Neurobiology Final: Multiple Choice
[3] Which of the following is NOT a treatment used for MS? A) antidepressants B) use of body stocking C) anticonvulsants D) anxiolytics E) corticosteroids
D
[4] In which of the following ways do potassium channels in the squid giant axon differ from sodium channels? A) The potassium channels pass only a few ions per second. B) The potassium channels show little voltage dependence. C) The summing of the individual potassium channels does not reconstruct the macroscopic current. D) Once the potassium channels open in response to a voltage step command, they tend to remain open. E) All of the above
D
[4] In which of the following ways do potassium channels in the squid giant axon differ from sodium channels? A) the potassium channels pass only a few ions per second B) the potassium channels show little voltage dependence C) the summing of the individual potassium channels does not reconstruct the macroscopic current D) once the potassium channels open in response to a voltage step command, they tend to remain open E) all of the above
D
[4] The calcium ATPase __. A) is much simpler than the sodium/potassium pump because it has only three transmembrane regions B) pumps 15 calcium ions for each molecule of ATP consumed C) uses the same intracellular domain for both nucleotide binding and ion translocation D) pumps calcium in a cyclical process that utilizes energy from ATP E) is unique among transporters in that its pumping action involves no conformational changes
D
[4] Which of the following appears to contribute to the sensitivity filter of the potassium channel? A) the channel pore narrows to fit the size of a non-hydrated potassium ion B) cations such as cesium are too large to pass through the pore C) cations such as sodium are too small to be dehydrated at the pore filter D) all of the above E) none of the above
D
[4] Which of the following is a common, defining feature of membrane-bound active ion transporters? A) All transporters are electrogenic. B) All transporters transport two or more different ions. C) All catalyze the conversion of ATP to ADP. D) All are able to move at least one ion against its concentration gradient. E) All of the above
D
Hodgkin and Katz proposed that sodium was the predominant ion associated with the firing of an action potential because __ A) the membrane potential approaches the Na⁺ Nernst potential during the rising phase. B) the membrane potential approaches the Na⁺ Nernst potential during the falling phase. C) sodium ions can move more quickly than other ionic species. D) sodium ions are the only ions that can flow into the nerve cell body. E) the sodium gradient explains the rising phase, falling phase, and overshoot of the action potential.
A
In their studies of the resting membrane potential of the squid giant axon, Hodgkin and Katz found that __ A) increasing K⁺ outside the axon depolarized the axon's potential. B) increasing K⁺ outside the axon hyperpolarized the axon's potential. C) increasing Na⁺ outside the axon depolarized the axon's potential. D) increasing Na⁺ outside the axon hyperpolarized the axon's potential. E) changing external Na⁺ and K⁺ had identical effects on the resting axon potential.
A
The mode of action potential propagation along myelinated axons is called __. A) salutatory B) scleorid C) oligodendroid D) ranvierian E) hyperian
A
The synaptic potential __ A) makes communication between nerve cells possible. B) occurs only in response to external stimuli. C) propagates along axons. D) determines the cell's resting potential. E) All of the above
A
Which of the following statements about EPSPs in the central nervous system is FALSE? A) they are much larger than end plate potentials B) EPSPs occuring close together in time can summate and help bring a neuron to threshold C) multiple EPSPs arriving together at different locations on the dendritic tree can summate and help bring neuron to threshold D) their effect in the CNS can be nullified by IPSPs E) all of the above are false; none is true
A
[11] When a spot of light strikes the surround region of an off-center ganglion cell, the response rate of the ganglion cell __ as compared to its spontaneous firing rate. A) increases B) decreses C) remains the same
A
[11] Which of the following statements about center-surround receptive fields in the retina is FALSE? A) Cells that are inhibited by light in their center are excited by light in their surround. B) Cells that are excited by light in their center are inhibited by light in their surround. C) The surround portion of the receptive field is typically an annulus (or donut-shaped ring) that surrounds the circular center. D) The spatial extent to which a cell can be influenced by light never extends beyond the physical extent of its dendritic field. E) The best stimulus for an on-center cell is light in its center and darkness in its surround.
A
[13] The principle elements for converting sounds into neural activity are found on the basilar membrane. This membrane vibrates in response to sound, with the apex displaced maximally by __sound, and the base displaced maximally by __ sound. A) low-frequency, high-frequency B) high-frequency, low-frequency C) loud, quiet D) quiet, loud
A
[1] The __ is responsible for the analysis and integration of sensory and motor information. A) CNS B) PNS C) sensory ganglia and nerves D) visceral motor system E) somatic motor system
A
[1] Which of the following is NOT involved with the others? A) spinal cord B) sensory receptors C) autonomic ganglia D) motor nerves E) parasympathetic nerves
A
[1] Which of the following is not an established role for glial cells? A) Integrating information to assist neural computation B) Maintaining the ionic milieu surrounding nerve cells C) Hastening the propagation of neural impulses D) Assisting synaptic transmission via neurotransmitter uptake E) Providing scaffolds that assist neural development
A
[1] Which of the following type of glial cell myelinates peripheral axons? A) Schwann cells B) Oligodendrocytes C) Astrocytes D) Microglia E) All of the above
A
[3] Which of the following is NOT a demyelination disorder? A) Familial Hemiplegic Migraine B) Multiple Sclerosis C) Charcot-Marie-Tooth D) Adrenoleukodystrophy E) Guillain-Barre Syndrome
A
[4] Which of the following statements regarding the diversity of ion channels is false? A) with only six different types, potassium channels are the least diverse channel type B) there are at least 10 different sodium channels in humans C) sodium channels that do not inactivate have been found D) there are at least 10 different types of calcium channels E) calcium channels serve diverse functions such as influencing action potential shape and release of neurotransmitters
A
[4] Which of the following was NOT observed in studies measuring the efflux of radioactive sodium from the squid giant axon? A) dramatic increase of efflux during a brief train of action potentials B) sharp drop in efflux upon the presence of ATP C) dependence of efflux when mitochondrial ATP synthesis was inhibited D) decrease in efflux when mitochondrial ATP synthesis was inhibited E) all of the above were observed
A
[5] Involved in endocytotic budding of vesicles? A) clathrin B) syntaxin C) dynamin D) synaptobrevin E) synaptotagmin
A
[5] The protein that is thought to cross-link vesicles to actin to form a reserve vesicle pool is called __. A) synapsin B) synaptotagmin C) synaptobrevin D) synaptophysin E) SNAP-25
A
[6] Listed below are the five steps in a nitric oxide (NO)-mediated signaling event. 1. Calcium binds to calmodulin 2. Activation of nitric oxide synthase 3. NO diffusion for tens of micrometers 4. Activation of guanylyl cyclase 5. Inactivation by reaction with oxygen Which of the following is the correct sequence of these steps? A) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 B) 5; 4; 3; 2; 1 C) 4; 2; 3; 1; 5 D) 2; 3; 4; 1; 5 E) 1; 5; 2; 3; 4
A
[6] Which of the following receptor types can be modulated by both barbiturates and benzodiazepines? A) GABAA B) GABAB C) GABAC D) Glycine E) mAChR
A
[8] Which of the following statements about the plasticity of synapses in the mammalian CNS is false? A) The hallmark of both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity is that they always increase the strength of synaptic connections. B) The efficacy of synapses can be adjusted by modulating the amount of neurotransmitter that is released. C) Calcium ions play a central role in at least some forms of synaptic plasticity. D) Changes in synaptic efficacy can occur over time scales ranging from milliseconds to years. E) A variety of molecular mechanisms are involved in the different forms of synaptic plasticity.
A
[9] Afferents carrying info from the head are called __, those carrying info from the body are called __. A) cranial nerve ganglia; dorsal root ganglia B) CNS nerves; PNS nerves C) cranial nerves; spinal nerves D) cranial systems; spinal systems E) cranial sensory cortexes; spinal sensory cortexes
A
[9] Free nerve endings?
A
[9] In general, smaller muscles are __ densely populated with muscle spindles than larger muscles because larger muscles are responsible for __ movements and have __ spindles than areas responsible for __ movements. A) more; coarse; more; finer B) more; coarse; less; finer C) less; coarse; more; finer D) less; coarse; less; finer E) more; finer; less; coarse F) less; finer; more; coarse
A
[9] Proprioreceptors are associated with __. A) muscles, tendons, joints B) pain, temperature, itch C) touch, stretch, vibration D) Aδ and C fibers
A
[9] Ruffini endings are __ and are responsible for __. A) tonic receptors in the dermis and joint capsules; stretching of skin B) found in the epidermis; static touch/pressure C) found in the fingertips/palms; static touch/pressure D) found in bones, visceras, deep in dermis of palms and feet; deep dynamic touch/pressure E) found around all skin; pain, temperature, and crude touch
A
[9] The __ are associated with heavy touch. A) Ruffini corpuscles B) Meissner corpuscles C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Merkel cell-neurite complexes E) both B and D
A
[9] The fastest somatic sensory afferent axon type is __. A) Ia afferents B) Aβ afferents C) Aδ afferents D) C afferents
A
[9] The size of the receptive field is a function of the __. A) level of branching at the nerve ending B) length of branches at the nerve ending C) number of nearby sensory ganglia D) sensitivity of the motor system E) dendritic density at the nerve ending
A
[9] What portion of the brain is responsible for the movement and exchange of sensory and motor info in the body? A) primary somatosensory cortex B) postcentral gyrus C) cortical homunculus D) premotor area E) parietal lobe
A
[9] Which of the following is the deep skin sensory receptor that is surrounded by an elastic capsule that determines the temporal characteristics of its responses? A) Pacinian afferent B) Meissner afferent C) Ruffini afferent D) Merkel cell E) Hair follicle receptor
A
[9] Which of the following is the deep skin sensory receptor that is surrounded by an onion-skin like capsule? A) Pacinian afferent B) Meissner afferent C) Ruffini afferent D) Merkel cell E) None of the above
A
[9] Which of the following pairs is incorrect? A) Ruffini's endings: changes in texture B) Merkel cell-neurite complex: sustained touch and pressure C) cutaneous mechanoreceptors: sense of touch D) Pacinian corpuscles: rapid vibrations E) nociceptors: free nerve endings
A
[9] __ are encapsulated cutaneous mechanosensory receptors specialized for the detection of cutaneous stretching produced by digit or limb movements. A) Ruffini endings B) free nerve endings C) Merkel cell-neurite complexes D) Pacinian corpuscles E) Meissner corupscles
A
[9] __ involves the appreciation of form through touch. A) stereognosis B) tactile sensation C) proprioception D) receptive field E) sensory transduction
A
[9] Which two statements are true? Group Ib afferents __. A) detect changes in muscle tension B) are found along collagen fibers C) adapt rapidly in response to changes in muscle length D) are activated in response to sustained muscle lengths E) are the largest myelinated axons
AB
[11] Which two statements are true? A) In the dark, photoreceptor is depolarized B) In the light, K⁺ channel is open and influx C) In the dark, cGMP levels are low D) In the light, neurotransmitter release is low E) In the dark, Ca²⁺/Na⁺ channel is open and efflux F) In the light, Ca²⁺/Na⁺ channel is open and efflux
AD
[9] The stimuli received by sensory receptors __. A) originate inside the body B) are relayed to the spinal cord and brain C) result in sensation D) are long lasting E) directly affect motor nerves
B
A measured membrane potential of +58 mV would be consistent with __ inside the cell and __ outside the cell. A) 100 mM K⁺, 10 mM K⁺ B) 10 mM Na⁺, 100 mM Na⁺ C) 10 mM Cl⁻, 100 mM Cl⁻ D) 100 mM K⁺, 100 mM Na⁺ E) All of the above
B
The capacity of a nerve terminal to rapidly and dramatically produce very large changes in calcium levels is most dependent on the __. A) presence of calcium-sensitive ion channels B) enormous gradient of calcium across the membrane C) fact that calcium is a positively charged ion D) fact that calcium is a divalent cation E) all of the above are essential for producing large, rapid concentration changes
B
The transmembrane potential is generated by __ A) repulsion of positive and negative charges. B) diffusion of ions down a concentration gradient. C) the greater mobility of small ions. D) the selectivity of the membrane to pass positive charges only. E) All of the above
B
[11] Light first enters the retina at the __. A) pupil B) cornea C) iris D) lens E) retina
B
[11] The optic nerves, which are made up of the axons of the __ cells, convey visual information to the brain. A) amacrine B) ganglion C) horizontal D) bipolar E) horizontal
B
[11] Which of the following is/are the main function(s) of the retinal pigment epithelium? 1. structural support to the curvature of the retina 2. phagocytosis of shed outer segments 3. synthesis of rhodopsin 4. regeneration of the photoreceptor segments A) 2, 3 B) 2, 4 C) 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 1, 2, 3, 4
B
[13] The external ear consists of the part on the outside of the head called the __ plus the __, which leads to the eardrum. A) ossicle, oval window B) pinna, ear canal C) cochlea, auditory nerve D) round window, middle canal
B
[1] A neuron that innervates (i.e., makes synaptic contact with) a large number of other neurons A) represents convergent neural signaling. B) represents divergent neural signaling. C) represents massive neural integration. D) must fire at very high frequencies to be useful. E) can fire only at very low frequencies.
B
[2] Typically, neurons firing action potentials encode a signal's intensity by A) changing the size of their action potentials. B) changing the frequency of their action potentials. C) firing at precise moments so as to signal different sized signals. D) sending signals of different sizes down different axonal branches. E) All of the above
B
[3] What role do T-cells and monocytes play in MS? A) they are rendered inactive B) they attack the myelin sheaths C) they are unable to repair damaged myelin D) they undergo apoptosis, damaging nearby myelin E) they transfer a harmful pathogen to myelin
B
[3] Which of the following statements about MS is FALSE? A) MS is characterized by demyelination of axons along with some axon loss B) it was recently proven that all cases of MS are due to persistent infection by a tropical parasite C) cases of MS vary considerably in terms of severity and progression of the illness D) symptoms of MS include weakness, paralysis, double vision, monocular blindness, and abnormal somatic sensations E) magnetic resonance imaging can help diagnose some cases of MS
B
[3] Which of the following statements about myelination is FALSE? A) myelin sheaths are created by glial cells B) myelin serves to sharply increase the time constant of the axon C) multiple layers of closely opposed glial membranes wrap the axon and serve as an electrical insulator D) myelin is absent at the nodes of Ranvier E) sodium and potassium channels are clustered at the nodes of Ranvier
B
[3] Which statement is FALSE regarding multiple sclerosis? A) MS refers to the scarring that results from the destruction of the myelin sheath B) MS is an example of a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder C) vague symptoms of MS sometimes begin long before the disorder is diagnosed D) corticosteroids can be used for MS treatment E) fluctuating symptoms and a pattern of relapses and remissions support the diagnosis of MS
B
[3] Which statement regarding myelination is FALSE? A) myelination of axons leads to increasd transmission speed B) once damaged, the myelin nerve fibers die C) myelin aid in maintenance of the intensity of the electrical signal even as the distance from the origin of the stimulus increases D) myelin insulates the axonal membrane E) myelin function helps maintain axons and neurons
B
[4] Paddle-like, charged transmembrane domains of potassium channels may __. A) serve as a plug or inactivation gate B) be the primary voltage sensors C) confer ion selectivity to the channel D) enable the aggregation of channel subunits into functional channels E) all of the above
B
[4] The proteins that establish ionic gradients are called __. A) passive transporters B) active transporters C) voltage-gated ion channels D) ligand-gated ion channels E) permeability transition pores
B
[4] Which of the following is NOT a variant of the patch clamp technique? A) cell attached B) intracellular C) whole cell D) inside-out patch E) outside-out patch
B
[4] the TRP ion channel family includes channels responsive to __. A) complex sequences of voltage commands B) heat and cold C) intracellular cyclic nucleotides D) hyperpolarization E) UV light
B
[5] Black widow spider venom is throught to disrupt the functioning of nerve terminals by __. A) proteolytic cleavage of SNARE proteins B) circumventing the calcium-regulatory step of exocytosis to promote massive exocytosis C) binding to all molecules of synapsin, synaptotagmin, and synaptophysin and thereby preventing their normal functioning D) punching holes in vesicles and thereby causing release of their contents into the cytosol E) blocking calcium channels
B
[5] Listed below are the individual events that make up chemical synaptic transmission. 1. Diffusion of transmitter across the synaptic cleft. 2. Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal. 3. Vesicle fusion with plasma membrane. 4. Opening of voltage-gated ion channels. 5. Activation of presynaptic, calcium-sensitive proteins. Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events? A) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 B) 2; 4; 5; 3; 1 C) 2; 5; 4; 3; 1 D) 5; 4; 2; 3; 1 E) 1; 2; 4; 5; 3
B
[5] The two main families of neurotransmitter receptors are __ and __. A) ligand-gated; ion-gated B) ionotropic; metabotropic C) voltage-gated; voltage-modulated D) cationic; anionic E) excitatory; inhibitory
B
[5] When a muscle fiber is held at a voltage of 0 mV at the neuromuscular end plate, ACh no longer produces a current because __. A) the ACh receptor channels close instantly at 0 mV B) an influx of sodium is balanced by an equal efflux of potassium C) the membrane conductance for each permeant ion is 0 at 0 mV D) at 0 mV, the potassium ions lodge in the receptor channel and block the influx of sodium E) the Nernst potentials for both sodium and potassium are 0 mV in muscle fibers
B
[5] Which is a SNARE in presynaptic membrane? A) clathrin B) syntaxin C) dynamin D) synaptobrevin E) synaptotagmin
B
[6] The presence of which of the following compounds or proteins in a cell makes it quite likely that the cell is a GABAergic neuron? A) pyridoxal phosphate B) glutamic acid decarboxylase C) GABA transaminase D) ɣ-hydroxybutyrate E) glutamine
B
[6] Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? A) dopamine B) histamine C) norepinephrine D) epinephrine E) all of the above are catecholamines
B
[8] At a glutaminergic synapse in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, moderate amounts of stimulation will activate only the __ receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. A) NMDA B) AMPA C) GABA
B
[8] The type of receptor that is critical for the induction of hippocampal LTP, by virtue of its admitting calcium into a dendritic spine, is called a(n) A) AMPA receptor. B) NMDA receptor. C) glycine receptor. D) cholinergic GPCR. E) noradrenergic GPCR.
B
[9] Cell bodies for afferent neurons (ganglia) are located __. A) inside the spinal cord B) outside the spinal cord C) inside the brain D) outside the brain E) in the skin
B
[9] Meissner corpusles?
B
[9] Merkel cell-neurite complexes are __ and are responsible for __. A) tonic receptors in the dermis and joint capsules; stretching of skin B) found in the epidermis; static touch/pressure C) found in the fingertips/palms; static touch/pressure D) found in bones, visceras, deep in dermis of palms and feet; deep dynamic touch/pressure E) found around all skin; pain, temperature, and crude touch
B
[9] Proprioceptors are involved in __. A) changes in blood pressure B) changes in tension in muscles and tendons C) changes in temperature D) pain E) detecting vibrations
B
[9] Proprioreceptors aid in __. A) identifying objects by simply using the sense of touch B) allowing for the preception of relative positions of various body parts at any given time C) detecting potentially threatening/harmful stimuli D) inflammatory responses to tissue damage
B
[9] Sensory neurons convey the system they receive to the __, then the __, then the __. A) motor system; CNS; effectors B) CNS; motor system; effectors C) CNS; effectors; motor system D) motor system; effectors; CNS E) effectors; CNS; motor system
B
[9] Slowly adapting afferents are considered __ and are most abundant in the __ A) tonic; fingertips and palms B) tonic; epidermis C) phasic; fingertips and palms D) phasic; epidermis
B
[9] The size of the receptive field influences the __. A) lightness or heaviness of touch B) level of sensitivity C) myelination of mechanoreceptive axons D) speed of adapting afferents E) ability to identify an object by using only touch
B
[9] Which of the following statements about primary somatosensory cortex is true? A) Somatosensory cortex as a whole is encompassed within the frontal lobes. B) Receptive field properties vary within different areas of the somatosensory cortex. C) The amount of cortex dedicated to each body part is proportional to its surface area. D) It is organized by receptor type, with a Pacinian corpuscle area, a Merkel disc area, a temperature area, and a pain area. E) All of the above
B
[9] __ involves the sense of touch. A) stereognosis B) tactile sensation C) proprioception D) receptive field E) sensory transduction
B
[2] The equation used to calculate membrane potential when there are multiple permeant ions is called the _______ equation. A) Nernst B) ionic imbalance C) Goldman D) Finch and Augustine E) atomic permeability
C
[9] Which TWO statements are FALSE? Peripheral nociceptors __. A) are associated with transient receptor potential channels B) increase action potential rates at lower temperatures relative to thermoreceptors C) can be separated into different classes that are responsible for first and second pain perception D) lack a myelin sheath E) are the slowest conducting of the peripheral sensory afferents
BD
[2] Which of the following is not a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells? A) Resting membrane B) Action C) Reaction D) Receptor E) Synaptic
C
Ring that forms and pinches off vesicular membrane? A) clathrin B) syntaxin C) dynamin D) synaptobrevin E) connexon
C
Which of the following best describes nerve cells? A) Nerve cells are exceptionally good conductors of electricity (much better than copper wires). B) Nerve cells are similar in their electrical conduction properties to copper wires. C) In comparison to copper wires, nerve cells are relatively poor conductors of electricity. D) Nerve cells are unable to conduct electricity under any circumstances. E) Nerve cells are electron sinks: they absorb many electrons, but no electricity comes out of them.
C
Which of the following is the main reason that the opening of Na⁺ channels causes a very rapid depolarization of most neurons? A) The movement of a Na⁺ ion produces a larger voltage change than the movement of other ions. B) Na⁺ ion diffusion proceeds so quickly that whenever Na⁺ channels are open, there is a rapid directional flux across the membrane. C) The conjunction of the Na⁺ gradient and the negative membrane potential produces a very large driving force on Na⁺ ions. D) All of the above E) None of the above
C
Which of the following statements about action potentials is false? A) They can transmit signals over long distances. B) They boost the spatial spread of electrical signals. C) They are elicited by hyperpolarization. D) They occur at threshold. E) They are all-or-none.
C
Which terms match these definitions in order from 1-4? 1. large openings in gap junctions 2. alterations in ion channel genes 3. ligand-gated ion channels 4. G-protein-coupled channels A) connexons; channelopathies; metabotropic; ionotropic B) channelopathies; connexons; metabotropic; ionotropic C) connexons; channelopathies; ionotropic; metabotropic D) channelopathies; connexons; ionotropic; metabotropic
C
[13] Ion channels on the stereocilia of auditory hair cells appear to be activated by __. A) glutamate B) hyperpolarization C) mechanical energy D) calcium ions
C
[13] The middle ear consists of a series of miniscule bones- the malleus, incus, and stapes- connecting the eardrum to the cochlea. The primary function of the middle ear is to __. A) focalize sound B) identify sound frequency C) concentrate sound D) provide information about head movement
C
[13] Which of the following is the primary function of the three bones in the middle ear? A) Selective transmission of high-frequency sounds B) Selective transmission of low-frequency sounds C) Amplification of sound pressure waves to increase auditory sensitivity D) Dampening sound pressure waves to prevent damage to the ear E) Facilitation of fluid drainage from the eustachian tube
C
[1] Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, and skeletal muscles are all called __. A) visceral motor system components B) affarent neurons C) effectors D) somatic motor system components E) motor nerves
C
[3] The __ most directly affects the rate of information processing within the CNS. A) number of sodium channels along an axon B) number of potassium channels along an axon C) propagation speed of action potentials D) threshold voltage of neurons E) ratio of sodium to potassium channels
C
[4] Individual ion channels __. A) were visualized with the advent of the voltage clamp in 1956 B) show the same time course as macroscopic ionic currents C) may pass thousands of ions per millisecond D) have a different voltage dependence than the macroscopic ionic current has E) have a different reversal potential than the macroscopic ionic current has
C
[4] The technique that provides the most direct information about the physical, 3D structure of ion channels is __. A) the sequencing of the channel's amino acids B) physiological measurements of ion selectivity C) X-ray crystallography D) fluorescence imaging of channel subunit dynamics E) all of the above provide similar info on the channel's 3D structure
C
[4] Which of the following is the main reason that the opening of sodium channels causes a very rapid depolarization of most neurons? A) the movement of a sodium ion produces a larger voltage change than the movement of other ions B) Sodium ion diffusion proceeds so quickly that whenever sodium channels are open, there is a rapid directional flux across the membrane C) the conjunction of the sodium gradient and the negative membrane potential produces a very large driving force on sodium ions D) all of the above E) none of the above
C
[4] Which of the following ligand-gated ion channels is (are) NOT regulated primarily by an intracellular signal? A) the IP3 receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum B) the potassium-activated calcium channel C) the glutamate receptor D) the cAMP- and cGMP-gated ion channels E) the acid-sensing ion channels
C
[5] Compared with normals, the decrease in quantal size observed in familial infantile myasthenia would be most consistant with __. A) fewer calcium channels in the presynaptic terminals B) a greater rate of spontaneous exocytosis depleting the size of the vesicle pool C) smaller synaptic vesicles D) a change in the sensitivity of the calcium release mechanism E) a loss of all ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction
C
[5] Gap junctions (electrical synapses) __. A) are found only in a few species of animals B) are far more numerous than chemical synapses C) have larger pores than voltage-gated ion channels D) are found only where there are large gaps between nerve cells E) are used to pass chemical neurotransmitters
C
[5] SNARE proteins participate in vesicle exocytosis by __. A) forming a protein coat that maintains the vesicle's integrity B) binding calcium and then forming a pore into the vesicle C) forming a protein complex that pulls the vesicle membrane against the plasma membrane D) linking calcium channels to exocytotic fusion sites E) pushing vesicles from the reserve pool into the docked pool
C
[5] Signaling in chemical synapses is __, but in electrical synapses it is __. A) divergent, convergent B) convergent, divergent C) unilateral, bilateral D) bilateral, unilateral
C
[5] The differential release of small, clear vesicles, versus large, dense-core vesicles, is best explained by __. A) biophysical differences in the vesicles' lipids that allow for easier fusion of small vesicles B) a more sensitive calcium-release mechanism on the dense-core vesicles C) a more delocalized calcium signal generated by intense neural stimulation D) the presence of novel fusion proteins on the dense core vesicles that bind neuropeptides E) all of the above
C
[6] In terms of size, which of the following are the largest neurotransmitters? A) biogenic amines B) amino acid transmitters C) neuropeptide transmitters D) purinergic transmitters E) gaseous transmitters
C
[6] Match the following. 1. __ blocks adenosine receptor 2. __ reduces GABA 3. __ is an excitatory neurotransmitter 4. __ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter A) caffeine; glycine; acetylcholine; GABA B) cocaine; glutamate; acetylcholine; vitamin B6 C) caffeine; vitamin B6; acetylcholine; glycine D) caffeine; acetylcholine; glycine; GABA
C
[6] Match the following. 1. __- SSRI 2. __- Ca²⁺ channel blocker 3. __- Ca²⁺ chelator 4. __- MAOI antidepressant A) Prozac; BAPTA; cadmium; Phenelzine B) Phenelzine; BAPTA; cadmium; Prozac C) Prozac; cadmium; BAPTA; Phenelzine D) Phenelzine; cadmium; BAPTA; Prozac
C
[6] One typically finds __ subunits in the nAChRs. A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 E) 9
C
[6] Serotonin reuptake blockers such as fluoxetine (Prozac) are used clinically __. A) to treat hypertension B) to treat panic disorders C) as antidepressants D) as antipsychotics E) to treat generalized anxiety
C
[6] The transmitter GABA excites immature cortical neurons because __. A) immature GABA receptors pass more sodium than chloride B) immature GABA-receptive neurons have a more negative firing threshold than mature neurons C) immature GABA-receptive neurons express many Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporters D) immature GABA-receptive neurons express many K+/Cl- co-transporters E) the opening of GABA receptor channels tends to excite immature cortical networks because of the networks' firing
C
[6] Which of the following is NOT a feature of glutamate signaling systems? A) the presence of multiple glutamate receptor families with different ionic selectivities B) voltage-dependent gating of certain types of glutamate receptor C) the passage of large amounts of magnesium and calcium by NMDA receptors D) the use of specialized proteins for loading glutamate into vesicles E) the use of specialized proteins for removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft
C
[8] Firing an action potential in an axon initially causes a 10 mV depolarization (EPSP) in a postsynaptic neuron, but after giving a certain stimulus to the axon, firing it causes an 8 mV depolarization, after each action potential. This phenomenon is called __. A) enhancement. B) facilitation. C) depression. D) augmentation. E) potentiation.
C
[9] Dorsal columns refer to the __. A) large white-matter columns connecting the cerebrum with the cerebellum B) encapsulated pillar-like structures found on the skin and on the back C) bundles of axons running to the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord D) grey-matter columns on the dorsal side of the spinal cord grey
C
[9] Merkel cell-neurite complexes?
C
[9] Peripheral sensitization __. A) occurs only after repeated injuries to a particular portion of the body B) is distinguished from hyperalgesia, in that it mainly concerns pleasant stimuli C) involves an "inflammatory soup" of histamine, prostaglandins, and many other compounds D) involves the enhancement of such mechanoreceptors as the Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles. E) All of the above
C
[9] Rapidly adapting afferents are considered __ and are most abundant in the __ A) tonic; fingertips and palms B) tonic; epidermis C) phasic; fingertips and palms D) phasic; epidermis
C
[9] Somatosensory info involved with proprioception and posture also targets the __. A) brainstem B) medulla C) cerebellum D) thalamus E) parietal lobe
C
[9] Somatosensory neurons in the DRG normally transmit information __ A) from the spinal cord to the skin. B) from the cell body to the skin. C) from the skin to the spinal cord. D) from the spinal cord to the brain. E) It would depend on which synapses in the DRG were active.
C
[9] The __ are associated with deep touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. A) Ruffini corpuscles B) Meissner corpuscles C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Merkel cell-neurite complexes E) both B and D
C
[9] Which of the following statements about proprioceptive afferents from the trunk and limbs is false? A) Many synapse where they enter the spinal cord, in the dorsal horn. B) Many bifurcate after they enter the spinal cord. C) Many cross at the spinal level and ascend contra laterally to the cerebellum. D) Many terminate on Clarke's nucleus in the spinal cord. E) Many give off collaterals into the dorsal column nucleus.
C
[9] Which statement is true? Free nerve endings are generally __ sensitive than sensory neurons/afferents because they have __ thresholds for action potential production. A) more; higher B) more; lower C) less; higher D) less; lower E) less; varying
C
[9] __ involves the response to internal stimuli. A) stereognosis B) tactile sensation C) proprioception D) receptive field E) sensory transduction
C
[9] __ respond to localized, static tactile stimuli. A) free nerve endings B) Meissner corpuscles C) Merkel cell-neurite complexes D) Ruffini endings E) Pacinian corpuscles
C
[9] Which two statements are true? Group Ia afferents __. A) detect changes in muscle tension B) are found along collagen fibers C) adapt rapidly in response to changes in muscle length D) are activated in response to sustained muscle lengths E) are the largest myelinated axons
CE
[1] The PNS consists of the __ above the neck and the __ below the neck. A) brain; spinal cord B) sensory neurons; sensory receptors C) spinal nerves; cranial nerves D) cranial nerves; spinal nerves E) visceral motor system; somatic motor system
D
Neuropeptides are synthesized in the __ while small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized in the __. A) presynaptic terminal; cell body B) glial cells; presynaptic neuron C) axon hillock; synaptic cleft D) cell body; presynaptic terminal E) synaptic cleft; axon hillock
D
The different electrical signals occurring in nerve cells are caused by __ the cell membrane. A) positive charges bound to the inner and outer faces of B) negative charges bound to the inner and outer faces of C) movements of charged proteins within the plane of D) fluxes of ions across E) patterns of electrical eddy currents inside
D
The most important factor determining whether a receptor-operated ion channel is inhibitory or excitatory is __. A) the ligand-binding properties of the receptor B) whether the permeant ion is positively or negatively charged C) whether the permeant ion's reversal potential is positive or negative D)whether the permeant ion's reversal potential is positive or negative to threshold E) none of the above
D
Which is a SNARE in vesicle membrane? A) clathrin B) syntaxin C) dynamin D) synaptobrevin E) synaptotagmin
D
Which of the following factors is important in determining the membrane potential when there are multiple permeant ions? A) The concentration gradient of the individual ionic species B) The permeability of the membrane to the individual ionic species C) The sum total of all of the ions on both sides of the membrane D) Both A and B E) All of the above
D
Which of the following is not a reason for the usefulness of the squid giant axon in neuronal studies? A) The large size of the axon makes it easy to penetrate with recording electrodes. B) The axoplasm can be extruded, thus allowing studies of its composition. C) Large synapses between giant nerve cells make them easy to study. D) Giant ion channels allow for the insertion of recording electrodes into the channels. E) Properties of the squid's axons and synapses can be related to its behavior
D
Which of the following statements about the ionic permeability of cell membranes is false? A) The permeability of some ions can be very low. B) The permeability of some ions can change over time. C) In resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to potassium. D) In resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to sodium. E) All of the above statements are true.
D
[11] Which of the following represents the most direct pathway for the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain? 1. bipolar cell 2. optic nerve 3. amacrine cell 4. striate cortex 5. horizontal cell 6. photoreceptor 7. ganglion cell 8. lateral geniculate nucleus A) 6→5→1→3→7→2→4→8 B) 6→1→7→2→4→8 C) 6→7→2→8→4 D) 6→1→7→2→8→4 E) 6→5→1→7→2→4→8
D
[4] Which of the following is a common, defining feature of membrane-bound active ion transporters? A) all transporters are electrogenic B) all transporters transport two or more different ions C) all catalyze the conversion of ATP to ADP D) all are able to move at least one ion against its concentration gradient E) all of the above
D
[5] Activating end plate ACh receptor channels produces 0 current at 0 mV, but is still able to elicit action potentials in muscle fibers because __. A) the depolarization occurs so quickly that the membrane potential goes from from positive to 0 mV and produces an overshooting action potential B) there are enough ACh receptors to propagate the action potential along the length of the muscle fiber C) the receptor is also permeable to calcium, which binds to other channels to elicit action potentials D) depolarization of the membrane to 0 mV is sufficient to bring nearby membrane regions, which contain voltage-gated sodium channels, to threshold E) none of the above; ACh does not elicit muscle action potentials
D
[5] Gap junctions may exhibit all of the following features EXCEPT for the ability to __. A) pass small metabolites, including some second messengers B) pass electrical current bidirectionally C) pass electrical current unidirectionally D) amplify small incoming electrical signals into large regenerative potentials E) synchronize the activity of populations of nerve cells
D
[5] Which of the following is an accepted criterion for defining a molecule to be a neurotransmitter? A) It must be present in the presynaptic terminal B) It must be released in response to presynaptic electrical activity C) It must exert an effect on the postsynaptic cell D) All of the above E) None of the above
D
[6] Cocaine acts __. A) on GABAA receptors B) as an MAO inhibitor C) by blocking serotonin reuptake D) by blocking dopamine reuptake E) by blocking biogenic amine vesicular transporters
D
[6] Excitotoxicity __. A) can result from very brief (sub-millisecond) increases in glutamate levels B) can be prevented by administration of glutamate receptor antagonists after a stroke has been diagnosed C) has not been correlated with the potency of compounds at glutamatergic receptors D) can occur in some forms of epilepsy and head trauma E) has been linked to a specific intracellular signaling pathway that activates a family of excitotoxicity genes
D
[6] Match the following. 1. __- antihistamine drug 2. __- norepinephrine beta blocker 3. __- enhances GABA activity 4. __- binds to opioid receptors A) propanolol; benadryl; diazepam; morphine B) benadryl; propanolol; morphine; diazepam C) propanolol; benadryl; morphine; diazepam D) benadryl; propanolol; diazepam; morphine
D
[6] Which of the following is NOT a class of opioid peptides? A) dynorphins B) endorphins C) enkephalins D) endocannabinoids E) all of the above are opioid peptides
D
[6] While the nature of adenosine's actions on central circuits is not well understood, adenosine is thought to have an inhibitory or relaxing effect because of which of the following observations? A) its presence in many inhibitory neurons B) its ability to block the reuptake of inhibitory transmitters C) its actions as a cofactor at glycine receptors D) the consequences of xanthine (e.g., caffeine) blockade of adenosine receptors E) the co-localization of adenosine with GABA in GABAergic synaptic vesicles
D
[8] Which of the following mechanisms used in hippocampal LTD is not part of the hippocampal LTP mechanism? A) History-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy B) NMDA receptor activation C) Calcium influx D) Calcium-dependent activation of protein phosphatases E) All of the above are used in both LTD and LTP.
D
[9] Pacinian corpuscles are __ and are responsible for __. A) tonic receptors in the dermis and joint capsules; stretching of skin B) found in the epidermis; static touch/pressure C) found in the fingertips/palms; static touch/pressure D) found in bones, visceras, deep in dermis of palms and feet; deep dynamic touch/pressure E) found around all skin; pain, temperature, and crude touch
D
[9] Ruffini endings?
D
[9] The second neuron of the somatosensory pathway has its cell body in the __. A) dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve B) ventral posterior nucleus C) thalamus D) spinal cord or brainstem E) parietal lobe
D
[9] This image illustrates __. A) sensory transduction B) sensory conduction C) stereognosis D) somatotopic order
D
[9] Which of the following best describes how signals from the limbs are consciously identified? Sensory neurons route __ A) directly from the limb to the cortex B) directly from the thalamus from the limb C) through spinal cord ascending tracts to the cortex and then the thalamus D) through spinal cord ascending tracts to the thalamus and then cortex E) through spinal cord ascending tracts to the temporal lobe and then thalamus
D
[9] __ are stimulated during muscle tension (contraction against a force), whereas the __ are stimulated during muscle stretch. A) muscle spindles; golgi tendons B) muscle spindles; joint receptors C) golgi tendons; joint receptors D) golgi tendons; muscle spindles E) joint receptors; golgi tendons F) joint receptors; muscle spindles
D
[9] __ involves the region that receives the stimulus. A) stereognosis B) tactile sensation C) proprioception D) receptive field E) sensory transduction
D
Which is a Ca²⁺ binding protein in vesicle membrane? A) clathrin B) syntaxin C) dynamin D) synaptobrevin E) synaptotagmin
E
Which of the following statements about electrochemical equilibrium is false? A) Electrochemical equilibrium involves the movement of a relatively small number of ions. B) Ionic gradients are necessary for the generation of the membrane potential. C) The size of the potential is proportional to the size of the ion gradient. D) The direction of the ion gradient determines the polarity of the membrane potential. E) For a given ion concentration gradient, the resulting potential is independent of the number of charges on the ion.
E
Which of the following statements about ionic distributions in nerve cells is false? A) Potassium is higher inside cells than outside cells. B) Sodium is higher outside cells than inside cells. C) Chloride is higher outside cells than inside cells. D) Calcium is higher outside cells than inside cells. E) The total concentration of all ionic species is approximately the same for all nerve cells in all animals.
E
[11] Which of the following statements about bipolar cells is FALSE? A) Off-bipolar cells hyperpolarize in response to light. B) On-bipolar cells depolarize in response to light. C) Glutamate causes off-bipolars to depolarize. D) Glutamate causes on-bipolars to hyperpolarize. E) Bipolar cells are not affected by horizontal cell activity.
E
[13] Which of the following statements about auditory nerve fibers is false? A) Afferent fibers receive input from inner hair cells. B) Efferent fibers innervate the three rows of outer hair cells. C) The characteristic frequency of the hair cells varies systematically along the cochlear axis. D) The higher frequency fibers can respond well to stimuli at frequencies in the 10 to 20 KHz range. E) The lower frequency fibers have a sharp tuning peak plus an extended hump.
E
[1] Interactions between the PNS and the CNS occur in which order? 1. internal/external environment 2. autonomic ganglia and nerves 3. sensory ganglia, nerves, and receptors 4. effectors 5. CNS A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 B) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 C) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 D) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 E) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
E
[3] Which statement is true regarding demyelination disorders? A) demyelination disorders involve any condition that causes damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds axons in the nervous system B) demyelination disorders slow down or even stop nerve (electrical) impulses C) myelin can be destroyed by hereditary neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., adrenoleukodystrophy) D) myelin can be destroyed by aquired diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) E) all of the above statements are true
E
[3] __ demyelination follows injury to the axon, while __ demyelination involves disorders that cause demyelination in the CNS and have no known cause. A) hereditary; acquired B) acquired; hereditary C) physical; unknown D) primary; secondary E) secondary; primary
E
[4] A surprising result that emerged from the molecular analysis of ion channels was the __ A) size of the individual ion channels. B) voltage-dependence of the ion channels. C) time-dependence of the ion channels. D) discovery of differences in ionic selectivity. E) sheer number of different ion channels.
E
[4] A surprising result that emerged from the molecular analysis of ion channels was the __. A) size of the individual ion channels B) voltage-dependence of the ion channels C) time-dependence of the ion channels D) discovery of differences in ionic selectivity E) sheer number of different ion channels
E
[4] Animal toxins have been discovered that __. A) block sodium channels B) prolong the open state of sodium channels C) alter the voltage-dependence of sodium channels D) block potassium channels E) all of the above
E
[4] In familial hemiplegic migraine, the underlying mutation in a calcium channel causes __. A) abnormally functioning pain receptors in the peripheral nervous system B) enhanced synaptic excitation of second-order pain-sensitive neurons C) abnormal activation of thalamic pain centers D) abnormal activation of neocortical pain centers E) the syndrome by some unknown mechanism
E
[4] In the operation of sodium-potassium ATPase, __. A) there is an obligatory coupling of sodium efflux and potassium influx B) this transporter (or "pump") is electrogenic C) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are respectively associated with the sodium and potassium transport steps D) the pump transports 2 potassium ions for every 3 sodium ions E) all of the above
E
[4] Which of the following is NOT a type of ion transporter that has been observed? A) the sodium/calcium exchanger B) the sodium/potassium/chloride co-transporter C) the sodium/neurotransmitter co-transporter D) the sodium/proton exchanger E) all of the above transporters have been observed
E
[4] Which of the following is a major advantage to researchers of the Xenopus oocyte expression system? A) Xenopus is the only lower vertebrate whose genome has been sequenced B) the unusually small size of the eggs makes patch-clamping relatively easy C) the oocytes have many endogenous ion channels to which exogenous channels can be compared D) the oocytes have quite thin membranes, which amplifies the ionic currents E) it facilitates physiological characterization of modified ion channel genes
E
[4] Which of the following is a major advantage to researchers of the Xenopus oocyte expression system? A) Xenopus is the only lower vertebrate whose genome has been sequenced. B) The unusually small size of the eggs makes patch-clamping relatively easy. C) The oocytes have many endogenous ion channels to which exogenous channels can be compared. D) The oocytes have quite thin membranes, which amplifies the ionic currents. E) It facilitates physiological characterization of modified ion channel genes.
E
[4] Which of the following is not a type of ion transporter that has been observed? A) The sodium/calcium exchanger B) The sodium/potassium/chloride co-transporter C) The sodium/neurotransmitter co-transporter D) The sodium/proton exchanger E) All of the above transporters have been observed.
E
[5] In tracking recycling of synaptic vesicles, using HRP as a vesicle marker, the observed sequence of movements of HRP was A) endosome → coated vesicle → vesicle reserve pool B) vesicle reserve pool → coated vesicle → endosome C) endosome → vesicle reserve pool → coated vesicle D) coated vesicle → vesicle reserve pool → endosome E) coated vesicle → endosome → vesicle reserve pool
E
[5] Involved in translocation of clathrin-coated vesicle? A) clathrin B) syntaxin C) dynamin D) synaptobrevin E) actin
E
[5] Miniature end-plate potentials, or mEPPs, are produced __. A) at miniatre end-plates B) by the smallest axons C) in response to weak stimuli D) by the smallest neurotransmitters E) by spontaneous release of a neurotransmitter
E
[5] Which of the following experiments would indicate a role for calcium in transmitter secretion? A) observation of presynaptic depolarizing currents after blockade of sodium channels B) voltage clamp experiments showing voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal C) induction of transmitter release by injection of calcium into the presynaptic terminal D) blockade of transmitter release by injection of calcium buffer into the presynaptic terminal E) all of the above
E
[5] Which of the following is NOT part of the experimental evidence favoring the vesicular release hypothesis of neurotransmission? A) fixed size of mEPPs B) quantized distribution of events occuring at the neuromuscular junction C) visualization of synaptic vesicles using electron microscopy D) correspondence between a vesicle's acetylcholine content and mEPP size E) visualization of acetylcholine molecules diffusing out of the neck of the membrane-fused vesicle
E
[5] Which of the following statements about postsynaptic currents at the neuromuscular end plate is FALSE? A) depolarizing currents can be recorded from outside-out patches of postsynaptic membrane B) individual channels tend to stay open for no more than a few msec C) ACh can induce openings of ligand-gated ion channels D) the end plate potential is due to the opening of thousands or millions of channels E) the end plate channels show a regenerative opening pattern that propagates an action potential along the length of the muscle fiber
E
[6] ACh is used as a neurotransmitter at __. A) the neuromuscular junction B) preganglionic synapses of the autonomic (visceral motor) nervous system C) postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system D) widely distributed synapses in the CNS E) all of the above
E
[6] Based upon the distribution of endocannabinoid receptors in the brain, it can be surmised that these compounds have a likely influence on __. A) neocortex B) the hippocampus C) basal ganglia D) the hypothalamus E) all of the above
E
[6] Glutamate is __. A) the most commonly used neurotransmitter in the brain B) neurotoxic in high concentrations C) a nonassential amino acid D) often synthesized from glial-synthesized glutamine E) all of the above
E
[6] Myasthenia gravis is characterized by __. A) degeneration of lower motoneurons B) degeneration of upper motoneurons C) mutations affecting the synthesis of ACh D) mutations affecting ACh receptors E) an autoimmune attack on ACh receptors
E
[6] Parkinson's disease involves __ while schizophrenia involves __. A) norepinephrine; serotonin B) serotonin; dopamine C) GABA; serotonin D) dopamine; acetylcholine E) dopamine; serotonin
E
[6] Peptide neurotransmitters are often released __. A) shortly after their synthesis in presynaptic terminals B) as pre-propeptides C) as propeptides D) more rapidly and quickly than nonpeptide transmitters E) together with nonpeptide transmitters
E
[8] Which statement about the mechanisms underlying hippocampal LTP induction is false? A) An influx of calcium triggers two or more intracellular processes in the postsynaptic dendritic spine. B) Calcium may trigger the release of a retrograde messenger that enhances transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal. C) Calcium may activate CaM kinase II in such a way that it switches to a long-term "on" state. D) Calcium may activate a signaling cascade that causes the insertion of glutamate receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. E) Calcium decreases a resting leak current of sodium so that the postsynaptic cell is closer to threshold and therefore fires more easily.
E
[9] C fibers conduct action potentials more slowly than other somatic sensory afferents because __ A) they have the smallest diameters of all afferents and have only a thin layer of myelin B) they have the largest diameters but they are not myelinated C) they have fewer voltage-dependent ion channels D) their terminals in the skin are closest to the surface E) none of the above
E
[9] Cutaneous mechanoreceptors __ A) allow for the perception of relative positions of various body parts at any given time B) have lightly myelinated or unmyelinated axons C) provide info about mechanical stimuli coming from the body D) are associated with nerve endings E) mediate the sensations of touch, vibration, and pressure
E
[9] Depending on the __ of the receptive field, multiple stimuli to a given area may be perceived as one sensation or two distinct sensations. A) density B) length C) size D) A and B E) A and C
E
[9] Free nerve endings tend to be associated with __. A) fine touch B) vibration C) flutter D) muscle contractions E) pain
E
[9] In terms of conduction velocity, the axons arising from peripheral pain receptors __ A) are the fastest conducting nerve fibers. B) are the second fastest group of fibers, slower only than muscle and joint proprioceptors. C) are the third fastest group of fibers, slower only than the Ia and Ib sensory afferents. D) are faster than all but the group I and II afferents. E) include the slowest conducting of the peripheral sensory afferents
E
[9] Meissner corpuscles are __ and are responsible for __. A) tonic receptors in the dermis and joint capsules; stretching of skin B) found in the epidermis; static touch/pressure C) found in the fingertips/palms; static touch/pressure D) found in the epidermis; dynamic touch/pressure E) found in the fingertips/palms; dynamic touch/pressure
E
[9] One would expect to find the smallest two-point discrimination threshold on the __. A) thigh B) back C) calf D) breast E) fingers
E
[9] Pacinian corpuscles?
E
[9] Proprioceptors firing action potentials encode a signal's intensity typically by __. A) firing at precise intervals B) changing the size of their action potentials C) changing how long each action potential lasts D) sending signals of different sizes to different spinal cord neurons E) none of the above
E
[9] Stimuli are perceived with the help of specialized neurons (receptors) called __. A) sensory neurons B) efferent neurons C) afferent neurons D) both A and B E) boh A and C
E
[9] The __ are associated with light touch and texture. A) Ruffini corpuscles B) Meissner corpuscles C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Merkel cell-neurite complexes E) both B and D
E
[9] The __ contains the primary sensory cortex controlling sensation. A) cerebellum B) temporal lobe C) occipital lobe D) frontal lobe E) parietal lobe
E
[9] The somatic sensory system mediates the perception of __. A) touch and pressure B) limb position C) pain D) heat and cold E) all of the above
E
[9] In general, larger muscles are __ densely populated with muscle spindles than smaller muscles because smaller muscles are responsible for __ movements and have __ spindles than areas responsible for __ movements. A) more; coarse; more; finer B) more; coarse; less; finer C) less; coarse; more; finer D) less; coarse; less; finer E) more; finer; less; coarse F) less; finer; more; coarse
F
[9] Muscle spindles detect changes in __ while golgi tendons detect changes in __. A) muscle tension; joints B) muscle tension; muscle length C) joints; muscle tension D) joints; muscle length E) muscle length; joints F) muscle length; muscle tension
F
[9] Which statement would make sense? __ receptive fields result in __ sensitivity because there are __ sensory receptors packed into that area. A) small; less; few B) small; less; many C) small; more; few D) large; more; many E) large; less; many F) large; less; few
F
[9] __ describes the ability to identify an object by simply using the sense of touch; this is a function of the __. A) Tactile sensitivity; cerebellum B) Tactile sensitivity; cerebral cortex C) Proprioreception; cerebral cortex D) Proprioreception; cerebellum E) Stereognosis; cerebellum F) Stereognosis; cerebral cortex
F
