Neuro: Chapter 9
. During slow-wave sleep, activation of the visual and auditory cortexes is ______________, whereas activation of the ________ and cerebellum is decreased. a. increased; thalamus b. decreased; thalamus c. increased; prefrontal cortex d. decreased; prefrontal cortex e. increased; anterior cingulate cortex
a.
A ________ is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock. a. zeitgeber b. pacemaker c. pacing stimulus d. synchronizer e. chronopulse
a.
Hamster A has a 24-hour rhythm. Hamster A has its SCN removed and replaced with the SCN of Hamster B, which has an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours. What is the resultant rhythm of Hamster A? a. 20 hours b. 22 hours c. 24 hours d. 26 hours e. 27 hours
a.
In the flip-flop circuit that controls sleep and arousal, the ___________ neurons are the stabilizing force, pushing the circuit toward arousal. a. orexinergic b. serotonergic c. noradrenergic d. cholinergic e. dopaminergic
a.
Participants would show greater slow-wave brain activity during sleep after a. studying for finals. b. strenuous physical exercise. c. watching a Netflix marathon. d. resting in bed all day. e. reading a young adult novel.
a.
Research with transcranial direct current stimulation suggests that the _______________ is involved in lucid dreaming. a. prefrontal cortex b. occipital cortex c. hippocampus d. medulla oblongata e. anterior cingulate cortex
a.
Which animal below demonstrates REM sleep? a. squirrels b. snakes c. frogs d. insects e. fish
a.
Which of the following is seen more often in adults than children? a. insomnia b. sleepwalking c. bedwetting d. night terrors e. nightmares
a.
Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________. a. eating; drinking b. normal waking; sleep c. sexual behavior; feeding d. reinforcement; punishment e. slow-wave sleep; REM sleep
b.
John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from a. insomnia. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. night terrors. e. sleeplessness.
b.
Sleep stages 1-3 are termed ________, whereas stages3 is referred to as ________. a. REM sleep; non-REM sleep b. non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep c. slow-wave sleep; non-REM sleep d. paradoxical sleep; REM sleep e. arhythmic sleep; paradoxical sleep
b.
The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus a. are suppressed by sleeping pills. b. decrease during sleep and increase at awakening. c. are unrelated to behavioral arousal. d. in turn alter EEG cortical arousal. e. are highest during REM sleep.
b.
The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus a. are suppressed by sleeping pills. b. decrease during sleep and increase at awakening. c. are unrelated to behavioral arousal. d. in turn alter EEG cortical arousal. e. are highest during REM sleep
b.
The key feature of narcolepsy is a. nightmares while awake. b. sleep attacks. c. nocturnal enuresis. d. hypnagogic hallucinations. e. feeling refreshed after an episode of sleep attack.
b.
Which of the following is true of sleep? a. Movements are suppressed accompany sleep. b. Sleep is followed by a strong feeling of drowsiness. c. Humans spend about a third of their life asleep. d. Sleep is a state of unconsciousness. e. Humans do not require sleep for adequate function.
c.
________ would be expected to promote wakefulness. a. An adenosine agonist b. A histamine antagonist c. Activation of hypocretin neurons d. Stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic area e. Inactivation of histamine neurons
c.
____________ refers to an awareness that the individual is dreaming and not asleep. a. REM sleep awareness b. Aware dreaming c. Lucid dreaming d. Coherent dreaming e. Non-REM sleep awareness
c.
Wakefulness is promoted by a(n) a. histamine antagonist. b. norepinephrine antagonist. c. acetylcholine antagonist. d. histamine agonist. e. glycine agonist.
a.
Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep? a. nightmares b. lyrical dreams c. elevated sexual arousal (i.e., lust) d. a deficit in the capacity to plan e. narrative and story-like dreams
a.
You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is a. in stage 3 of slow-wave sleep. b. dreaming. c. in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep. d. making the transition from wakefulness to sleep. e. awake.
a.
________ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record. a. Paradoxical sleep b. Slow-wave sleep c. Slow breathing d. Motor movements 4 e. Gastric distress
a.
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as a. iatrogenic. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. situational insomnia. e. cataplexy.
b.
A characteristic of REM sleep includes a. synchronized EEG activity. b. muscle paralysis. c. low rate of firing of ACh neurons in the dorsal pons. d. suppressed genital blood flow. e. night terrors.
b.
A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in a. intrusion of slow-wave sleep during the awake period. b. symptoms of narcolepsy. c. undereating and weight loss. d. prolonged sleeping. e. overeating.
b.
A person who does not feel rested after sleeping 15 hours a night a. is probably sleeping at his or her desk during the day. b. probably does not need more sleep. c. has pseudoinsomnia. d. is underestimating the amount of sleep time he or she needs. e. is likely to develop a serious form of insomnia.
b.
Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________. a. ethanol; euphoria b. caffeine; wakefulness c. nicotine; sleepiness d. caffeine; sleepiness e. glutamate; learning and memory
b.
Advance sleep phase syndrome is associated with a mutation on chromosome ________ that results in an abnormal ________ protein. a. 6; per6 b. 2; per2 c. 6; per3 d. 1; per2 e. 1; per6
b.
An effective treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder is the administration of a. antidepressant drugs. b. the drug clonazepam. c. drugs that block serotonin receptors. d. drugs that facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity. e. drugs that block hypocretin 2 receptors.
b.
An example of nondeclarative memory would be a. recalling where you parked your car. b. learning to drive a car. c. memories you can speak about. d. memories of past events. e. memories of relationships between different stimuli.
b.
Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a. blocked airways. b. obesity and diabetes. c. psychosis. d. mood disorder. e. bipolar disorder.
b.
During the ________ state of the slow-wave sleep record, the neurons of the cortex are ________. a. up; hyperpolarized b. down; silent c. up; silent d. down; depolarized e. delta; overexcited
b.
Human narcolepsy a. can be treated using sleep-inducing drugs. b. involves an absence of orexin from CSF in most narcoleptics. c. involves the intrusion of slow-wave sleep components into the awake state. d. is a psychological disorder. e. is treated using lithium salts.
b.
Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________. a. eating; drinking b. normal waking; sleep c. sexual behavior; feeding d. reinforcement; punishment e. slow-wave sleep; REM sleep
b.
In the narcolepsy example given in the text, the dog developed cataplexy while a. playing with a toy ball. b. sniffing food. c. drinking. d. engaging in reproductive behavior. e. trying to escape from the lab.
b.
Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving a. the inability to fall asleep. b. an attack of sleep during the day. c. anxiety and fear during sleep. d. rapid movements of the eyes. e. uncontrollable brain seizures.
b.
Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of a. weight gain. b. weight loss. c. relaxation d. mood disorder. e. night-time overeating.
b.
The key feature of narcolepsy is a. nightmares while awake. b. sleep attacks. c. nocturnal enuresis. d. hypnagogic hallucinations. e. feeling refreshed after an episode of sleep attack.
b.
The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because a. this pattern is seen in children but not adults. b. this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep. c. this wave form waxes and wanes during the day. d. it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol. e. drugs can elicit this brain wave pattern.
b.
The sleep pattern of the dolphin is unique in that a. slow-wave sleep is absent from its sleep pattern. b. sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres. c. no eye movements occur in the dolphin during sleep. d. blindness has eliminated the need of the dolphin for sleep. e. this animal does not exhibit slow-wave sleep.
b.
Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage? a. A person in this stage is easily roused by meaningful stimuli. b. A person who awakes from stage 4 is groggy and confused. c. A person who awakes from this stage is alert and attentive. d. Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep. e. The majority of sleep is spent in stage 4 slow-wave sleep.
b.
________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis. a. Apnea b. Hypnagogic hallucination c. Cataplexy d. Night terror e. Somnambulism
b.
As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as _____________. a. hypnic jerks b. sleep spindles c. K complexes d. alpha wave activity e. delta wave activity
c.
Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to a. impair the control of temperature regulation. b. reproduce the symptoms of narcolepsy. c. produce insomnia. d. produce persistent REM sleep. e. alter male reproductive behavior.
c.
Deep sleep is characterized by ____________ waves. a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. theta e. gamma
c.
Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects. a. decreased slow-wave sleep b. decreased REM sleep c. no change in sleep patterns d. a significant reduction in total sleep time e. signs of REM-sleep behavior disorder
c.
It may be inappropriate to use a sleeping medication to treat insomnia because a. medication withdrawal symptoms can result in more insomnia. b. tolerance to sleeping medication leads to withdrawal symptoms. c. the use of a sleeping medication may cause daytime grogginess. d. insomniacs underestimate the amount of time they actually sleep. e. alcohol renders sleeping pills ineffective.
c.
Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep. a. hypothalamus b. raphe nuclei c. cerebral cortex d. amygdala e. ventral pons
c.
Most of the elements of REM sleep are triggered by infusion of ________ into the ________. a. histamine; preoptic area b. GABA; dorsolateral thalamus c. glutamate; sublateral dorsal nucleus d. acetylcholine; basal forebrain e. dopamine; preoptic area
c.
Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the a. nucleus accumbens. b. reticular formation. c. raphe nuclei. d. striatum. e. locus coeruleus.
c.
Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during ________ sleep. a. stage 1 of slow-wave b. high-frequency c. stage 4 of slow-wave d. paradoxical e. REM
c.
Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in a. impaired ability to perform physical labor. b. psychosis. c. some perceptual distortions. d. subsequent rebound recovery of lost slow-wave sleep. e. a mild form of bipolar disorder.
c.
Sleep deprivation in humans results in a. psychosis. b. impaired physical exercise. c. perceptual distortions. d. secretion of stress hormones. e. depression.
c.
Sleep-related eating disorder can be triggered by a. stress. b. alcohol abuse. c. the sleeping pill zolpidem. d. weight loss. e. eating.
c.
Somnambulism is synonymous with a. sleep attack. b. dreaming while awake. c. sleepwalking. d. cataplexy. e. night terrors.
c.
The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________. a. adenosine; wakefulness b. GABA; REM sleep c. adenosine; slow-wave sleep d. a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep e. GABA; slow-wave sleep
c.
The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that a. impair the release of hypocretins in the brain. b. facilitate brain serotonin synaptic activity. c. act as catecholamine agonists. d. facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine brain activity. e. block hypocretin 2 receptors in the hypothalamus.
c.
The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________. a. non-REM sleep; narcolepsy b. the day hours; hypertension c. REM sleep; impotence d. slow-wave sleep; cardiac failure e. the day hours; cocaine abuse
c.
The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to a. clear brain waste products produced by REM sleep. b. promote dreaming. c. rest the brain. d. promote brain development. e. facilitate learning.
c.
The symptom known as ________ is an abnormality of REM sleep. a. insomnia b. theta reversal c. cataplexy d. night terror e. enuresis
c.
The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by a. visible changes in respiration. b. changes in motor movements involving speech.. c. changes in the electrical activity of the brain. d. changes in consciousness. e. the quality and quantity of dreams.
c.
Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from a. anorexia nervosa. b. somnabulimia. c. sleep-related eating disorder. d. hyperbulimia. e. REM sleep behavior disorder.
c.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep? a. alternating delta and beta EEG activities b. the presence of delta wave EEG activity c. rapid eye movements d. alpha wave brain activity e. tossing and turning in bed
c.
Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles? a. Sleep cycles are random across the night. b. Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep. c. As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle. d. Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours. e. Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes.
c.
________ neurons play a key role in cerebral activation during alert wakefulness. a. Adenosine b. Histamine c. Acetylcholine d. Serotonin e. GABA
c.
________ would be expected to promote wakefulness. a. An adenosine agonist b. A histamine antagonist c. Activation of hypocretin neurons d. Stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic area e. Inactivation of histamine neurons
c.
Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record? a. electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex b. damage to the locus coeruleus c. damage to the raphe nuclei d. electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei e. injection of high levels of GABA into the raphe nuclei
d.
An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure a. blood pressure. b. skin conductance. c. heart rate. d. electrical potentials within the brain. e. eye movements.
e.
As Jenelle is falling asleep, she has a sensation of walking along. Suddenly, her right leg steps into a hole and her foot jerks in bed, seemingly simulating the experienced fall in her sleeping state. These muscle contractions are a. sleep spindles. b. K complexes. c. alpha wave activity. d. spastic jerks. e. hypnic jerks
e.
Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei tissue from rats is a. constant throughout a 24-hour period. b. higher at night and lower during the day. c. greatest during winter months. d. lowest during the winter months. e. higher during the day and lower at night.
e.
REM-ON neurons are located within the ________, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the ________. a. ventrolateral pons; dorsal PAG b. dorsal PAG; ventrolateral preoptic area c. ventrolateral preoptic area; sublateral dorsal nucleus d. anterior thalamus; posterior hypothalamus e. sublateral dorsal nucleus; ventrolateral PAG
e.
The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in a. the transitions between eating and drinking in the rat. b. alternating motor search behaviors in a maze. c. shifts of attention. d. stepping behavior. e. the alternation between sleep and waking.
e.
The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy. a. anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. mania d. panic attack e. depression
e.
Which of the following is true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)? a. vlPOA neurons receive inhibitory input from noradrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons. b. Excitotoxic lesions of the vlPOA increase sleep in cats. c. vlPOA neurons have a low firing rate during sleep. d. Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces insomnia. e. vlPOA neurons secrete glutamate to excite regions that control arousal.
a.
Which of the following is true of sleeping medications? a. Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers. b. Sleeping pills directly alter the cause of insomnia. c. Insomnia is a disease that can be treated by a pill. d. Unlike other drugs, persistent use of sleeping pills does not lead to tolerance. e. Sleeping pills are more effective when combined with alcohol.
a.
For animals that are seasonal breeders, they will experience anti-gonadal function during ____________ due to ____________ melatonin levels. a. spring; increased b. winter; increased c. winter; decreased d. summer; increased e. summer; decreased
b.
The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is a. proven by studies of the dolphin sleep cycle. b. unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times. c. unlikely because REM and slow-wave sleep appear to involve independent mechanisms. d. proven by the observation that naps reduce sleep time the following night. e. unlikely given that blood chemistry does not change within the brain.
b.
Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will a. mimic the effects of REM deprivation. b. increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes. c. reduce stage 4 sleep. d. impair subsequent learning of complex materials. e. facilitate protein synthesis.
b.
Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and she often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris a. spends less time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia. b. is lacking in the substances that promote and maintain sleep. c. spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia. d. has an excess of arousal-producing neurochemicals. e. does not have insomnia.
c.
If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are most likely to make up hours from stage _________. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. REM e. 1 and 3
c.
A key symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is a. attacks of catalepsy. b. a depressed mood upon awakening. c. the occurrence of motor movements during slow-wave sleep. d. a lack of paralysis during REM sleep. e. the loss of dreams during REM sleep.
d.
A key symptom of human narcolepsy relates to a. impulsive drug-taking. b. abnormal slow-wave sleep. c. recurring nightmares. d. sleeping during the day. e. dreaming while awake.
d.
Damage to the rat ________ would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to a. vlPOA b. nucleus accumbens c. thalamus d. SCN e. hippocampus
d.
Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that a. emotional well-being requires slow-wave sleep. b. REM sleep functions to rest the brain. c. there is a physiological need for stage 1 slow-wave sleep. d. there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep. e. the brain does not regulate REM sleep.
d.
Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal. a. glycine b. GABA c. serotonin d. acetylcholine e. adenosine
d.
Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep? a. Cortical blood flow is reduced during REM sleep as blood is shunted to the genitals. b. Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary visual cortex. c. Cerebral blood flow is very low during color dreaming. d. Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex. e. Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary auditory cortex.
d.
If acetylcholine activity is high, a. the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep. b. there is decreased EEG-measured cortical arousal. c. the brain waves are likely highly synchronized. d. the brain waves are likely desynchronized. e. nothing happens.
d.
Insomnia is defined a. as the inability to fall asleep within 5 minutes of going to bed. b. as awakening four or more times during the night. c. as a problem in rapidly reaching REM sleep. d. in relation to a person's particular sleep needs. e. as a relative lack of slow-wave sleep compared to REM sleep.
d.
REM sleep behavior disorder is the opposite of narcolepsy in that a. people have "awake attacks" rather that sleep attacks. b. REM sleep behavior disorder is not linked to degenerative disorders. c. REM sleep behavior disorder involves bouts of insomnia. d. instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep. e. REM sleep behavior disorder is caused by too much hypocretin.
d.
Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that a. block serotonin receptors. b. impair the release of hypocretins in brain. c. act as catecholamine agonists. d. facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity. e. block hypocretin 2 receptors.
d.
Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)? a. Damage to vlPOA neurons produces sleepiness. b. Excitotoxic lesions of the vlPOA increase sleep in cats. c. vlPOA neurons have a low firing rate during sleep. d. Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness. e. vlPOA neurons secrete glutamate to excite regions that control arousal.
d.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep? a. dreaming in color b. muscle paralysis c. genital changes associated with arousal d. various forms of slow-wave brain activity e. rapid eye movements
d.
A hamster, when put in endless darkness, will display activity that fits a 23-hour day. This rhythm that the hamster is displaying is a(n) a. endogenous rhythm. b. pacemaker. c. entrained rhythm. d. internal rhythm. e. external rhythm.
e.
Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory. a. slow-wave; nondeclarative b. REM; sensory c. REM; declarative d. slow-wave; sensory e. REM; nondeclarative
e.
Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is ________ sleep. a. paradoxical b. high-frequency c. slow-wave d. REM e. rhythmic
c.
The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of a. norepinephrine. b. serotonin. c. acetylcholine. d. dopamine. e. GABA.
a.
The sleep disorder known as ________ can be produced by degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain. a. narcolepsy b. iatrogenic insomnia c. sleep apnea d. night terrors e. insomnia
a.
The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in a. cataplexy. b. situational insomnia. c. somnambulism. d. nocturnal enuresis. e. manic-depression.
a.
A common treatment for sleep apnea is a. surgical modification of the throat airways. b. the administration of sleeping medication. c. maintaining the person in bright light for 20 hours per day. d. the administration of L-DOPA. e. electroconvulsive shock therapy.
a.
A key aspect of slow-wave sleep is the presence of ________ Hz oscillations comprised of a down state followed by an up state. a. 1.0 b. 2.0 c. 7 d. 12 e. 30
a.
Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n) a. adenosine antagonist. b. GABA agonist. c. GABA antagonist. d. adenosine agonist. e. norepinephrine antagonist.
a.
Circadian rhythms are a. endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day. b. not found in plants. c. learned patterns of daily activity. d. annual changes in behavior (such as migration). e. monthly cycles of reproductive activity.
a.
During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the a. visual association cortex. b. prefrontal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. amygdala. e. temporal cortex
a.
In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from a. narcolepsy. b. anxiety disorder. c. gastric distension. d. a disorder of slow-wave sleep. e. insomnia.
a.
Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ________ secreted by cells within the ________. a. melatonin; pineal gland b. dopamine; hypothalamus c. melanopsin; preoptic hypothalamus d. oxytocin; pituitary e. melatonin; retina
a.
The "on" portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the a. dorsal pons. b. occipital cortex. c. suprachiasmatic nucleus. d. globus pallidus. e. preoptic area.
a.
The "ticking" of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve a. feedback loops of intracellular protein production. b. the rhythmic opening of sodium channels in the membrane. c. interactions between two adjacent clock cells. d. the rhythmic opening of calcium channels in the membrane. e. the buildup of sodium in the clock cell over time.
a.
The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves. a. beta b. alpha c. theta d. sleep spindles e. delta
a.
A single cycle of non-REM and REM sleep lasts about a. 10 minutes. b. 30-40 minutes. c. 90 minutes. d. 360 minutes. e. 8 hours.
c.
A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to a. produce insomnia. b. reduce the amplitude of delta activity in the frontal lobes. c. increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep. d. increase the need for REM sleep. e. increase the amount of time spent dreaming.
c.
The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep. a. myelogram b. electroencephalogram c. physiograph d. electromyogram e. retinogram
d.
The mood change and cognitive dysfunctions associated with jet lag and shift work can be reduced by a. administration of amphetamine. b. topical application of nicotine. c. ingestion of alcohol and barbiturates. d. consumption of melatonin. e. B and C are correct.
d.
The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record. a. alpha b. delta c. gamma d. theta e. beta
d.
Which of the following is true of melanopsin? a. Melanopsin is found within rods but not cones. b. Melanopsin is found within cones but not rods. c. Melanopsin activity is suppressed by light. d. Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells. e. Melanopsin in rods is a cue that resets SCN clock cells.
d.
About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem while ________ percent experiences this on occasion. a. 1; 3 b. 15; 52 c. 27; 45 d. 7; 19 e. 9; 25
e.
A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is a. abuse of amphetamines. b. staying awake for long periods of time. c. the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. d. damage to neurons that initiate REM sleep. e. strong emotions or physical exertion.
e.
A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the a. nucleus accumbens. b. hippocampus. c. raphe nuclei. d. striatum. e. locus coeruleus.
e.
A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be a. releasing urine during sleep. b. dreaming while awake. c. sleepwalking. d. having a sleep attack. e. experiencing night terrors.
e.
The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that a. newborn infants spend 70% of their sleep time in slow-wave sleep. b. active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep. c. REM sleep increases in college students during exam time. d. the elderly spend 85% of their sleep time in REM. e. infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.
e.
The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of a. 1-3 Hz. b. 12-14 Hz. c. 13-30 Hz. d. less than 3.5 Hz. e. 3.5-7.5 Hz.
e.
________ during REM sleep may be controlled by projections from the dorsal pons to the ________. a. Muscle paralysis; thalamic relay nuclei b. Eye movements; cingulate cortex c. Cortical arousal; lateral geniculate d. Muscle paralysis; basal forebrain e. Eye movements; tectum
e.
Which of the following terms belong together? a. awake state; EEG synchrony b. REM sleep; slow-wave EEG pattern c. slow-wave sleep; marked genital arousal d. REM sleep; lack of genital activity e. slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus
e. slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus
