechanism in which a mental problem is replaced by a somatic problem
True
A damage to the posterior columns of spinal cord leads to the impairment of tactile sensitivity
True
A decorticate rigidity is due to lesions above mesencephalon (cortical or diencephalic lesion)
True
A delay of visual evoked potentials can be expected in a young paraparetic woman, diagnosed with multiple sclerosis
True
A delirium is one of the most severe forms of alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal state
True
A dental drill is an example of the potentiation of startle reaction with a conditioned stimulus
True
A finding of papilloedema on the eye fundus is most commonly due to an increase in intracranial pressure
True
A homonymous hemianopia may arise from a lesion of the occipital cortex
True
A homonymous hemianopia may arise from a lesion of the optic tract
True
A lesion to epiconus presents similarly to the radicular lesions to L5 and S1
True
A mixed paresis is caused by a dual lesion, when upper and lower neurons are damaged at the same time
True
A patient with a central hemiparesis of capsular type walks with a circumduction of the affected leg
True
A patient with a visceral pain has a higher BP and pulse frequency than normal
True
A patient with peroneal palsy has a steppage gait, lifting his leg high with each step due to a foot-drop
True
A prevailing static tremor occurs primarily in the essential tremor
True
A renal failure may cause polyneuropathy
True
A spinal cord lesion below the cervical enlargement may cause paresis or plegia of the legs only
True
A statoacoustic neurinoma affects mainly medium and high frequencies
True
A subdural hematoma is due to a venous bleeding
True
A typical morphological feature of progressive supranuclear palsy is an astrocytic cytoplasmic clump of tau protein
True
A typical morphological features of Parkinson´s disease is a Lewy neurite
True
A typical symptom of frontal-type dementia is a speech dysfunction
True
A unilateral hyposmia or anosmia can be a manifestation of a tumour on the basis of the frontal lobe
True
A weight change is not a characteristic symptom of mania
True
Acute intracranial hypertension: you can reduce pressure by hypothermia and hyperventilation
True
Adverse effects of some antipsychotics may include agranulocytosis
True
Amaurosis fugax occurs with the insufficient blood supply from the ophthalmic artery
True
Amaurosis fugax: insuff. blood supply of ophthalmic artery
True
An increasing tension that precedes an impulsive act is typical for impulse control disorders
True
Anhedonia is the loss of pleasure
True
Antidote to paracetamol is N-acetylcysteine
True
Apraxia develops as a result of disconnection between brain regions
True
Around 15% of those with depression commit suicide?
True
Atypical antipsychotics are better tolerated than typical antipsychotics
True
Benzodiazepines have a myorelaxant effect
True
Benzodiazepines have a specific antagonist
True
Benzydamine acts antiseptically
True
Bilateral amygdala lesions result in fear reduction
True
Bipolar disease -> migraine is frequent
True
CADASIL can be diagnosed by the presence of notch-3-protein deposits in the blood vessels walls on skin biopsy
True
CADASIL is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease of small blood vessels leading to a progressive vascular dementia
True
Caloric testing is used to determine the reactivity of the vesticular system
True
Central hemiparesis presents with low abdominal skin reflexes or absent on same side
True
Chlorpromazine blocks histamine receptors
True
Cognitive ACh esterase inhibitors have side effects: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
True
Crack: synonym for free base of cocaine
True
Crosstalk refers to the perception in contralateral ear when hearing is tested
True
Damage of apraxia is referred to tight frontal and parietal cortices
True
Damage to dorsal roots -> ataxia
True
Damage to mesencephalon: contralateral spastic hemiparesis with hemiataxia + ipsilateral peripheral palsy of oculomotor nerve
True
Dextramethorphan (DXM), which is contained in anti-cough drops, behaves as NMDA antagonist in high doses
True
Dystonia may result from a lesion to basal ganglia
True
Eating disorders are disturbances of instincts
True
Epileptic seizures are NOT necessarily accompanied by disturbances of consciousness
True
Fear is rather a phasic phenomenon, while anxiety is tonic
True
Gentamycin can be used for the treatment of chronic tinnitus
True
Granule cells: present during resorption of cerebral ischemia
True
Hemiparesis develops as a consequence of damage to the contralateral capsula interna
True
Hexylresorcinolum is bacteriorstatic at 1% and bacteriocidic at >1%
True
Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, positive pyramidal signs and muscle weakness are evident on the affected limb in a central (spastic) paresis
True
Hypoglycaemia may lead to epileptiform seizures
True
In a conus medullaris lesion, a retention of urine and a faecal incontinence may develop
True
In case of a central disorder of oculomotor innervation, conjugated gaze movements fail and the patient has no diplopia
True
In central hemiparesis, the abdominal skin reflexes are low or absent on the same side
True
In microzoopsia you can see delirium tremens
True
In the Huntington´s disease, cholinergic and GABA neurons are predominantly affected by the neurodegeneration and the dopaminergic activity is increased
True
In the acute transversal thoracic spinal cord lesion, a pseudo-flaccid paralysis occurs with anaesthesia up to the level of the lesion
True
In the multiple sclerosis, the autoimmune targets are antigens of myelin sheaths surrounding CNS neural fibres
True
Interferon beta or other immunomodulators can prolong the remission in some forms of the multiple sclerosis
True
Interruption of peripheral motor nerve -> development of atonia in innervated muscle
True
Intracranial bleeding can cause ischemia?
True
Ipsilateral optic nerve lesion causes loss of vision on the same side as the lesion?
True
Ischaemia may lead to epileptiform seizures
True
Language prosodia is influenced by right parietal lobe
True
Levodopa (L-DOPA) crosses the blood brain barrier
True
Lithium: prevention of manic periods in bipolar disease
True
MRI is an essential imaging method if SCIWORA is suspected
True
MTT (mean transit time) is a suitable parameter to evaluate a brain perfusion CT scan
True
Marchiafava-Bignami disease is a progressive neurological disease of chronic alcoholism characterized by corpus callosum demyelination and necrosis and subsequent atrophy.
True
Memantine lowers an excessive calcium influx into neurons through the partial inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptor and thus it prevents neurodegeneration
True
Metaanalysis of fMRI-brain activation is used during perception of auditory hall in schizophrenia (don´t remember the full statement)
True
Methylphenidate could be used as an anxiolytic
True
Midazolam is used for a conscious (procedural) sedation
True
Montreal cognitive test: short and comprehensive, assesses cognitive functions
True
Mood-congruent delusion is present in mood disorders?
True
Most freq. obsessions are: contamination, catastrophe, blame, accuracy, precision and symmetry
True
Myotonic dystrophy: AD disorder
True
Neuroblastoma does not rank among the tumours of glial origin
True
Neuromuscular junction is a part of muscle unit - true or false?
True
Neuropathological feature of Parkinson´s -> degradation of dopamine pathway to neostriatum
True
Oligoclonal bands specific for MS in CSF is used for diagnosis of MS?
True
On CT-perimyelography, a contrast medium is administered intrathecally by lumbar or suboccipital puncture
True
On a deeper retroflexion of the trunk, the patient with paleocerebellar syndrome does not flex his knees and falls backward
True
Optic agnosia is cognitive disturbance
True
Paraesthesia is a spontaneous feelings (without an external stimulus)
True
Paranoid delusions include persecutory delusions, delusions of reference and control, delusions of grandeur is macromanic delusions
True
Parkinsons syndrome manifests with micrographia, increased salivation and hypomimia
True
Pegaptanib is used to treat macular degeneration
True
Pick´s visions are signs of organic brainstem disorder
True
Poliomyelitis anterior acuta -> caused by polioviruses
True
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with an altered blood flow in the parahippocampal gyrus
True
Quick switches from one unrelated idea to another (flight of ideas) are typical for mania?
True
Rise in cerebral blood flow is expected with paCO2= 8 kPA
True
SCIWORA is accompanied by a positive neurological findings
True
Selegiline is also used as an antidepressant
True
Signs of cerebellar dysfunction: scanning speech, nystagmus, macrographia
True
Subdural hematoma can cause a change of pupillary diameter
True
Subdural hematoma: shows crescent shape on transversal CT scan
True
Symptoms of peripheral palsy accompanies damage to peripheral nerves
True
Syringomyelic dissociation - loss of pain and temperature sensation with relative retention of tactile sensation, related to a cavity in the central portion of the cord interrupting the decussation of nerve fibers.
True
Syringomylia: dissociated sensory loss may be seen
True
The Huntington´s chorea is a disease with trinucleotide repeat expansions
True
The Marchiafava-Bignami disease is characterized by demyelination of the rostral part of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum
True
The Parkinson syndrome presents with micrographia, increased salivation and hypomimia
True
The TDP-34 peptide takes part in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration
True
The alien hand syndrome is characteristic for a corticobasal degeneration
True
The anxiety syndrome includes various forms of fear with non-specific (vegetative) symptoms
True
The ascending reticular formation activated vigilance of the forebrain
True
The autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis is directed primarily against the myelin basic protein of oligodendroglial cells
True
The blockade of muscarinic receptors by tricyclic antidepressants results in the retention of urine
True
The central pontine myelinolysis is a toxonutritive demyelination which affects diabetic patients in a diabetic coma
True
The cerebral amyloid angiopathy is frequently associated with amyloid-beta-peptide
True
The corneal reflex is functional only with the intact trigemino-facial circuit
True
The dopaminergic mesolimbic system is involved in the formation of delusions
True
The epidural bleeding is life-threatening intracranial bleeding often associated with a traumatic fissure of the skull and a damage to meningeal arteries
True
The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is used as a diagnostic marker of astrocytic tumours
True
The history of Raynaud´s disease and of ischaemic stroke is a contraindications to the use of triptans
True
The injury to frontal horns of the spinal cord results in the atonia of innervated muscles
True
The locus coeruleus is involved in a phobic reaction
True
The main mechanism of action of amphetamine is the dopamine release from the presynaptic ending
True
The main symptoms of Parkinsons syndrome are hypertonia and hypokinesia
True
The metaanalysis of fMRI studies focused on the brain activation during perception of auditory hallucinations in schizphrenia shows a higher activity in Broca´s center, insula and superior temporal gyrus
True
The most likely clinical consequence of right posterior parietal cortex damage is an impaired detection of visual stimuli
True
The multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease
True
The multiple sclerosis may cause axonal damage
True
The multiple system atrophy falls among atypical Parkinsonian syndromes
True
The multiple system atrophy falls among typical Parkinsonian syndromes
True
The muscle weakness in lower limbs, perianal sensory deficit and sphincter problems are typical signs of cauda equina syndrome
True
The new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presents with a typical hyperintensity on MRI scan located in the pulvinar thalami
True
The optic agnosia ranks among cognitive disturbances
True
The palsy of the oculomotor nerve produces the inability to move the eye inwards, upwards and downwards
True
The peripheral vestibular syndrome results in tonic deviations toward the affected side
True
The peripheral vestibular syndrome results in tonic deviations towards the affected side
True
The progressive multifucal leukoencephalopathy frequently occurs as a lethal complication of immune system diseases
True
The rapheal system of reticular formation is serotoninergic
True
The retrograde amnesia in trauma or concussion has a gradual character, as a newly obtained information is sensitive to damage due to insufficient transfer or consolidation into the long-term memory
True
The rupture of aneurysmatic walls of cerebral blood vessels typically results in a subarachnoideal bleeding
True
The symptoms of peripheral paresis may accompany the damage to cranial nerves
True
The therapy by pure dopamine precursors exhibits strong dopaminergic adverse effects
True
The time course of disease with attacks and remissions is typical for the multiple sclerosis
True
The treatment of multiple sclerosis is focused on a timely management of individual attacks and a prolongation of remissions
True
The tremor in a patient with cerebellar disorder is more pronounced at the end of movement
True
The upgaze palsy is not a characteristic symptom of Parkinson´s syndrome
True
The uraemic neuropathy typically presents as a distal axonal sensomotoric polyneuropathy
True
The ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are all parts of the reward system
True
Tizanidin is an alpha2 presynaptic CNS receptor agonist, whereby it lowers the BP
True
To assess the presence of delusions, we ask the following question: Is there anything strange or unusual going on around you?
True
Triptans stimulate 5-HT1B receptors
True
Vasoactive drugs are used in treatment of tinnitus
True
Vasodilating agents can be used to treat tinnitus
True
Verbigeration is a meaningless repetition of certain words or phrases
True
Vigabatrin is suitable for the treatment of partial seizures in symptomatic epilepsy
True
We can use NSAIDs in acute migraine attack with a low intensity of pain
True
When peripheral motor nerve fibers are interrupted, an areflexia develops in the innervated muscles
True
When peripheral motor nerve fibers are interrupted, the electrical excitability of the innervated muscles changes
True
Working memory (a short-term retention and manipulation with information) is mainly associated with the activity of prefrontal cortex
True
Zolpidem binds to GABA A receptors
True
Zolpidem is a fast-acting non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug
True
- Donepezil and rivastigmin are competitive and reversible AchE Inhibitors
True (but this is not correct..)
- Dementia praecox is historical predecessor of schizophrenia
True Krepelin
Frontal lesions would lead to eyes deviating to the same side of the lesion?
True (+ contralateral hemiparesis) (Pontine lesion is the opposite)
Imputace and amputace of ideas are signs of first level of schizophrenia?
Yes (What is imputace and amputace?) Blunted affect and insertion of thoughts maybe? Synne: I think it is the same as thought insertion and thought withdrawal in first rank symptoms (imput and amput)..
Cervical olisthesis by 1 cm can lead to quadruplegia?
Yes *Olisthesis* means slipping/sliding of the vertebra The term spondylolisthesis refers to anterior displacement (forward slip) of vertebral body relative to one below. The term retrolisthesis refers to posterior displacement (backward slip) of a vertebral body relative to one below.
Can you use triptans with prokinetics ?
Yes *Prokinetic*: a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency of contractions in the small intestine or making them stronger, but without disrupting their rhythm.
Is the glomeruloid formatinos in glioblastoma multiforme? What are glomeruloid formations?
Yes - Microvascular proliferation and glomeruloid vascular structures are important histopathological features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
Amaurosis fugax can cause hypoperfusion of a.centralis retinae ?
Yes Amaurosis fugax is loss of vision in one eye due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the retina. it may be a sign of an impending stroke
Tizanidin causes hypotension ?
Yes Because of the possibility of tizanidine *lowering blood pressure*, patients should be warned about the risk of clinically significant orthostatic hypotension that is lightheadedness on arising It is a central myorelaxant!
Alzheimers disease leads to anteograde amnesia?
Yes Both anterograde and retrograde
When dorsal columns are affected in spine, does standing and walking with closed eyes lead to worsening the symptoms?
Yes But not in cerebellar lesions I think! Then it doesn't matter if you have them open or close, it is bad anyways...
In MS there is elevated amount of proteins in CSF?
Yes Elevated levels of IgG and oligoclonal band proteins
Early diagnosis of parkinsons can be due to findings of alpha-synuclein in olfactory nerve ?
Yes Er det en grunn til at det står akkurat olfactory nerve?--> Alpha-synuclein is highly expressed in the mitochondria in olfactory bulb, hippocampus, striatum and thalamus
In addiction treatment opiates are connected with lacrimation?
Yes How?
Benzalkonium has spermicidic effect as well as fungicidic, bactericidic and viricidic?
Yes Ida E: I think this should be wrong, benzalkonium is not effective against virus and bacterial spores
Reflexes in neonates can be "pathological" in one year
Yes If they mean that the reflexes are patholgical if they are present beyond 1 year of age it should probably be correct
Can a lesion of middle cerebral artery lead to hemiparesis without sensoric deficit?
Yes Marte: No Middle cerebral artery syndrome - Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of the face and arm (anterior cerebral artery supplies the lower extremity homunculus) - Contralateral homonymous hemianopia - Deviated conjugated gaze toward the side of lesion (frontal eye field = area 8) NB! If there is only irritation, not destruction, the eyes moves to contralateral side - Dominant hemisphere - aphasia (usually left premotor area) - Non-dominant hemisphere - neglect syndrome
Spinal muscular atrophy is linked to SMN gene?
Yes Mutations in the telomeric copy of this gene are associated with spinal muscular atrophy; mutations in the centromeric copy do not lead to disease.
Pegaptanib is used for makular degeneration treatment ?
Yes Other drugs are - Ranibizumab - Atlibercept (VEGF)
Selegilin can be used an antidepressant ?
Yes Selective, irreversible MAO B inhibitor - inhibits DA degradation Parkinsons disease and dermal patch in depression
Deja vu is due to lesions of temporal lobe?
Yes déjà vu has been linked to seizure activity in temporal lobe epilepsy, and clinical reports suggest that many patients experience the phenomenon as a manifestation of simple partial seizures.
MTT (mean transit time) - is a measure of cerebral perfusion?
Yes the ratio of cerebral blood volume to cerebral blood flow (CBV/CBF), is a valuable indicator of the cerebral circulation
Alpha-synuclein inclusions are found in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy (MSA) ?
Yes "Papp Lantos inclusions"
Do we typically have ketoacidotic coma in DM1 ?
Yes (In DM2 it is more uncommon)
Ayahuasca (DMT) need harmalin for activation?
Yes - Ayahuasca contain: DMT, Harmine and Harmaline - DMT is generally not active orally unless it is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) such as a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA), for example, harmaline. Without an MAOI, the body quickly metabolizes orally administered DMT, and it therefore has no hallucinogenic effect unless the dose exceeds monoamine oxidase's metabolic capacity. - Hallucinogens agonists, 5-HT2 - Effective dose 1-20 mg, the duration of action of 20 minutes to 1 hour - DMT and 5-MEO-DMT administered by smoking, orally effective (only with MAOIs)
Schizophrenia has onset in third decade?
Yes 15-30 years
Huntington - Can it cause dementia? - Inheritance? - Typical clinical sign?
Yes AD Chorea
Tysabri (monocloncal Ab) can be used in MS?
Yes Another name for Natalizumab Treatment of relapsing form of MS
A lesion of facial nucleus in brain stem produces peripheral facial palsy?
Yes Before nuclei --> Central From nuclei and peripherally --> Peripheral
Atypical parkinsons syndrome can present in MSA patient? (Multiple system atrophy )
Yes But, with no response to levodopa therapy Impairment of autonomic functions, ataxia and parkinsonism, disease develops in adulthood. Atrophy of striatum and pons
What are Hirano bodies?
are intracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins first observed in neurons; Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or as a function of age without obvious underlying neurodegeration
a) hypesthesia (tuning fork) can accompany nerve damage, root damage, dorsal column and soemthing else.. and it is in the parietal lobe b) parkinsonian sy. has increased basal postural reflexes and cogwheel phenomenon c) astereognosia means that the patient doesnt orient well in space d) in meningeal sy patient cant tilt the head, flex LE
astereognosia = Astereognosis is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual or sensory information
Syndrom Kaudy : asymetrické paresis urinary disorder spinal cord automatism reason for expansion at level L1
asymetrické paresis urinary disorder
Choose correct statement: a) Central paralysis may occur in Brown-Sequard syndrome in the muscle innervated by motor neurons at the level of the lesion b) Resting tremor is the clinical sign of dysfunction of the basal ganglia c) Spinal cord hemisection (Brown-Sequard syndrome) leads to paralysis of the contralateral upper motor neuron below the level of lesion d) Central paralysis may manifest in Brown-Sequard syndrome in the muscles innervated by motorneurons under the level of lesion
b -true d -true a - false (peripheral at the level of lesion, ipsilaterally,central below)
Which of the following is correct a) Midazolam is among SNRI b) Benzodiazepins have anxiolytic effect c) As an anxiolytic we could use donepezil d) Zolpidem provokes extrapyramydal symptoms
b) Benzodiazepins have anxiolytic effect
7. Choose the right statements a) Benzalkonium is used to improve the viability os spermatozoa b) Benzydamine is used mainly it treating inflammation suspension dental apparatus (dental prothesis) c) Povidone is used to medically induce tears production d) In the treatment of macular degeneration can be used latanoprost
b) Benzydamine is used mainly it treating inflammation suspension dental apparatus (dental prothesis) - (NSAID) c) Povidone is used to medically induce tears production --> it is tear replacement, it does not cause production?? (Latanoprost is used in glaucoma!)
Bilateral stem lesion a) Hemiparesis on same side b) Hemiparesis on opposite side c) Cranial nerve palsy on same side d) Loss of sensation
b) Hemiparesis on opposite side c) Cranial nerve palsy on same side Bilateral stem lesion means the complete lesion of brainstem, so maybe "loss of sensation" should be included as well? Synne: I think sensations should be correct as well. Another thing; if we have complete lesion, wouldn't you be paralyzed on both sides as well? Ida E: enig med synnis, burde det ikke være begge sider? Ida: enig i at bare d) er riktig, for resten skulle vel vært bilateralt
From the following choose the correct ones a) In the cauda equina affection the spinal automatism may be present b) In expantion of extramedullary process patient may have radicular pain and vertebral syndrome c) In the acute transversal lesion of the spinal cord at the chest level the patient has pseudioflaccid paraplegia and anaesthesia under the lesion d) spinal cord lesion can causes central, peripheral or mixed paralysis of limbs
b) In expantion of extramedullary process patient may have radicular pain and vertebral syndrome (contraction and something else..) - TRUE c) In the acute transversal lesion of the spinal cord at the chest level the patient has pseudioflaccid paraplegia and anaesthesia under the lesion - TRUE d) spinal cord lesion can causes central, peripheral or mixed paralysis of limbs - TRUE
Choose the correct statement a) Inflammatory infiltrate in acute bacterial meningoencephalitis is composed primarily of modified histiocytes b) Prion diseases are characterized by the presence of tiny vacuoles in the neuropil c) Anterior acute poliomyelitis is induced by herpesvirus d) Morphological manifestation of neurosyphilis can be the atrophy of cortex rubra
b) Prion diseases are characterized by the presence of tiny vacuoles in the neuropil d) Morphological manifestation of neurosyphilis can be the atrophy of cortex rubra *From pp:* Neurosyphilis • Gumma • Atrophia rubra cortices (progressive paralysis) • Demyelinisation of spinal posterior fascicles
23. right one a) Central paralysis may occur in Brown-Sequard syndrome in the muscle innervated by motor neurons at the level of the lesion b) Resting tremor is the clinical sign of dysfunction of the basal ganglia c) Spinal cord hemisection (Brown-Sequard syndrome) leads to paralysis of the contralateral upper motor neuron below the level of lesion d) Central paralysis may manifest in Brown-Sequard syndrome in the muscles innervated by motorneurons under the level of lesion
b) Resting tremor is the clinical sign of dysfunction of the basal ganglia d) Central paralysis may manifest in Brown-Sequard syndrome in the muscles innervated by motorneurons under the level of lesion
Which of the following is true a) In the neuropathic pain treatment the treatment of choice is SSRIs and SNRIs b) Triptans stimulate 5-HT1D receptors c) IN neuropathic pain treatment SSRIs (ex: escitalopram) is used as an antidepressive d) Triptans effect is stringer than the combination of paracetamol + metoclopramid
b) Triptans stimulate 5-HT1D receptors c) IN neuropathic pain treatment SSRIs (ex: escitalopram) is used as an antidepressive 1st choice - antidepressants - antiepileptics - opioids - locally acting drugs (LA, capsaicine)
8. Antibodies in myasthenia gravis are against : a) acetylcholine b) acetylcholine receptors c) presynaptic receptors d) acetylcholine esterase
b) acetylcholine receptors (postsynaptic)
a) treatment of stateoacoustic neurinoma is exclusively conservative b) condition for cochlear implantation is a functional vestibulocochlear nerve c) Menieres disease is a diseaes of the middle ear d) sudden hearing loss treatment, headphones can be used
b) condition for cochlear implantation is a functional vestibulocochlear nerve (true)
a) delusion is a sign of panic anxiety disorder b) during delusion formation doperminergic mesolimbic system takes part c) The patient insists that he is being followed by secret police. If the other criteria of delusions are fulfilled.... d) rumination delusion menas that that patient doesn't see the point in living anymore
b) during delusion formation doperminergic mesolimbic system takes part
a) perceptice aphasia is mostly caused by tumors of corpus callosum b) flashbacks arise when you have malfunction in the temporal lobe c) in traumatic deviation of optic bulb, alexia happens d) optic agnosia belongs to cognitive diseases
b) flashbacks arise when you have malfunction in the temporal lobe d) optic agnosia belongs to cognitive diseases Alexia is the term used when someone loses the ability to read or understand words, sentences, or, in some cases, even recognize letters. It is also called acquired dyslexia, visual aphasia or word blindness. This is fairly common after a stroke. It is caused by damage to the left side of the brain (usually the occipital and temporal lobes). Alexia and dyslexia are terms that are often used interchangeably. ure alexia almost always involves an infarct to the left posterior cerebral artery (which perfuses the splenium of the corpus callosum and left visual cortex, among other things). The resulting deficit will be pure alexia - i.e., the patient can write but cannot read (even what they have just written). However, because pure alexia affects visual input, not auditory input, patients with pure alexia can recognize words that are spelled out loud to them.
true a) occurence of one epileptic seizure means that the patient has epilepsy b) generalized spike and wave rhythm on EEG is typical for generalized tonic-clonic seizures c) slow EEG waves are normal for sleeping adult patient d) dysfunction in the excitation-inhibition of neurons by increased concentration of glu can lead to an epileptic seizure
b) generalized spike and wave rhythm on EEG is typical for generalized tonic-clonic seizures c) slow EEG waves are normal for sleeping adult patient d) dysfunction in the excitation-inhibition of neurons by increased concentration of glu can lead to an epileptic seizure
a) in glaucoma treatment, beta mimetics are used b) latanoprost is used in glaucoma treatment c) homatropine is used as mydriatic d) hydroxypropofol is used as fake tears
b) latanoprost is used in glaucoma treatment c) homatropine is used as mydriatic
Which are true: a) damage to wernicke is expressive aphasia b) ncl. ruber is a part of mesencephalon c) telencephalon has four lobes d) medial side of the thalamus forms wall of 3rd ventricle
b) ncl. ruber is a part of mesencephalon c) telencephalon has four lobes d) medial side of the thalamus forms wall of 3rd ventricle Brocas is expressive aphasia.
true a) damage to wernicke is expressive aphasia b) ncl. ruber is a part of mesencephalon c) telencephalon has four lobes d) medial side of the thalamus forms wall of 3rd ventricle
b) ncl. ruber is a part of mesencephalon c) telencephalon has four lobes d) medial side of the thalamus forms wall of 3rd ventricle
11. Contraindication to lumbar punction is : a) fever b) pappiledema c) suspicion of brain abscess d) mental retardation
b) pappiledema c) suspicion of brain abscess Makes sense! Main contraindication is increased intracranial pressure, and you can have that in both of these. (They are relative contraindications!) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80773-overview#a4
a) irreversible mm weakness is characteristic for myasthenia gravis b) patient with absolute expressive aphasia understands words and text c) titubation can be a sign of cerebellar dysfunction d) parkinson sy. can be provoked by dopaminergic receptor antagonist
b) patient with absolute expressive aphasia understands words and text (in brocas aphasia ie exressive aphsia inability to expresss one ́s thought s in words or writing despiet the ability to understand spoken word) c) titubation can be a sign of cerebellar dysfunction d) parkinson sy. can be provoked by dopaminergic receptor antagonist
a) compulsion and obsession are signs of panic disorder b) pick vision (optic illusion of bent or walk though walls) is a sign of organic affect on the brain stem c) delusion belongs to formal thought disorder d) delirium doesnt belong to consciousness disorders
b) pick vision (optic illusion of bent or walk though walls) is a sign of organic affect on the brain stem c) delusion belongs to formal thought disorder
a) metastatic tumors make up 50-60% of all brain tumors b) pilocytic astrocytoma is a typical histological form of astrocytoma in children c) meningioma is a typical brain tumor in children d) Lisch nodules are characteristic for Sturge-Weber sy.
b) pilocytic astrocytoma is a typical histological form of astrocytoma in children
a) CADASIL is AR hereditary disorder of small vessels that leads to prosessive vascular dementia b) secondary vessel spasms are a relatively common complication of subarachnoid bleeding c) rupture of an aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic subarachnoid bleeding d) rupture of aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic epidural bleeding
b) secondary vessel spasms are a relatively common complication of subarachnoid bleeding c) rupture of an aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic subarachnoid bleeding
4. For acute purulent meningitis is typical : a) increased level of sugar b) substantially increased no. of polynuclears c) increased level of proteins d) substantially increased no. of lymphocytes
b) substantially increased no. of polynuclears c) increased level of proteins Decreased levels of sugar
a) chronic otitis media needs conservative treatment b) tympanometric B curve represents middle ear liquid c) basic hearing exam method is threshold tone audiometry d) lound speech has the intensity of 40-60dB
b) tympanometric B curve represents middle ear liquid c) basic hearing exam method is threshold tone audiometry d) loud speech has the intensity of 40-60dB I think D is wrong! Synne agrees (other test says 60-80db as well) A normal voice approximates to sound pressure level 70 dB A raised voice approximates to sound pressure level 76 dB A very loud voice approximates to sound pressure level 82 dB A shouting voice approximates to sound pressure level 88 dB
a) chronic otitis media needs conservative treatment b) tympanometric B curve represents middle ear liquid c) basic hearing exam method is threshold tone audiometry d) sound speech has the intensity of 40-60dB
b) tympanometric B curve represents middle ear liquid c) basic hearing exam method is threshold tone audiometry d) sound speech has the intensity of 40-60dB
a) in glaucoma treatment, beta mimetics are used b) latanoprost is used in glaucoma treatment c) homatropine is used as mydriatic d) hydroxypropofol is used as fake tears
b,c
The clinical manifestation of epilepsy is not: a. epileptic seizures b. headache c. psychic disturbances d. problems with concentration
b. headache
In the unilateral brain stem lesion a. hemiparesis (or hemiplegia) occurs on the same side b. hemiparesis occurs on the opposite side c. cranial nerve palsy is on the same side d. loss of sensation (hemihypestesia) is on the opposite side of the body
b. hemiparesis occurs on the opposite side c. cranial nerve palsy is on the same side d. loss of sensation (hemihypestesia) is on the opposite side of the body
For viral meningitis, the typical CSF finding is a. increased level of sugar b. increased number of lymphocytes or monocytes c. increased number of polynuclears d. glucose consentration is depressed
b. increased number of lymphocytes or monocytes Appearance: Clear Opening pressure: Normal or elevated WBC count: 10-1000 cells/µL (lymphocytes) Glucose level: >60% serum glucose (may be low in HSV infection) Protein level: Elevated (>50 mg/dL)
Prevention of migrene
beta blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, ca chan blockers, botox
Lewy plaques, intranuclear lewy inclusions
buildup of Lewy bodies, clumps of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons leading to lewy body dementia (degenerative disease). Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells in Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy body dementia, and some other disorders
choose the right a) in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients we detect characteristic polyclonal Igs in the acidic range b) burned down plaque in Multiple Sclerosis consists mainly oligodendrocytes c) ADEM is an acute demyelinating disease that is often related to viral infection d) prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Czech Republic about 1 / million
c) ADEM is an acute demyelinating disease that is often related to viral infection
choose the right a) in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients we detect characteristic polyclonal Igs in the acidic range (monoclonal! It's AI) b) burned down plaque in Multiple Sclerosis consists mainly oligodendrocytes c) ADEM is an acute demyelinating disease that is often related to viral infection d) prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Czech Republic about 1 / million
c) ADEM is an acute demyelinating disease that is often related to viral infection
Choose the right a) in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients we detect characteristic polyclonal Igs in the acidic range b) burned down plaque in Multiple Sclerosis consists mainly oligodendrocytes c) ADEM is an acute demyelinating disease that is often related to viral infection d) prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Czech Republic about 1 / million
c) ADEM is an acute demyelinating disease that is often related to viral infection - TRUE A - false, should be oligoclonal MS is 1:1000 And the plaques probably consist mostly of astrocytes. K: active plaque consists of: activated mononuclear cells, including lymphocytes, microglia, and macrophages destroy myelin and, to a variable degree, oligodendrocytes. With time, gliosis develops, and plaques reach a burned-out stage consisting of demyelinated axons traversing glial scar tissue...
Early symptoms of MS: a) Muscle atrophy b) Ptosis c) Blurred vision in 1 eye
c) Blurred vision in 1 eye The two other are typical for myasthenia gravis
Which of the following is true a) adjustment disorder is a reaction for example after assault, rape or a car accident b) PTSD develops in every person after some life depressing traumatic events c) characteristics of OCD is repetitive occuring obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions d) occurence of a panic attack is forseeable and you can prevent it by following certain warning signs
c) Characteristics of OCD is repetitive occuring obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions *Adjustment disorders* • A life change that you need to adapt too (*not a traumatic event!*) • Abnormal reaction (in form or content), developing within 1 month after a stressful life event (not of unusual or catastrophic nature); normal adaptation unsuccessful (separation, loss, migration, physical illness, change of roles- school, job, retirement, marriage..)
3. Which auxiliary method supports the diagnostis of myasthenia gravis: a) CT of the head b) MRI of the brain and the spinal cord c) Electromyography d) Cerebrospinal fluid examination
c) Electromyography Not CT of HEAD but CT of chest! :) Oxford handbook: 1. Antibodies for ACh 2. EMG 3. CT of thymus 4. Administerin ice onto affected lid for >2 min, ptosis should improve by >2mm
4. From the following chose the correct one: a) brain atrophy occurs in intracranial hypertension b) Brainstem death can be confirmed by c) Hypoglycemic coma develops rapidly d) Hyperglycemia can cause brain swelling
c) Hypoglycemic coma develops rapidly
From the following chose the correct one: a) brain atrophy occurs in intracranial hypertension b) Brainstem death can be confirmed by flat EEG c) Hypoglycemic coma develops rapidly d) Hyperglycemia can cause brain swelling
c) Hypoglycemic coma develops rapidly -
27. choose the right statement a) Homonymous hemianopsia can be caused by lesions of optic nerve b) Dissociative sensation disorder may arise during occlusion of medial cerebral artery (generalised, not dissociative) c) In syringomyelia occurs dissociation of sensory loss d) In a young paraparetic woman with multiple sclerosis reduced concentration of protein in the CSF will be expected (higher due to gamma globulins)
c) In syringomyelia occurs dissociation of sensory loss
choose the right statement a) Homonymous hemianopsia can be caused by lesions of optic nerve b) Dissociative sensation disorder may arise during occlusion of medial cerebral artery (generalised, not dissociative) c) In syringomyelia occurs dissociation of sensory loss d) In a young paraparetic woman with multiple sclerosis reduced concentration of protein in the CSF will be expected (higher due to gamma globulins)
c) In syringomyelia occurs dissociation of sensory loss
a) positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are the result of BDNF defect b) Delusion is a conviction that doesnt have influence on behaviour c) a patient that thinks that his thoughts have been broadcasted on tv for a few months has mania d) Bleulers 4A: autism, blunted affect, ambivalence, loss of association
d) Bleulers 4A: autism, blunted affect, ambivalence, loss of association
a) positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are the result of BDNF defect b) Delusion is a conviction that doesnt have influence on behaviour c) a patient that thinks that his thoughts have been broadcasted on tv for a few months has mania d) Bleulers 4A: autism, blunted affect, ambivalence, loss of association
d) Bleulers 4A: autism, blunted affect, ambivalence, loss of association Klara: I would say that loss of association is wrong - since association stands for deficit of/loose associations...
7. A typical haemorrhage in hypertensive patient is localised in : a) temporal gyrus b) cerebellum c) int. and ext. capsule d) predominantly in the cerebral ventricles
d) Predominantly in the cerebral ventricles Why? Ventricular bleeding is rare.. Pathology pp says: capsula interna + basal ganglia (Marte er enig)
Choose the right statements a) Damage of subthalamic nuclei leads to Parkinson disease b) Damage to subthalamic nuclei will cause Korsakoff psychosis c) Hemiparesis develops as a result of damage to the ipsilateral internal capsule d) Risk factors most frequently cited with stroke is hypertension
d) Risk factors most frequently cited with stroke is hypertension
a) patient with social phobia is not interested in others company b) panic attacks occur only within panic disorder c) untreated panic attack disappears within 30min d) all existing places and situations can be the cause of anxiety during agoraphobia
d) all existing places and situations can be the cause of anxiety during agoraphobia
a) vertical gaze palsy occurs in the lesion of the dorsal part of mesencephalon (tectum) b) deviation of both eyes to one side means bilateral paresis of 3rd cranial nerve c) in the central lesion of extraocular mm. innervation of combined movements of both eyes the patient doesnt have diplopia d) in occipital lobe defect on one side the patient has homonymous hemianopsia on the contralat. side
d) in occipital lobe defect on one side the patient has homonymous hemianopsia on the contralat. side
true a) Multiple sclerosis is cerebrospinal and more common in men b) experimental autoimmune encephalitis is a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, conditioned immunization of the experimental animal of glial fibril acidic protein c) Devons optic neuromyelitis is directed at glial fibrilar acidic protein (false - aquaporin 4) d) multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease
d) multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease
a) muscle atrophy and fascicultions occur early in the first week after the lesion b) in central spastic paresis the affected extremity has higher mm tone, hyperreflexia, positive pyramidal signs and mm weakness c) in peripheral paresis the affected extremity is weak, hypotonic and hyperreflexic d) ‚pseudflaccid paralysis' central paraplegia (spinal shock stage) you have hypotonia of mm and areflexia
d) ‚pseudflaccid paralysis' central paraplegia (spinal shock stage) you have hypotonia of mm and areflexia a) muscle atrophy and fascicultions occur early in the first week after the lesion b) in central spastic paresis the affected extremity has higher mm tone, hyperreflexia, positive pyramidal signs and mm weakness
Dementia before the age of 60 necessitates to exclude in differential diagnosis a. anemia b. alcoholic encephalopathy c. brain tumor d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Hungtington
dementia, AD and chorea
Alcohol, mainly stimulant
depresant+
leasion III
deviation to the outside
during epileptickém seizure priscribe/treatment: diazepam 10mg i.v. diazepam 10 mg i.m,s.c. rectal (inject?) oral
diazepam 10mg i.v. rectal (inject?)
What is Bleuler's four A's in diagnosis of schizophrenia?
disturbances in affect, association, ambivalence and autism
Paresis of 3rd n. divergentní strabismus diplopie anizokorie
divergentní strabismus diplopie anizokorie
Is Perimyelo CT used for diagnosis of avulzion of spine rous?
dont think so
Bell's palsy
facial muscle paralysis
- Antidepressant affects neither gene expression or neurotrophic factors
false
- Enlarged lateral ventricles are specific exclusively to schizophrenia
false
- Phineas gage was a neurosurgeon who described relationship between temporal lobe lesion and epilepsy
false
- Serotoninergic pathways are the main components of reward system
false
3 stages of general adaption syndrome are alarm, resistance and denial
false
Bizzare delusions synonymous to a mood incongruent delusion
false
Compulsions and obsessions are symptoms of panic disorder?
false
Confabulation in patients with mania used to fill gap in memory
false
GFAP used as diagnostic marker of oligodendroglial tumors
false
PML is characterised by atypical polymorph oligondendro.. cells on histo assesement
false
a damage to a optic nerve right out of the eyeball manifest as homonynous ipsilateral hemianopia
false
a superficial test with tuning fork along with vibration sense
false
a typical and frequent somatic syndrome in depression is awakening 2 hours later than usual
false
antiepileptics have low drug interactions
false
bulbar syndrome presents with horizontal gaze impairment
false
citalopram is a TCA
false
common charecteristics of classic and operant condition is association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
false
conus medullaris syndrome is most frequently caused by lumbar disc prolapse
false
critical period of maturation of frontal cortex is 10-12 yrs
false
grey matter located on surface of medullaris spinalis
false
hypochondric delusion is a symptom of pyschotic mania
false
if neuromuscular junction is affected, a paresis accompanied by tactile sensation disorder
false
in oculomotor palsy, convergent strabismus and diplopia occur
false
injury to frontal horns of spinal cord lead to increased tone of innervated muscles
false
lateral genticulate body relays auditory input
false
lie detector is useful in objective history taking
false
magic obsession is a form of delusion
false
muscle weakness , hypotonia and hyperreflexia in affected limb are present in peripheral paresis
false
necrosis plays main role in loss of neurons in neurodegeneration
false
neuropathic pain same as nocieptive pain
false
perph vestibular symptoms predominate in alcoholic inebriation
false
primary cns angitis diagnosed by presence of notch 3 protein deposits in blood vessels wall on skin biopsy
false
resting tremor is a sign of cerebellar syndrome
false
spinal ataxia develops in a patient with cerebellar disorder
false
spinal shock and neurogenic shock are the same
false
the marchiafaro-bignami disease charcterized by demyelination of rostral part of corpus callosum and septum pellicdum in immunocompromised patients with cancer
false
unwanted intrusive throughts are typical for agarophobia?
false
- Hypochondriac delusion is a symptom of psychotic mania
false Hypochondric delusions is the idea of having a stone instead of liver. Probably schizophrenic
MS is AR disease
false ( AUTOIMMUNE!!)
Creutzfeld Jakob is not neurodegenerative disorder
false (it is)
If subdural hematoma is suspected, radiography of the skull is indicated
false - I agree that we should do a CT scan to confirm the bleeding. But it is usually not connected with a skull fracture (as epidural bleeding), and that is why a radiography of the SKULL is not indicated
EEG findings of spike-wave rhythm in some of the leads are characteristic for absence type of epileptic seizures
false - It is wrong because it says "some of the leads", it would have been correct if it was in all leads. Absence seizures are general, not partial seizures..
Pathophys of bipolar disorder, hyperactivity of the serotonergic system plays a key role
false - neurobiology of affective disorders" it states that: Deficient serotonergic neurotransmission has been hypothesized as a factor in mania AND depression. Perhaps because it contributes to GABA deficit.
CADASIL is AR disorder of small blood vessels leading to progressive vascular dementia
false( Its AD)
- The lifetime prevalence of depression is between 40-50%
false, 15%
pegaptanib
for makular degeneration treatment
Devic's disease or Neuromyelitis optica is what?
heterogeneous condition consisting of recurrent and simultaneous inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis).
Cortex lesion
homogenous hemianopsie contralaterally
10% of people with symptoms of depression have undiscovered hypothyroidism?
hypothyroidism is connected to depressino (don't know if 10%)
Mechanism of action of Buspiron?
i. 5-HT1A receptor agonist for *anxiety attacks.* ii. NO hypnotic effects (compared to traditional anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs: BZP and Barbiturates) iii. Needs 3 weeks to effect (like antidepressants) so in case that ACUTE treatment is required you have to use BZP that will act within 30 min!!
Name 2 groups with typical antipsychotics?
i. Phenothiazines - chlorpromazine ii. Butyrophenones - haloperidol Chlorpromazine: low potency, sedative Haloperidol: high potency, high EPS Typical = works on positive symptoms.
Hypoglossal paralysis - difference in UMN and LMN lesion?
i. UMN paralysis: tongue deviates opposite of lesion when protruded ii. LMN paralysis: tongue deviates to the side of lesion when protruded
Leasion of nervus peroneus? Its stepping, walking like a rooster
inability to life foot at ankle
How amantandin works?
increases Dopamine, increases reupteake NMDA agonist. MAOA inhibitor
Oculovestibular reflex -
irrigation of ear. normal reflex eye movement toward lesion. abnormal nystagmus away from lesion.
Alteplasa
its fibrinolytikum but you have to administer it till 3h
Lambert Eaton sy
its paraneoplastic sy (connected with small cell lung ca)
How does the leasion of tractus gracillis and cuneatus look?
loss of proprioception of lower and upper limb below the lesion The cuneate fasciculus carries information from vertebral level T6 and above, while the fasciculus gracilis carries information from vertebral levels T7 and below. The two ascending tracts, however, do meet at the T6 level.
Syndrom dyskinetick: myoclonus torsní (torsion)spasmus balismus
myoclonus torsní (torsion)spasmus balismus
When MS is messing you up you use
natalizumab
33% of people after stroke have depression?
nearly 30% of people with stroke will develop depression
- Treatment of neuropathic pain - NSAIDs
no
Anxiety is only in panic attacks `
no
Furosemide in glaucoma therapy
no
Hypoprosexie (attention deficit disorder) is decreased libido?
no
In addiction treatement cocain is connected with lacrimation
no
Is hypoxia the same as ischemia?
no
Severe rotation of eye can lead to alexia (not able to understand written language)
no
Severe rotation of eye can lead to alexia?
no
Uremic encephalopathy - related to liver failure
no
Zoopsie halucination of litte animals that talk to you?
no
Bulbar syndrome causes a central paralysis of hypoglossal nerve?
no Bulbar is LMN lesion
Strongest indication of suicidal tendencies in depressed people is psychosis?
no (?)
OCD persons have voices commenting on their actions?
no (usually not)
Phenothiazines binding to muscaranic receptors
no - Phenothiazine antipsychotics are dopamine-2 (D2) receptor antagonists
Pontine demyelination in diabetic coma
no - found in overly rapid correction of hyponatremia • alcoholics, malnourished persons, renal failure ...
Is brown heroin 80% pure heroin
no - white heroin usually has about 70%
Prevalence of depression is 40% ?
no 20%
CT myelography is mainly today use in cervical spine?
no ??? S+E believes this should correct.
Alcohol - anxiolytic effect on 5HT3
no anxiolytic effect done by increse in gaba
deep vein cerebral thrombosis, common in elderly, not indication for MRI
no eventho the first imaging investigation performed is CT. MRI will allow both the visualise the clot as well as the sequelae.
meningitis in newborns - gram negative diplococci
no in neonates, Escherichia coli, group B streptococci, and Listeria monocytogenes; in children, Hemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, and meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis); in adults, pneumococci, meningococci, and, less commonly, staphylococci and gram-negative entero- bacteria.
In bulbar sy and pseudobulbar sy both have dysfagie and dysfonia?
no it is dysarthria not dysphonia
Prevalence of depression is 40%?
no, 20 %
For allergic runny nose we used alpha 2 mimetics?
no, alpha 1
Acute anterior poliomyelitis is caused by herpes virus?
no, by polio virus
Rabies manages to get to brain trough middle ear
no, dog bite
Při hemiplegia alterans inferior is with circular rotation nystagmus?
no, hemiplegia alternans inferior occurs with hypoglossal palsy. Nystagmus occurs with vestibulocerebellar lesions
Chlorhexidine has strong antiviral and antifungal effect?
no, weak Is bactericidic
Subdural hematoma assessed by x-ray of skull?
no.. CT
Does gliosis contain mainly astrocytes
no? - particularly astrocytes undergo hyperlasia and hypertrophy - Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes
MS - AR disease (inheritance)
not hereditary disease - AUTOIMMUNE
Prophylactic treatment migraine o Beta blockers o Anti-convulsants o Andi-depressants o Calcium channel blockers o Beta 2 mimetics o Alpha 1 agonists
o Beta blockers - yes o Anti-convulsants - yes o Andi-depressants - yes o Calcium channel blockers - yes o Beta 2 mimetics - NO (it's a broncho- and vasodilator) o Alpha 1 agonists - NO (triptans work on serotonin 1D and 1B receptors that are ONLY located in the cerebral blood vessels, so they're specific. So you can't use alpha 1 agonists because they don't work specifically on these receptors)
Sumatriptan - is given i.v - constricts brain vessels - cause pain relief during migraine attack
o Constriction of brain vessels - Yes (vasoconstrictor) o IV administration - No (tablet, nasal spray, subcut-injection) o Pain relief during migraine attack - naratriptan - Yes
Which of these are used as artificial tears? o Hyaluronic acid o Povidone
o Povidone
What is the standard therapy of tinnitus? o Use of beta blockers o Vespta (?) o Histamine, beta-histine o Adverse effects: accessive weight loss
o Use of beta blockers - no o Vespta (?) o Histamine, beta-histine - stimulates receptors - yes --> H3 histamine receptors o Adverse effects: accessive weight loss (no, it's gain!)
Hemiparetical walking -
patient does do the circumduction with his leg
Parkinzonovy choroba : progresivní disease Tremor 1st sign Depression a demensia
progresivní disease Tremor 1st sign Depression a demensia
a) muscle atrophy and fascicultions occur early in the first week after the lesion b) in central spastic paresis the affected extremity has higher mm tone, hyperreflexia, positive pyramidal signs and mm weakness c) in peripheral paresis the affected extremity is weak, hypotonic and hyperreflexic d) Pseudflaccid paralysis' central paraplegia (spinal shock stage) you have hypotonia of mm and areflexia
true: A,B,D Does really atrophy and fasciculations start in the 1st week?
Biperiden, benzatropin
used in parkinsons its anticholinergicum
- Treatment of neuropathic pain - carbamazepine
yes
15% of depressed people comit suicide?
yes
Alcohol - emetic effect on 5HT3
yes
Alcohol, first stimulant, thereafter depressive
yes
Anhedonia is the inability to feel joy
yes
Are inclusions in neurodegenerative disorders present in oligodendroglial cells as well?
yes
BAD - the depression are more frq than the manic episodes?
yes
BZD works on GABA receptors?
yes
mematine lowers excessive Ca+ influx into neurons by partial inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptors, prevents neurodegeneration
true
myopathies mostly congenitial origin
true
panic disorder increases cardiovascular morbidity
true
problem with synthetic ergotamine derivs is hypotensive effect
true
retardation/block/lesion of one optical nerve : amuróza on 1 side
true
septum varum in smaller rodents larger than in humans
true
stimulants ( methylphenidate) used in treat of hyperkinetic disorders
true
symptoms of meningeal irritation - intense headache, vomiting and photophobia
true
triptans used in acute treatment of migraine
true
unilateral lesions of IX-XI, ipsilateral palatal arch and shoulder are dropped at rest
true
vertical gaze palsy, may occur in dorsal mesencephalic lesion
true
Basic examination of orientation is asking about time and time of year `?
yes
Benzalconium can be used in mouth wash?
yes
Benzodiazepines in elderly increases their risk of falling?
yes
Brachial plexus lesion can lead to both motor and sensoric damage?
yes
Can N. meningitis cause purulent meningitis?
yes
Can a meningeoma cause meningeal signs?
yes
Can hypercalcemia cause encephalopathy?
yes
Can we find Lewy bodies in parkinsons?
yes
Contrast substance is applied intrathecal through lumbal puncture or suboccipital?
yes
Conversive disorder is a self defence mechanism that a psychological problem moves to a static part of the body?
yes
Corticosteroids are used in acute relapse of MS?
yes
Does ALS attack both UMN and LMN ?
yes
Does hyponatremia cause encephalopathy?
yes
Does periferial lesion of VII leads to Lagophtalmus
yes
For addiction is the most important dopamine and glutamate?
yes
Frovatriptane has the longest t1/2 of the triptans?
yes
Function of vigabatrin - GABA transaminase inhibitor
yes
Hypernatremia can cause encephalopathy?
yes
Hyponatremia can cause brain edema?
yes
Hypoventilation occurs if a patient has increased intracranial pressure?
yes
In Alzheimers disease the cholinergic neurons are diseased ?
yes
In Devic's disease there is Ig against aquaporins?
yes
In strong meningeal irrtiation the patient bends is knees if you flex his head to sternum?
yes
Is Huntington an AD disease?
yes
Is Tropicamide a mydriatic agent?
yes
Is a depressed person most pessimistic in the morning?
yes
Is depression linked to increased inflammatory markers ?
yes
Lesion of cortex in occipital lobe will lead to contralateral homonymous hemianopsia?
yes
Lesions of temporal lobe leads to derealization?
yes
Levodopa should be prescribed with an inhibitor of peripheral decarboxylase ?
yes
MS affects both spine and brain ?
yes
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease?
yes
PCP, ketamin, amphetamin can cause psychosis?
yes
PML - is caused by JC virus in imunologically compromised patiens
yes
PML is caused by the JC virus in immunologicall compromised patients?
yes
Parkinson patients salivate more?
yes
Phobia - linked to situations or subjects that are normally not dangerous?
yes
Progressive supranuclear palsy belongs to tauopathies?
yes
Progressive supranuclear palsy includes atypical parkinsonian syndrome?
yes
Prostaglandins analogues increase the uveoscleral outflow?
yes
Schwannoma is found most commonly on CN VIII?
yes
Social withdrawal and affective blunting are typical signs of schizophrenia?
yes
Speech is a symbolic function?
yes
Stimulants decrease appetite, make people excited and increases self esteem ?
yes
Triptans can be used in combination with prokinetics ?
yes
Unilateral occipital lesion --> Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia?
yes
Water intoxication can cause coma?
yes
We can use NSAIDs in a low intensity migraine with pain
yes
alcohol is first excitatory, then depressive
yes
bipolar and schizophrenia have similar genetics?
yes
does zolpidem cause extrapyramidal signs?
yes
Huntington is an AD disorder?
yes "ADHD"
Can a major depression be superimposed on dysthmia?
yes (Dysthymia - chronic depression)
A combination of aspirin and pyramidol can be used in post-stroke treatment? If no, why not? If yes, why?
yes --> Coronary vasodilation and decreased adhesivity to the endothelium
ADEM is often connected with infection?
yes Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Subdural hematoma can lead to papillary edema?
yes Also ICP can lead to it!
Friedreich ataxia is related to frataxin gene?
yes Friedreich's ataxia is a rare inherited disease that causes nervous system damage and movement problems. It usually begins in childhood and leads to impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) that worsens over time.
Bells palsy is due to VII nerve paralysis?
yes Paralysis of the facial nerve causing muscular weakness in one side of the face.
around 80% of drugs sold as ecstasy are in fact other types of drugs ?
yes Sick..
Olfactory dysfunction or hallucinations in one nostrill can be caused by a onesided tumor?
yes Tumors in uncus or olfactory groove meningioma
Tactile sensation can be damaged with a posterior column lesion ?
yes Vibration, position sense and fine touch
Chlorhexidine can be used to remove plaque on teeth? What is an adverse effects?
yes Brown discoloration of teeth
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can be present in people with HIV/Aids ?
yes Commonly found in immunocompromised patients
If the 12th CN is damaged, the tongue will deviated to the same side of the lesion, when it is protruded?
yes Protrusion --> deviation towards paralyzed side Inside the mouth --> deviates toward healthy side - peripheral lesion
GAD increases morbidity for cardivascular disease?
yes (GAD=generalized anxiety disorder)
Does peripheral lesions of VII lead to lagophtalmus? (Inability to close the eye)
yes (NB: not in central - because the upper part of face is innervated bilateralt)
Spinal shock leads to removal of all reflexes for a certain time?
yes (all spinal reflexes but not brainstem reflexes?)
is hygroma a complication of chronic subdural hematoma after 1-3 weeks
yes (not sure about the 1-3 weeks)
Schizophrenia research is focused on posterior cingulate?
yes (some of it at least, related to Toxoplasmosis infection) Other regions showing changes in schizophrenia are: • Temporolimbic regions • Thalamus • Prefrontal cortex • Mesolimbic pathway and Mesocortical pathway
Acute fundction of MDMA - hyperthermia, heart arrhythmias, sweating, mydriasis
yes - Hyperthermia, sweating, tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis
Methadone - prolonged QT
yes - Q-T interval prolongation and TdP associated with the use of methadone are potentially fatal adverse effects
Pick's disease - atrophy of frontal cortex?
yes and temporal cortex
Can a patient with muscle strength 3 lift his arm against gravity?
yes he can if no resistance is applied (0 = no muscle contractility - 5 = normal contraction)
can subdural hematoma cause a anisocoria?
yes in case ocular motor palsy occurs
Alcohol - works on GABA
yes(excitation) , as well as on NMDA(inhibition)
Irritational signs (those that appear when u have a lesion of a central neuron) can be present normally in children untill first year?
yes, like the babinsky
PML - can be present in ppl with AIDS
yes, mostly in immunosuppressed patients
Frontal cx. Lesion
you cant look away from the affected side and eyes are deviated towars the leasion
Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by atypical presence of neovascular proliferation
true - (Microvascular proliferation and glomeruloid vascular structures are important histopathological features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM))
Metastatic brain tumors constitute 25-30% of all brain tumors
true - 25-50%
Normal audibility of loud speech is 6 m
true - Loud speech can be heard further away than 6 m, I read the statement so that it claims that we can here loud speech until 6m.
Therapy of huntington disease is which drugs?
• Neuroleptics - antidopaminergic Reserpine, meserpine, tetrabenazine • Central muscle relaxants Baclofen • Drugs to decrease excitotoxicity (slows the progression of dementia)
Signs of pseudobulbar syndrome (supranuclear) ?
• UMN lesion, central palsy • dysarthria, dysphagia, n.VII,V • masseter reflex increased • emotional lability (unprovoked crying or laughing) • frontal type of the gait
Does memantin improve short term memory?
Yes
Does memantin improve the short term memory?
Yes
Nc. suprachiasmaticus participates in regulation of sleep cycle
+
Neocortex is composed of six layers
+
Amyloid neuropathy is most commonly associated with amyloid-beta peptide
False
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a demyelinating disease
False
An injury to the cervical enlargement may cause a central paresis of arms and a peripheral paresis of legs
False
Anisocoria in an unconscious patient may be due to a tentorial herniation (a temporal conus), which is contralateral to the mydriasis
False
Anosognosia - the abscence of insight into the disease is typical only for a delusional disorder
False
Antidepressant affect neither gene expression or neurotorphic factors
False
Antidepressants affect neither gene expression nor neurotrophic factors
False
Antidepressants of the SSRI group are preferred to those of SNRI group in the treatment of neuropathic pain
False
Benzydamine is one of the CCAIDs (common cytokine anti-inflammatory drugs)
False
Capsaicine is a selective antagonist of TRPV1 receptors
False
Chorea is commonly found in the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
False
Clopidogrel is a thrombolytic drug
False
Common characteristic of classical and operant conditioning is association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
False
Compulsions and obsessions are symptoms of panic disorder
False
Corpus callosum is the smallest commissure of the brain
False
Dihydroergotoxin has only peripheral effects, it does not pass through the blood-brain barrier
False
Disorders of protein degradation associated with the ubiquitin system are typical for Alzheimer´s disease
False
Dissociative convulsions are accompanied by urinary incontinence, tongue biting and loss of consciousness
False
Donepezil can be used as an anxiolytic
False
Drugs similar to antiepileptics are used in the treatment of Alzheimer´s disease
False
During the "finger-to-nose" test, the patient with cerebellar syndrome does not carry out the whole movement but stops early in front of the target
False
Enlarged laterl ventricles are specific exclusively to schizophrenia
False
Flumazenil is an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), acting against decomposition of dopamine
False
Furosemide can be used in the treatment of glaucoma
False
If a tympanic membrane is perforated, the tympanometry yields type C tympanogram
False
Illusions and pseudoillusions are thought disturbances
False
In a unilateral cerebellar lesion, ataxia and adiadochokinesia present contralaterally
False
In bulbar syndrome, the central palsy of n. XII is present
False
In order to diagnose the bipolar disease, at least one epidose of depression must be present in addition to manic phases
False
Infarction of subthalamic nucleus causes ipsilateral hemiballism
False
Lamotrigine blocks Ca2+ channels with a subsequent stabilization of neuromuscular plate
False
Medications containing ginkgo can significantly alleviate migraine, especially in warfarinized patients
False
Metastatic brain tumours constitute 5-10% of all brain tumors
False
Microscopic picture of Parkinson´s disease includes amyloid deposits in the brain vessel wall (congophilic angiopathy)
False
Muscle weakness, hypotonia and hyperreflexia of afferent limb present in peripheral paresis
False
Myasthenia gravis is often associated with a thyroid cancer
False
Negri bodies are characteristic glial viral inclusions found in the rabies
False
Objective tinnitus is treated with vasodilators
False
Obsessions and phobias are formal thought disorders
False
PTSD patient remembers every detail of experienced traumatic event
False
Pain sensation is transmitted through the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
False
Paracetamol is used as an antiaggregans in the secondary prevention of ischaemic stroce recurrence
False
Paralysis, atonia, areflexia and a progressive muscle atrophy are signs of damage in syringomyelia
False
Patient with delirium have no problems to do seven substraction test
False
Patient with delirium have no problems to do the seven substraction test ?
False
Patients with aggressive or sexual obsessions are dangerous to others
False
Patients with anorexia nervosa have a specific phobia of food
False
The absence of gliosis supports the hypothesis of the neurodegenerative origin of schizophrenia
False
Drug seeking and craving is connected to dopamine, prefrontal cortex and amygdala?
Yes
Echolalia is a typical sign of cataplexy
Yes
in central hemipareisis , abdominal skin reflexes low or absent on same side
true
intrakraniální hemorhagie: hypertenze - aneurysma....
true
ipsilateral loss of proprioception below lesion leads in Brown Sequard syndrome
true
language prosodia influenced by right parietal lobe
true
levodopa crosses BBB
true
local administration of prostaglandins analogous to treat glaucoma in opthamology
true
medulloblastoma not ranked among tumors of glial origin
true
Nuclei of posterior fasciculi are located on the transition of medulla spinalis and brain stem
+
Nucleus basalis Meynerti is cholinergic
+
Nucleus basalis Meynerti is part of substantia innominata
+
Nucleus ruber is part of mesencephalon
+
Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells on the periphery
+
On spinal cord are located 2 intumescences
+
Part of substantia nigra belongs to basal ganglia
+
Periakveductal gray carries nociceptive impulses
+
Planum temporale belongs to asymmetrical part of CNS
+
Plexus choroideus DOES not passes from lateral ventricles into third ventricle
+
Primary motor area is area 4
+
Prosencephalon differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon
+
Pyramidal motor tract is 2-neuronal
+
Rapheal system of reticular formation is serotoninergic
+
Reticular formation continues into nc. reticularis thalami
+
Reticular formation runs through brain stem
+
Rexed zones describe spinal gray matter
+
Rombencephalon differentiates into metencephalon and myelencephalon
+
Schaffer collaterals are located in hippocampus
+
Schizophrenia research is focused on posterior part of cingulum
+
Sylvius fissure is synonym for fissura lateralis cerebri
+
Telencephalon has four lobes
+
Temporal lobe is located in middle skull fossa
+
Thalamus is part of diencephalon
+
Third brain ventricle is not paired
+
Ventral border of diencephalon to cortex is lamina terminalis
+
Ventral spinal horns do not reach to the spinal surface
+
Vertebromedullar topography is mapping projection of spinal cord segments on vertebral column
+
Visual cortex is supplied mostly via a.cerebri posterior
+
Weight of adult brain is cca 2 kg
+
White matter is formed by dendrites and axons
+
Fissura horizontalis cerebri separates left and right hemisphere
+ (??? cerebelli would be true)
Spinothalamic tract runs in posterior spinal fascicles
+ (???)
Amygdala is located in parietal lobe
-
Biggest neurons in humans are pseudounipolar by type
-
Blood from cerebrospinal sinuses flows mostly through plexus pterygoideus
-
Broca speech center is located in the parietal lobe
-
CFS volume is cca 4 liters
-
CSF flows fyziologically into inner ear
-
Callosal body is smallest commissure of the brain
-
Canalis centralis has diameter cca 2 cm
-
Capsula extrema is located between claustrum and putamen
-
Centromedial nucleus of amygdala developmentally originates in cerebral cortex
-
Cerebellum is located in middle skull fossa
-
Cingulum contains gyrus paraterminalis
-
Climbing fibers from oliva inferior into cerebellum run ipsilaterally
-
Corpora mammillaria are part of brain stem
-
Corpus geniculatum laterale is auditory
-
Cortical auditory area is located in frontal lobe
-
Decussatio pyramidum is located on dorsal part of brain stem
-
Dura mater is located externally to pia mater
-
Dura mater is not sensitively innervated
-
Fibers from nc. accumbens continue into septal nuclei as stria terminalis
-
Foramina Luschkae are located on calva
-
Fornix runs with hippocampus as far as into amygdala
-
Grey matter is located on the surface od medulla spinalis
-
Gyrus parahippocampalis belongs to limbic system
-
Hypophysis is located in tegmen tympani
-
Insula is located on medial part of hemisphere
-
Lemniscus lateralis carries ingormations via corpus trapezoideum
-
Lesion of Wernicke center is called expressive aphasia
-
Lesion off temporal lobe leads to behavior impairment
-
Medulla spinalis continues caudally even into canalis sacralis
-
Metencephalon is developmentally youngest part of brain
-
Mossy fibers runs only from brain stem
-
Most neurons regenerate well
-
N. XI is faintest cranial nerve
-
Neurons are visible by naked eye
-
Nuclei of cranial nerves are located only in mesencephalon
-
Nucleus dentatus of cerebellum is smallest of all cerebellar nuclei
-
Olfactory cortical area is located close to fissura calcarina
-
Pallidum ventrale is another name forr claustrum
-
Prefrontal cortex is place of spatial memory formation
-
Rat has also cortical gyrification, similarly to human
-
Septum verum is larger in rat then in the human
-
Spinal cord is not covered by pia mater
-
Subfornical organ serves for parolfaktory perception
-
Sulcus posterior medullae spinalis is deeper then fissura mediana anterior
-
Synchronization of eyeball movement is regualted by fasciculus longitudinalis posterior (Schutzi)
-
Tectal plate is part of oblongata
-
ena cerebri magna runs from 4th ventricle via foramen Magendie
-
Astrocytes belong to macroglia
- (??? macroglia=astrocytes +oligodendrocytes)
Axons carry information from neuronal body to the periphery
- (???)
What is Devic's disease?
- Autoimmune, inflammatory disorder in which a person's own immune system attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord. This produces an inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis the legs or arms, loss of sensation (including blindness), and/or bladder and bowel dysfunction. - An immunological disorder that may be confused with multiple sclerosis (MS)
To prevent migraine we can use beta blockers, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, calcium channel blockers or botox ?
- Beta-blockers - Calcium channel blockers - Anticonvulsant - Antidepressants - type of barbiturates - Anti-epileptic drugs - Botox
The astorcytic plaque of alpha-synuclein is characteristic for the corticobasal degeneration
False
The astrocytic plaque of alpha-synuclein is characteristic for the corticobasal degeneration
False
The brainstem death may be comfrmed by extensor response of limbs to painful stimuli
False
The deviation of both eyes to one side is caused by the bilateral oculomotor palsy
False
The direction of nystagmus is described in terms of the slow component
False
The epidural bleeding is a life-threatening intracranial bleeding often associated with a traumatic fissure of skull and a damage to bridging meningeal veins
False
The experimental autoimmune encephalitis is a murine model of multiple sclerosis prepared by the immunization of experimental animals by glial fibrillary acidic protein
False
The first neuron of the pain pathway is located in the ventral columns of spinal cord
False
The gemistocytic astrocytoma is a typical form of astrocytoma of childhood
False
The hamartin peptides takes part in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration
False
The herpetic encephalitis is characterized by the presence of intracytoplasmatic inclusions in glial cells
False
The hippocampus is an important structure for the regulation of visual pereception
False
The intracranial Schwannoma most often affects the optic nerve
False
The lifetime prevalence of depression ranges between 40-50%
False
Benzalconium
Increases the viability of sperms
Fibrinoid necrosis in small arteries in brain when someone suffers from hypertension?
Yes
For acute MS we can use methylprednisolon?
Yes
For diagnosis of BAD is important to have mania plus at least one episode of depression?
Yes
Frontotemporal dementia belong among ubiquitinopathies?
Yes
GAD increases morbidity for cardiovascular disease?
Yes
Glioblastma multiforme - Huge anaplasy and atypical nuclei
Yes
Hair cells in Cochlea?
Yes
Hungtington is AD
Yes
Hypercalcemia Leads to encephalopathy?
Yes
Hypernatremia can cause encephalopathy
Yes
Hypochondrial disorders, the patient is sure he is sick?
Yes
Hyponatremia - can lead to brain edema
Yes
Hypoprosexie is lack of attractin?
Yes
IV narkomans need lemon juisce (accid) fighter and opiod to shot themself?
Yes
In AD are cholinergic neurons wrong?
Yes
In MS are affected areas both in spine and brain
Yes
In Subarachonideal bleeding the meningeal sign are present immediately?
Yes
In addiction treatement opiates are connected with lacrimation?
Yes
In glioblastoma multiforme there is alot on anaplasia and atypical nuclei ?
Yes
In leasion of cauda its always including problems of sphincters?
Yes
In lesion of BG leads to static tremor?
Yes
In olfactory nerve there is an alfa synuclein that can lead to early diagnosis of Parkinsons?
Yes
In parkinsons patiens are making a shitfull of salivation?
Yes
In stimulation therapy of depression you only stimulate a part of cingulum?
Yes
In strong meningeal irritation the patient bends his knees if you flex his head to sternum?
Yes
Is Marburg type of "dementia" the fulborne type? Should be Marburg type of MS, not dementia.. ?!?!?
Yes
Is atropin a mydriatic agent?
Yes
Is betahistin histaminikum?
Yes
Is dementia associated with deposition of beta protein structure ?
Yes
Is depression linked to incread markes of inflamation?
Yes
Is myasthenia gravis related to thymic cancer?
Yes
Is spike and wave pattern on EEG typical of absence seizure?
Yes
Ketoacidotic coma in DM I.?
Yes
Leasion of cx in occipital lobe will lead to homonym hemianopsia kontralaterally?
Yes
Leasion of epiconus L5-S2 is the same as L5-S1?
Yes
Lesion of radix anterior leads to hypothony?
Yes
Lesion of radix anterior leads to hypotony?
Yes
Lesion of temporal lobe leads to derealization?
Yes
Lesion of the basal ganglia leads to a static tremor? (is this a resting tremor)
Yes
Levodopa you prescribe always with an inhibitor of perifery decarboxylase?
Yes
Lewy bodies in parkinsons?
Yes
Lithium has a very narrow therapeutic window?
Yes
MS in inactive plaque there are oligodendrocytes?
Yes
Marihuana can cause hallucinations and paranoia?
Yes
Marihuana can cause halucinations and paranoa?
Yes
Metastasis are the most common intracranial tumors
Yes
Morning pessima in depression?
Yes
Myastenia Gravis is AI?
Yes
Neuropatic pain- SNRI + DNRI?
Yes
Now at about 80% of drugs sold as extacy are actually sold differnt drugs?
Yes
Nucleus basalis Meynerti is cholinergic?
Yes
PCP, ketamin, amfetamin can make psychosis ?
Yes
PML in imunocompromised patients
Yes
Phobia - linked to situation or a subject that is normally not dangerous?
Yes
Prog. Supranucl. Palsy belongs to tauopathy?
Yes
Progressive supranuclear palsy includes an atypical parkinson sy?
Yes
SChwanoma - most often on VIII?
Yes
Selegilin used also as antidepressant?
Yes
Social withdrawal affective blunting are typical signs of schziophrenia
Yes
Somatization sy is connected with MUS (Munchausen Syndrome) ?
Yes
Somatization syndrome is connected in medicinal unexplained syndrome? (Munchausen)
Yes
Spinal muscular atrophy - related to the SMA gene or whatever it was
Yes
Spinal muscular atrophy is related to SMA gene?
Yes
Spine shock - all reflexes are gone for a certain time
Yes
Stimulants decrease apetite, make ppl excited with increased self asteem?
Yes
Subarachonideal bleeding is between pia and arachnoidea
Yes
Subarachonideal bleeding is between pia and arachnoidea?
Yes
Subjective effect is more important than objective results of tonometry?
Yes
Subjective tinitus linked with halucinations and fallacy about its origine?
Yes
Sumitriptan causes vasoconstriction in the brain?
Yes
Tactile sensation can be damaged with a posterior column lesion
Yes
Tauprotein is hyperphosphorylated ?
Yes
Tizanidin causes hypotension?
Yes
Treatment of neuropathic pain is done with pregabalin or venlafaxin?
Yes
Unilateral occipital lesion - contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Yes
Vascular type of dementia is rapidly progressing?
Yes
Vascular type of dementia is rapidly progrsesing
Yes
Visceral pain can cause vegetative (eg. vasomotor) changes?
Yes
Visceral pain can cause vegetative changes?
Yes
Water intoxication can cause coma
Yes
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome is due to a lesion of mammillary bodies?
Yes
When dorsal collums are affected in spine does standing and walking in closed eyes lead to worsening the symptoms?
Yes
When epilepctic seizure type „absention" will u loose consciousness?
Yes
i.v. drug addict need lemon juice (acid), lighter and opioids to shoot themselves?
Yes
schizoprhenia research is focused on posterior cingulate?
Yes
Is meningitis in children < 1 year most commonly caused by gram negative diplococci?
Yes - Immediately after birth, group B Streptococcus (G+), Escherichia coli (G-), and Listeria (G+) species are the most common. - After approximately 1 month of age, Streptococcus pneumoniae (G+), Haemophilus influenzae type B (G-) (Hib), and Neisseria meningitides (G-) are more frequent. - G-negative diplococci: neiserria meningitides, haemophilus influenza type B (OBS! We are vaccinated against this one)
Subarachnoidal hemorrhage can cause vascular spasm and can lead to ischemia ?
Yes This type of vasospasm increases the risk of an ischemic stroke. Vasospasm typically occurs 4-10 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Is supranuclear palsy among the Tauopathies?
Yes (Atypical parkinsonism)
In bulbar syndrome and pseudobulbar syndrome you have dysphagia and dysphonia?
Yes (Dysphonia, Dysarthria and dysphagia is present!)
BAD type II - usually depressive episodes with at least on hypomanic episode
Yes (No manic episodes,one ore more hypomaniac, one or more major depressive episodes)
Neurosthenia gravis related to thymic cancer
Yes - thymoma can be malignant in some cases
Neuropathic pain can be treated by both SNRI DNRI ?? :)
Yes =) SNRI - venlafaxin DNRI - bupropion
Dysbindin and Neuregulin are forming synapses?
Yes ??? What is this?! Dysbindin is a schizophrenia susceptibility gene required for the development of dendritic spines.
In lesions of cauda of spinal cord always includes problems with the sphincters?
Yes and no is found on tests.. I hate the word "always". I would think so.. It says on pp from school: Cauda equina lesion: sphincter disorders (acute retention of urine and constipation)
Ethosuximid is used for cramps in children?
Yes as long it doesn't say children under 3 years old. Ethosuximide is used alone or in combination with other medications to *treat absence seizures* (also called "petit mal" seizures) in *adults and children*. Ethosuximide should not be given to a child younger than 3 years old. Klara: Should be wrong? if its used for absence seizures, it shouldnt be used for cramps? Why can't you use it in both?
Meniers disease is with increase pressure in the ear? It is hydrops?
Yes! Meniers disease probably develops due to fluid buildup in inner ear, which causes increased pressure. (vertigo, pressure, hearing loss, tinnitus) Ménière disease is a disorder of the inner ear that is also known as idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops. Endolymphatic hydrops refers to a condition of increased hydraulic pressure within the inner ear endolymphatic system
Anti-paracetamole is acetylcysteine
Yes! Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), is a medication used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Schizotypal disease belongs to psychosis?
Yes, according to ICD-10 it is a psychotic disorder! NB: can have illusions, but not hallucinations
Amantadine was made as antivirotic drug in the first place?
Yes, also antiparkinson drug
Pick desease - atrophy of frontal cortex?
Yes, and temporal
Menier desease with pressure in ear? it's hydrops.
Yes, buildup of fluid in inner ear
Buspiron is anxiolytic?
Yes, but can also be used as antidepressant Serotonin agonist
Can surgery be used in epilepsy?
Yes, but pharmacotherapy is first line therapy
Alteplase is a fibrinolytic drug?
Yes, it is a tPA drug (Tissue plasminogen activator) must be administered within 3h after start of stroke! Obs, be sure it's not hemorrhagic
Central pontine demyelination is related to alcoholism?
Yes, leads to locked-in-syndrome Locked-in?! Really? =O
Anosmia or dysosmia in one nostrill can be due to a tumor in the frontal lobe
Yes, meningioma in olfactory groove typically causes unilateral anosmia
Tau protein - hyperfosforylation?
Yes, not hypophsphorylation
Gullian Barre is - AI?
Yes, onset by virus CMV
Guillan Barre is an autoimmune disease?
Yes, onset is from CMV
Devic's disease has Ab against aquaporin 4 ?
Yes, present on astrocytic processes
Rexed zones divide gray part of the medulla spinalis?
Yes, starts at the end of medulla/the beginning of spinal cord
MS - in cerebrospinal fluid is more proteins
Yes, they are gamma. 1. Elevated levels of IgG antibodies, as well as 2. A specific group of proteins called oligoclonal bands. Occasionally there are also certain proteins that are the breakdown products of myelin.
Catatonic disorders include - flexibilitas cerea, stupor, echomatism, hyperkinesia?
Yes.
BAD type II .. usually depressive episodes with at least one hypomania episode
Yes. 1Bipolar I Disorder—defined by manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks. Bipolar II Disorder—defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic or mixed episodes.
TCA have anticholinergic effect and are cardiotoxic?
Yes. Act as potent antihistamines and *anticholinergics* Act as sodium channel blockers and calcium channel blockers, respectively. The former property is responsible for the high mortality rate upon overdose seen with the TCAs via *cardiotoxicity*.
Werniceov encefalopathy - leasion tractus mammilo thalamicus?
Yes. Wernicke-Korsakoff sy - lesion of mammillary bodies
Lesion of epiconus L5-S2 is the same as L5-S1 ?
Yes? I would say no - but they do resemble each other. Epiconus lesion: L5-S2 Often resembles the radicular lesion of L5-S1 But in the radicular lesions the weakness of extensors predominates - peroneal muscles, gluteal muscles, flexors of the crus --> so you mean no then? S1 affects the hips and groin area S2 affects the back of the thighs
What is PML?
a rare disorder that damages the material (myelin) that covers and protects nerves in the white matter of the brain.
a) 3rd ventricle is unpaired b) gamma motorneurons are in ant. spinal horns c) cortical auditory area is in the frontal lobe d) ncl. basalis meynerti is cholinergic
a) 3rd ventricle is unpaired b) gamma motorneurons are in ant. spinal horns d) ncl. basalis meynerti is cholinergic
a) tinitus is an accompanying symptom of menieres disease b) temporomandibular joint dysfunction cannot be the cause of tinnitus c) tinitus can be caused by drugs d) tinitometry is measuring of tinitus via logarithmic rule
a) tinitus is an accompanying symptom of menieres disease c) tinitus can be caused by drugs
Penumbra is the zone of brain tissue surrounding the intracerebral haemorrhage, which is endangered by a reperfusion injury
False
Peripheral muscle relaxants can positively influence the symptoms of Huntington´s disease
False
Plexus choroideus does not spread from lateral ventricles into the third ventricle
False
Primary CNS angiitis is diagnosed by notch-3-protein in skin biopsy
False
Radiculography can be used to diagnose osteochondrosis
False
SSRIs have more adverse effects as compared to tricyclic antidepressants
False
Schizophrenia is in medical terminology a synonym for the split personality disorder
False
Serotoninergic pathways are the main components of the reward system
False
Which of the following is valid 1) quantitative disturbance of consciousness we evaluate short-TERT cognitive function (eg. MMSE) 2) patients with peroneal paresis, while walking ?hoisting and t entire leg? in the knee and hip, because seriously foot dorsiflexion 3) to give objective history, we can use of lie detector 4) simple cognitive tests are actually questions on all kinds of time orientation (date, day of week, season, eventually the current time)
(eg. MMSE) = mini mental status examination Which of the following is valid 1) quantitative disturbance of consciousness we evaluate short-TERT cognitive function (eg. MMSE) 2) patients with peroneal paresis, while walking ?hoisting and t entire leg? in the knee and hip, because seriously foot dorsiflexion 4) simple cognitive tests are actually questions on all kinds of time orientation (date, day of week, season, eventually the current time)
What is cataplexy?
(strong emotion or laughter causes a person to suffer sudden physical collapse though remaining conscious, a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness)
What is bulbar syndrome? Symptoms?
*Bilateral affection* of the lower IX-XII cranial nerves or their nuclei in medulla oblongata 1. LMN - peripheral palsy 2. Dysarthria, dysphagia 3. Absent masseter reflex 4. Tongue atrophy, fasciculations
What are Schneider's first-rank symptoms:
*Schneider's first-rank symptoms:* - Auditory hallucinations - Voices heard arguing or giving instructions (2nd person) - Voices heard commenting on one's actions (running commentary, usually describing the patient in the 3rd person) - Somatic/thought passivity experiences (delusions of control / of being controlled) - Thought echo (thoughts being heard aloud) - Thought withdrawal - Thought insertion (thoughts are ascribed to other people who are intruding into the patient's mind) - Thought broadcasting (also called thought diffusion) - Delusional perception (linking a normal sensory perception to a bizarre conclusion, e.g. seeing an aeroplane means the patient is the president) - Made feelings - Made impulses and drives - Made volitional acts A memory device that is frequently used to remember the first rank symptoms is *ABCD*: *A*uditory hallucinations, *B*roadcasting of thought, *C*ontrolled thought (delusions of control), *D*elusional perception.
10. choose the right statement a) For right-handed is dominant the right cerebellar hemisphere b) Patient with paleocerebellar syndrome staggers and falls with eyes opened c) During examination taxe (ataxic? Gate?) patient with cerebellar syndrome will not perform the whole bending, but will stop d) Adiadochokinesia is a disorder of the mutual coordination of limbs
*b)* Patient with paleocerebellar syndrome staggers and falls with eyes opened *c)* During examination taxe (ataxic? Gate?) patient with cerebellar syndrome will not perform the whole bending, but will stop...???? a) Right-handed pat. has ipsilateral dominant cerebellar hemisphere.
Alfa motoneurons of medulla spinalis are located in ventral spinal horns
+
Andersen circuit is internal connection inside hippocampal formation
+
Arachnoidea is located between dura mater and pia mater
+
Basal ganglia participates mostly in movement regulation
+
Brain stem is seat of vital reflexes
+
Brain stem runs through foramen magnum
+
Brodmann areas serves to brain cortex mapping
+
CSF is produced by plexus choroideus
+
Canalis centralis continues cranially to the 4th ventricle
+
Cerebellar gyri are named folia
+
Cerebellum is located on dorsal part of brain stem
+
Chiasma opticum is located behind infundibulum hypophysis
+
Colliculi superiores are located on the posterior part of brain stem
+
Conditioned taste aversion travels also via nc. parabrachialis
+
Entorhinal cortex belongs to archicortex and it is three layered
+
Epilepsy is mostly bound to temporal lobe
+
Epiphysis produces hormone melatonin
+
Existence of vomeronasal organ is proved in predatory mammals
+
Fissura calcarina is located in occipital lobe
+
Fossa rhomboidea is located on posterior part of brain stem
+
Free nerve endings carries sharp pain
+
Frontal eye field is located in frontal lobe
+
Gama motoneurons are located in ventral spinal horns
+
Gyrus precentralis belongs to neocortex
+
Hypothalamus is part of diencephalon
+
In Parkinson disease is impaired mostly sensori-motorick˝ circuit of basal ganglia
+
It DOES belong to medial row of motor nuclei on the bottom of 4th ventricle - n.III, n.IV, n.VI a n.XII
+
Lissauera zone is continuation of radix posterior of spinal nerve
+
Lumbal puncture we do at the level L2/L3 vertebras
+
Medial side of thalamus forms wall of 3rd ventricle
+
Medulla oblongata belongs to brain stem
+
Medulla spinalis is also anchored by filum terminale
+
Mesencephalon belongs to brain stem
+
Nc. albus is formed by neuronal fibers of nc. ruber
+
Nc. mesencephalicus V. contains pseudounipolar neurons for proprioception
+
Select the correct statements: - Delusion is a symptom of panic anxiety disorder - Delusion influences behavior, is irrefutable and is a symptom of obsessive and compulsive disease - Between paranoid delusions include persecutory delusions, delusions of influencing and controlling, delusional megalomaniac delusions among makromanické - The formation of error applies mezolimbický dopaminergic system
- Between paranoid delusions include persecutory delusions, delusions of influencing and controlling, delusional megalomaniac delusions among makromanické - The formation of error applies mezolimbický dopaminergic system
What is Donepezil?
- Centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. - Palliative treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. - Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset.
Select the correct statements: - Disorientation are among formal thought disorder - Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness - Auditory hallucinations are a typical symptom of dementia - Structure of the hypothalamus is important for the regulation of visual perception
- Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness
Select the correct statements: - Withdrawal of ideas is a typical symptom of bipolar disorder - Delusion consistent with mood occurs with mood disorders - Monitoring by secret police is a nonbizarre ilusion if other criteria are met. - Serotonergic psychosis theory is based on the results of experiments with marijuana
- Delusion consistent with mood occurs with mood disorders - Monitoring of secret police is a fallacy nebizardní if other criteria are met and delusion, then the fallacy nebizarní. LSD - not Marijuana on the last statement
What is Balo-concentric sclerosis?
- Demyelinating Disease - White matter of brain is damaged in concentric layers, leaving axis-cylinder intact - "leuko-encephalitis periaxialis concentrica" - Borderline form of MS
What is adverse effects of nasal alpha 1 mimetics? o Dryness of nasal mucosa o Burning sensation o Rhinorrhea o Paradoxial hypotension
- Dryness of nasal mucosa - yes - Burning sensation - yes Not hypo, but paradoxial HYPERtension
Select the correct statements: - Behave calmly and try to talk delusion in a patient with delusions - Adequate inquiry to determine peremptory hallucination: Who speaks for you? - Fail Association - rhyming, play on words, the patient connects words based on acoustic similarity - Verbigerace - repetition of words and phrases without sense
- Fail Association - rhyming, play on words, the patient connects words based on acoustic similarity - Verbigerace - repetition of words and phrases without sense (typical in schizophrenia and Alzheimers) Peremptory: That you must obey without any questions or excuses
What kind of drug is Baclofen? - Receptor? - pre or postsynaptic? - used for what?
- GABA-B receptor agonist - Postsynaptic - Used for spasticity
Select the correct statements: - Heat of passion is intense and violent emotional reaction - Recurrent depression is characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one depressive - Moria is morbidly mischievous mood with jokes fatuous, frivolous and euphoric mood - Individuals with a history of aggressive and impulsive behavior have increased levels of 5-HIAA in the CSF
- Heat of passion is intense and violent emotional reaction - Moria is morbidly mischievous mood with jokes fatuous, frivolous and euphoric mood *Agression* • Serotonin levels show negative correlations with aggression o Destruction of 5-HT axons in forebrain facilitates aggressive attack. o Diminished 5-HIAA levels in CSF of people with history of violence and impulsive aggression
What is Zolpidem used for?
- Insomnia; short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class that potentiates GABA by binding to GABA A receptors at the same location as benzodiazepines - Works quickly, usually within 15 minutes, and has a short half-life of two to three hours.
What does a central cord lesion lead to?
- Loss of pain and temperature at the levels of lesion - LMN weakness at level of lesion - If spinothalamic tract is affected there is pain and temperature loss below the lesion - In corticospinal tract is affected there is UMN weakness below the lesion The other modalities of sensation is preserved (or not as much affected at least) - "dissociated sensory loss!"
Select the correct statements: - Nonbizarre delusion can talk using rational arguments - Nihilistic delusions are mistaken belief that a patient or other world does not exist, or ends - Content of bizarre delusion is absurd, unrealistic and special - Dopamine theory of psychosis is based on the finding that psychotropic drugs induce psychotic symptoms
- Nihilistic delusions are mistaken belief that a patient or other world does not exist, or ends (yes) - Content bizarre delusion is absurd, unrealistic and special (yes) - Dopamine theory of psychosis is based on the finding that psychotropic drugs induce psychotic symptoms (yes) Why isn't A correct? Because they mean that the delusion talks to the patient?! Non-bizzare are "possible" delusions, so the arguments could maybe be rational? Klara: Maybe they mean that you cant talk people out of the delusion with rational arguments :)
What are the symptoms of conus lesion?
- No typical motor problems - only flexors of toes affected - Perianal, perigenital sensory disturbance - Sphincter and sexual motor dysfunction From pathophys: motor function in legs and feet may be impaired, but sensory function is preserved.
Who get's sciwora?
- Occurs most often in pediatric population; childhood cervical injuries - Spine is immobilized for one to three weeks
Which sensory modalities are affected by posterior column syndrome
- Posterior column syndrome: loss of deep sensation of vibration, propioception, discriminative touch
Select the correct statements: - Presence of derilia find these questions: Name? Day? Where are we? - Adequate inquiry to determine imperative hallucinations: Thinking about suicide? - Puzzling is the sudden interruption of visual perception - Auditory hallucinations are a typical symptom of Wernicke-Korsack syndrome
- Presence derilia find these questions: Name? Day? Where are we? - Auditory hallucinations are a typical symptom of Wernicke-Korsack syndrome
Which of these drugs can be used for macular degeneration? 1. Pegaptanib 2. Ranibizumab 3. Timolol
1. Pegaptanib 2. Ranibizumab Timolol is used in glaucoma.
Name 3 drugs used for glaucoma therapy?
1. Pilocarpine (parasympathomimetic) 2. Beta blockers - timolol 3. Prostaglandin analogues - latanoprost
Select the correct statements: - Presence of delusion investigating the question: Is there anything special about? - Mikrozoopsie is typical of delirium tremens - Illusion is real distorted perception of external stimulus - Perseveration is persistent response to previous stimulant after being presented a new stimulus
- Presence of delusion investigating the question: Is there anything special about? - Mikrozoopsie is typical of delirium tremens - Illusion is real distorted perception of external stimulus - Perseveration is persistent response to previous stimulant after being presented a new stimulus
Select the correct statements: - Episode of schizophrenia is a period without symptoms - Relapse is a return of symptoms after a period of rest - The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are flat affect, depressed mood and suicidal considerations - Bleulers 4a's Association, autism, affect and ambivalence
- Relapse is a return of symptoms after a period of rest - Bleulers 4a's Association, autism, affect and ambivalence
Select the correct statements: - Schizophrenia in medical terminology is split personality - Schizophrenia begins between 30-40 years - Relapse within 5 years 80% of patients with schizophrenia - Crow schizophrenia divided into 2 types according to the number of schizophrenic episodes
- Relapse within 5 years 80% of patients with schizophrenia
Select the correct statements: - Remission of schizophrenia is a period without symptoms - Positive schizophrenia symptoms recede after administration of antipsychotic medication - Schizophrenia is a disorder of mood - Schieiderova's 4A are aggression, anhedonia, affect, apathy
- Remission of schizophrenia is a period without symptoms - Positive schizophrenia symptoms recede after administration of antipsychotic medication
Select the correct statements: - Schizoaffective disorders among psychotic illness - Psychosis characterized by impairment of consciousness - Early warning signs announce the onset of psychotic illness remission - Crow schizophrenia divided into 2 types according to response to antipsychotic treatment, ventricular size on CT, the presence of the + and - signs
- Schizoaffective disorders among psychotic illness - Crow schizophrenia divided into 2 types according to response to antipsychotic treatment, ventricular size on CT, the presence of the + and - signs
Which sensory modalities are affected by syringomyelia ?
- Syringomyelia: loss of pain and temp in a "cape like" distribution
Select the correct statements: - A typical and frequent somatic symptom of depression is waking at least two hours after the usual time of getting up - The mood is a long and lasting emotional tuning - Alexithymia - the inability to understand emotions - Kluver-Bucy syndrome-loss fear in lesion orbitofrontal region
- The mood is a long and lasting emotional tuning - Alexithymia - the inability to understand emotions *Kluver-Bucy*: a syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of the medial *temporal lobe* (including amygdaloid nucleus). Klüver-Bucy syndrome may present with hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia, and docility.
Define OCD ?
- Time consuming (>1hour per day) of obsessions and compulsions. For diagnosis the OCD must be present most days of the week, for 2 weeks, it must be distressing and interfering with normal activities.
Types of vascula dementias
- Vascular dementia - types • Strategic infarct dementia • Multi-infarct dementia • Subcortical vascular dementia (Binswanger disease) • Microangiopathy (CADASIL)
Meningeal syndrome can manifest at which diseases?
- Viral and bacterial meningitis - Subarachnoidal bleeding (OBS! One Q tries to trick you with epidural bleeding!!) - Meningeal carcinomatosis, lung, breast or malignant melanoma, cervical cancer
Capsaicine (neuropathic pain drug) o Is selective antagonist of TPVR1 o Peripheral desensitization of nerve fibers o IV or rectally applied o Initial phase of capsaicin - associated with burning feeling of the area
- no (it's agonist) - yes -No, only applied topically! (3-4times daily) -yes
Causes of transverse lesions of spinal cord?
- traumatic or ischemic; inflammation or by compression tumour (rare!)
What kind of drug is Tizanidine?
- α2 adrenergic agonist. - Relieves spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury!! - Muscle relaxant
Lesions in 1. Brain 2. Brainstem 3. Spinal cord Where and what ? :P
--
Avahuasca - a love potion - crack cocaine free base
-Ayahuasca is brewed from leaves/trees, containing DMT. -Entheogenic drug(used in religious/spiritual ceremonies) -Experimental drug for treating opiod dependency -Serotonin agonist -Needs MAO-Inhibitors to work
Antiglaucoma drug ?
-Cholinergics -Beta-blockers -Alpha2-agonists
Lassegne sign is present in (do they mean lasegue sign?))
-Inflammatory radiculitis and others -In meningitis (according to neuro dept) -In lumbar disc herniation (according to wiki)
The occlusion of left middle cerebral artery leads to?
-weakness/paralysis of contralateral face and arm -sensory loss contralateral face and arm -damage dominant hemisphere leads to afasia -damage non-dominant hemisphere-contralateral neglect syndrome -deviation conjugate-gaze preference towards side of lesion + contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
A lot about different drugs belonging to different classes (SSRI, SNRI, MARTA, SDA)
..
Alcohol release dopamine indirectly, and via opioid system.. ?!
..
Definition of bipolar disease - do you have to have depression
..
GABA-B receptors - presynaptic
..
Neurobiology of bipolar disease - MAO receptors or some polygenetics
..
Something about sneezing and formatio¬n of lymphatic fistula
..
Tuning fork examination are obliterated today?
... ? Probably still used
Absence seizure treatment
1. Valproate 2. Ethosuximide 3. Lamotrigine
Shrunk or "sinsemilla" stands for the hashish rich in cannabidiol (CBD)
False
1) in irritation of gyrus precentralis there is discovery spasms on the contralateral half of the body and face 2) decerebracni rigidity of the clinical manifestations flexed position of the upper extremity and extended position of lower extremities. 3) lesions in the mesencephalon may occur with central hemiparesis contralateral with hemiataxia and homolateral perifereal lesiom of n.3 4) in the affected cauda we find peripheral paresis of the lower extremities, sensory disturbances and perianal disorders sphincter.
1 - True ? If the whole precentral gyrus is affected we get UMN lesion of contralateral body and face.. I would say *TRUE* 2 - False, decerebrate -> extension if UE and LE 3 - True? Contralateral UMN lesion, hemiataxia, ipsilateral peripheral lesion on CN III 4 - True ?
1) in spinal cord lesion below the cervical intumescence (C4-T1) fault movement occurs only at lower extremities 2) to irritation of parietal lobe in postcentral gyrus patient has hemiparestesii contralaterally 3) acute transverse spinal lesion in the thoracic region may cause urinary retention at first, then automatically bladder and mass reflex
1 - false 2- True! Hemiparestesia, not paresis!!!! 3 - true
1) meningeal syndrome occurs when bleeding from meningeal artery and is a sign of subdural bleeding? 2) Central LE paraparesis without sensory disturbances may be caused by parasagittal lesions (eg. Meningioma) 3) For parkinson syndrome is usually micrographs, hypersalivation and hypomimie 4) When the affected brachial plexus is present HEAVY limb paresis without sensory disturbances
1 - false, should be subarachnoid 2 - ? 3 - true (macrographia is in cerebellar dysfunction) 4 - false (?)
1) Moria is a disorder of mood taken up with inept joking, frivolity and euphoric mood 2) The typical and frequent somatic accompanying symptoms in depression is woken up at least two hours of normal waking time 3) The tune is a long-term and sustained overall emotional tuning 4) The reaction of seemingly fury (sham rage) is a phenomenon observed in animal models, which originates result bilaterliniho impaired amygdala
1 - true 2 - true (waking up 2h earlier) 3 - (mood is long lasting, but changable) 4 - false - decortication (separation of cortex from hypothalamus according to our powerpoint! Bilateral temporal lobe/amygdala lesion --> Kluver Bucy syndrome!
1) Ischemia some areas of the brain may be a consequence of intracerbral bleeding? 2) aphasia most often occurs when there is a stroke in the left hemisphere chicken? 3) Stroke has only ischemia character? 4) aphasia develops as a consequence of ischemia in the supply of the right middle cerebral artery
1 - true Reflex vasoconstriction after intracerebral bleeding 2 - True (aphasia - dominant-hemisphere!) 3 - false, ischemic + hemorrhagic 4 - true (K: shouldnt it be false, should be left middle c. a?)
What is the dosage of Donepezil?
1 time daily, due to pharamcodynamics
- Which of the following is valid 1) among disease with repeating triplet belongs Kennedy bulbar spinal muscular atrophy 2) alzheimer disease not typical neurodegenerative diseases 3) Pick disease with macroscopically evident atrophy, principally located in the frontal and temporal 4) The typical morfological substrate in Pick disease is Lewy plaque
1) among disease with repeating triplet belongs Kennedy bulbar spinal muscular atrophy 3) Pick disease with macroscopically evident atrophy, principally located in the frontal and temporal
Which of the following is correct 1) in irritation of gyrus precentralis there is discovery spasms on the contralateral half of the body and face 2) decerebracni rigidity of the clinical manifestations flexed position of the upper extremity and extended position of lower extremities. 3) lesions in the mesencephalon may occur with central hemiparesis contralateral with hemiataxia and homolateral perifereal lesiom of n.3 4) in the affected cauda we find peripheral paresis of the lower extremities, sensory disturbances and perianal disorders sphincter.
1) in irritation of gyrus precentralis there is discovery spasms on the contralateral half of the body and face 3) lesions in the mesencephalon may occur with central hemiparesis contralateral with hemiataxia and homolateral perifereal lesiom of n.3 4) in the affected cauda we find peripheral paresis of the lower extremities, sensory disturbances and perianal disorders sphincter.
select the correct option 1) in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease processes are applied genetic influences 2) among peptides which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration belong amyloid beta peptide 3) protein TDP-43 is physiologically localized in the nucleus of the neuron 4) the underlying pathophysiological disorder tau protein dehydration
1) in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease processes are applied genetic influences 2) among peptides which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration belong amyloid beta peptide 3) protein TDP-43 is physiologically localized in the nucleus of the neuron 4) i didn't understand the question
1) in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease processes are applied genetic influences 2) among peptides which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration belong amyloid beta peptide 3) protein TDP-43 is physiologically localized in the nucleus of the neuron 4) the underlying pathophysiological disorder tau protein dehydration
1, 2, 3
1) among disease with repeating triplet belongs Kennedy bulbar spinal muscular atrophy 2) alzheimer disease not typical neurodegenerative diseases 3) Pick disease with macroscopically evident atrophy, principally located in the frontal and temporal 4) The typical morfological substrate in Pick disease is Lewy plaque
1, 3 Pick bodies (tau-positive spherical cytoplasmic neuronal inclusions, composed of straight filaments
1) to various stimuli are first CONSCIOUS of the mouse and then activates fear 2) in the unwinding of depression demonstrate activation of subgenual area in cingulate region (ba25) 3) potentiation of the startle response is the context in anxious patients at increased 4) The principal research paradigm study of distress is a startle response
1- 2 - True 3 - 4 - The subcallosal cingulate gyrus CG25 which consists of BA25 as well as parts of BA24 and BA32 has been implicated as playing an important role in major depression and has been the target of deep brain stimulation to treat the disorder.
Drugs increasing cognition in Alzheimers are?
1. Inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase 2. Inhibitors of NMDA glutamate receptors 3. precursors of acetylcholine 4. Improvement of utilizing the precursors of acetylcholine 5. Agonists of cholinergic receptors
Name the variants of MS
1. Marburg type 2. Concentric sclerosis of Blo 3. Schilder's disease 4. Tumefactive MS 5. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease) - formerly categorized as MS, not anymore.
1. Pregabalin acts synergecilly with opiods 2. Pregabalin is a calcium channel blocker 3. Pregabalin is a precursor of GABA
1. YES 2. Yes 3. No (?) It is an analogue of GABA, but says nothing in pp about being a precursor! Powerpoint notes: - P/Q calcium channel blockers (alpha2delta1 subunit, in CNS) - Gabapentine is a structural analogue of GABA, *does not* interact with its receptors, enhance GABA action or convert to GABA. Mechanism is unknown Pregabalin har strukturell likhet med nevrotransmittoren GABA. Virkningsmekanisme: Pregabalin bindes til en subenhet (α2-δ-protein) på spenningskontrollerte kalsiumkanaler i sentralnervesystemet.
1) The dislocation of the central structures of the brain with subdural hematoma suggests an association subarachonidalni ... 2) .. peracute brain ischemia can use the method of diffuse weighted MRI 3) for the evaluation of brain perfusion CT is an appropriate parameter MTT (mean transit time) 4) Curtailment subarachnoidani is a pathological admixture of blood in the space among the arachnoid and the pia mater
1. dislocation of brain structures is more typical for the epidural bleeding 2. True 3. True 4. True (poor english.. obsobs)
Schizophrenia; 10% risk of offspring getting it as well, if parent has it?
13% (siblings: 10.1 offspring 12.8 second degree relatives 2.4-4.2 dizygotic 17 monozygot 48 morbid risk for parents: 5.6%)
1) None of the antidepressants affect significant circadian rhythmicity 2) for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is needed, in addition to manic of phases, present the minimum of one episode of depression 3) in depression reduces the total sleep time, but not more significant disruption of sleep architecture 4) genotype of the serotonin transporter affects reactivity to stress, not the formation of depression
2
1) A typical feature of dementia in Alzheimer's disease is an early speech disorder 2) Typical symptoms of frontotemporal dementia is a type of speech disorder 3) in Parkinson's disease disappear primarily cholinergi nigra neurons in substanitia 4) with genetic forms frontotemporanich lobar degeneration are pathogenic mutatce gene presenilin 1
2 - true 4 - False? Presenilin 1 is associated with Alzheimers and FTD
ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) occurs in 1. AIDS patients 2. After viral infections vs PML 3. vPJC infection (viral Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia) 4. white matter 5. immunocompromissed
2) After viral infections vs PML 4) White matter - Occurs after viral infections (1-2weeks) or rarely after vaccination (smallpox, rabies) - Affects white matter (AutoAb against myelin basic protein) 20% rapid death 80% full recovery
What is t1/2 of Zopiklone?
2-4 hours
1) quantitative disturbance of consciousness we evaluate short-TERT cognitive function (eg. MMSE) 2) patients with peroneal paresis, while walking ?hoisting and t entire leg? in the knee and hip, because seriously foot dorsiflexion 3) to give objective history, we can use of lie detector 4) simple cognitive tests are actually questions on all kinds of time orientation (date, day of week, season, eventually the current time)
2. True "walking like a rooster" 4. True 1 - wrong Quantitative - Glasgow coma scale Qualitative - MMSE
1)Tremor is always a manifestation of Parkinson's disease 2) for parkinson syndrome is usually intention tremor and positive phenomenon of a clamping leg 3) meningeal syndrome accompanies both viral and bacterial meningitis 4) to syringomyelic dissociation syndrome patient has a disorder deep sensation, thermal and maintaining pain
3
1) Typical early disability in Parkinson's disease dementia of frontal type 2) inkluce huntingtin are typically in the nuclei of oligodendrocytes in atrofying nc. caudatus 3) Huntingtionova chorea is a disease with auozomalne domnantni inheritance 4) syndrome, "a foreign hand" is characteristic of Parkinson disease
3 - True 1 - false (demenita comes late)
Tryptans work on which recepetors?
5-HT1B 5-HT1D
Loud talk?
80 db
What is the decibel of loud talk?
80db Normal conversation: 60-65db, so loud talk should be somewhere in between 60-80.
NEUROSCIENCE
: )
Know everything about parkinsons syndrome
:)
Neuroradiology
:)
Pathophys
:)
Psychiatri
:)
What is lissauers tract?
= Posterolateral tract is a small strand situated in relation to the tip of the posterior column close to the entrance of the posterior nerve roots. It is present throughout the spinal cord, and is most developed in the upper cervical regions. The neurons and axons that make up Lissauer's tract are involved mainly in transmitting information from pain- and temperature-sensitive afferents to the neighboring segments of the spinal cord. Collaterals of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated axons of small primary sensory neurons (C and A-delta fibers, respectively) both ascend and descend for at least a few cord segments in Lissauer's tract
Sample test psychiatri
=)
is "block" a term used for acute vision loss (or something)?
?
What does a lesion of the righ hemisphere look like?
? - You'll be affected on your left side - If right is your dominant hemisphere, you can get aphasia - If right is your non-dominant hemisphere, you can get neglect
Myasthenias as a group of diseases
? Acetylcholine release/receptor function? (Myasthenic syndromes: Myasthenia Gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)??
Vascular dementia
? In vascular dementia, changes in thinking skills sometimes occur suddenly following strokes that block major brain blood vessels. Thinking problems also may begin as mild changes that worsen gradually as a result of multiple minor strokes or other conditions that affect smaller blood vessels, leading to cumulative damage. Vascular brain changes often coexist with changes linked to other types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Vascular dementia is widely considered the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease, accounting for 20 to 30 percent of cases. No approved drugs for this. Some alzheimer´s drugs are in trial.
Schizophrenia is associated with a defect in communication or connection between temporal lobe seen by functional imaging
??? http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181763/ "To date, numerous other structural brain differences between chronic patients with schizophrenia and controls have been reported from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. These include 1. non-localizcd reduced gray-matter and white-matter changes 2. temporal lobe volume reductions, 3. PARTICULARY anomalies of the superior temporal gyrus and TEMPORAL and frontal lobe white-matter connections, ic, arcuate, uncinate, and fornix"
TDP41 is physiologic inside nucleus? TDP41 is pathology outside the cell?
????? --> Should probably be TDP43, which is normally a nuclear protein! --> so it is physiological in the nucleus --> is pathological if it is hyperphosphorylated --> Is pathological if found in the cytoplasm
a) the main sign of huntingtons d. is choreifom movements and dementia b) parkinson sy. is caused by high dopamine and low ACh c) rigidity is the main symptom of huntingtons d) chorea is a sign of CJD
A
a) area L5 radicular compression witnesses of foremost root l5 (Doesn't make sence, but the picture is too unclear to see what it says ) b) traumatic listhesis of Cervical vertebra with 1 cm endangers the patient of spastic quadriparesis c) Retention of urine after the fall on his back with normal X-ray of Lumbosacral spine, is no reason for MRI. d) herniated lumbar intervertebral disc causes spastic paresis of the limbs on its side
A B
a) Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness b) Depending on the neurobiology of motivational circles play a key role in the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate c) for social phobia is typical of anxiety in social situations that are not accompanied by somatic vegetative symptoms d) antagonism at 5-HT 3 receptor is the primary mechanism of the anxiolytic effects of alcohol
A B Anxiolytic effect of alcohol is due to increased GABA! Alcohol + 5HT3 --> Nausea!
a) Pain perception is transmitted by myelinated and unmyelinated fibers b) Biliary colic are examples of visceral pain c) Neuropathic pain is rather the result of damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or central neural system rather than stimulation of pain receptors d) Phantom pain arises in hypoxia affected limb
A B C
a) Tizanidin is an agonist of presynaptic alpha2 receptor in the CNS, thereby blocking the release of excitatory smiokyselin(could not read what it said) and polysynaptic reflexes in Mission (I suggest to read about the drug) b) centralni muscle relaxants by different mechanisms inhibit polysynaptic signal on intraneuronal spinal level. c) to inordinately increase muscle activity central muscle relaxants are used d) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the CNS
A B C --> wrong D
a) according to vulnerability hypothesis people with smaller hippocampus volume have a higher risk of PTSD development after traumatic events b) feeling of isolation, emotional blunting and increased reactivity are among others signs of PTSD c) critical time for maturation of frontal cortex is 10-12y d) pruning is a process in which lesser used synapses are eliminated in order to increase elective function of the brain areas
A B D
a) Dissociative sensory loss is a condition which affective perception of a definite modality is impaired, while other modalities are preserved b) damaging the dorsal column tract cord leads to malfunction tractus pyramidalis c) dissociative disorder typically accompanies some spinal lesion d) The most likely clinical consequence of damage to the right parietal cortex is apraxia
A C (??) Really K: think they mean as in dissociative dis. as in dissociative sensory loss, not as in the psychiatric dis :) D
a) In the central hemiparesis capsular type (I'm guessing internal capsule) the patient has circumduction (a type of walking) during walking. b) patients with motor (expressive) aphasia does not answer the question because he does not understand c) patients who do not respond to pain by opening the eyes either verbally or motor, has a GCS score of 0 points d) patients say "Yest, Yest, yesterday, it, it , was Sun, Sun-day" is a type of APHASIA
A D Is D) a type aphasia or only stuttering?
a) drugs lowering excitotoxicity can slow the progression of dementia b) tiapride is a selective antagonists of dopamine receptors c) memantine blocking NMDA glutamate receptors improves the transmission of neuronal excitation. d) increased production and decreased metabolism of beta-amyloid is one of the mechanisms leading to disability of Alzheimer's dementia
A - Drugs decreasing excitotoxicity - slows the progression of the dementia (from pp!) B - block D2,D3 used in: dyskinesia, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, negative symptoms of psychosis, and agitation and aggression in the elderly C - D - true
Choose the correct one a) Microangiopathy is a characteristic image of polymyositis b) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti NMDA circulating antibody c) Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with end stage cancer disease d) Peripheral polyneuropathy is most common in granulomatous sarcoidosis
A - False (microangiopathy is typical for dermatomyositis) B - false (AChAb) C-True (should be false according to test viewing from Sasha) D- false
a) For delirium among others are typical qualitative disturbances of consciousness, hallucinations and increase suggestibility type mikrozoopsie b) Decrease of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens underlies craving c) somatic drug withdrawal state after withdrawal of stimulants include joint and muscle pain d) On non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (zolpidem, zopiclone) there is no addiction
A - True (Really?) B - True (not acc. to our pp) C - False D - False Withdrawal from stimulants - lethargy, fatigue, bizarre or unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, slowed down mental and physical functioning, agitation, strong craving, insomnia or hypersomnia Withdrawal from *opiates* (NOT STIMULANTS!) causes the typical muscle and joint pain! K: I would def. say A, B and C are correct :)
a) hypesthesia (tuning fork) can accompany nerve damage, root damage, dorsal column and soemthing else.. and it is in the parietal lobe b) parkinsonian sy. has increased basal postural reflexes and cogwheel phenomenon c) astereognosia means that the patient doesnt orient well in space d) in meningeal sy patient cant tilt the head, flex LE
A - false B- true C - false it's the INability to identify the object by active touch without other sensory input D - false (poor english) In meningeal syndrom patient has troubles with head tilt, and head tilt can lead to LE flexion...
Choose the correct a) Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is defined by the presence of 6 or more mood episodes (depression, mania, hypomania) within 1 year b) Display and functional imaging methods found in depressive patients changes in the activity or volume of anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and amygdala c) Currently there are not known biological markers (eg. Blood tests, imaging studies of the brain etc) that would allow positively and unequivocally diagnose depressive and bipolar disorders, and would be in diagnostic criteria d) Strongest predictor of suicidal behavior in depressed patients is the presence of psychotic symptoms
A - false (4) B) Display and functional imaging methods of depressive patients found changes in the activity or volume of anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and amygdala TRUE C) Currently there are not known biological markers (eg. Blood tests, imaging studies of the brain etc) that would allow positively and unequivocally diagnose depressive and bipolar disorders, and would be in diagnostic criteria TRUE
What drug is Ropinirol ?
A dopamine agonist of "non-ergoline" class of medications. Used in treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome + pramipexol
What is delusion of poverty?
A false belief of a person that he or she is impoverished or will be deprived of material posessions (financially bankrupt) Person strongly believes they are financially incapacitated.
Alexythymia is what?
A personality construct characterized by the sub-clinical inability to identify and describe emotions in the self
What is the alian hand syndrome?
A rare neurological disorder that causes hand movement without the person being aware of what is happening or having control over the action. It is best documented in cases where a person has had the *two hemispheres of their brain surgically separated* (Corpus callosotomy), a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of epilepsy. It also occurs in some cases after brain surgery, stroke, infection, tumor, aneurysm and specific degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Kluver Bucy syndrome - is what?
A syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of anterior temporal lobe (including amygdaloid nucleus) Presents with: Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia and docility. Visual agnosia is an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. Docility: Tameness and lack of fear
a) (A finger is covering the first word)... is by cannon-bard's theory considered the theory behind homeostatic central body b) (A finger is covering the first word)... associated with pain and pleasure are part of the body system homostasis c) (A finger is covering the first word)... domain consists of serotonergic pathways d) Among human emotions belongs happiness sadness anger disgust fear and surprise
A,B,C - I don't know D - true *Cannon-Bard theory* are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before the emotion. Thus, the thalamic region is attributed a major role in this theory of emotion.
66. The minimal lethal dose of TCAs: A. 10-20x therapeutic dose B. 21-30x therapeutic dose C. 31-40x therapeutic dose D. 41-50x therapeutic dose
A. 10-20x therapeutic dose
50. In genetic research, the most promising susceptibility genomic regions associated with bipolar disorder are: A. 13q B. 52p C. 22q D. None of the above
A. 13q C. 22q
16. Diagnosis of mania is based on: A. Abnormally or persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week B. Increased need for sleep C. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing D. Brain CT scan
A. Abnormally or persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week C. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
34. The three most common causes of dementia are: A. Alzheimer's Disease B. Schizophrenia C. Multi infarct dementia D. Delirium E. Lewy body dementia
A. Alzheimer's Disease C. Multi infarct dementia E. Lewy body dementia
41. Which drug is not suitable in the treatment of behavioural symptoms in elderly patients with dementia: A. Amitriptyline B. Haloperidol C. Melperone D. Tiaprid
A. Amitriptyline (causes postural hypotension, not good in elderly)
23. The four A's in schizophrenia according to Bleuer do not include: A. Arrogance B. Associational disturbances C. Affective disturbances D. Autism E. Ambivalence
A. Arrogance
1. Mood stabiliser is not: A. Biperiden B. Lithium C. Lamotrigine D. cotrimaxazole
A. Biperiden - Parkinsons disease D. cotrimaxazole - antibiotic
36. Acamprosat: A. Decreases alcohol craving B. Eliminates depression C. Eliminates psychomotor inhibition D. Is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders
A. Decreases alcohol craving
47. The following mechanisms are hypothesized to play a role in the pathophysiology of depression: A. Dysfunctional regulation of Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis together with dysregulation of hippocampus B. Impairment f neurotrophic mechanisms C. Impaired reward system D. None of the above
A. Dysfunctional regulation of Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis together with dysregulation of hippocampus B. Impairment f neurotrophic mechanisms C. Impaired reward system
37. Cannabis: A. Effects are mediated via CB1 and CB2 receptors B. Effects are mediated via D3 and D5 receptors C. Effects are mediated via HB receptor D. Is of no importance in psychiatry
A. Effects are mediated via CB1 and CB2 receptors
Basic pain therapy in cancer pain should be provided by: A. Every medical doctor B. Oncologist C. Anaesthesiologist D. Neurosurgeon
A. Every medical doctor
CADASIL - type of inheritance? (AD, AR, X-linked?) - Increased risk of infarcts?
AD dominant disease Increases risk for infarcts "Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy" Associated with progressive dementia, mood disorders, migraine, and recurrent subcortical cerebral infarctions.
The most common side effects of opiod analgesics are A. Headache and nausea B. Diarrhoea and abdominal cramps C. Nausea and constipation D. Pruritis and dyspnoea
C. Nausea and constipation
12. Patient refuses admission to psychiatric hospital: A. Examine mental status: if the patient is dangerous toward himself or others because of mental illness the hospitalisation against their will is possible B. Examine mental status: if the patient is dangerous toward himself or others because of mental illness the hospitalisation against their will is possible only after spouses consent C. Examine mental status: if the patient is dangerous toward himself or others because of mental illness the hospitalisation against their will is possible only after contact with their lawyer D. Examine mental status: if the patient is dangerous toward himself or others because of mental illness the police are called first
A. Examine mental status: if the patient is dangerous toward himself or others because of mental illness the hospitalisation against their will is possible
Which of the following statements regarding free nerve endings is not correct: A. Free nerve endings adapt very quickly B. Free nerve endings are nocisensors C. Free nerve endings can be sensitised D. Free nerve endings can be stimulated by chemical, mechanical or thermal stimuli
A. Free nerve endings adapt very quickly
1. Manic patient shouts at the doctor some vulgar words. As a first step the doctor will: A. In a calm voice, ask the patient to use acceptable language B. Leave the situation immediately C. Give the injection as aggressive behaviour might follow D. Call another staff member for help
A. In a calm voice, ask the patient to use acceptable language
46. Changes in hippocampus volume were found: A. In bipolar disorder B. In PTSD C. In ADHD D. In depressive disorder
A. In bipolar disorder B. In PTSD D. In depressive disorder Klara: studies also say ADHD
60. For diagnosis of mania crucial is: A. Inappropriate mood elation B. Excessive somnolence C. Feeling of perpetual energy D. Increased self esteem
A. Inappropriate mood elation C. Feeling of perpetual energy D. Increased self esteem
Mechanism of action of acytelosalicyclic acid and other non narcotic analgesics is: A. Inhibition of protaglandin synthesis B. Inhibition of transduction in nociceptors C. Inhibition of conductance in afferent nerve fibres D. Inhibition of thalamic neurons in pain processing system
A. Inhibition of protaglandin synthesis
8. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on: A. Interview with the patient B. Information provided by people that know the patient C. Antidopaminergic blood test D. MRI scan of the prefrontal lobes
A. Interview with the patient B. Information provided by people that know the patient
48. CRH A. Is corticotrophin releasing factor B. Is released from cerebellum during stress C. Is released from paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus during stress D. Plays a role in affective disorders
A. Is corticotrophin releasing factor C. Is released from paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus during stress D. Plays a role in affective disorders
4. Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy: A. Is effective in the treatment of depressive disorder B. There is a manual for therapists available C. Is a therapeutic option in delirium tremens D. Is not combined with medication
A. Is effective in the treatment of depressive disorder B. There is a manual for therapists available
Recommended of patient after epidural analgesia is: A. Left tilt B. Right tilt C. Supine Position D. Half sitting
A. Left tilt
71. Macromanic and grandiose delusions are typical for: A. Mania B. Depression C. Schizophrenia D. Persistent delusional disorder
A. Mania I would say *schizophrenia* as well? That's where we typically see delusions.. GDs appeared more commonly in patients with bipolar disorder (59%) than in patients with schizophrenia (49%), followed by presence in substance misuse disorder patients (30%) and depressed patients (21%).
51. In bipolar disorder can be diagnosed: A. Manic phase B. Depressive phase C. Hypomanic phase D. Mixed phase E. Anxiety phase
A. Manic phase B. Depressive phase C. Hypomanic phase D. Mixed phase
1. Non pharmacological therapeutic intervention for patients with Alzheimer's disease include: A. Psychiatric rehabilitation B. Carrying out the activity of the patient C. Working with caregivers and family members D. Stay at a health resort
A. Psychiatric rehabilitation B. Carrying out the activity of the patient C. Working with caregivers and family members
21. Treatment of anxiety disorders include: A. SSRIs B. Benzodiazepines C. Cognitive behavioural therapy D. Lithium
A. SSRIs B. Benzodiazepines C. Cognitive behavioural therapy
3. Suicide may occur in: A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Depressive disorders D. Antisocial personality disorder
A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Depressive disorders I would think all 4.. Suicide can occur in all people
19. SSRI is: A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors B. Nootropic drug C. Second serotonin research information D. Group of antidepressants
A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Group of antidepressants
45. Hallucinogens act mainly via receptors of: A. Serotenergic system B. Dopaminergic sstem C. Noradrenergic system D. GABA Systme E. Glycine system
A. Serotenergic system Eva: PPT says that dopamin is also involved
In the Pathophysiology of migraine the following mechanism is decisive: A. Serotonin and trigeminovascular complex B. Inflammatory cytokines type of interleuckines C. Noradrenalin D. Acetylcholine
A. Serotonin and trigeminovascular complex
58. Physical (somatic) symptoms of depression include: A. Significant loss of appetite B. Weight loss C. Significant decrease in libido D. Impaired perception E. Illusions
A. Significant loss of appetite B. Weight loss C. Significant decrease in libido
25. Dependence syndrome is defined as a: A. Syndrome characterised by preferential abuse of specific psychoactive substance with higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations B. Syndrome characterised by hallucinations C. Syndrome characterised by thought disorders D. Syndrome characterised only in association with alcohol use
A. Syndrome characterised by preferential abuse of specific psychoactive substance with higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations
Lesion in CN III causes what? - Deviation outwards or inwards? - Other symptoms?
Deviation out and down Ptosis Divergent strabismus Mydriasis Absence of light reflex
In which disease do we find Hirano bodies?
ALS (no??) Alzheimers and Creutzfeldt Jacobs Pubmed: "Hirano bodies are initially observed in Guamanian (Chamorro) patients with *amyotrophic lateral sclerosis* and parkinsonism-dementia complex". Hva tenker dere her?! Ida E: Finnes flere artikler om hirano bodies i forbindelse med ALS, så da er vel alle 3 riktige? Synne: enig med Ida, funnet flere artikler der både ALS og hirano bodies er connected.
How many people suffer from tinnitus in CR?
According the pp 10-15 % (8%) *800 000 people* - (There is appx 10million people in CR) --> SYKT MANG!! (50 000 is wrong!!)
Name a drug improving the utilization of acetylcholine?
Acetyl-L-Karnitin
What type of drug is Galanatmine?
Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
What are Bleulers 4 A's ?
Affect Autism Ambivalence Associations He presumed that these four A's were at the core of the schizophrenia and were fundamental aspects of the disorder.
Lesion of posterior part of parietal lobe can cause?
Agnosia - inability to process sensory information Dysgrafia Dyscalkulia (Gerstmann syndrome) (wiki - apraxia and hempispatial neglect)
26.Basal ganglia function 1. Voluntary motor regulation 2. procedural learning relating to routine behaviour or habits 3. eye movements 4. cognitive emotional functions
All are correct. Internet: the basal ganglia are responsible for *voluntary motor control*, *procedural learning*, *eye movement*, and *cognitive, emotional functions*.
a) IPSP occurs by GABA binding to the postsynaptic potentials b) generalized tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by loss of awareness c) wave spike rhythm on EEG is typical in some leads for absent type of epilepsy d) absence seizures are characterized by loss of consciousness
All are correct. a) IPSP occurs by GABA binding to the postsynaptic potentials (Binding to post synaptic potential? Typing error? should be receptor.) b) generalized tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by loss of awareness c) wave spike rhythm on EEG is typical in some leads for absent type of epilepsy d) absence seizures are characterized by loss of consciousness
1) tetrazepam is among benzodiazepine 2) The typical side effects with muscle relaxants centrally fatigue, sedation, sometimes increase instability 3) alteplase or treatment must be initiated within 3 hours of the onset symptoms of acute ischemia stroke 4) is Clopidogrel among the antiplatelet medicines, ADP receptor blocker and phospholipase C
All correct 1. True 2. True 3) True (3-6hours) 4. True
Act of nicotinic receptors in brain 1. enhance cognitive function 2. induce neuronal development learning and memory formation 3. Has a role in reward
All correct? Research: nAChR are involved in several important aspects of *cognitive function* including attention, *learning and memory*. Chronic nicotine use induces neuroadaptations in the brain's *reward system* that result in the development of nicotine dependence. Nicotine directly enhances dopamine levels in the mesolimbic system by interacting with nAChRs on the dopaminergic neurons and causing them to release more of the neurotransmitter.
What is alexia?
Also called *word-blindness* and refers to the loss of the ability to read and comprehend meaning of written words. Patient can often write, but not read often due to infarct of post.cerebral artery
Braak staging is used in which disease?
Alzheimers and Parkinson's disease (not Lewy body dementia)
Galantamin is used for which disease?
Alzheimers disease Central AChEsterase inhibitor and binds to ACh receptors
Galantamin . what is used for and how does it work
Alzheimers, acetylcholineesterase inhibitor
What does folic acid deficiency lead to?
Anemia Birth defects Fatigue, grey hair, brittle nails, mouth sores, tongue swelling, growth problems
What are the six basic emotions?
Anger Disgust Fear Happiness Sadness Surprise
Where is the lesion if you have nominal aphasia?
Angular gyrus (a region of the brain in the parietal lobe) Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Anomia is caused by damage to various parts of the *parietal lobe* or the *temporal lobe* of the brain. According to powerpoint: Nominal dysphasia o Cant name objects o Lesion in *angular gyrus* o "That thing that I write with" in stead of pen
Alcohol affects dopamine indirectly by agonism or antagonism of NMDA receptors?
Antagonist of NMDA Remember: alcohol is a depressant (and NMDA is positive) Alcohol: depress NMDA or enhance GABA --> either way you always depress.
what kind of drug is Betahistine?
Anti-vertigo drug Works as an antagonist on H3 receptor - increasing the levels of neurotransmitters histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA released from the nerve endings. Works as an weak agonist of H1 receptor - vasodilation of blood vessels in inner ear
What is Carbamazepine normally used for?
Anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, as well as trigeminal neuralgia.
Herpes zoster oticus is treated with ?
Antivirotics
herpes zoster oticus
Antivirotics
a) metastatic tumors make up 50-60% of all brain tumors b) pilocytic astrocytoma is a typical histological form of astrocytoma in children c) meningioma is a typical brain tumor in children d) Lisch nodules are characteristic for Sturge-Weber sy.
B - Metastatic brain tumors: 20-50% - Lisch nodules are found in NF1 - Meningiomas are typically benign & in adults
a) hypacusis without seizures can only be caused by the middle ear b) amaurosis fugax occurs during the insufficient blood flow into the ophthalmic a. c) bleeding into the upper brainstem can cause ipsilat. lesion of the 3rd cranial nerve with contralat hemiparesis d) drop of soft palate on one side is the result of chorda tympani disfunction
B C- was marked as false, but I think it is true Synne agrees with C) --> this is also known as Webers syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia). maybe it is false because it says "hemiPARESIS" and not hemiPLEGIA?!
Which of the following are correct a) Attention is controlled by two frontoparietal networks: the ventral system is created by the frontal eye field (FEF) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) b) Memory is the ability to store and recall information, learn new skills and adapt the behavior based on past experience c) Vigilance is the ability to switch the attention and focus to multitask for longer periods d) A common feature of classical and operant conditioning is the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
B Vigilance: the ability to maintain attention and alertness over prolonged periods of time.
a) CADASIL is AR hereditary disorder of small vessels that leads to prosessive vascular dementia b) secondary vessel spasms are a relatively common complication of subarachnoid bleeding c) rupture of an aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic subarachnoid bleeding d) rupture of aneurysm of brain vessel wall leads to characteristic epidural bleeding
B - correct (you can use Ca2+ for prophylaxis) C - correct Meningeal arteries are usually ruptured in epidural bleedings.
Which of the following is right a) amygdala is implicated in aversive conditioning in the neurobiology of dependency b) Buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the opioid receptors c) main mechanism of action of stimulants is washing out of acetylcholine and adenosine out of glutamatergic neuron d) Alcohol increases the leaching of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens primarily indirectly, partly passed through the reward system
B - marked as false.. But it is *True* True: d) Alcohol increases the leaching of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens primarily indirectly, partly passed through the reward system
a) delusion is a sign of panic anxiety disorder b) during delusion formation doperminergic mesolimbic system takes part c) The patient insists that he is being followed by secret police. If the other criteria of delusions are fulfilled.... d) rumination delusion means that that patient doesn't see the point in living anymore
B is correct! If C) says something about non-bizzare delusions it should be correct. - Rumination: dwelling on negative thoughts and feelings.
22. Chlorpromazine: A. Is a nootropic B. 1st generation antipsychotic C. Neuroleptic D. Typical antipsychotic
B. 1st generation antipsychotic C. Neuroleptic D. Typical antipsychotic
1. Psychogenic Pain (persistent somatoform disorder, pain disorder) can be distinguished from physical pain by: A. Response to external influences and fluctuating course B. Abrupt onset, little fluctuation in course and insensitivity to external influences C. Minimum stress or impairment in occupational or social areas of functioning D. Fast response to treatment and favourable outcome
B. Abrupt onset, little fluctuation in course and insensitivity to external influences
61. Chief complaint in psychiatric examination refers to: A. Acute somatic conditions B. Acute mental conditions C. Mental conditions currently and in the past D. The time schedule of the hospitalisation
B. Acute mental conditions
Pre-emptive analgesia is: A. Administration of analgesics with antiemetic effect B. Administration of analgesics before surgery C. Obstetrical analgesia D. Long lasting analgesia in low back pain
B. Administration of analgesics before surgery
56. Mirtazapine is: A. Beta blocker B. Antidepressant C. Antipsychotic D. Statin E. None of the above
B. Antidepressant
Psychogenic Pain (persistent somatoform disorder, pain disorder) can be treated pharmacologically with: A. Analgesics and benzodiaszpines B. Antidepressants and antipsychotics C. Atypical antipsychotics D. Cannot be pharmacologically treated
B. Antidepressants and antipsychotics
43. Affective (mood) Disorders: A. Typically occur only in the elderly B. Are characterised by pathological mood associated with somatic and psychomotor symptoms C. Never include psychotic symptoms D. Can lead to suicide
B. Are characterised by pathological mood associated with somatic and psychomotor symptoms D. Can lead to suicide
33. Opioid Addicts: A. Do not use other drugs B. Are often concomitantly addicted to benzodiazepines C. Do not use I.V drugs D. Have destroyed septi nasi E. Do not steal
B. Are often concomitantly addicted to benzodiazepines
67. What would you do if a patient is verbally hostile and abusive towards you? A. Swear at them too B. Ask them kindly to speak properly C. Leave the situation D. Immediately give sedating injection
B. Ask them kindly to speak properly
59. Antichollinegic effects of psychotropic drugs: A. Are not relevant in clinical practice B. Can be central C. Can be peripheral D. Pose a risk, especially in elderly patients
B. Can be central C. Can be peripheral D. Pose a risk, especially in elderly patients
What is pseudobulbar syndrome?
Bilateral lesion of cortico-bulbar tract
What is the function of atypical antipsychotics?
Block dopamine pathways Simen: D2 + 5-HT2A receptor antagonism (Less EPS and sedation, more weight gain and cardiovascular)
a) with bulbar syndrome is present central paresis n. XII b) by paresis n. VI patient has divergent strabismus with diplopia c) unilateral hyposmia or anosmia may indicate a tumor at the base of the frontal lobe d) Paresis of n.III causes lagophthalmus on the affected side
C
a) by paresis n. III seriously affected the movement of the eyeball nasally, upward and downward b) positive reflexes labial, suction and gripping are physiologically at any age, even in old age c) When damaged side mixed system (which apparently is CN IX, X, and XI) on one side is homolateral bunk dropped from shoulder d) peripheral paresis n. VII include hemihypestesia of the face
C A - false, because the n.IV innervates superior oblique muscle, which can cause the movement of the eye downward and nasally. K: I would say a) is correct: both inf. rectus and med. rectus is deinnervated, and you will have severe trouble with looking to your nose and down as well as up, and have divergent strabismus
a) enlargement of lat ventricles in schizophrenia correlates with good treatment response b) absence of gliosis supports the hypothesis about neurodegenerative cause of schizophrenia c) people that develop schizophrenia show higher occurence of birth complications d) positive symptoms of schizophrenia are connected to the change of blood circulation in the parahippocampal gyrus
C- correct D - correct ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia ) Absence of gliosis is a supporting factor for a neurodevelopmental disorder, not a neurodegenerative disorder! (OMG - the details!)
Visceral pain (from organs) are conducted via which type of pain fibers?
C-fibers
31. Stimulants are: A. Heroin, psilocin B. LSD, muscarine C. Amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine D. Skopoloamine, THC, atropine E. None of the above
C. Amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine
Post operative analgesics should be administered: A. At the patients request B. On clinical signs of pains C. At regular intervals D. Only on ICU
C. At regular intervals
72. All antipsychotic drugs: A. Have high abuse potential B. Are tolerated without side effects C. Block D2 receptors D. Have very similar side effect profiles
C. Block D2 receptors
Thermocoagulation of the spinal cord dorsal horns is performed in A. Phantom Pain B. Trigeminal neuralgia C. Deafferation pain D. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy E. Severe migranous pain
C. Deafferation pain
20. Panic anxiety disorder does not include: A. Sudden panic attack B. Anticipatory anxiety C. Hallucinations D. palpitations
C. Hallucinations
68. The word "anhedonia" means: A. Inability to communicate in general B. Disturbance of locomotion C. Inability to feel joy D. Lack of proper emotions
C. Inability to feel joy
18. Fluoxetine: A. Is a 2nd generation antipsychotic B. Has an extremely short half life C. Is an antidepressant D. Is also used in the treatment of anxiety disorders
C. Is an antidepressant D. Is also used in the treatment of anxiety disorders SSRI, antidepressant drug, with long T1/2
13. Asking the patient about suicidal thoughts: A. Is dangerous as the patient might perceive it as a suggestion and a possible solution for his problems B. Is possible, but only in certain psychiatric diagnosis's C. Is necessary in all psychiatric diagnosis's D. Is necessary only in depression
C. Is necessary in all psychiatric diagnosis's
42. Delerium tremens: A. Is not treated, it is let go of B. Is treated with amitriptyline C. Is treated with clomethiazol D. Is treated by bed rest
C. Is treated with clomethiazol Acts like a sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant. Enhance GABA-A function Delirium tremens (DTs) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. When it occurs, it is often three days into the withdrawal symptoms and lasts for two to three days. People may also see or hear things other people do not. Physical effects may include shaking, shivering, irregular heart rate, and sweating. Occasionally, a very high body temperature or seizures may result in death. Alcohol is one of the most dangerous drugs to withdraw from.
52. In the treatment of mania can be used: A. Antidepressants B. Acamprosate C. Lithium D. Atypical (2nd generation) antipsychotic
C. Lithium D. Atypical (2nd generation) antipsychotic Antidepressants are CONTRAINDICATED!
Lesions of VI causes what kind of strabismus?
Convergent strabismus
Antipsychotics can be used as antiemetics
Correct
a) capsaicin in initial treatment can induce burning sensation in place of application b) we use SNRI for example Venlafaxin for neuropathic pain c) in neuropathic pain we use pregabalin or venlafaxin d) capsaicin is a selective antagonist of TRPV1 receptor
Correction: A,B,C
a) vertical gaze palsy occurs in the lesion of the dorsal part of mesencephalon (tectum) b) deviation of both eyes to one side means bilateral paresis of 3rd cranial nerve c) in the central lesion of extraocular mm. innervation of combined movements of both eyes the patient doesnt have diplopia d) in occipital lobe defect on one side the patient has homonymous hemianopsia on the contralat. side
D Ida: a) should be correct as well
a) patient with social phobia is not interested in others company b) panic attacks occur only within panic disorder c) untreated panic attack disappears within 30min d) all existing places and situations can be the cause of anxiety during agoraphobia
D - correct I also think C) should be correct. If treated it can last shorter (only minutes), but it usually lasts MAX 30min according to ppt. What do you think? K: I agree with c), not sure about d? ALL situations shouldn't be a place for anxiety -- if you get anxiety in your own bed for example, it shouldn't be agoraphobia??
28. Except for an interview with the patient, diagnosis of alcohol dependence is based on: A. Somatic examination B. Questionnaires that help validate suspicion of alcohol dependence C. Laboratory examination of blood and urine D. A and C are correct E. Nothing is correct
D. A and C are correct
57. Amitriptyline can cause: A. Urinary retention B. Orthostatic collapse C. Impaired heart conduction D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
Preception of pain is affected by A. Transcultural differences B. Upbringing, past experience and personality C. Attention, anxiety and emotional state D. All of the above
D. All of the above
30. Buprenorphrin is: A. Anti alcoholic treatment B. Antidote for neuroleptic intoxication C. Partial agonist of opioid receptors D. Anxiolytic drug
D. Anxiolytic drug (?? wrong?) Olav: C) is correct (I find little info about anxiolytic) E: Can be used in treatment resistant OCD, but I agree, C should be the correct answer!
15. Benzodiazepines: A. Are not anti-anxiety agents B. Are not used in psychiatry C. Bind to specific sites on GABA A receptors D. Are sometimes used as an additional therapy for schizophrenia
D. Are sometimes used as an additional therapy for schizophrenia C(??): "Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor"
7. Symptoms of schizophrenia do not include: A. Problems with memory B. Auditory hallucinations C. Delusions D. Attention deficit hyperactivity
D. Attention deficit hyperactivity Is the same as ADHD!
29. Delirium tremens: A. Is rarely seen in clinical practice recently B. Is not dangerous C. Is developing only in small children D. Can lead to death
D. Can lead to death Delirium tremens (DTs) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.
Physiological responses to pain include A. Changes in vegetative tone B. Changes in neurohormonal concentration C. Changes in immune functions D. Changes in all the above mentioned functions
D. Changes in all the above mentioned functions
26. Acute reinforcement induced by cocaine is mediated via: A. Serotonergic system B. Glutamatergic system C. Cocaine doesn't induce reinforcement D. Dopaminergic system
D. Dopaminergic system
Cordotomy is: A. Interruption of the ventral spinothalamic tract B. Affection of the first neuron of the nociceptive pathway C. Affection of efferent pathways in thalamus D. Interruption of the lateral spinothalmic tract E. Procedure on pain centres in thalamus and spinal cord level
D. Interruption of the lateral spinothalmic tract
Which of the structures below is described as the main target site for opioids: A. Primary sensory cerebral cortex B. Anterior funiculi of the spinal cord C. Nocisensors D. Limbic System
D. Limbic System
The following statements are correct except of: A. Neonates (including preterm) do experience pain B. Pain onset may coincide with a major onset of stress (moving to a new city, parents divorce) C. Partents may increase anxiety of children by n ot preparing them for painful process D. Neonates cannot localise pain very well
D. Neonates cannot localise pain very well
Smell and touch are first processed in thalamus and then proceed to amygdala
False
What did Kraepelin call schizophrenia?
Dementia praecox
What is citalopram used for? Name other drugs in this class:
Depression Panic disorder GAD and PTSD Should not be combined with MAOI It is an SSRI Fluoxetine, sertraline, escitalopram..
So called "red neuron" is hallmark of acute intracerebral hemorrhage
False
Sorafenib is used to treat macular degeneration
False
Spinal cord automatisms may occur in the cauda equina syndrome
False
Tetrazepam is classified as a general anaesthetic
False
The Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disease
False
The Guillain-Barre syndrome is often associated with parasitic infections
False
The Marburg form of multiple sclerosis is a relatively slowly progressive disease with a good prognosis
False
The Pick´s disease predominantly affects the subcortical white matter
False
The SMA gene is affected in the Werdnig-Hoffmann spinal muscular atrophy
False
A stereotactic surgery on the dorsal roots of the spinal cord is one of the most effective neurosurgical procedures for intractable pain
False
A subjective tinnitus manifests also as optical visions or hallucinations about its sources
False
A superficial sensation is tested with a tuning fork along with the vibration sense
False
A typical symptom of dementia in Alzheimer´s disease is an early speech disorders
False
Acute suppurative meningoencephalitis of newborns is caused by gram- diplococci
False
What is the function of Huntingtin?
Exact function - unknown Important for nerve cells - signaling, transport, binding, protecting against apoptosis ?
How does decortication look?
Extension of LE Flexion of UP
"Tinnitus maskers" are instruments covering the external auditory canal
False
- Metabolic alkalosis decreases brain activity
False
- Patients with chronic mm pain have increased blood pressure and pulse rate
False
- Polyneuropathy is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with end stage cancer
False
- Streptokinase preferred over alteplase for ischaemic stroke treatment
False
- Stupor puts the patent at the risk of hyperventilation
False
A chronic subdural hygroma occurs as a result of chronic epidural haematoma resorption in about 1-3 weeks after the fomration of haematoma
False
A compression of the optic chiasm from below (e.g. by a pituitary adenoma) causes binasal hemianopia
False
A damage to an optic nerve right out of the eye bulb (anterior to the optic chiasm) manifests as a homonymous ipsilateral hemianopia
False
A damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord is accompanied by a spastic paralysis
False
A decerebrate rigidity is characterized by the flexion of upper limbs and the extension of lower limbs
False
A decreased sodium level is a typical finding in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with a basilar meningitis
False
A delusion is a perception disorder
False
A delusion of self-reproach is the first rank symptom of schizophrenia
False
A finding of generalized spike-wave rhythm of EEG is typical for partial seizures
False
A gross injury to the lumbar enlargement causes a central paraparesis or paraplegia
False
A lack of emotional reaction and increased sleepiness are not "somatic" symptoms of depression
False
A lesion to thalamus causes homolateral hemialgia
False
A loss of tactile sensitivity in the radicular area L5 testifies for the compression of the L5 anterior root
False
A nuclear positivity for eostrogen receptor is typically found in meningeoma
False
A nuclear positivity for oestrogen receptor is typically found in meningeoma
False
A pain of cervical spine irradiating to an arm results from a C3 root irritation
False
A patient non-responding to pain (no eye opening, speech, nor a motor reaction) has the GCS score 0 points
False
A patient with amnestic (anomic) aphasia stumbles and says incorrect words
False
A patient with hypochondria disorder complains about multiple, repeated and frequently changing somatic symptoms
False
A patient with meningeal syndrome cannot retroflex his head and flex his knees
False
A reduced protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid can be expected in a young paraparetic woman, diagnosed with multiple sclerosis
False
A sound field includes ultrasound and infrasound frequencies, too
False
10. In alternating hemiplegia (unilateral brainstem lesion) : (look up answers) a) hemiparesis or hemiplegia occurs ipsilaterally b) cranial nerve palsy is contralateral to brainstem lesion c) cranial nerve palsy is peripheral (lower motor neuron lesion) d) cranial nerve palsy is central (upper motor neuron lesion)
Hemiparesis - contralat CN palsy - ipsilat If the CN lesion is peripheral or not depends if the lesion is above or below the nuclei of the CN.. So I'm not sure how to answer this. Most commonly lesions of brainstem causes *peripheral* CN lesions! Klara: c) must be correct! if it would be central, it would be contralateral and also wouldn't be alternating hemiplegia I think! (think brainstem lesions is almost always peripheral CN lesion with ipsilateral manifestation)
What is Weber syndrome?
Hemiplegia superior alternans Midbrain infarction 3rd nerve palsy (ipsilat) with contralateral hemiparesis
lesion of occipital cortex leads to what type of visual loss?
Homogenous hemianopsia, contralateral to lesion
Huntingtin inclusions in huntingtons
Huntington's disease intranuclear inclusions contain truncated, ubiquitinated huntingtin protein.
What is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage?
Hypertensive aneurysms and AV malformations On the other test it says: hypertension, aneurysm and AV malformations.
Zolpidem
Hypnotics
Central conus leads to mydriasis on the opposite side?
Hæ ? No
Is perimyelo CT used for diagnosis of tearing of spine root?
Hæ? :P I don't think, that would be MRI --> De spør om det brukes for å diagnostisere ruptur av spinal roots, og det kan det i følge radiopedia =)
TBC spondylitis are cut of MRI in coronal and sagittal planes?
Høæ? Probably...never seen i MRI which would take scans only in one plane --> sagittal I think? Agreed, CT will often be in coronal.
Possible ADR of tryptans is recurrence of migraine, coronary spasms, serotonin syndrome ??
I think all could be correct.. ?
- Cerebellum connected to temporal lobe is a part of Papez circle
I think not, according to powerpoint.. The classical papez circuit does not include cerebellum, but new studies show that cerebellum may be the starting point of Papez
How to modify progress of MS ?
IFN beta
Morbus devic - neruomyelitis optica -
IG againts aquaporins. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease or Devic's syndrome, is an heterogeneous condition consisting of recurrent and simultaneous inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Currently at least two different causes are proposed based on the presence of autoantibodies against AQP4. AQP4+ NMO is currently considered an autoimmune disease (autoimmune astrocytopathy, or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy) in which a person's own immune system attacks the astrocytes of the optic nerves and spinal cord.
Herniation of lumbal disc leads to paraparesis
If lesion is in upper Lumbal region L1-L2 --> yes Under L1-L2 --> not full paraparesis. Seeing how spinal cord ends at L1-L2 then it would only affect the roots which would be asymmetrical (what is ment by this? --> I guess "not symmetrical"; not two legs?) Ida: Disc herniation is often laterally displacement, so in most cases only one extremity will be affected
Herniation of lumbal disc leads to paraparesis?
If lesion is in upper Lumbal region L1-L2 yes. under that not full paraparesis.
Ecstasy-opioids: MDMA/ecstasy, today, in ecstasy located mainly opioids?
In ectasy we should find MDMA, but on todays market ectasy is filled with other types of drugs in (80%) of cases. (such as amphetamine, ketamine, PCP and others)
How does amantadine work?
Increased dopamine release Direct effect on dopamin receptors Block dopamine reuptake MAO-A inhibitor NMDA antagonist Anticholinergic effects
Dystrophin, Dysfirin in muscular dystrophies
Increased dysferlin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. + reduction of dystrophin production
Hypoventilation occurs in
Increased intracranial hypertension
full sympathetic activation is a acute response to taking ecstasy?
Increases release of 5-HT, less NA and DA. acute effect is the activation of sypathetic sys. sympathetic effects are mild in low doses
Mouse models of MS
Injection of myelin basic protein may induce a similar as MS disease in mice. (pp notes, only thing about mice)
How to modify progress of MS
Interferons beta
Where are the Lewy bodies in parkinsons disease?
Intracytoplasmic
Signs of lesion in medulla?
Ipsilatearl hypoglossal palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (*Jackson's sy* according to school, *Dejerine* according to the internet).
Signs of lesion in pons?
Ipsilatearl peripheral facial palsy Contralateral hemiparesis (Millard-Gubler synd.)
Lambert-Eaton is a paraneoplastic syndrome; small lung cell carcinoma
Is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs. It is the result of an autoimmune reaction in which antibodies are formed against *presynaptic* voltage-gated calcium channels in the NM junction. Around 60% of those with LEMS have an underlying malignancy, most commonly small cell lung cancer; it is therefore regarded as a *paraneoplastic syndrome*.
Non-bizarre delusions
Is when a girls believes that secret police is after you and want to kill you "it is something ocurring in a person's life which is not completely impossible" For example, the person may believe their significant other is cheating on them, that someone close to them is about to die, a friend is really a government agent, etc. All of these situations could be true or possible, but the person suffering from this disorder knows them not to be
What is red neuron - death of neuronal cell due to hypoxia
Ischemic cell change: Neurons are quickly injured by ischemia (regional absence of blood supply). After 6-12 hours morphological changes include acute shrinkage, angularity, and homogeneous eosinophilia of the cytoplasm. The nucleus becomes shriveled, pyknotic and hyperchromatic. These changes are part of the process of cell death. Affected cells are called ischemic neurons or red neurons or eosinophilic neurons.
How does memantine work, and what is it used for?
It is an NMDA receptor antagonist It is used for moderate to severe alzheimers disease
Primidone is converted to phenobarbital and has identical effect?
It is converted, and they are structural analogues according to wiki.. So it is probably correct. Used as anti-epileptic drugs
What is penumbra stroke?
It is the area just around the ischemia Still viable tissue around the ischemic zone - tissue with critical metabolic reservce
How does Benzydamini hydrochloridum work?
It selectively binds to inflamed tissues (*prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor*) and is normally free of adverse systemic effects. Unlike other NSAIDs, *it does not* inhibit cyclooxygenase or lipooxygenase, and is not ulcerogenic.
types of dissociative anaesthetics?
Ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), MK-801 + Non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors •
Dementia praecox is the same as schizophrenia according to Kraeplin or Bleuler?
Kreaplin - Dementia Praecox Bleuler - Schizophrenia
Name a precursors of acetylcholine?
Lecithin
In which lobe is amygdala?
Located deep within temporal lobe of the brain
Nucleus accumbens is responsible for cravings?
Low dopamine in VTA and NAc --> Cravings OBS! According to pp: prefrontal cortex and amygdala are responsible for craving. Addiction is VTA and ncl. accumbens What to answer?
What are symptoms of lumbar enlargement?
Lumbar enlargement is not a pathology, it is the widened area of the spinal cord that gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs. The questions should be what are symptoms of lumbar enlargement lesion? Mono- or paraparesis of the legs. Peripheral paresis at the level of segmental cord damage (and upper motor neuron lesion below the lesion, detecting level of cord damage). Divided into an upper part (L1-L4) and an lower part (L5-S2), and they have different symptoms.
What will a transversee lesion of spinal cord cause?
MOTOR 1st phase - spinal shock --> flaccid paresis 2nd phase - spastic UMN below level of lesion SENSORY Hypersthesia or hyperalgesia at level of lesion Impairment of all modalities below lesion BLADDER First urinary retention Then autonomic neurogenic bladder
Rhombencephalon evolve into what?
Medulla Pons Cerebellum
Rhombocephalon evolve in what?
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
Name an inhibitor of NMDA glutamate receptor?
Memantine
How memantin works and it derives from what?
NMDA receptor antagonist. Moderate sever AD.
In IC bleeding is often connected with diastasis of sutura and damage to meningeal arteries?
NO
Subarachnoidal (periencephalic??) bleeding is characterized by blood in ventricles
NO
Crow dividend schizofrenia into 2 types based on numbers of attacs?
NO based on positive and negative symptoms
lesion in Wernike area is called expressive aphasia?
NO expressive aphasia is brocas aphasia, and wernikes aphasia is receptive (problem with understanding)
a) locus coeruleus plays a role in worry stimulus b) agoraphobia belongs among main signs of fear in situations where the worst opportunity of effect than attainment of help c) panic disorder differs from generalized anxiety disorder by vegetative signs d) acute stress reaction starts to *subside* within 48h
Old test: A, B Correction: A+D, unsure about meaning of B! *Agoraphobia*: anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing D: Acute stress reaction: symptoms disappear within 48 hours.
Which of the following match a) Peripheral neuropathy can develop with deficiency of vit B12 b) During the anterior root damage of the spinal cord there's electric irritation of the muscles innervated by those roots c) During the anterior root damage of the spinal cord there's spasms of the muscles innervated by those roots d) Apraxia is damage of the reflective motor skills
Old test: A, C Correction: A C) should be false: LMN signs, meaning flaccid instead of spastic.
Which is the right statement(S) a) Disorder of association can present as rhyming or playing with the words, and the patient connects the words accodring to the phonetic similarity b) In the presence of confusion state we ask the question: Is anything special or unusual happening around? c) Perseveration is a persistent response to the past stimulus even though the new stimulus has been present d) The adequate question in order to figure out whether the person has imperative hallucinations is: How did you sleep last night?
Old test: A,B,C Correction: A,C B - these are question for hallcuinations, in confusion state we should ask for name, place, date and time..
a) BZD are addictive b) BZD can cause anterograde amnesia c) diazepam is a BZD with short time of action d) adverse effects of BZD include orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia
Old test: A,B,D Correction: A,B
From the following choose the correct statements a) Nicergolin is characterized by cognitive rather than general nootropic effect b) The mechanism of action of gabapentin is to reduce excitation of GABA c) Donepezil in Alzheimers disease positively affects serotonin neuronal pathways d) Lamotrigine blocks Ca channels with subsequent stabilization of the neuromuscular junction
Old test: All are wrong Correction: Can A be correct? Not if nootropic and cognitive drugs are the same? Nicergoline is used in senile dementia Donepezil - acetylcholine Lamotrigine - antiepileptic, Na channels
a) compulsion and obsession are signs of panic disorder b) pick vision (optic illusion of bent or walk through walls) is a sign of organic affect on the brain stem c) delusion belongs to formal thought disorder d) delirium doesnt belong to consciousness disorders
Old test: B + C Correction: B (??) False: C) delusion belongs to formal thought disorderder - It is a disorder of content of thought!
Which of the following is true a) In the neuropathic pain treatment the treatment of choice is SSRIs and SNRIs b) Triptans stimulate 5-HT1D receptors c) IN neuropathic pain treatment SSRIs (ex: escitalopram) is used as an antidepressive d) Triptans effect is stronger than the combination of paracetamol + metoclopramid
Old test: B+C Correction: B a) In ppt from school it says that TCA's are drug of choice. c) IN neuropathic pain treatment SSRI is used as an antidepressive (FALSE?, Its used as an analgesic, not antidepressant)
Choose: a) 'Red neuron' is a morphological image of acute intracerebral...? b) Red encephalomalacia is the same as traumatic intracranial hemorrhage c) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is most often associated with amyloid B peptide d) The most common place for intracerebral bleeding is in the mesencephalon idue to a common rupture lenticulostriata a.
Old test: C B could be correct if it didn't say "traumatic", and it should be intracerebral! :) *Red softening* occurs in the event of a hemorrhage, usually of the middle cerebral artery. *White softening* occurs in areas of the brain that experience little or no blood flow and therefore come to contain dead neural tissue. *Yellow softening* is a result of athersclerotic plaque building up in the arteries of the brain combined with yellow lymph.
a) irreversible mm weakness is characteristic for myasthenia gravis b) patient with absolute expressive aphasia understands words and text c) titubation (staggering) can be a sign of cerebellar dysfunction d) parkinson sy. can be provoked by dopaminergic receptor antagonist
Old test: C+D Correctino: B+C+D C - titubation is typical for cerebellar lesions D - parkinsoniam syndrome
14. which ones of the following is correct: a) Visceral pain is mechanical stimulation of the gray matter of the brain (eg. During operation) b) the most successful neurosurgical practices in intractable pain belongs to extralamniscal myelotomy c) Symptoms of pain may be the presence of skeletal muscle contraction d) The most successful neurosurgical practice for intractable pain belongs stereotactic operations on ventral roots of the spinal cord
Old test: C+D Correction: C+B Ventral roots of spinal cord are involved in motor function..
70. Clinical signs of delirium does not include: A. Agitation B. Consciousness deterioration C. Aggravation D. Increased or excessive suggestibility
Old test: C. Aggravation Correction (Elise+Klara): D. Increased or excessive suggestibility
a) Cannabis doesnt cause orthostatic hypotension as an acute effect b) cannabis can typically provoke euphoria, hysterical laughter, decelerated perception of time, decreased appetite and sprayed conjunctiva and diarrhea c) alcohol has only excitatory effects d) biological factors dont play any role in the development of addiction
Old test: No correct answers "Discussion" B -False Diarrhea and decreased appetite is not effects of cannabis. Typical is hunger! A - False! Cannabis -->Lower BP while standing (according to pp) C - False! Alcohol has depressant effect D - False! Biological factors can influence addiction development Synne agrees with all being false :-)
Amyloid angiopathy is due to AL amyloid?
Old test: Yes Correction: No It is characterised by the deposition of ß-amyloid (Aß-40) in the media and adventitia of small and medium sized arteries of the cerebral cortex and leptomeninges Cerebral amyloid angiopati (CAA) er en vanlig småkarssykdom i hjernen, karakteriseres av progressiv avleiring av amyloid beta peptid i små og mellomstore kar i hjerne og leptomeninger.
Epidural bleeding can lead to meningeal symptoms?
Old test: Yes Correction: No Meningeal symptoms are associated with subarachnoid bleeding. Cant find any association with epidural. K: I would guess it can cause compression --> mening. sy. ?
Hypotheses to explain phantom limb pain:
Researchers have advanced a number of hypotheses to explain phantom limb pain. 1. Maladaptive changes in the primary sensory cortex after amputation (maladaptive plasticity) 2. A conflict between the signals received from the amputated limb (proprioception) and the information provided by vision that serves to send motor commands to the missing limb 3. Vivid limb position memories that emerge after amputation
Which part of the spinal cord is affected in conus lesion?
S3-S5 (saddle anesthesia) But remember that conus medullaris is located at L1-L2!
TBC spondylitis are cut of MRI in coronar and santal planes?
Sagittal I think
indications for atypical antipsychotic?
Schizophrenia Bipolar disease Agitation with dementia Anxiety Disorder OCD
Name 3 groups with atypical antipsychotics?
Second-generation („Atypical") antipsychotics i. *MARTA* (multi acting receptor target angents) - clozapine, olanzapine ii. *SDA* (serotonin dopamin antagonist) - risperidone iii. *Other* e.g. sulpiride, quetiapine, aripiprazole
What is sham rage?
Sham rage is a controversial term used to describe behavior such as *biting, clawing, hissing, arching the back* and *"violent alternating limb movements"* produced in animal experiments by REMOVING THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, which are claimed to occur in the absence of any sort of inner experience of rage. These behavioral changes are *reversed* with small lesions in hypothalamus *Bard* concluded that the hypothalamus is critical for the expression of aggressive responses and the cortex is responsible for inhibiting and directing those responses.
When to use zopiklone?
Sleeping pill - cause depression of CNS Treating insomnia
Indication of Baclofen?
Spasms It is a muscle relaxant (MS, stroke, spinal cord tumors)
Lesion between pontine center for urination and sacral center for urination will affect the bladder in which way?
Spinal cord injury above the lumbosacral level eliminates voluntary and supraspinal control of voiding, leading initially to an *areflexic bladde*r and complete *urinary retention*, followed by a slow development of *automatic micturition* and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) that is mediated by spinal reflex pathways. However, voiding is commonly inefficient owing to simultaneous contractions of the bladder and the urethral sphincter (detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia) The sacral micturition center is located at the S2-S4 levels and is responsible for bladder contraction. The pontine micturition center acts as a central relay and may play a role in the coordination of external sphincter relaxation with bladder contraction. The cerebral cortex plays an inhibitory role in relation to the sacral micturition center.
What is SCIWORA?
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality - Spinal injuries (in cervical region) without any identifiable bony or ligamentous injury on x-ray or CT. - Injuries are found on MRI - injury of spinal cord, ligaments or vertebral body end plate SCIWORA should be suspected in patients subjected to blunt trauma who report early (immediate) or transient symptoms of neurologic deficit or who have existing findings upon initial assessment.
What is Sciwora?
Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality
How does the EEG normally look on an absence seizure?
Sudden onset of 3-Hz generalized symmetrical *spike-and-wave* or multiple spike-and-slow wave complexes. Diffuse spike-wave
A 19-year-old man with the first psychotic episode describes the week at home prior to hospital admission: "I..I watched TV, but the newspaper didn´t come, I..David is at school, too. Sometimes it´s better to be alone, you know, to save for a rainy day." It is an example of derailment (loosening of associations)
True
How does benzalkonium work?
Surface active ammonic base - destabilisation & enhanced permeability of cell wall
Lesions of chiasma due to tumors of hypophysis leads to what kind of visual loss?
Temporal heteronymous hemianopsia
Thomaye
Tests hypomobility and hypermobility of the spine. Some czech guy invented it.. (SHOCKER) You stand in upright position, and bend forward.
Symptoms of lower part lesion?
The lower part of lumbar enlargement - epiconus - L5 - S2 segmental lesion: i. Paresis resembles radicular lesions of L5 + S1 - Easily made the wrong diagnosis! ii. Weakness of extensors predominates - perineal muscles, gluteal muscles, flexors of the crus iii. Deep tendon reflexes L2 - S2 are absent iv. Sensory impairment (on the dorsal part of the leg and from the knee distally) v. Automatic bladder (reflex neurogenic bladder) vi. Sexual dysfunction vii. Investigation - MRI must be focused to the T12-L1 vertebra level! viii. Cord compression is not caused by disc prolapse, but often by a tumour!
Symptoms of upper lumbar segment lesion?
The upper part - lumbar segments L1 - L4: i. Paresis of the thigh muscles - weakness of flexors and adductors of the thigh and of extensors of the shin (crus) ii. Deep tendon reflexes L2-4 are absent iii. Sensory loss in areae radiculares iv. Urinary incontinence (sympathetic lesion) - rare v. Cremasteric reflex is absent in L1-2 segmental lesion
Where can you find Hirano bodies?
They are intracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins first observed in neurons. Alzheimers disease and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (test asks for ALS, but I cant find anything about ALS) Ida E: I´ve seen several articles about ALS + hirano bodies too, so think this should be included as well. Synne agrees! I have also seen it when I googled it.
Prion disease form vacuoles in white matter in brain?
They form in gray, and also in white (I think) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21073844 Ida E: From robbins it seems like it´s only grey matter though.
LSD works best on type 2 receptors?
They work best on Serotonin 1A receptors or Dopamine 3 receptors LSD works as an agonist of: (from pp) 1. DA receptors (D3 > D4 > D2) 2. 5-HTR (1a >2a >1d >2c >7)
Thomayer test - bad enligsh -->
Thomayerova distance Thomayerova distance, which is sometimes referred to as a simple crouch test. Display and evaluate non-specific mobility throughout the spine. It consists bent conducted from a standing position, when in extreme position, measure the distance of the third finger from the pad. Under normal result is considered touch of your fingertips, yet we tolerate distance of 10 cm, 30 cm above, it is the clear pathology. During the test we have to be careful about certain distortion - movement can be compensated by moving the hips or vice versa is restricted due to shortening of the knee flexors (patient shrugs her knees and feel pain in the knees). Except hypomobility test can investigate and significant hypermobility, when the patient touches the floor the entire hand or forearm (it is considered a very important disorder of connective tissue). Increased ligament laxity and thus the positive examination hypermobility is more frequent in women.
- Stereotactic surgery of thalamus is the best method for the treatment of neuropathic pain
Trie
- Basal ganglia participate in the obsessive-compulsive disorder pathophysiology
True
- Experimantal autoimmune encephalitis is induced in the mouse using myelin basic protein
True
- In supranuclear disturbances of eye movements, conjugate gaze movements fail and the patient has no diplopia
True
- Metabolic acidosis decreases brain activity
True
- Pseudobulbar palsy: increased masseter reflex and incontinence of affect (uncontrollable crying and laughing)
True
- Psychosocial stress causes progression of Alzheimer's dementia
True
- Right posterior parietal cortex damage causes loss of visual objects detection
True
- Subdural hematomas can cause dementia
True
- Uremic neuropathy is usually distal axonal sensomotoric polyneuropathy
True
20´s gustatory aura, brief periods of unresponsiveness -> diagnosis is complete partial epiletic seizure (I didn´t write down the whole statement)
True
A central palsy may develop in the Brown-Sequard syndrome in the muscles innervated by motoneurons situated below the lesion
True
a) TBC spondylitis usually affects C1-C2 area b) during CT perimyelography we apply contrast intrathecaly lumbally or through suboccipital puncture c) osteochondrosis on X-ray is characterized by decrease on intravertebral space d) to confirm osteochondrosis radiculography is used
True : C+D B - false (why ? ) (Think it is because its injected in the dural sac, which extends from conus medullaris down to s2, but not sure) A - false (TBC usually affect thoracic and lumbar area)
Oxycodon and naloxone - Oxycodo is a very strong painkiller related to morphine Naloxone can be taken simultaneously to counter the effects of oxykodon in the GI tract, since naloxone acts there primarily
True ? "Naloxone and oxycodone is a combination medicine used for around-the-clock treatment of severe pain that is not controlled by other medicines. Naloxone is included in this medicine to prevent the misuse of the narcotic ingredient" Oxycodon + naloxone - used for treatment of pain, ok to combine. - Prevents constipation - Oxycodon has low first pass effect, naloxone has high first pass effect - Oxycodon goes out into circulation, and naloxone is almost completely removed - Good for pain relief without causing constipation But Naloxone given i.v counteracts the opioids, and is used for overdoses
Choose the right statement a) Homonymous hemianopsia can be caused by lesions of optic nerve b) Dissociative sensation disorder may arise during occlusion of medial cerebral artery c) In syringomyelia occurs dissociation of sensory loss d) In a young paraparetic woman with multiple sclerosis reduced concentration of protein in the CSF will be expected
True C Generalized sensation disorder MS lady - higher CSF proteins
- Do you ever experience your actions or thoughts being physically controlled by an outside force - inquires for delusions passivity experiences
True!
a) Citalopram is an SSRI antidepressive b) Lithium is suitable for prevention of manic phase of bipolar disorder c) Clozapine is an SSRI antidepressant d) Chlorpromazin blocks histamine receptors
True: A,B, D Clozapine - MARTA - atypical antipsychotic
Choose the right statements a) Levodopa crosses the BBB b) Inhibitory dopa-decarboxylase combined with levodopa does not cross BBB c) Unlike carbamazepine, valproate can be given in the absence seizures d) Topiramate is among the new AEDs
True: ACD Levodopa crosses BBB But the dopa-decarboxylase does *not* cross the BBB.. So depending how the question is in "proper" english, I think this (B) could be correct.
Which are correct: a) Multiple sclerosis is cerebrospinal and more common in men b) experimental autoimmune encephalitis is a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, conditioned immunization of the experimental animal of glial fibril acidic protein c) Devons optic neuromyelitis is directed at glial fibrilar acidic protein d) multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease
True: D MS is more common women The mouse model was injected with myelin basic protein Optic neuromyelitis is against aquaporin 4
1. The urgent surgery for lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse should be recommended for: (look up answers) a) painful lumbar radicular syndrome with a sudden paresis of the lower extremity and a proved disc prolapse b) urine retention and prostate hypertrophy associated with _____ L2-S2 c) severe lumbar pain after heavy work in bent forward position and no available CT d) flaccid quadruparesis with pronounced cervical osteofytes
Unsure what they ask for here, but it is the cauda equina syndrome that require immediate surgery. I would guess a) maybe.. Cauda Equina syndrome: - Problems with bowel and bladder function (usually inability to pass urine). - Numbness in the saddle area around the back passage (anus). - Weakness in one or both legs Simen: a) is the same as radicular syndrome, lumbar stenosis, or typically sciatica - laminectomy to relieve pressure - not immediate surgery needed b) I think they mean any compressive lesion somewhere in L2-S2 segment, which will cause *cauda equina syndrome*, and this is considered a medical emergency
Pseudomembranes are produced after hemorrhagic strokes?
Unsure? Pathophys pp says that pseudocysts are produced after ischemic strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes are not mentioned..
What is NOTCH3 associated with?
Vascular dementia and CADASIL (AD inheritance)
Which of these are used to treat tinnitus? 1. Beta blockers 2. vasodilators 3. beta-histine
Vasodilators Beta-histine
Which drug is used for macular degeneration?
Verteporfin (SCN inhibitor) - For use in the photodynamic treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation associated with macular degeneration or with pathological myopia. I.v. infusion, activation by non-thermal red light => cytotoxic derivates
What are Zoopsie hallucinations?
Visual hallucination of animals (It is not an hallucination of little animals talking to you)
AE's of Risperidon?
Weight gain DM Tardive dyskinesia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Deja Vu is lesion of temporal lobe?
Yes
Do we have hair cells in cochlea?
Yes
Does ALS affect both central and periferial neuron?
Yes
Does central pontine demyelination (Osmotic demyelination syndrome) occur in diabetics?
Yes
Does hypothyreosis cause depression?
Yes
Which of the following statements are true 1) tremor is always a manifestation of Parkinson's disease 2) for parkinson syndrome is usually intention tremor and positive phenomenon of a clamping leg (like restless leg syndrome) 3) meningeal syndrome accompanies both viral and bacterial meningitis 4) to synringomyelicke dissociation syndrome patient has a disorder deep sensation, thermal and maintaining algic ...
Which of the following statements are true 1) tres is always a manifestation of Parkinson's disease 2) for parkinson syndrome is usually intention tremor and positive phenomenon of a clamping leg 3) meningeal syndrome accompanies both viral and bacterial meningitis 4) to synringomyelicke dissociation syndrome patient has a disorder deep sensation, thermal and maintaining algic?? what is maintaning algic?
Glaucoma can be treated with anti...
Wrong
Clopidogrel is a fibrinolytic drug?
Wrong, antiplatelet drug
What type of inheritance does Duchenne have?
X-linked
sensitive ataxia - in leasion of back of medulla
YES (can also be lesion in cerebellum, thalamus and parietal lobes)
Cervical olisthesis by 1cm can lead to kvadruplegia?
YES Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra
Rexed zones divide gray part of the medulla spinals (spinal cord)?
YES starts at the end of medulla/beginning of spinal cord
Olfactory disfunction or halucinations in one nostril can be caused by tumor on one side?
YES tumors in region of uncus or olfactory groove meningioma
- In neuropathic pain, we can use SSRI - - In neuropathic pain, we can use SNRI - - In neuropathic pain, we can use TCA -
YES x3
For diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder is important to have mania and at least one episode of depression
Yees
15% of depressive patiens commit suicide?
Yes
A lesion in facial nucleus in brain stem produces peripheral facial palsy?
Yes
Addiction is connected to dopamine, nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex?
Yes
Alien hand sy?In corticobazilar degeneration
Yes
Alien hand syndrome can be seen in corticobasillary degeneration?
Yes
Alpha-synuclein containing Lewy bodies can be seen in degenerative disorders
Yes
Alpha-synuclein inclusions are found in oligodendrocytes in MSA
Yes
Alzheimer se da diagnostikovat geneticky?
Yes
Alzheimers can be diagnosed genetically?
Yes
Amantadim was made as antivirotics in the first place?
Yes
Amaurosis fugax - hypoperfusion of a. centralis retinae -
Yes
Amyloid angiopathy is due to AL?
Yes
Are inclusions in neurodegenerative disorders presents in oligodendroglial cells as well?
Yes
Astrocytomas - connected with some glial astrocytal protein
Yes
Astroglial cells are macroglial cells?
Yes
Astrogylie are makroglie?
Yes
Atypical parkinson sy in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)?
Yes
Audiometry should be performed in a soundproof room?
Yes
BAD - depression are more frequent than manic episodes?
Yes
BZD works on GABA?
Yes
Basic examination of orientation is basically asking about time and time of the year?
Yes
Biperiden and Benzatropin can be used in parkinsons as anticholinergic drugs ?
Yes
Both in bacterial and viral meningitis can lead to meningeal signs?
Yes
Broadmann area 4 refers to primary motor cortex?
Yes
Brodmann area 4 refers to primary motor cortex?
Yes
Bulbospinal atrophy is the same as Kennedy disease?
Yes
Buspiron used for anxiety attacks?
Yes
CN XI lesion - can lead to dysarthria?
Yes
Can meningeoma cause meningeal signs?
Yes
Can triptans cause strokes?
Yes
Can you find Cowdry type A inclusions in herpetic encephalitis?
Yes
Can you have an epileptic seizure without having epilepsy?
Yes
Can you use triptans with prokinetics?
Yes
Catathymia is a change of motion linked to mood?
Yes
Central pontine demyelination - related to alcoholism
Yes
Citalopram is an SSRI ?
Yes
Combination of aspirin pluss pyramidol can be used post stroke treatment
Yes
Contrast substance is applicated intrathecal though lumbal puncture od subboccipital?
Yes
Conversive disorder is a self defence mechanism that psychological problem moves to static part of a body?
Yes
Decortication is due to a lesion above mesencephalon?
Yes
Sensitive ataxia is due to a lesion in the back of medulla?
Yes Can also be a lesion in cerebellum, thalamus and parietal lobes Look at this link and see where the sensory tracts go (posterior) https://www.google.cz/search?q=tracts+in+medulla&client=firefox-b&tbm=isch&imgil=kIAi6s5tIbhcvM%253A%253BYQmeAiEHkhdNGM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.pinterest.com%25252Fpin%25252F177258935303607213%25252F&source=iu&pf=m&fir=kIAi6s5tIbhcvM%253A%252CYQmeAiEHkhdNGM%252C_&usg=__S-V8QyUzxD2axWJTJmcGg7S-H9o%3D&biw=1366&bih=635&ved=0ahUKEwjV46DrhY7NAhXC1hQKHdLpA34QyjcIKQ&ei=m51SV5WqJ8KtU9LTj_AH#imgrc=yE_Tag60wODUcM%3A
Catathymia is a change of motion linked to mood
Yes Elise: No I think this is the defintion of cataplexy.. Any good definition of catathymia ? Mental process is under the influence of emotions.
Negri bodies are connected with Rabies?
Yes Eosinophilic inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm of nerve cells containing rabies virus Typically in Ammons horn in hippocampus
Astrocytomas are connected with some glial astrocytal protein?
Yes Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) can be used for staining astrocytomas, even the anaplastic variants stain positive.. Unsure if this is what they are asking for though.
In MS you can find oligodendrocytes in the inactive plaques?
Yes In the inactive plaques you can see gliosis and minimal to no inflammation. *Gliosis*: Proliferation of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) Ida E: think it´s wrong, cause we find astrocytes, not oligodendrocytes as far as I know.
Lesion of nervus peroneus causes stepping, walking like a rooster ?
Yes It causes the inability to lift foot at the ankle, causes foot drop walking The roosters kind of "drag their feet" after them haha.
In alternans hemiplegia there is deviation of the palate and lowered shoulder?
Yes It only says "inferior" on the old test.. So I guess the statement would be correct if it said Inferior hemiplegia alternans, because the lower cranial nerves would be affected Ida: think only hypoglossus is affected? - No! All the cranial nerves in medulla are affected, but typically we see clinical signs from hypoglossus, because it's easy to investigate!
Lewy bodies contain alpha-synuclein and they can be seen in degenerative disorders
Yes Lewy bodies are found in parkinson's disease, lewy body dementia and some others
In stimulation therapy of depression you only stimulate a part of cingulum ?
Yes No ???? Psych at a glance: Deep brain stimulation of cingulate cortex or nucleus accumbens has anti-depressive effects.
- Contraindications of tryptans - hypertension untreated and variant disease - Tryptans should be given during aura
Yes No (should be given after the headache starts)
Zolpidem is a hypnotic drug?
Yes Used for insomnia and some brain disorders. it is a short acting NON-BZD that potentiates GABA function works within 15 min, half life 2-3h
Frontal cortex lesions causes problems with eyes?
Yes You are unable to look away from the affected side, and the eyes are deviated towards the lesion (gaze disorder)
For depression more inflammatory marker?
Yes http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/584794
- Use of TCA can be accompanied by cognitive disorder - The specific antidote for TCA is flumazenil
Yes no (it's for BZD)
triptans - contraindicated in HTN ? - Contraindicated in renal and liver failure? - Can be used during pregnancy?
Yes yes no
Conus lesion will lead to sensation disturbance and pain in the saddle area?
Yes • Sensory disturbance - saddle anesthesia over the "saddle area" • Pain over the "saddle area" • Sphincter paralysis: • Disturbance of urination (denervated autonomous bladder - retention) and fecal incontinence • Sexual dysfunction - impotence
Subjective tinnitus linked with hallucinations and delusions about its origin?
Yes (?) Subjective tinnitus is tinnitus only you can hear. This is the most common type of tinnitus. It can be caused by ear problems in your outer, middle or inner ear. It also can be caused by problems with the hearing (auditory) nerves or the part of your brain that interprets nerve signals as sound (auditory pathways) Objective tinnitus is a tinnitus that the doctor can hear as well.
Is there fibrinoid necrosis in small arteries in brain when someone suffers from hypertension
Yes (NB: must be malignant HTN) --> so not in normal HTN?
Post-encephalomalatic pseudocyst is formed after ischemia of the brain, when the liquefactive necrosis develop into a cyst?
Yes (according to pathophys)
Cranial nerve XI (accessory) can lead to dysarthria?
Yes (also dysphonia and dysphagia) Eva: CN XI palsy er ikke assosiert med dysarthria, dysphonia og dysphagia...? Marte: enig med Eva --> the shoulder is dropped and the patient cannot turn the head to the healthy side Synni e enig med både Eva og Marte! Dette må isåfall være snakk om XII?? Ida: steike beiken (Synne: hahahaahah)
When liver is failing does it induce making of pathological mediators in brain?
Yes (ammonia)
Tuberculous spondylitis is the same as Pott's disease, is most commonly located in the thoracic part of vertebral column?
Yes (and in lumbal) *NOT* cervical as they try and trick us with.
Bulbospinal atrophy is a triplet repeat disease?
Yes (same as *Kennedy's disease*) The genetic basis of the disease involves an expanded *repeat of the CAG trinucleotide* in the proximal portion of the q arm of the X chromosome. Characterized by degeneration of both motor and sensory neurons. It involves loss of lower motor neurons supplying the limb and bulbar musculature. Extraocular muscles are spared, possibly because of reduced numbers of androgen receptors in these muscles
Do you loos consciousness in an "absence" epileptic seizure?
Yes (usually) The person has a brief loss of consciousness (an absence) for a few seconds. They do not fall, but may pause in what they are doing. Their face often looks pale with a blank expression. They may look dazed, the eyes stare, and the eyelids may flutter a little. Person is unaware of this absence
Choose the right statement a) Brain edema may develop as a consequence of hyponatremia b) Swelling of the brain develops as a result of plasma hypoosmolality c) For patient with acute intracranial hypertension, vasodilation can reduce intracranial pressure d) Hyperglycemic coma can cause brain swelling
a) Brain edema may develop as a consequence of hyponatremia b) Swelling of the brain develops as a result of plasma hypoosmolality TRUE
Carpal tunnel syndrome: a) Caused by overloading of upper extremity b) Caused by lesion of radial nerve c) Typical finding in glass cutters d) Usually manifests during walking
a) Caused by overloading of upper extremity c) Typical finding in glass cutters Medial nerve?
Which are correct a) Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness b) Depending on the neurobiology of motivational circles play a key role in the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate c) for social phobia is typical of anxiety in social situations that are not accompanied by somatic vegetative symptoms d) antagonism at 5-HT 3 receptor is the primary mechanism of the anxiolytic effects of alcohol
a) Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness b) Depending on the neurobiology of motivational circles play a key role in the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate
22. which is the right statement(S) a) Disorder of association can present as rhyming or playing with the words, and the patient connects the words accodring to the phonetic similarity b) In the presence of confusion state we ask the question: Is anything special or unusual happening around? c) Perseveration is a persistent response to the past stimulus even though the new stimulus has been present d) The adequate question in order to figure out whether the person has imperative hallucinations is: How did you sleep last night?
a) Disorder of association can present as rhyming or playing with the words, and the patient connects the words accodring to the phonetic similarity b) In the presence of confusion state we ask the question: Is anything special or unusual happening around? c) Perseveration is a persistent response to the past stimulus even though the new stimulus has been present
. Which is correct a) Dissociative sensory loss is a condition which affective perception of a definite modality is impaired, while other modalities are preserved b) damaging the dorsal column tract cord leads to malfunction tractus pyramidalis c) dissociative disorder typically accompanies some spinal lesion d) The most likely clinical consequence of damage to the right parietal cortex is apraxia
a) Dissociative sensory loss is a condition which affective perception of a definite modality is impaired, while other modalities are preserved c) dissociative disorder typically accompanies some spinal lesion
Which is correct a) Dissociative sensory loss is a condition which affective perception of a definite modality is impaired, while other modalities are preserved b) damaging the dorsal column tract cord leads to malfunction tractus pyramidalis c) dissociative disorder typically accompanies some spinal lesion d) The most likely clinical consequence of damage to the right parietal cortex is apraxia
a) Dissociative sensory loss is a condition which affective perception of a definite modality is impaired, while other modalities are preserved c) dissociative disorder typically accompanies some spinal lesion d) The most likely clinical consequence of damage to the right parietal cortex is apraxia Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex), in which the individual has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked, provided that the request or command is understood and he/she is willing to perform the task.
Which of the options are true a) For delirium among others are typical qualitative disturbances of consciousness, hallucinations and increase suggestibility type mikrozoopsie b) washed-up (I guess they mean decreased) of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens underlies craving (pool) c) somatic drug withdrawal state after withdrawal of stimulants include joint and muscle pain d) On non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (zolpidem, zopiclone) there is no addiction
a) For delirium among others are typical qualitative disturbances of consciousness, hallucinations and increase suggestibility type mikrozoopsie b) washed-up (I guess they mean decreased) of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens underlies craving (pool)
Which of the options are true a) For delirium among others are typical qualitative disturbances of consciousness, hallucinations and increase suggestibility type mikrozoopsie b) washed-up (I guess they mean decreased) of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens underlies craving (pool) c) somatic drug withdrawal state after withdrawal of stimulants include joint and muscle pain d) On non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (zolpidem, zopiclone) there is no addiction
a) For delirium among others are typical qualitative disturbances of consciousness, hallucinations and increase suggestibility type mikrozoopsie b) washed-up (I guess they mean decreased) of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens underlies craving (pool)
a) IPSP occurs by GABA binding to the postsynaptic potentials b) generalized tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by loss of awareness c) wave spike rhythm on EEG is typical in some leads for absent type of epilepsy d) absence seizures are characterized by loss of consciousness
a) IPSP occurs by GABA binding to the postsynaptic potentials b) generalized tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by loss of awareness c) wave spike rhythm on EEG is typical in some leads for absent type of epilepsy d) absence seizures are characterized by loss of consciousness
Choose the correct a) In inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate dermatomyositis CD4+ T lymphocytes are predominant b) Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disease c) Lambert-Eaton syndrome is a paraneoplastic neuropathy d) Duchene muscular dystrophy is an AD disease
a) In inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate dermatomyositis CD4+ T lymphocytes are predominant TRUE c) Lambert-Eaton syndrome is a paraneoplastic neuropathy TRUE Myotonic dystrophy - AD inheritance Muscular dystrophy - Xlinked Gesine: Robbins S.830 - LES characteristically develops as a paraneoplastic process...most commonly in setting of small-cell lung ca (60%) and it is a neuropathy due to the fact that AB´s attack presynaptic Ca-channels--> C is TRUE
2. Myasthenia gravis may be present by: a) Ptosis (or diplopia) b) paraparesis or hemiparesis with hyperreflexia c) sphincter disturbances d) lagophtalmus
a) Ptosis (or diplopia)
Select the correct statements: - Megalomanické delusions are present in mania and depression - Delusions of formal thinking - Synonym for bizarre delusion delusion is discordant with the mood - Antipsychotic medication occupying dopamine receptors only mezolimbické and nigrostriatal path, not tuberoinfundibulární
all wrong (VILDE) -> from pp: Depression sy: micromanic delusions Manic sy: megalomanic delusions
Which are correct a) In the central hemiparesis capsular type (I'm guessing internal capsule) the patient has circumduction (a type of walking) during walking. b) patients with motor (expressive) aphasia does not answer the question because he does not understand c) patients who do not respond to pain by opening the eyes either verbally or motor, has a GCS score of 0 points d) patients say "Yest, Yest, yesterday, it, it , was Sun, Sun-day" (I guess they mean the patient is stuttering) is one of aphasia
a) In the central hemiparesis capsular type (I'm guessing internal capsule) the patient has circumduction (a type of walking) during walking. d) patients say "Yest, Yest, yesterday, it, it , was Sun, Sun-day" (I guess they mean the patient is stuttering) is one of aphasia
choose the right statements a) Levodopa crosses the BBB b) Inhibitory dopa-decarboxylase combined with levodopa does not cross BBB c) Unlike carbamazepine, valproate can be given in the absence seizures d) Topiramate is among the new AEDs
a) Levodopa crosses the BBB c) Unlike carbamazepine, valproate can be given in the absence seizures d) Topiramate is among the new AEDs
choose the right statement a) Memantin is inhibitory of glutamate NMDA receptors b) To behavioral disorders in demented patients (such as agresivity, psychotic symptoms) risperidone is appropriate therapy c) Peripheral myorelaxation can positively influence the symptoms of Huntington disease - d) Psychosocial stress may be the reason of progression of Alzheimer`s dementia -
a) Memantin is inhibitory of glutamate NMDA receptors b) To behavioral disorders in demented patients (such as agresivity, psychotic symptoms) risperidone is appropriate therapy- TRUE d) Psychosocial stress may be the reason of progression of Alzheimer`s dementia - TRUE on SASHA's test last semester!
2. Which of the following are true? a) Nimodipin blocks Ca channels preferentially in the CNS b) Baclofen acts as an antagonist on presynaptic GABA-B receptors c) Tolperison is used in spastic skeletal muscle after a stroke, encephalitis , in multiple sclerosis d) Nimodipin is a betablocker
a) Nimodipin blocks Ca channels preferentially in the CNS c) Tolperison is used in spastic skeletal muscle after a stroke, encephalitis , in multiple sclerosis
2. Which of the following are true? a) Nimodipin blocks Ca channels preferentially in the CNS b) Baclofen acts as an antagonist on presynaptic GABA-B receptors c) Tolperison is used in spastic skeletal muscle after a stroke, encephalitis , in multiple sclerosis d) Nimodipin is a betablocker
a) Nimodipin blocks Ca channels preferentially in the CNS - TRUE (Given after stroke to reduce the damage since Ca is good for cells) c) Tolperison is used in spastic skeletal muscle after a stroke, encephalitis , in multiple sclerosis - TRUE
19. which of the following applies best a) Pain and sensory disturbances are in cauda equine syndrome (perianal and perigenital) b) In posterior column syndrome has patient has impaired balance when standing and walking with eyes closed c) Dissociated syringomyelia syndrome may be due to vertebral metastases d) Paresthesia occurs without external stimulus, in dysaesthesia patient perceives the stimulus differently
a) Pain and sensory disturbances are in cauda equine syndrome (perianal and perigenital)
Which of the following applies best a) Pain and sensory disturbances are in cauda equine syndrome (perianal and perigenital) b) In posterior column syndrome has patient has impaired balance when standing and walking with eyes closed c) Dissociated syringomyelia syndrome may be due to vertebral metastases d) Paresthesia occurs without external stimulus, in dysaesthesia patient perceives the stimulus differently
a) Pain and sensory disturbances are in cauda equine syndrome (perianal and perigenital) - TRUE B - False --> Should be correct? D - False --> Should be correct? Paresthesia: „a pins and needles sensation ", „a burning feeling "- spontaneous (no stimuli) Dystesthesia is a qualitative change of sensation. Clothing can feel painful on the skin
What is Brown Sequard syndrome?
a) Pain and temp loss - contralateral - below the lesion - spinothalamic tract lesion b) Position and vibration - ipsilateral- below lesion-posterior column lesion c) UMN paralysis - ipsilateral - below the lesion - corticospinal lesion
Which ones are correct a) Pain perception is transmitted by myelinated and unmyelinated fibers b) Biliary colic are examples of visceral pain c) Neuropathic pain is rather the result of damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or central neural system rather than stimulation of pain receptors d) Phantom pain arises in hypoxia affected limb
a) Pain perception is transmitted by myelinated and unmyelinated fibers b) Biliary colic are examples of visceral pain c) Neuropathic pain is rather the result of damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or central neural system rather than stimulation of pain receptors
Which ones are correct a) Pain perception is transmitted by myelinated and unmyelinated fibers b) Biliary colic are examples of visceral pain c) Neuropathic pain is rather the result of damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or central neural system rather than stimulation of pain receptors d) Phantom pain arises in hypoxia affected limb
a) Pain perception is transmitted by myelinated and unmyelinated fibers b) Biliary colic are examples of visceral pain c) Neuropathic pain is rather the result of damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or central neural system rather than stimulation of pain receptors
15. which of the following choices apply a) Paralysis, atony, areflexia and progressive muscular atrophy are the signs of destruction of peripheral motor nerve fibers b) Myasthenia gravis is characterized by increased muscle fatigue during the day c) When damaged anterior spinal horn arises paresis of innervated muscles d) In anterior acute poliomyelitis is typically affected both upper and lower motor neurons
a) Paralysis, atony, areflexia and progressive muscular atrophy are the signs of destruction of peripheral motor nerve fibers b) Myasthenia gravis is characterized by increased muscle fatigue during the day c) When damaged anterior spinal horn arises paresis of innervated muscles
which of the following choices apply a) Paralysis, atony, areflexia and progressive muscular atrophy are the signs of destruction of peripheral motor nerve fibers b) Myasthenia gravis is characterized by increased muscle fatigue during the day c) When damaged anterior spinal horn arises paresis of innervated muscles d) In anterior acute poliomyelitis is typically affected both upper and lower motor neurons
a) Paralysis, atony, areflexia and progressive muscular atrophy are the signs of destruction of peripheral motor nerve fibers TRUE b) Mysthenia is characterized by increased muscle fatigue during the dayTRUE c) When damaged anterior spinal horn, arises paresis of innervated muscles TRUE
17. choose the right statements a) Remission of Schizophrenia is periods with no symptoms b) Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include blunted affect, depressed mood, and suicidal thoughts c) Bleuler`s 4 A`s denotes : association, autism, blunted affect and ambivalence - d) Schizophrenia starts typically at the age of 30-40 years
a) Remission of Schizophrenia is periods with no symptoms c) Bleuler`s 4 A`s denotes : association, autism, blunted affect and ambivalence -
Choose the right statements a) Remission of Schizophrenia is periods with no symptoms b) Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include blunted affect, depressed mood, and suicidal thoughts c) Bleuler`s 4 A`s denotes : association, autism, blunted affect and ambivalence d) Schizophrenia starts typically at the age of 30-40 years
a) Remission of Schizophrenia is periods with no symptoms TRUE c) Bleuler`s 4 A`s denotes : association, autism, blunted affect and ambivalence - TRUE
8. from the following choose the right statements a) The cerebellar symptoms include scanned speech, nystagmus and macrographia b) Asinergy is a manifestation of neocerebellum and is manifested as rebound phenomenon c) During the bigger back tilt of the standing patient with paleocerebellar syndrome doesn't bend his legs and falls d) Lesion of cerebellum can manifest as rest or static tremor
a) The cerebellar symptoms include scanned speech, nystagmus and macrographia b) Asinergy is a manifestation of neocerebellum and is manifested as rebound phenomenon
From the following choose the right statements a) The cerebellar symptoms include scanned speech, nystagmus and macrographia b) Asynergy is a manifestation of neocerebellum and is manifested as rebound phenomenon c) During the bigger back tilt of the standing patient with paleocerebellar syndrome doesn't bend his legs and falls d) Lesion of cerebellum can manifest as rest or static tremor
a) The cerebellar symptoms include scanned speech, nystagmus and macrographia TRUE c - was marked as false.. But according to the NEURO pp about cerebellum: "Dyssynergia"- lesion of paleocerebellum --> leads to retroflexion of the trunk, and wihtout flexion of the knees the patient falls backward Cerebellum --> intention tremor! Rebound phenomenon is typical is dysmetria
Which is correct a) Tizanidin is an agonist of presynaptic alpha2 receptor in the CNS, thereby blocking the release of excitatory smiokyselin(could not read what it said) and polysynaptic reflexes in Mission (I suggest to read about the drug) b) centralni muscle relaxants by different mechanisms inhibit polysynaptic signal on intraneuronal spinal level. c) to inordinately increase muscle activity central muscle relaxants are used d) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the CNS
a) Tizanidin is an agonist of presynaptic alpha2 receptor in the CNS, thereby blocking the release of excitatory smiokyselin(could not read what it said) and polysynaptic reflexes in Mission (I suggest to read about the drug) b) centralni muscle relaxants by different mechanisms inhibit polysynaptic signal on intraneuronal spinal level. c) to inordinately increase muscle activity central muscle relaxants are used d) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the CNS
Which is correct a) Tizanidin is an agonist of presynaptic alpha2 receptor in the CNS, thereby blocking the release of excitatory smiokyselin(could not read what it said) and polysynaptic reflexes in Mission (I suggest to read about the drug) b) centralni muscle relaxants by different mechanisms inhibit polysynaptic signal on intraneuronal spinal level. c) to inordinately increase muscle activity central muscle relaxants are used d) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the CNS
a) Tizanidin is an agonist of presynaptic alpha2 receptor in the CNS, thereby blocking the release of excitatory smiokyselin(could not read what it said) and polysynaptic reflexes in Mission (I suggest to read about the drug) b) centralni muscle relaxants by different mechanisms inhibit polysynaptic signal on intraneuronal spinal level. c) to inordinately increase muscle activity central muscle relaxants are used d) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the CNS
a) Typical morphological substrate in MSA is neuronal cytoplasmic deposit of alpha synuclein b) the protein that is pathologically conformationally changed in Huntingtons is huntingtin c) typical morphological substrate in parkinsons is lewy body d) oligodendroglial inclusions are found characteristically in MSA and corticobasal degeneration
a) Typical morphological substrate in MSA is neuronal cytoplasmic deposit of alpha synuclein b) the protein that is pathologically conformationally changed in Huntingtons is huntingtin (true) c) typical morphological substrate in parkinsons is lewy body (true)
a) a typical finding in the cerebrospinal fluid during basilar meningitis is lowered Na+ concentration b) acute purulent meningoencephalitis can occur from spreading from infection from sinuses c) causative agent of rabies belongs among primary neurotropic viruses d) herpetic meningoencephalitis is characterized by the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion in glia
a) a typical finding in the cerebrospinal fluid during basilar meningitis is lowered Na+ concentration b) acute purulent meningoencephalitis can occur from spreading from infection from sinuses c) causative agent of rabies belongs among primary neurotropic viruses
a) a typical finding in the cerebrospinal fluid during basilar meningitis is lowered Na+ concentration b) acute purulent meningoencephalitis can occur from spreading from infection from sinuses c) causative agent of rabies belongs among primary neurotropic viruses d) herpetic meningoencephalitis is characterized by the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion in glia
a) a typical finding in the cerebrospinal fluid during basilar meningitis is lowered Na+ concentration b) acute purulent meningoencephalitis can occur from spreading from infection from sinuses c) causative agent of rabies belongs among primary neurotropic viruses
a) according to vulnerability hypophysis people with smaller hypocampus volume have a higher risk of PTSD development after traumatic events b) feeling of isolation, emotional blunting and increased reactivity are among others signs of PTSD c) critical time for maturation of frontal cortex is 10-12y d) pruning is a process in which lesser used synapses are eliminated in order to increase elective function of the brain areas
a) a) according to vulnerability hypophysis people with smaller hypocampus volume have a higher risk of PTSD development after traumatic events YES b) feeling of isolation, emotional blunting and increased reactivity are among others signs of PTSD c) critical time for maturation of frontal cortex is 10-12y YES d) pruning is a process in which lesser used synapses are eliminated in order to increase elective function of the brain areas
What is used for allergic rhinitis?
alpha 1 mimetic antihistamins (Ipratropium bromide - non-allergic rhinorrhoea)
Which is correct a) area L5 radicular compression witnesses of foremost root l5 (Doesn't make sence, but the picture is too unclear to see what it says ) b) traumatic listhesis of Cervical vertebra with 1 cm endangers the patient of spastic quadriparesis c) Retention of urine after the fall on his back with normal X-ray of Lumbosacral spine, is no reason for MRI. d) herniated lumbar intervertebral disc causes spastic paresis of the limbs on its side
a) area L5 radicular compression witnesses of foremost root l5 (Doesn't make sence, but the picture is too unclear to see what it says ) b) traumatic listhesis of Cervical vertebra with 1 cm endangers the patient of spastic quadriparesis
Which is correct a) area L5 radicular compression witnesses of foremost root l5 (Doesn't make sence, but the picture is too unclear to see what it says ) b) traumatic listhesis of Cervical vertebra with 1 cm endangers the patient of spastic quadriparesis c) Retention of urine after the fall on his back with normal X-ray of Lumbosacral spine, is no reason for MRI. d) herniated lumbar intervertebral disc causes spastic paresis of the limbs on its side
a) area L5 radicular compression witnesses of foremost root l5 (Doesn't make sence, but the picture is too unclear to see what it says ) b) traumatic listhesis of Cervical vertebra with 1 cm endangers the patient of spastic quadriparesis
a) arrhythmia is one of the side effects of TCA b) SSRIs can cause serotonin syndrome in combination with MAO inhibitors c) fluoxetine is an TCA d) amytriptiline is an TCA
a) arrhythmia is one of the side effects of TCA b) SSRIs can cause serotonin syndrome in combination with MAO inhibitors d) amytriptiline is an TCA
Narcolepsy : a) attacks of imperfect sleep b) sleep paralysis c) sleepiness during whole day d) sleep apnoea syndrome e) attacks of cataplexy
a) attacks of imperfect sleep b) sleep paralysis d) sleep apnoea syndrome It should be: b,c,e (a?) Synne agrees with these (also a)! "The classic symptoms of the disorder, often referred to as the "tetrad of narcolepsy," are cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleepiness."
which of the following are correct a) attention is controlled by two frontoparietal networks: the ventral system is created by the frontal eye field (FEF) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) b) Memory is the ability to store and recall information, learn new skills and adapt the behavior based on past experience c) Vigilance is the ability to switch the attention and focus to multitask for longer periods d) A common feature of classical and operant conditioning is the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
a) attention is controlled by two frontoparietal networks: the ventral system is created by the frontal eye field (FEF) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) b) Memory is the ability to store and recall information, learn new skills and adapt the behavior based on past experience
5. Parkinsonian syndrome manifests by : a) bradykinesia b) intention tremor c) rigidity d) paradoxical kinesia e) postural hypotension f) mask-like face
a) bradykinesia c) rigidity e) postural hypotension f) mask-like face Tremor er jo typisk, men ikke intention? --> Jepp, det er resting tremor!
a) capsaicin in initial treatment can induce burning sensation in place of application b) we use SNRI for example Venlafaxin for neuropathic pain c) in neuropathic pain we use pregabalin or venlafaxin d) capsaicin is a selective antagonist of TRPV1 receptor
a) capsaicin in initial treatment can induce burning sensation in place of application b) we use SNRI for example Venlafaxin for neuropathic pain c) in neuropathic pain we use pregabalin or venlafaxin
9. Early signs of myasthenia gravis : a) diplopia b) dysphagia c) dysphasia d) dyspnoe
a) diplopia b) dysphagia (dysphonia is very rare) (dyspnoe is one of the later signs - affection of trunk muscles comes late)
Which are correct a) drugs lowering excitotoxicity can slow the progression of dementia b) tiapride is a selective antagonists of dopamine receptors c) memantine (castlechtym??) blocking NMDA glutamate receptors improves the transmission of neuronal excitation. d) increased production and decreased metabolism of beta-amyloid is one of the mechanisms leading to disability of Alzheimer's dementia
a) drugs lowering excitotoxicity can slow the progression of dementia b) tiapride is a selective antagonists of dopamine receptors c) memantine (castlechtym??) blocking NMDA glutamate receptors improves the transmission of neuronal excitation. d) increased production and decreased metabolism of beta-amyloid is one of the mechanisms leading to disability of Alzheimer's dementia
12. Chronic metallic mercury poisoning : a) follows inhalation of mercury vapours b) follows ingestion of mercury metals c) manifests by erethism (irritability, restlessness) and intention tremor d) manifests by abdominal colic pain e) causes peripheral neuropathy with wrist drop
a) follows inhalation of mercury vapours b) follows ingestion of mercury metals c) manifests by erethism (irritability, restlessness) and intention tremor e) causes peripheral neuropathy with wrist drop
3. Epileptic seizure called grand mal is : a) generalised tonic-clonic seizure b) seizure in which epileptic activity is bilateral c) has focal origin d) can be connected with cyanosis
a) generalised tonic-clonic seizure b) seizure in which epileptic activity is bilateral - Affecting whole brain (both hemispheres) - Tonic-clonic = grand mal (earlier)
a) in meningioma we commonly find cytoplasm positivity of progesterone receptors b) glioblastoma multiforme doesnt belong to glial cell tumors c) GFAB is a diagnostic marker for oligodendroglial tumors d) neuroblastoma doesnt belong to glial cell tumors
a) in meningioma we commonly find cytoplasm positivity of progesterone receptors d) neuroblastoma doesnt belong to glial cell tumors
a) in meningioma we commonly find cytoplasm positivity of progesterone receptors b) glioblastoma multiforme doesnt belong to glial cell tumors c) GFAB is a diagnostic marker for oligodendroglial tumors d) neuroblastoma doesnt belong to glial cell tumors
a) in meningioma we commonly find cytoplasm positivity of progesterone receptors d) neuroblastoma doesnt belong to glial cell tumors
a) in meningioma we commonly find cytoplasm positivity of progesterone receptors b) glioblastoma multiforme doesnt belong to glial cell tumors c) GFAB is a diagnostic marker for oligodendroglial tumors d) neuroblastoma doesnt belong to glial cell tumors
a) in meningioma we commonly find cytoplasm positivity of progesterone receptors d) neuroblastoma doesnt belong to glial cell tumors
. right statement . right statement a) lesions in anterior root of spinal cord leads mostly to small scale paresis and without sensory disturbances b) in a central paraparesis legs with normal movement of the arms may arise from the upper cervical spinal cord lesions of cervical intumescence c) In acute spinal cord lesion is always present from the beginning significant distinctive spasticity
a) lesions in anterior root of spinal cord leads mostly to small scale paresis and without sensory disturbances
Right statement a) lesions in anterior root of spinal cord leads mostly to small scale paresis and without sensory disturbances b) in a central paraparesis legs with normal movement of the arms may arise from the upper cervical spinal cord lesions of cervical intumescence c) In acute spinal cord lesion is always present from the beginning significant distinctive spasticity
a) lesions in anterior root of spinal cord leads mostly to small scale paresis and without sensory disturbances
right statement a) lesions in anterior root of spinal cord leads mostly to small scale paresis and without sensory disturbances b) in a central paraparesis legs with normal movement of the arms may arise from the upper cervical spinal cord lesions of cervical intumescence c) In acute spinal cord lesion is always present from the beginning significant distinctive spasticity
a) lesions in anterior root of spinal cord leads mostly to small scale paresis and without sensory disturbances
a) locus coeruleus plays a role in worry stimmulus b) agoraphobia belongs among main signs of fear in situations where the worst opportunity of effect than attainment of help c) panic disorder differs from generalized anxiety disorder by vegetative signs d) acute stress reaction starts to subside within 48h
a) locus coeruleus plays a role in worry stimmulus b) agoraphobia belongs among main signs of fear in situations where the worst opportunity of effect than attainment of help
a) muscle atrophy and fascicultions occur early in the first week after the lesion b) in central spastic paresis the affected extremity has higher mm tone, hyperreflexia, positive pyramidal signs and mm weakness c) in peripheral paresis the affected extremity is weak, hypotonic and hyperreflexic d) ‚pseudflaccid paralysis' central paraplegia (spinal shock stage) you have hypotonia of mm and areflexia
a) muscle atrophy and fascicultions occur early in the first week after the lesion b) in central spastic paresis the affected extremity has higher mm tone, hyperreflexia, positive pyramidal signs and mm weakness d) ‚pseudflaccid paralysis' central paraplegia (spinal shock stage) you have hypotonia of mm and areflexia
a) neologisms is phrases or words made up by the patients or use of conventional phrase independent of their normal meaning b) enlargement of the lateral ventricles is a morphological finding that occurs only in schizophrenia c) loosening of associations can be a sign of schizophrenia d) dopaminergic sensitization in mesocortical pathway is the primary theory explaining the pathophys of paranoid delusions in schizophrenia
a) neologisms is phrases or words made up by the patients or use of conventional phrase independent of their normal meaning c) loosening of associations can be a sign of schizophrenia d) dopaminergic sensitization in mesocortical pathway is the primary theory explaining the pathophys of paranoid delusions in schizophrenia I think D is wrong! Mesocortical is known for *negative* symptoms, mesolimbic for *positive* ! Synne agrees =)
a) neologisms is phrases or words made up by the patients or use of conventional phrase independent of their normal meaning b) enlargement of the lateral ventricles is a morphological finding that occurs only in schizophrenia c) loosening of associations can be a sign of schizophrenia d) dopaminergic sensitization in mesocortical pathway is the primary theory explaining the pathophys of paranoid delusions in schizophrenia
a) neologisms is phrases or words made up by the patients or use of conventional phrase independent of their normal meaning c) loosening of associations can be a sign of schizophrenia d) dopaminergic sensitization in mesocortical pathway is the primary theory explaining the pathophys of paranoid delusions in schizophrenia
a) pyritinol is a drug used for encephalopathy in children b) therapy with a dopamine precursor causes strong dopaminergic side effects c) newborn seizures in acute phase can be successfully supressed by BZD d) Primidone partially changes to phenobarbital in the body and has similar pharmacological action to it
a) pyritinol is a drug used for encephalopathy in children b) therapy with a dopamine precursor causes strong dopaminergic side effects
6. Secondary Parkinsonism may be caused by : a) severe brain injury b) cerebrovascular disease c) epileptic seizures d) severe carbon monoxide poisoning
a) severe brain injury b) cerebrovascular disease d) severe carbon monoxide poisoning
2. Lesions of post. columns leads to : a) spinal ataxia b) pain & temp sensation are impaired c) deep tendon reflexes are absent d) spastic paresis occurs
a) spinal ataxia c) deep tendon reflexes are absent What is spinal ataxia ??? Same as sensory ataxia and it is due to a lesion in the spinal cord (a cerebellar ataxia is caused by a lesion of the cerebellum, vestibular ataxia = dysfunction of vestibular system) *Sensory ataxia* is both a symptom and a sign in neurology. It is a form of ataxia (loss of coordination) caused not by cerebellar dysfunction but by loss of sensory input into the control of movement
Which of the following is true a) thalamus is a part of diencephalon b) the pyramidal tract has 2 neurons c) the mesencephalic nucleus of the 5th nerve has pseudounipolar cells for proprioception d) the indentation of the spinal cord is deeper on the dorsal side
a) thalamus is a part of diencephalon b) the pyramidal tract has 2 neurons c) the mesencephalic nucleus of the 5th nerve has pseudounipolar cells for proprioception
Which of the following is true a) thalamus is a part of diencephalon b) the pyramidal tract has 2 neurons c) the mesencephalic nucleus of the 5th nerve has pseudounipolar cells for proprioception (true) d) the indentation of the spinal cord is deeper on the dorsal side
a) thalamus is a part of diencephalon b) the pyramidal tract has 2 neurons c) the mesencephalic nucleus of the 5th nerve has pseudounipolar cells for proprioception (true)
a) the main sign of huntingtons d. is choreifom movements and dementia b) parkinson sy. is caused by high dopamine and low ACh c) rigidity is the main symptom of huntingtons d) chorea is a sign of CJD
a) the main sign of huntingtons d. is choreifom movements and dementia (true)
TCA anticholinergic side effects
anticholinergic: dry mouth, constipation - sexual dysfunction - orthostatic hypotension, QT changes - sedation, suicidial behaviour
a) typical morphological substrate in MSA is neuronal cytoplasmic deposit of alpha synuclein b) the protein that is pathologically conformationally changed in Huntingtons is huntingtin c) typical morthological substrate in parkinsons is lewy body d) oligodendroglial inclusions are found characteristically in MSA and corticobasal degeneration
a) typical morphological substrate in MSA is neuronal cytoplasmic deposit of alpha synuclein b) the protein that is pathologically conformationally changed in Huntingtons is huntingtin c) typical morthological substrate in parkinsons is lewy body
a) a typical finding in the cerebrospinal fluid during basilar meningitis is lowered Na+ concentration b) acute purulent meningoencephalitis can occur from spreading from infection from sinuses c) causative agent of rabies belongs among primary neurotropic viruses d) herpetic meningoencephalitis is characterized by the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion in glial cells
a,b,c D - false, because it says intracytoplasmic!!! Pathology powerpoint: Herpes simplex - encephalitis with hemorrhage and necrosis, intranuclear inclusions in neurons and glial cells
a) 3rd ventricle is unpaired b) gamma motorneurons are in ant. spinal horns c) cortical auditory area is in the frontal lobe d) ncl. basalis meynerti is cholinergic
a,b,d
Which of the following are true? a. Atrophy of the tongue is found in bulbar syndrome (bulbar palsy) b. When affected the optic nerve behind the eye bulb (before the chiasma) , the patient will have homonymous hemianopsia on the same side c. In peripheral paresis of n.VII , the patient has weakness on half of the face and lagophthalmos d. Pseudobulbar syndrome is caused by impairment of cranial nerve nuclei
a. Atrophy of the tongue is found in bulbar syndrome (bulbar palsy) c. In peripheral paresis of n.VII , the patient has weakness on half of the face and lagophthalmos
Suspicion of myestenia gravis can be confirmed with: a. EMG examination b. muscle biopsy c. cheast CT d. CSF examination e. ACHe-inhibitors f. LAB
a. EMG examination c. cheast CT (to look for thymoma, hyperplasias) e. ACHe-inhibitors (to look for improvement after administration) f. LAB (Anti Ach receptor antibodies)
Carpal tunnel syndrome a. can be caused by overloading of the upper extremities b. is caused by the lesion of the radial nerve c. is a typical finding in the glass cutters (grinders) d. it usually manifests during walking e. can be associated with the history of exposure to extreme hand-arm vibration f. its degree can be assessed by electromyography
a. can be caused by overloading of the upper extremities c. is a typical finding in the glass cutters (grinders) e. can be associated with the history of exposure to extreme hand-arm vibration f. its degree can be assessed by electromyography
What is not a clinical manifestation of epilepsy?
a. headache ? People with epilepsy have a higher tendency to develop headaches compared to others, but I'm not sure if it is a clinical manifestation.. think not..
The most frequent causes of an intracranial hemorrhage are according to the incidence rate a. hypertensive diseases, aneurysm, arterio-venous malformations (AVM) b. venous infarction, AVM, hypertensive diseases c. aneurysm, hypertensive disease, AVM
a. hypertensive diseases, aneurysm, arterio-venous malformations (AVM)
ENT a. Tympanometry - sliding ruler - measure tinnitus b. Vasodilators used for tinnitus c. Subjective tinnitus, optic hallucinations d. Something about the crystlas e. Otosclerosis - fusion of stapes
a. no(- tympanometry is used to test the condition of the middle ear and mobility of the eardrum b. yes (- pharma used: asoactive drugs corticosteroids vitamins nootropics sedative / anxiolyty anti hist/ anti convulsants /antibiotics) c. no (can be either by generator damage hair cells (frequ) or most connected with hearing loss phantom (cochlear impaired neuro/cortical pathways pathologic metabolism of cortical field (SPECT, PET)) e. otosclerosis: due to fixation of the faceplate of the stapes to the oval window
Lesions of lateral column causes a. spastic b. cerebellar sign
a. spastic b. cerebellar sign Document found online: Lateral column syndrome --> • spastic paraparesis of the lower limbs • cerebellar signs The same is from our pp, so I guess this is correct :)
Leasion of the lateral columns leads to: a. spastic paraparesis (of lower limbs + cerebellar signs) b. loss of deep sensation c. loss of pain and temperature sensation d. muscle wasting (atrophy) on the lower extremities
a. spastic paraparesis (of lower limbs + cerebellar signs) Pp from Kellerova: Lateral column syndrome (spastic): o *Spastic paraparesis of the lower limbs* o *Cerebellar signs* Correction: c. should also be correct here, that is the first thing to be compromised in lateral column compression (according to the neurobook).
In lumbar disk protrusion (or prolapse) a. the most common sites are L4/5 and L5/S1 disc leasions b. lateral disc protrusion compresses nerve roots c. when central disc protrusion compresses the cauda equina, symptoms and signs are usually bilateral, with sphinctter paralysis, and sensory loss in perineal and sacral areas d. compression of the cauda equina from a central disc protrusion constitutes a neurosurgical emergency (within 24h!)
a. the most common sites are L4/5 and L5/S1 disc leasions b. lateral disc protrusion compresses nerve roots c. when central disc protrusion compresses the cauda equina, symptoms and signs are usually bilateral, with sphinctter paralysis, and sensory loss in perineal and sacral areas d. compression of the cauda equina from a central disc protrusion constitutes a neurosurgical emergency (within 24h!) OBS! Is c) correct? Cauda equina is mostly associated with unilateral and asymmetric symptoms..
Lesion of back part of parietal
agnosia, dygrafia, dyskalkulia
Metphenidate can be used for?
aka: Methylphenidate (Ritalin) *ADHD* Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder (treatment resistant patients) *Narcolepsy* It is a psychostimulant drug (students..)
Catatonic disorders include which of these 1. Flexibilitas cerea 2. Stupor 3. Echomatism 4. Hyperkinesia
all
Vascular dementia: - CADASIL: CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) - Most common form of hereditary stroke disorder - Mutations of the Notch 3 gene on chromosome 19. - Migrines with aura, repeated strokes and subcortical dementia
all is true
Clopidogel
antiplatelet - ADP receptor block a fosfolipasa C - used if aspirin not tolerated
20. choose the correct one a) Microangiopathy is a characteristic image of polymyositis b) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti NMDA circulating antibody c) Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with end stage cancer disease d) Peripheral polyneuropathy is most common in granulomatous sarcoidosis
c) Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with end stage cancer disease
14. which ones of the following is correct: a) Visceral pain is mechanical stimulation of the gray matter of the brain (eg. During operation) b) the most successful neurosurgical practices in intractable pain belongs to extralamniscal myelotomy c) Symptoms of pain may be the presence of skeletal muscle contraction d) The most successful neurosurgical practice for intractable pain belongs stereotactic operations on ventral roots of the spinal cord
c) Symptoms of pain may be the presence of skeletal muscle contraction d) The most successful neurosurgical practice for intractable pain belongs stereotactic operations on ventral roots of the spinal cord
Which are correct a) by paresis n. III seriously affected the movement of the eyeball nasally, upward and downward b) positive reflexes labial, suction and gripping are physiologically at any age, even in old age c) When damaged side mixed system (which apparently is CN IX, X, and XI) on one side is homolateral bunk dropped from shoulder d) peripheral paresis n. VII include hemihypestesia of the face
c) When damaged side mixed system (which apparently is CN IX, X, and XI) on one side is homolateral bunk dropped from shoulder
1. Early symptoms/signs of multiple sclerosis include: a) muscle atrophy and fasciculations b) ptosis c) blurred vision on one eye d) facial palsy
c) blurred vision on one eye
4. Treatment option in multiple sclerosis: a) vasoactive and nootropic drugs b) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors c) methylprednisolon or immunosuppressive therapy d) no appropriate therapy exists except vitamins B and E
c) methylprednisolon or immunosuppressive therapy Oxford: 1. steroids 2. Interferons 3. Monocloncal Ab 4. Non-immunosuppressives - Glatiramer, Mitoxantrone 5. other drugs - Azathioprine
a) TBC spondylitis usually affects C1-C2 area b) during CT perimyelography we apply contrast intrathecaly lumbally or through suboccipital puncture c) osteochondrosis on X-ray is characterized by decrease on intravertebral space d) to confirm osteochondrosis radiculography is used
c) osteochondrosis on X-ray is characterized by decrease on intravertebral space d) to confirm osteochondrosis radiculography is used
3. Which of the following options applies: a) To pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative diseases does not apply abnormal formation of protein molecules b) Disturbances in protein degradation associated with ubiquitin system are pathognomonic for disorders of motor neuron c) pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative disorders is attributed to oxygen free radicals d) between peptides which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration does not belong prion protein
c) pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative disorders is attributed to oxygen free radicals
Which of the following options applies: a) To pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative diseases does *not* apply abnormal formation of protein molecules b) Disturbances in protein degradation associated with ubiquitin system are pathognomonic for disorders of motor neuron c) pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative disorders is attributed to oxygen free radicals d) between peptides which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration does not belong prion protein
c) pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative disorders is attributed to oxygen free radicals
a) enlargement of lat ventricles in schizophrenia correlates with good treatment response b) absence of gliosis supports the hypothesis about neurodegenerative cause of schizophrenia c) people that develop schizophrenia show higher occurence of birth complications d) positive symptoms of schizophrenia are connected to the change of blood circulation in the parahippocampal gyrus
c) people that develop schizophrenia show higher occurence of birth complications
a) irreversible mm weakness is characteristic for myasthenia gravis b) patient with absolute expressive aphasia understands words and text c) titubation can be a sign of cerebellar dysfunction d) parkinson sy. can be provoked by dopaminergic receptor antagonist
c) titubation can be a sign of cerebellar dysfunction d) parkinson sy. can be provoked by dopaminergic receptor antagonist
Which is correct a) with bulbar syndrome is present central paresis n. XII b) by paresis n. VI patient has divergent strabismus with diplopia c) unilateral hyposmia or anosmia may indicate a tumor at the base of the frontal lobe d) Paresis of n.III causes lagophthalmus on the affected side
c) unilateral hyposmia or anosmia may indicate a tumor at the base of the frontal lobe
Early symptoms/signs of multiple sclerosis include: a. muscle atrophy and fasciculations b. ptosis c. blurred vision on one eye d. facial palsy
c. blurred vision on one eye
The Lassegue sign can be caused in addition to the lumbar disk herniation also by a: a. metastasis in femur b. paresis of the thigh flexors c. inflammatory radiculitis d. hypertrophy of prostate e. sciatica
c. inflammatory radiculitis e. sciatica Also seen as a meningeal sign?
Alexythimia
cant read ones emotions
leasion of VI
convergentn strabisms - looking to the inside
is loud voice hearable at 6m or something
conversation speech 6 m
Lumbar disc protrusion
correct answer was a,c,d (???) Typically seen in lumbar enlargement, needs surgery within 24h.
which of the following is right a) amygdala is implicated in aversive conditioning in the neurobiology of dependency b) Buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the opioid receptors c) main mechanism of action of stimulants is washing out of acetylcholine and adenosine out of glutamatergic neuron d) Alcohol increases the leaching of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens primarily indirectly, partly passed through the reward system
d) Alcohol increases the leaching of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens primarily indirectly, partly passed through the reward system
in acute attacks of MS, methylprednisolon is the drug of choice
true
6. from the following choose the correct ones a) In the cauda affection the spinal automatism may be present (when spinal cord is liberated from cerebral control) b) In expantion extramedullary process patient may have radicular pain and vertebral syndrome (contraction and something else..) c) In the acute transversal lesion of the spinal cord at the chest level the patient has pseudioflaccid paraplegia and anaesthesia under the lesion d) spinal cord lesion can causes central, peripheral or mixed paralysis of limbs
pseudoflaccid = rapidly progressive lesions produce "spinal shock" - the limbs are flaccid, reflexes and pyramidal signs are absent. This upper motor neuron lesion looks like lower motor neuron lesion - "pseudo-flaccid paralysis". After several days or weeks the muscle tone returns, spasticity develops, and the signs of the upper motor neuron lesion occur. b) In expantion extramedullary process patient may have radicular pain and vertebral syndrome (contraction and something else..) c) In the acute transversal lesion of the spinal cord at the chest level the patient has pseudioflaccid paraplegia and anaesthesia under the lesion d) spinal cord lesion can causes central, peripheral or mixed paralysis of limbs
myastenie gravis can have klinicky signs: ptosis of eyelids centrální paraparésis sphinctor problems rhinolalie
ptosis of eyelids rhinolalie
Typický csf diagnostic marker pro akutní purulentní meningitidu : high blood sugar raised/incrsd polynukleární leukocytóza increased level of proteins leukocyte leukocytósis
raised/incrsd polynukleární leukocytóza increased level of proteins
Drugs used in macular degeneration?
ranibizumab, Anecortav, pegaptanib, Verteporfin
What is penumbra stroke: area around ischemia
still viable tissue around ischemic zone
How does EEG look at seizure type „absention":
sudden onset of 3-Hz generalized symmetrical spike-and-wave or multiple spike-and-slow wave complexes.
- Anticipatory anxiety is a maintaining factor in a panic disorder
true
- Anxiety in the panic disorder and the generalized anxiety disorder is not triggered by specific situations -
true
- Bipolar disorders share numerous genetic abnormalities with schizophrenia
true
- Dizziness, paraesthesias and cramps during a panic attack are result of hyperventilation
true
- Feeling of anxiety is always accompanied by somatic symptoms of vegetative arousal
true
- New emotional experience is processed through amygdala
true
- The core symptoms of depressions is depressed mood more than 2 weeks, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy and activity
true
Benzodiazepines have anticonvulsive effect
true
Bleulers schizophrenia is what Kraepelin called Dementia Preacox, true or false?
true
Cerebellar gyri are called folia, true or false?
true
Gullian- Barre syndrome associated with C.jejune infection
true
Metanalysis of fMRI studies show brain activation during perception of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia show higher activity in brocas center, insula and sup temporal gyrus
true
Michael Meaney famous for animal experiments focused on interaction of stress,early maternal care and genetic build up
true
Modern antiepileptic drugs with a short half-life are preferably administered in retarded formulations
true
Navigation - declarative memory - location specific cells in hippocampal formation
true
Pick's vision is a sign of brainstem disorder
true
Several BZDs rank among frequently used central muscle relaxants
true
Tiapride is a selective dopamine receptor antagonist
true
a vertical gaze palsy may occur in dorsal mesencephalic lesion ( tectum)
true
apraxia caused by loss of right parietal lobe
true
basilar meningitis caused by mycobacterial infection
true
burned out plaque in MS mainly astroglia
true
during expansion procesu v spinal canal vertebrální syndrom, urinary & stool dysfunc
true
eonatal seizures in acute phase treated with Benzodiazepines
true
hyperreflexia ,hypertonia , pyramidal signs and muscle weakness are evident on the affected limb in central ( spastic) paresis
true
hyperventilation during EEG registration is used as provocation test in epileptic patients
true