Neuroscience Study Questions

A 34 year old man presents with a progressive Saddle anesthesia and loss of the anocutaneous reflex with no urethral sphincter problems . He is diagnosed with Cauda equina syndrome. Which spinal cord segment is affected? A C4 and T6 B. T10 and T12 C. L3 to CO D. T1 and S1

A 34 year old man presents with a progressive Saddle anesthesia and loss of the anocutaneous reflex with no urethral sphincter problems . He is diagnosed with Cauda equina syndrome. Which spinal cord segment is affected? A C4 and T6 B. T10 and T12 C. L3 to CO (+) D. T1 and S1

MGA of a 34 year old man reveals an occlusion of a major blood vessel in the medulla. Occlusion of which of the following vessels affects the entire dorsolateral part of the rostral medulla (level of the restiform body) and produces the lateral medullary Wallenberg) syndrome? (A) anterior inferior cerebellar artery (B) anterior spinal artery (C) posterior inferior cerebellar artery (D) posterior spinal artery (E) superior cerebellar artery

MGA of a 34 year old man reveals an occlusion of a major blood vessel in the medulla. Occlusion of which of the following vessels affects the entire dorsolateral part of the rostral medulla (level of the restiform body) and produces the lateral medullary Wallenberg) syndrome? (A) anterior inferior cerebellar artery (B) anterior spinal artery (C) posterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) (D) posterior spinal artery (E) superior cerebellar artery

A 34 year-old-woman presents with difficulties in swallowing, hoarseness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, rapid involuntary movements of the eyes (nystagmus), and problems with balance and gait coordination. What causes this condition? Which blood vessel was occluded?

PICA

A 62-year-old female teacher with a long history of hypertension was astonished to find that she could not read the book on her desk. She tried to read small printed items then large printed items but could not comprehend them. At her neurologic exam she was intelligent, alert, and well oriented. She demonstrated a right homonymous hemianopsia. She understood information presented orally or auditorily but could not name letters of the alphabet shown to her visually though she could identify and name them by touch. Her response to letters presented visually was to describe their shape but she could not name them. When asked to write her insurance information she did so accurately but couldn't read back what she wrote. Occlusion of which blood vessel explain the patient's condition?

Post. Cerebral

The MRI of a 34 year old man reveals a loss of the primary transmitter released from the terminals of the striatal and pallidal neurons (striato-pallidal pathway). Which neurotransmitter is most likely to be affected by this abnormality? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Epinephrine D. GABA E. Glutamate

The MRI of a 34 year old man reveals a loss of the primary transmitter released from the terminals of the striatal and pallidal neurons (striato-pallidal pathway). Which neurotransmitter is most likely to be affected by this abnormality? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Epinephrine D. GABA (+) E. Glutamate

The dorsolateral motor column of the ventral horn is most prominent at the: A. cervical level B. thoracic level C. coccygeal level D. sacral level

The dorsolateral motor column of the ventral horn is most prominent at the: A. cervical level(+) B. thoracic level C. coccygeal level D. sacral level

The lumbar cistern is a region of: A. the dura mater B. the subarachnoid space C. the pia mater D. the sinuses

The lumbar cistern is a region of: A. the dura mater B. the subarachnoid space (+) C. the pia mater D. the sinuses

The MRI of a 35 year old man reveals bilateral infarcts in the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalami. Which of the following functions will be affected? A. Auditory B. Visual C. Smell D. Sensations of the face E. General sensations of the body

The MRI of a 35 year old man reveals bilateral infarcts in the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalami. Which of the following functions will be affected? A. Auditory (+) B. Visual C. Smell D. Sensations of the face E. General sensations of the body

The MRI of a 43 -year- old woman reveals a lacunar infarct. The patient presents uncontrollable violent flinging movements of the right upper limb. Where is the lesion? A. Left Globus pallidus internal segment B. Left subthalamic nucleus C. Right Globus pallidus internal segment D. Right subthalamic nucleus

The MRI of a 43 -year- old woman reveals a lacunar infarct. The patient presents uncontrollable violent flinging movements of the right upper limb. Where is the lesion? A. Left Globus pallidus internal segment B. Left subthalamic nucleus (+) C. Right Globus pallidus internal segment D. Right subthalamic nucleus

The MRI of a 65 year old man reveals bilateral infarcts in the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalami. Which of the following functions will be affected? A. Auditory B. Visual C. Smell D. Sensations of the face E. General sensations of the body

The MRI of a 65 year old man reveals bilateral infarcts in the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalami. Which of the following functions will be affected? A. Auditory B. Visual (+) C. Smell D. Sensations of the face E. General sensations of the body

The MRI of a 65-year-old man with Huntington's disease reveals a degeneration of a neurotransmitter system. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be affected? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Serotonin

The MRI of a 65-year-old man with Huntington's disease reveals a degeneration of a neurotransmitter system. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be affected? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA (+) D. Serotonin

The MRI of a 65-year-old man with Parkinson disease reveals a loss or degeneration of dopamine in a basal ganglia structure. Where is the loss or degeneration? A. Lateral (external) Pallidal segment B. Medial (internal) pallidal segment C. Substantia nigra pars compacta D. Substantia nigra pars reticulata

The MRI of a 65-year-old man with Parkinson disease reveals a loss or degeneration of dopamine in a basal ganglia structure. Where is the loss or degeneration? A. Lateral (external) Pallidal segment B. Medial (internal) pallidal segment C. Substantia nigra pars compacta (+) D. Substantia nigra pars reticulata

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a direct branch of: A. the vertebral artery B. the anterior cerebral artery C. the basilar artery D. the internal carotidlamic artery

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a direct branch of: A. the vertebral artery B. the anterior cerebral artery C. the basilar artery (+) D. the internal carotidlamic artery

Examination of a 52 -year- old man who falls from a horse and fractures a vertebra reveals a complete hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord at T5. He presents with a loss of pain and temperature sensation among other symptoms. Where is the lesion effect? A. Below the T5 dermatone on the right B. In all the dematones at T7 on the left C. In the T3 dermatone on the right D. In the upper and lower limbs on the left

Examination of a 52 -year- old man who falls from a horse and fractures a vertebra reveals a complete hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord at T5. He presents with a loss of pain and temperature sensation among other symptoms. Where is the lesion effect? A. Below the T5 dermatone on the right B. In all the dematones at T7 on the left (+) C. In the T3 dermatone on the right D. In the upper and lower limbs on the left

What is the mechanism that a rabies virus must have travelled to the brain of a patient with Rabies encephalities. A.anterograde B. Slow anterograde C. retrograde E. Pinocytosis

What is the mechanism that a rabies virus must have travelled to the brain of a patient with Rabies encephalities. A.anterograde B. Slow anterograde C. retrograde (+) E. Pinocytosis

What vessel supplies this gyrus? A. Anterior cerebral artery B. Middle cerebral artery C. Posterior cerebral artery

What vessel supplies this gyrus? A. Anterior cerebral artery (+) B. Middle cerebral artery C. Posterior cerebral artery

Where do the magnocellular (large-sized) neurons of the red nucleus project? A. Anterior horn of ipsilateral cervical spinal cord B. Anterior horn of contralateral cervical spinal cord C. Ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus D. Contralateral inferior olivary nucleus E. Dentate nucleus

Where do the magnocellular (large-sized) neurons of the red nucleus project? A. Anterior horn of ipsilateral cervical spinal cord B. Anterior horn of contralateral cervical spinal cord (+) C. Ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus D. Contralateral inferior olivary nucleus E. Dentate nucleus

Where do the parvocellular (small-sized) neurons of the red nucleus project? A. Anterior horn of ipsilateral cervical spinal cord B. Anterior horn of contralateral cervical spinal cord C. Ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus D. Contralateral inferior olivary nucleus E. Dentate nucleus

Where do the parvocellular (small-sized) neurons of the red nucleus project? A. Anterior horn of ipsilateral cervical spinal cord B. Anterior horn of contralateral cervical spinal cord C. Ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus (+) D. Contralateral inferior olivary nucleus E. Dentate nucleus

Which of the following are NOT a branch of the internal carotid artery? A. anterior cerebral artery B. middle cerebral artery C. posterior cerebral artery D. Ophthalmic

Which of the following are NOT a branch of the internal carotid artery? A. anterior cerebral artery B. middle cerebral artery C. posterior cerebral artery (+) D. Ophthalmic

Which of the following arteries supply the lateral medulla with blood? A. anterior spinal B. basilar C. posterior inferior cerebellar artery D. anterior inferior cerebellar artery E. posterior cerebral

Which of the following arteries supply the lateral medulla with blood? A. anterior spinal B. basilar C. posterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) D. anterior inferior cerebellar artery E. posterior cerebral

Which of the following arteries supply the lateral medulla with blood? A. anterior spinal B. basilar C. posterior inferior cerebellar artery D. anterior inferior cerebellar artery E. posterior cerebral

Which of the following arteries supply the lateral medulla with blood? A. anterior spinal B. basilar C. posterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) D. anterior inferior cerebellar artery E. posterior cerebral

1. A 74-year-old woman presents with a reduced facial expression, and shuffling gait. Other symptoms include monotonous speech, an increase in muscle tone in the arms, and a rhythmic tremor in the fingers (pill-rolling tremor). The patient's condition is directly linked to a loss or degeneration of a neurotransmitter system in the basal ganglia. Which neurotransmitter is degenerated, and in which basal ganglia structure? 2. A 65-year-old man is diagnosed with Parkinson disease. Which neurotransmitter system is affected and where is the loss or degeneration?

1. Dopamine from the SN Pars Compacta 2. Dopamine from the SN Pars Compacta It affects the direct pathway activity

1. A 78r-old man is diagnosed with Huntington's disease. Which neurotransmitter system is most likely to be affected? 2. A 65-year-old man is diagnosed with Parkinson disease. Which neurotransmitter system is affected and where is the loss or degeneration?

1. GABA coming from the striatum (head of the caudate N) 2. Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

A 45 year old woman with a history of hypertension experienced a brief "blackout". She had complained of severe headaches, nausea, dizziness and a roaring sound in the left ear during the previous day. She also had difficulty walking and called a cab to take her to the hospital. What causes this condition? Which blood vessel was occluded?

AICA

A 10 year-old boy has ataxia of his right arm and leg, and hoarseness. The patient's right pupil is smaller than the left (anisocoria). His right eyelid droops but does not cover the cornea. He has lost the ability to sweat on the right side of his body. His palate deviates to the right. Where is the likely site of the lesion? A.Right dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve B.Left red nucleus C.Dorsolateral medulla D.Dorsolateral pons E.Internal capsule

A 10 year-old boy has ataxia of his right arm and leg, and hoarseness. The patient's right pupil is smaller than the left (anisocoria). His right eyelid droops but does not cover the cornea. He has lost the ability to sweat on the right side of his body. His palate deviates to the right. Where is the likely site of the lesion? A.Right dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve B.Left red nucleus C.Dorsolateral medulla (+) D.Dorsolateral pons E.Internal capsule

A 16 year-old male has been shot with a small caliber bullet in the occiput. A CT scan shows that the bullet has damaged the left pyramid of the medulla. Which of the following would be the most prominent neurological deficit in this person? A. Hyperreflexia on the left side of his body B. Babinski (extensor) reflex on the right side of his body C. Fasciculations on the right side of his body D. Hyperreflexia on the right side of his body

A 16 year-old male has been shot with a small caliber bullet in the occiput. A CT scan shows that the bullet has damaged the left pyramid of the medulla. Which of the following would be the most prominent neurological deficit in this person? A. Hyperreflexia on the left side of his body B. Babinski (extensor) reflex on the right side of his body C. Fasciculations on the right side of his body D. Hyperreflexia on the right side of his body

A 34 year old man is diagnosed with a dancelike involuntary movements, that affects GABA neurons in the indirect pathway in the striatum, particularly in the head of caudate nucleus. What is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A. Hemibalismus B. Huntington's chorea C. Sydenham's disease D. Tourette's syndrome E. Wilson's disease

A 34 year old man is diagnosed with a dancelike involuntary movements, that affects GABA neurons in the indirect pathway in the striatum, particularly in the head of caudate nucleus. What is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A. Hemibalismus B. Huntington's chorea (+) C. Sydenham's disease D. Tourette's syndrome E. Wilson's disease

A 20 year-old man exhibits past pointing, and dysdiadochokinesia involving his right upper limb. Damage to which of the following could account for the patient's symptoms? A.Dentate nucleus B.Interposed nucleus C.Fastigial nucleus D.Flocculonodular lobe

A 20 year-old man exhibits past pointing, and dysdiadochokinesia involving his right upper limb. Damage to which of the following could account for the patient's symptoms? A.Dentate nucleus (+) B.Interposed nucleus C.Fastigial nucleus D.Flocculonodular lobe DENTATE NUCLEUS DYSMETRIA, DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA

A 23-year-old man presents with violent involuntary ballistic movements of the upper extremity. His MRI indicates a lacunar infarct in a perforating branch of a cerebral artery within a basal ganglia structure. What is the clinical condition, where is the lesion, and which artery is affected? A. Caudate nucleus, Dystonia B. Caudate nucleus, Sydenham's disease C. Putamen, Wilson's diseases D. Substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease E. Subthalamic nucleus, Hemiballismus

A 23-year-old man presents with violent involuntary ballistic movements of the upper extremity. His MRI indicates a lacunar infarct in a perforating branch of a cerebral artery within a basal ganglia structure. What is the clinical condition, where is the lesion, and which artery is affected? A. Caudate nucleus, Dystonia B. Caudate nucleus, Sydenham's disease C. Putamen, Wilson's diseases D. Substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease E. Subthalamic nucleus, Hemiballismus (+) The artery is the thalamoperforating branch of a posterior cerebral artery in hypersentive patients

A 33-year-old patient presents with violent involuntary ballistic movements of the upper extremity. Examination reveals a lacunar infarct in a perforating branch of a cerebral artery within a basal ganglia structure. Where is the lesion and what is the clinical condition? A. Caudate nucleus, Dystonia B. Caudate nucleus, Sydenham's disease C. Putamen, Wilson's diseases D. Substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease E. Subthalamic nucleus, Hemiballismus

A 33-year-old patient presents with violent involuntary ballistic movements of the upper extremity. Examination reveals a lacunar infarct in a perforating branch of a cerebral artery within a basal ganglia structure. Where is the lesion and what is the clinical condition? A. Caudate nucleus, Dystonia B. Caudate nucleus, Sydenham's disease C. Putamen, Wilson's diseases D. Substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease E. Subthalamic nucleus, Hemiballismus (+)

A 28-year-old man has been diagnosed with Huntington's disease. The disease is associated with a mutation on chromosome 4, and is characterized by degeneration of a neurotransmitter system in a structure within the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Which neurotransmitter is degenerated, and what is the result? A. Acetylcholine and GABA in the striatum, reduction of inhibition on the medial (internal ) pallidal segment B. Dopamine in the striatum, a reduction of striatal inhibition C. GABA in the striatum, reduction in the striatal inhibition on the lateral (external pallidal segment) D. Serotonin in the Globus pallidus, increased excitation of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

A 28-year-old man has been diagnosed with Huntington's disease. The disease is associated with a mutation on chromosome 4, and is characterized by degeneration of a neurotransmitter system in a structure within the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Which neurotransmitter is degenerated, and what is the result? A. Acetylcholine and GABA in the striatum, reduction of inhibition on the medial (internal ) pallidal segment B. Dopamine in the striatum, a reduction of striatal inhibition C. GABA in the striatum, reduction in the striatal inhibition on the lateral (external pallidal segment) (+) D. Serotonin in the Globus pallidus, increased excitation of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

A 28-year-old man presents with skin lesions, cold sores and blisters, identified as herpes simplex infection. The virus resides deep in the roots of the nerves that supply the involved area. The virus must have traveled to the roots of the nerves that supply the involved area through which mechanism? How did the virus travel to the cell body? A. Anterograde transport B. Diffusion C. Phagocytosis D. Pinocytosis E. Retrograde transport

A 28-year-old man presents with skin lesions, cold sores and blisters, identified as herpes simplex infection. The virus resides deep in the roots of the nerves that supply the involved area. The virus must have traveled to the roots of the nerves that supply the involved area through which mechanism? How did the virus travel to the cell body? A. Anterograde transport B. Diffusion C. Phagocytosis D. Pinocytosis E. Retrograde transport (+)

A 30 year old woman experiences the world through taste. She tastes music, colors, shapes and even people's emotions. She has a hard time remembering what things look or sound like, but she can immediately identify objects based on their synesthetic flavors. This patient is diagnosed with which of the following conditions? A. Synaesthesia B. Visual agnosia C. Asterogenosis

A 30 year old woman experiences the world through taste. She tastes music, colors, shapes and even people's emotions. She has a hard time remembering what things look or sound like, but she can immediately identify objects based on their synesthetic flavors. This patient is diagnosed with which of the following conditions? A. Synaesthesia (+) B. Visual agnosia C. Asterogenosis

A 35 year-old woman is being evaluated by a neurologist. She exhibits blindness in her left temporal visual field and in her right nasal visual field. Lesion to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Left anterior cerebral artery B.Left posterior cerebral artery C.Optic chiasm D.Right anterior cerebral artery E.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 35 year-old woman is being evaluated by a neurologist. She exhibits blindness in her left temporal visual field and in her right nasal visual field. Lesion to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Left anterior cerebral artery B.Left posterior cerebral artery C.Optic chiasm D.Right anterior cerebral artery E.Right posterior cerebral artery (+)

A 37-year-old man is being examined by a neurologist. His pupils were symmetric and normally responsive to light. Hearing was normal. Corneal, gag, uvula and jaw-jerk reflexes were normal. Ocular movements were all intact but he had a right homonymous hemianopsia. His MRI reveals no damage in the cortical or associated structures. Where is the lesion? A. Right lateral geniculate nucleus B. Left Lateral geniculate nucleus C. Primary visual cortex D. Medial geniculate nucleus

A 37-year-old man is being examined by a neurologist. His pupils were symmetric and normally responsive to light. Hearing was normal. Corneal, gag, uvula and jaw-jerk reflexes were normal. Ocular movements were all intact but he had a right homonymous hemianopsia. His MRI reveals no damage in the cortical or associated structures. Where is the lesion? A. Right lateral geniculate nucleus B. Left Lateral geniculate nucleus (+) C. Primary visual cortex D. Medial geniculate nucleus

A 43-year old man was brought to the emergency department (ER) due to 7-days progressive weakness that affect sensory and motor functions. Examination reveals that the weakness first appears in her toes, them move to her feet, knees and hands. The neurologist suspected onset of multiple Guillain-Barre syndrome. Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following represents the mechanism associated with the clinical condition? A. Demyelination of the axons within the peripheral nerves . Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the PNS are degenerated C. Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS are degenerated D. Loss of Schwan cells in the PNS E. Loss of dopamine neurons in the PNS and CNS

A 43-year old man was brought to the emergency department (ER) due to 7-days progressive weakness that affect sensory and motor functions. Examination reveals that the weakness first appears in her toes, them move to her feet, knees and hands. The neurologist suspected onset of multiple Guillain-Barre syndrome. Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following represents the mechanism associated with the clinical condition? A. Demyelination of the axons within the peripheral nerves . Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the PNS are degenerated C. Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS are degenerated (+) D. Loss of Schwan cells in the PNS E. Loss of dopamine neurons in the PNS and CNS

A 43-year-old man with a severe headache is admitted to the hospital. His MRI reveals the presence of a vascular occlusion of a wide area of the frontal and parietal lobes that damaged most of the axons that supply the basal ganglia. Which of the following regions of the basal ganglia receive cortical afferent inputs? A. Claustrum B. Striatum C. Substantia nigra D. Subthalamic nucleus

A 43-year-old man with a severe headache is admitted to the hospital. His MRI reveals the presence of a vascular occlusion of a wide area of the frontal and parietal lobes that damaged most of the axons that supply the basal ganglia. Which of the following regions of the basal ganglia receive cortical afferent inputs? A. Claustrum B. Striatum (+) C. Substantia nigra D. Subthalamic nucleus

A 45 year old man is diagnosed with a clinical condition that affects the primary transmitter released from the terminals of the striatal and pallidal neurons (striato-pallidal pathway). What is the primary neurotransmitter that is released from the terminals of the striatal and pallidal neurons (striato-pallidal pathway)? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Epinephrine D. GABA E. Glutamate

A 45 year old man is diagnosed with a clinical condition that affects the primary transmitter released from the terminals of the striatal and pallidal neurons (striato-pallidal pathway). What is the primary neurotransmitter that is released from the terminals of the striatal and pallidal neurons (striato-pallidal pathway)? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Epinephrine D. GABA (+) E. Glutamate

A 46 year old man presents with Upper motor neuron signs of the right arm and leg of the same severity. Examination reveals a marked weakness of the right arm and leg with increased deep tendon reflexes and a Babinski sign. Where is the lesion?  A. Primary motor cortex B. Primary somatosensory cortex C. Internal capsule  D. Anterior horn of the spinal cord

A 46 year old man presents with Upper motor neuron signs of the right arm and leg of the same severity. Examination reveals a marked weakness of the right arm and leg with increased deep tendon reflexes and a Babinski sign. Where is the lesion?  A. Primary motor cortex B. Primary somatosensory cortex C. Internal capsule  (+) D. Anterior horn of the spinal cord

A 46-year-old man is diagnosed with a motor neuron disease that affects the ventral horns at L1 to L4. Which of the following clinical signs best describes the signs and symptoms likely to be present in this patient? Babinski signs Clasp-knife spasticity Clonus Fasciculations (+) Hyperreflexia

A 46-year-old man is diagnosed with a motor neuron disease that affects the ventral horns at L1 to L4. Which of the following clinical signs best describes the signs and symptoms likely to be present in this patient? Babinski signs Clasp-knife spasticity Clonus Fasciculations (+) Hyperreflexia

A 46-year-old man presents to his physician exhibiting dancelike involuntary movements. Examination reveals degeneration of indirect pathway GABA neurons in the striatum, especially in the head of caudate nucleus. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A. Hemibalismus B. Huntington's chorea C. Sydenham's disease D. Tourette's syndrome E. Wilson's disease

A 46-year-old man presents to his physician exhibiting dancelike involuntary movements. Examination reveals degeneration of indirect pathway GABA neurons in the striatum, especially in the head of caudate nucleus. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A. Hemibalismus B. Huntington's chorea (+) C. Sydenham's disease D. Tourette's syndrome E. Wilson's disease

A 46-year-old man presents with dancelike involuntary movements. He is diagnosed with a degenerative disorder that affects a basal ganglia structure. Which of the following is the most likely site for the degeneration? A. Globus pallidus internal B. Subthalamic nucleus C. Striatum, head of caudate nucleus D. Substantia nigra, pars compacta E. Ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus

A 46-year-old man presents with dancelike involuntary movements. He is diagnosed with a degenerative disorder that affects a basal ganglia structure. Which of the following is the most likely site for the degeneration? A. Globus pallidus internal B. Subthalamic nucleus C. Striatum, head of caudate nucleus (+) D. Substantia nigra, pars compacta E. Ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus

A 47 year-old man exhibits difficulty in swallowing. The gag reflex is absent on the right side. The uvula deviates to the left, and the soft palate fails to elevate on the right side. Lesion to which of the following could explain the patient's symptoms? A.Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus B.Hypoglossal nucleus C.Nucleus ambiguus D.Nucleus gracilis E.Nucleus of the tractus solitarius

A 47 year-old man exhibits difficulty in swallowing. The gag reflex is absent on the right side. The uvula deviates to the left, and the soft palate fails to elevate on the right side. Lesion to which of the following could explain the patient's symptoms? A.Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus B.Hypoglossal nucleus C.Nucleus ambiguus (+) D.Nucleus gracilis E.Nucleus of the tractus solitarius

A 48 year-old woman exhibits an oculomotor palsy involving the right eye. An ataxic gait is seen on the left, with a tendency to fall to the left. The left arm exhibits an intention tremor. Hemianesthesia for fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense is seen on the left side of the body. Lesion of which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Anterior inferior cerebellar artery B.Anterior spinal artery C.Basilar artery D.Posterior cerebral artery E.Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Bonus: what's the syndrome?

A 48 year-old woman exhibits an oculomotor palsy involving the right eye. An ataxic gait is seen on the left, with a tendency to fall to the left. The left arm exhibits an intention tremor. Hemianesthesia for fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense is seen on the left side of the body. Lesion of which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Anterior inferior cerebellar artery B.Anterior spinal artery C.Basilar artery D.Posterior cerebral artery E.Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) BENEDIKT'S SYNDROME - POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

A 48 year-old woman is being evaluated by a neurologist. The patient exhibits a clumsy gait, with a tendency to fall to either side. The patient exhibits a bilateral intention (action) tremor. The patient exhibits bilateral weakness and numbness with tingling of the arms, legs, and trunk. When she closes her eyes, she sways and falls. A Babinski sign is present bilaterally. The patient is a confirmed vegetarian on a strict macrobiotic diet. She has a megaloblastic anemia. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A.Friedreich's ataxia B.Huntington's chorea C.Olivopontocerebellar degeneration D.Subacute combined degeneration E.Syringomyelia

A 48 year-old woman is being evaluated by a neurologist. The patient exhibits a clumsy gait, with a tendency to fall to either side. The patient exhibits a bilateral intention (action) tremor. The patient exhibits bilateral weakness and numbness with tingling of the arms, legs, and trunk. When she closes her eyes, she sways and falls. A Babinski sign is present bilaterally. The patient is a confirmed vegetarian on a strict macrobiotic diet. She has a megaloblastic anemia. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A.Friedreich's ataxia B.Huntington's chorea C.Olivopontocerebellar degeneration D.Subacute combined degeneration (+) E.Syringomyelia

A 48 year-old woman is being evaluated by a neurologist. When the patient is asked to protrude her tongue, it deviates to the left. Fasciculations are noted on the left half of the tongue. Lesion of which of the following could account for the patient's symptoms? A.Left glossopharyngeal nerve B.Left hypoglossal nerve C.Left vagus nerve D.Right glossopharyngeal nerve E.Right hypoglossal nerve F.Right vagus nerve

A 48 year-old woman is being evaluated by a neurologist. When the patient is asked to protrude her tongue, it deviates to the left. Fasciculations are noted on the left half of the tongue. Lesion of which of the following could account for the patient's symptoms? A.Left glossopharyngeal nerve B.Left hypoglossal nerve (+) C.Left vagus nerve D.Right glossopharyngeal nerve E.Right hypoglossal nerve F.Right vagus nerve

A 48-year-old woman presents with a loss of vibratory sense in the lower limb on the right, weakness and hypereactive reflexes in the lower limb on the right, and a loss of pain and temperature that begins below the T8 dermatone on the left. Where is the lesion? A. T6 spinal cord segment on the left B. T8 spinal cord segment on the left C. T6 spinal cord segment on the right D. T8 spinal cord segment on the right E. T10 spinal cord segment on the right

A 48-year-old woman presents with a loss of vibratory sense in the lower limb on the right, weakness and hypereactive reflexes in the lower limb on the right, and a loss of pain and temperature that begins below the T8 dermatone on the left. Where is the lesion? A. T6 spinal cord segment on the left B. T8 spinal cord segment on the left C. T6 spinal cord segment on the right (+) D. T8 spinal cord segment on the right E. T10 spinal cord segment on the right

A 49 year-old man is being examined by a neurologist. The patient exhibits weakness on the left half of his body. The left patellar tendon reflex is more brisk than the right. Loss of sensation for fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense is noted over the left half of the body. When the patient is asked to protrude the tongue, it deviates to the right. Fasciculations are observed over the right half of the tongue. Damage to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Left anterior inferior cerebellar artery B.Left anterior spinal artery C.Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery D.Left anterior inferior cerebellar artery E.Right anterior spinal artery F.Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery Bonus: What syndrome & artery?

A 49 year-old man is being examined by a neurologist. The patient exhibits weakness on the left half of his body. The left patellar tendon reflex is more brisk than the right. Loss of sensation for fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense is noted over the left half of the body. When the patient is asked to protrude the tongue, it deviates to the right. Fasciculations are observed over the right half of the tongue. Damage to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Left anterior inferior cerebellar artery B.Left anterior spinal artery C.Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery D.Left anterior inferior cerebellar artery E.Right anterior spinal artery (+) F.Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery MEDIAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME OF DEJERINE - ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY

A 49 year-old woman has lost the ability to smile or frown on the left side of her face. She is deaf on the left side. The patient exhibits nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. She has anesthesia for pain and temperature on the left side of her face and the right side of her body. She walks with a wide-based poorly coordinated gait and has difficulty in standing on her left leg. She has a tendency to fall to the left. The patient's left eyelid tends to droop, but does not obscure the cornea. The left pupil is miotic. The patient sweats only on the left side of her face. Lesion to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Lateral caudal pons B.Lateral medulla C.Lateral midpons D.Medial caudal pons E.Medial medulla F.Medial midpons

A 49 year-old woman has lost the ability to smile or frown on the left side of her face. She is deaf on the left side. The patient exhibits nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. She has anesthesia for pain and temperature on the left side of her face and the right side of her body. She walks with a wide-based poorly coordinated gait and has difficulty in standing on her left leg. She has a tendency to fall to the left. The patient's left eyelid tends to droop, but does not obscure the cornea. The left pupil is miotic. The patient sweats only on the left side of her face. Lesion to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Lateral caudal pons (+) B.Lateral medulla C.Lateral midpons D.Medial caudal pons E.Medial medulla F.Medial midpons

A 49-year-old woman is diagnosed with Huntington's disease. Which neurotransmitter is degenerated, and what is the result? A. Acetylcholine and GABA in the striatum, reduction of inhibition on the medial (internal ) pallidal segment B. Dopamine in the striatum, a reduction of striatal inhibition C. GABA in the striatum, reduction in the striatal inhibition on the lateral (external pallidal segment) D. Serotonin in the Globus pallidus, increased excitation of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

A 49-year-old woman is diagnosed with Huntington's disease. Which neurotransmitter is degenerated, and what is the result? A. Acetylcholine and GABA in the striatum, reduction of inhibition on the medial (internal ) pallidal segment B. Dopamine in the striatum, a reduction of striatal inhibition C. GABA in the striatum, reduction in the striatal inhibition on the lateral (external pallidal segment) (+) D. Serotonin in the Globus pallidus, increased excitation of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

A 53 year old woman undergoes evaluation for neurological symptoms. MRI reveals bilateral infarcts in the thalami. The patient displays a loss of sensory stimulus that reaches the cortex without relay in the Thalami. Which of the following sensory pathways reaches the cortex without relay in the Thalami? A. Proprioception B. Pain C. Smell D. Vision E. Hearing F. Taste

A 53 year old woman undergoes evaluation for neurological symptoms. MRI reveals bilateral infarcts in the thalami. The patient displays a loss of sensory stimulus that reaches the cortex without relay in the Thalami. Which of the following sensory pathways reaches the cortex without relay in the Thalami? A. Proprioception B. Pain C. Smell (+) D. Vision E. Hearing F. Taste

A 54 year-old man presents to the emergency department following a sudden illness. Thje patient exhibits weakness on the right side of his body, with the arm and trunk more involved than the leg. The patient's speech is slurred. He is unable to recognize coins by their shape. The patient is aware of pinprick sensation on his right hand, but is unable to localize the sensation. He exhibits loss of fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense involving the right arm and trunk with sparing of the right leg. Several days later the muscles of his right arm and trunk exhibit hypertonia and hyperreflexia. A Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the bottom of the patient's right foot. Lesion of which of the following explains the patient's symptoms? A.Anterior cerebral artery B.Basilar artery C.Lateral striate artery D.Middle cerebral artery E.Posterior cerebral artery

A 54 year-old man presents to the emergency department following a sudden illness. Thje patient exhibits weakness on the right side of his body, with the arm and trunk more involved than the leg. The patient's speech is slurred. He is unable to recognize coins by their shape. The patient is aware of pinprick sensation on his right hand, but is unable to localize the sensation. He exhibits loss of fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense involving the right arm and trunk with sparing of the right leg. Several days later the muscles of his right arm and trunk exhibit hypertonia and hyperreflexia. A Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the bottom of the patient's right foot. Lesion of which of the following explains the patient's symptoms? A.Anterior cerebral artery B.Basilar artery C.Lateral striate artery D.Middle cerebral artery (+) E.Posterior cerebral artery

A 54 year-old woman diabetic exhibits weakness on the right side of her body in which the arm, trunk, and leg are equally affected. She has lost sensation on the right side of her body, In which the arm, trunk, and leg are equally affected. Visual field testing reveals normal visual fields. Lesion to which of the following explains the patient's findings? A.Left lateral striate arteries B.Left middle cerebral artery - cortical branches C.Left posterior cerebral artery D.Right lateral striate arteries E.Right middle cerebral artery - cortical branches F.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 54 year-old woman diabetic exhibits weakness on the right side of her body in which the arm, trunk, and leg are equally affected. She has lost sensation on the right side of her body, In which the arm, trunk, and leg are equally affected. Visual field testing reveals normal visual fields. Lesion to which of the following explains the patient's findings? A.Left lateral striate arteries (+) B.Left middle cerebral artery - cortical branches C.Left posterior cerebral artery D.Right lateral striate arteries E.Right middle cerebral artery - cortical branches F.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 55 year-old man has lost bitter taste sensation on the posterior third of the left side of his tongue. He has lost sensation of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Damage to which of the following could account for the patient's symptoms? A.Ciliary ganglion B.Geniculate ganglion C.Nodose ganglion D.Petrosal ganglion E.Semilunar ganglion

A 55 year-old man has lost bitter taste sensation on the posterior third of the left side of his tongue. He has lost sensation of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Damage to which of the following could account for the patient's symptoms? A.Ciliary ganglion B.Geniculate ganglion C.Nodose ganglion D.Petrosal ganglion (+) E.Semilunar ganglion

A 55 year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her daughter a week after a sudden illness. The patient exhibits weakness on the left half of her body. Loss of sensation for fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense is noted over the left half of her body. When the patient is asked to protrude her tongue, it deviates to the right. Fasciculations are observed over the right half of her tongue. Which of the following correctly localizes the lesion in this patient? A.Lateral caudal pons B.Lateral medulla C.Lateral midpons D.Medial medulla E.Medial caudal pons F.Medial midpons Bonus: What syndrome is this?

A 55 year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her daughter a week after a sudden illness. The patient exhibits weakness on the left half of her body. Loss of sensation for fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense is noted over the left half of her body. When the patient is asked to protrude her tongue, it deviates to the right. Fasciculations are observed over the right half of her tongue. Which of the following correctly localizes the lesion in this patient? A.Lateral caudal pons B.Lateral medulla C.Lateral midpons D.Medial medulla (+) E.Medial caudal pons F.Medial midpons MEDIAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME OF DEJERINE

A 56 year old man presents with contra Paraesthesia, Hemianesthesia and Hyperalgesia and. Where is the lesion? A. VA B. VL C. VPL

A 56 year old man presents with contra Paraesthesia, Hemianesthesia and Hyperalgesia and. Where is the lesion? A. VA B. VL C. VPL (+)

A 56 year-old man exhibits dysphagia, hoarseness (dysphonia), vertigo, nausea, vomiting and nystagmus. Examination reveals a loss of pain and temperature to the left side of the face and the right side of the body. The patient exhibits a wide-based gait ataxia affecting the left side of the body. Dysmetria and intention tremor are present on the left. The patient is unable to make rapidly alternating movements of his left hand. The gag reflex is absent on the left side of the body. The uvula is deviated to the right, and the soft palate fails to elevate on the left side. Incomplete drooping of the eyelid is present on the left, and the left pupil is constricted. Lesion to which of the following explains the patient's symptoms? A.Left anterior spinal artery B.Left anterior inferior cerebellar artery C.Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery D.Right anterior spinal artery E.Right anterior inferior cerebellar artery F.Right posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A 56 year-old man exhibits dysphagia, hoarseness (dysphonia), vertigo, nausea, vomiting and nystagmus. Examination reveals a loss of pain and temperature to the left side of the face and the right side of the body. The patient exhibits a wide-based gait ataxia affecting the left side of the body. Dysmetria and intention tremor are present on the left. The patient is unable to make rapidly alternating movements of his left hand. The gag reflex is absent on the left side of the body. The uvula is deviated to the right, and the soft palate fails to elevate on the left side. Incomplete drooping of the eyelid is present on the left, and the left pupil is constricted. Lesion to which of the following explains the patient's symptoms? A.Left anterior spinal artery B.Left anterior inferior cerebellar artery C.Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) D.Right anterior spinal artery E.Right anterior inferior cerebellar artery F.Right posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A 56-year-old woman is diagnosed with a basal ganglia disorder due to the degeneration of most of the neuronal cell bodies in the putamen and Globus pallidus including their projections. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be depleted? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Glycine

A 56-year-old woman is diagnosed with a basal ganglia disorder due to the degeneration of most of the neuronal cell bodies in the putamen and Globus pallidus including their projections. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be depleted? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA(+) D. Glycine

A 57 year old man undergoes evaluation for neurological symptoms. MRI reveals a bilateral tumor in the thalamic nuclei that receives motor input from the extrapyramidal (striatal) motor system (globus pallidus and substantia nigra) and the cerebellum (dentate gyrus). Which of the following thalamic nucleus will be affected? A. Lateral dorsal nucleus B. Mediodorsal nucleus C. Ventral lateral nucleus D. Ventral posterior nucleus E. Lateral posterior nucleus

A 57 year old man undergoes evaluation for neurological symptoms. MRI reveals a bilateral tumor in the thalamic nuclei that receives motor input from the extrapyramidal (striatal) motor system (globus pallidus and substantia nigra) and the cerebellum (dentate gyrus). Which of the following thalamic nucleus will be affected? A. Lateral dorsal nucleus B. Mediodorsal nucleus C. Ventral lateral nucleus (+) D. Ventral posterior nucleus E. Lateral posterior nucleus

A 57 year-old woman is unable to smile or frown on the left side of her face. She is deaf on the left side. She has anesthesia for pain and temperature on the right side of her body. She walks with a wide-based poorly coordinated gait and tends to fall to the left. The patient's right eyelid tends to droop, but does not obscure the cornea. The right pupil is miotic. Lesion to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Anterior inferior cerebellar artery B.Anterior spinal artery C.Posterior inferior cerebellar artery D.Superior cerebellar artery E.Vertebral artery

A 57 year-old woman is unable to smile or frown on the left side of her face. She is deaf on the left side. She has anesthesia for pain and temperature on the right side of her body. She walks with a wide-based poorly coordinated gait and tends to fall to the left. The patient's right eyelid tends to droop, but does not obscure the cornea. The right pupil is miotic. Lesion to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A.Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) B.Anterior spinal artery C.Posterior inferior cerebellar artery D.Superior cerebellar artery E.Vertebral artery Lateral Caudal Pontine Syndrome AICA

A 58 year-old chronic alcoholic homeless man is being evaluated in the emergency department. The patient walks with a stumbling gait, with a tendency to fall to either side. He performs poorly on the heel-to-shin test on both legs. He exhibits pendular reflexes. He performs poorly on the tandem walking test. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A.Anterior vermis syndrome B.Benedikt's syndrome C.Lateral medullary syndrome of Wallenberg D.Olivopontocerebellar degeneration E.Posterior vermis syndrome

A 58 year-old chronic alcoholic homeless man is being evaluated in the emergency department. The patient walks with a stumbling gait, with a tendency to fall to either side. He performs poorly on the heel-to-shin test on both legs. He exhibits pendular reflexes. He performs poorly on the tandem walking test. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis of this patient's condition? A.Anterior vermis syndrome (+) B.Benedikt's syndrome C.Lateral medullary syndrome of Wallenberg D.Olivopontocerebellar degeneration E.Posterior vermis syndrome

A 60 year old man is diagnosed with a degenerative disorder that affects a basal ganglia structure. Medical history reveals that the disease is genetically inherited. Which of the following is the most likely site for the degeneration? A. Globus pallidus internal B. Subthalamic nucleus C. Striatum, head of caudate nucleus D. Substantia nigra, pars compacta E. VL nucleus of the thalamus

A 60 year old man is diagnosed with a degenerative disorder that affects a basal ganglia structure. Medical history reveals that the disease is genetically inherited. Which of the following is the most likely site for the degeneration? A. Globus pallidus internal B. Subthalamic nucleus C. Striatum, head of caudate nucleus (+) D. Substantia nigra, pars compacta E. VL nucleus of the thalamus

A 60 year old man was noticed by his son as suddenly acting confused complaining of loss conscious proprioception. Examination reveals that Pain and temperature sensation on the right were normal but proprioception was not. Where is the lesion? A. Right internal capsule B. Left internal capsule C. Right primary somatosensory cortex D. Right primary somatosensory cortex E. Left Medial lemniscus F. Right Medial lemniscus

A 60 year old man was noticed by his son as suddenly acting confused complaining of loss conscious proprioception. Examination reveals that Pain and temperature sensation on the right were normal but proprioception was not. Where is the lesion? A. Right internal capsule B. Left internal capsule C. Right primary somatosensory cortex D. Right primary somatosensory cortex E. Left Medial lemniscus (+) F. Right Medial lemniscus

A 62-year-old female teacher with a long history of hypertension was astonished to find that she could not read the book on her desk. She tried to read small printed items then large printed items but could not comprehend them. At her neurologic exam she was intelligent, alert, and well oriented. She demonstrated a right homonymous hemianopsia. She understood information presented orally or auditorily but could not name letters of the alphabet shown to her visually though she could identify and name them by touch. Her response to letters presented visually was to describe their shape but she could not name them. When asked to write her insurance information she did so accurately but couldn't read back what she wrote. Occlusion of which of the following would explain the patient's condition? A. Left anterior cerebral artery B. Left posterior cerebral artery C. Right anterior cerebral artery D. Right posterior cerebral artery

A 62-year-old female teacher with a long history of hypertension was astonished to find that she could not read the book on her desk. She tried to read small printed items then large printed items but could not comprehend them. At her neurologic exam she was intelligent, alert, and well oriented. She demonstrated a right homonymous hemianopsia. She understood information presented orally or auditorily but could not name letters of the alphabet shown to her visually though she could identify and name them by touch. Her response to letters presented visually was to describe their shape but she could not name them. When asked to write her insurance information she did so accurately but couldn't read back what she wrote. Occlusion of which of the following would explain the patient's condition? A. Left anterior cerebral artery B. Left posterior cerebral artery (+) C. Right anterior cerebral artery D. Right posterior cerebral artery

A 62-year-old patient diagnosed with prostate carcinoma complains of a right-sided headache worsening over 4 days and displays a drooping right upper eyelid. Examination reveals a right third nerve palsy. An MRI reveals a single metastasis of the prostatic carcinoma in the right side of the midbrain, causing Benedikt's syndrome. Which of the following signs would also be seen in this patient? (A) complete paralysis of facial expression musculature on the left side (B) deviation of the tongue to the right (C) intention tremor in the left upper and lower extremity (D) ipsilateral hemiplegia (E) vertical gaze palsy

A 62-year-old patient diagnosed with prostate carcinoma complains of a right-sided headache worsening over 4 days and displays a drooping right upper eyelid. Examination reveals a right third nerve palsy. An MRI reveals a single metastasis of the prostatic carcinoma in the right side of the midbrain, causing Benedikt's syndrome. Which of the following signs would also be seen in this patient? (A) complete paralysis of facial expression musculature on the left side (B) deviation of the tongue to the right (C) intention tremor in the left upper & lower extremity ++ (D) ipsilateral hemiplegia (E) vertical gaze palsy

A 63-year-old man with Parkinson disease visits his physician as part of the routine follow-up. As he sits quietly in the chair, he exhibits rhythmic movements of his fingers (pill-rolling tremor). As soon as he reaches to touch the physician's fingers, the movement disappears. Which of the following describes the patient's disorder? A. Athetosis B. Dysdiadochokinesia C. Intention tremor D. Resting tremor

A 63-year-old man with Parkinson disease visits his physician as part of the routine follow-up. As he sits quietly in the chair, he exhibits rhythmic movements of his fingers (pill-rolling tremor). As soon as he reaches to touch the physician's fingers, the movement disappears. Which of the following describes the patient's disorder? A. Athetosis B. Dysdiadochokinesia C. Intention tremor D. Resting tremor (+)

A 64 year old woman presents to the emergency unit with severe low back pain. The pain which started two weeks ago has been keeping her awake at night. The pain has acutely worsened over the past two days as he is not relieved with over the counter pain medications. He takes no other medication. He has no drug allergies. He does not use tobacco, alcohol or illicit drugs. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examinations reveals pain in the low back region with flexing of the back and raising of the legs. Pinprick in the perinanal does not cause rapid contraction of the anal sphincter. Which of the following nerve roots or dermatomes are most likely to be involved in her condition. A. T12 (2%) B. L2 (5%) C. CL4 (5%) D. L5 (7%) E. E. S1 (30%) F. F S4 (51%)

A 64 year old woman presents to the emergency unit with severe low back pain. The pain which started two weeks ago has been keeping her awake at night. The pain has acutely worsened over the past two days as he is not relieved with over the counter pain medications. He takes no other medication. He has no drug allergies. He does not use tobacco, alcohol or illicit drugs. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examinations reveals pain in the low back region with flexing of the back and raising of the legs. Pinprick in the perinanal does not cause rapid contraction of the anal sphincter. Which of the following nerve roots or dermatomes are most likely to be involved in her condition. A. T12 (2%) B. L2 (5%) C. CL4 (5%) D. L5 (7%) E. E. S1 (30%) F. F S4 (51%) ++

A neuroanatomist is using tract tracing studies to identify structures in the direct pathways of the basal ganglia that mediate their effects through disinhibition. The direct interaction of which of the following structures creates such disinhibiting effects? A. Globus Pallidus external segment and sub thalamic nucleus B. Globus pallidus internal segment and VA of the thalamus C. Putamen and Globus pallidus internal segment D. Substantia nigra, Pars compacta and Putamen

A neuroanatomist is using tract tracing studies to identify structures in the direct pathways of the basal ganglia that mediate their effects through disinhibition. The direct interaction of which of the following structures creates such disinhibiting effects? A. Globus Pallidus external segment and sub thalamic nucleus B. Globus pallidus internal segment and VA of the thalamus C. Putamen and Globus pallidus internal segment (+) D. Substantia nigra, Pars compacta and Putamen

A 77-year-old non-smoking female patient underwent a tension-free vaginal tape procedure for treatment of female urinary incontinence. Following recovery from general anaesthesia she reported acute onset of smell problems for which she required referral to the smell outpatient clinic. Examination reveals that there is olfactory dysfunction, due to the impairment of olfactory stimuli leading to an altered sense of smell, such that odours of a sweet wine was being interpreted as odours of gasoline.Which of the following best describes her clinical condition? A. Hyposmia B. Dysosmia C. Dysgeusia D. Hypogeusia

A 77-year-old non-smoking female patient underwent a tension-free vaginal tape procedure for treatment of female urinary incontinence. Following recovery from general anaesthesia she reported acute onset of smell problems for which she required referral to the smell outpatient clinic. Examination reveals that there is olfactory dysfunction, due to the impairment of olfactory stimuli leading to an altered sense of smell, such that odours of a sweet wine was being interpreted as odours of gasoline.Which of the following best describes her clinical condition? A. Hyposmia B. Dysosmia (+) C. Dysgeusia D. Hypogeusia

A 68 year old woman has been placed in a nursing home by her son because she can no longer be cared for at home. She is continually wandering away from the house and getting lost in the neighborhood. She has difficulty keeping her room in order. She misplaces articles of clothing and sometimes dresses herself in an odd fashion. These problems have gotten progressively worse over the past 6 years. She took early retirement as an accountant because she was having trouble keeping her clients accounts in order. There is no history of trauma. She has no history of seizures. Which set of histopathologic findings is most typical for her underlying disease process: A Atrophy of caudate nucleus and gliosis B Wallerian degeneration and gliosis C Substantia nigra depigmentation and loss of neurons D Grouped atrophy of muscle with anterior horn cell loss E Neurofibrillary tangles and senile neuritic plaques

A 68 year old woman has been placed in a nursing home by her son because she can no longer be cared for at home. She is continually wandering away from the house and getting lost in the neighborhood. She has difficulty keeping her room in order. She misplaces articles of clothing and sometimes dresses herself in an odd fashion. These problems have gotten progressively worse over the past 6 years. She took early retirement as an accountant because she was having trouble keeping her clients accounts in order. There is no history of trauma. She has no history of seizures. Which set of histopathologic findings is most typical for her underlying disease process: A Atrophy of caudate nucleus and gliosis B Wallerian degeneration and gliosis C Substantia nigra depigmentation and loss of neurons D Grouped atrophy of muscle with anterior horn cell loss E Neurofibrillary tangles and senile neuritic plaques (+)

A 68 year-old man exhibits weakness in both legs without involvement of his arms and trunks. His patellar tendon reflexes are increased. He exhibits anesthesia for pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch, and vibratory sense on both legs, but without involvement of his arms and trunk. A tumor of which of the following explains the patient's findings? A. Anterior cranial fossa B.Falx cerebri C.Falx cerebelli D.Posterior cranial fossa E.Tentorium cerebelli

A 68 year-old man exhibits weakness in both legs without involvement of his arms and trunks. His patellar tendon reflexes are increased. He exhibits anesthesia for pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch, and vibratory sense on both legs, but without involvement of his arms and trunk. A tumor of which of the following explains the patient's findings? A.Anterior cranial fossa B.Falx cerebri (+) C.Falx cerebelli D.Posterior cranial fossa E.Tentorium cerebelli

A 68-year-old man suffered a stroke caused by an occlusion of the superficial branches of the right anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the patient's condition? A A loss of discrimination touch from the right side of the face B. A spastic weakness of the left lower limb C. Inability to look to the left with both eyes D. Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the left upper limb E. Lower facial weakness on the left

A 68-year-old man suffered a stroke caused by an occlusion of the superficial branches of the right anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the patient's condition? A A loss of discrimination touch from the right side of the face B. A spastic weakness of the left lower limb (+) C. Inability to look to the left with both eyes D. Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the left upper limb E. Lower facial weakness on the left

A 68-year-old man suffered a stroke caused by an occlusion that supplies the gyrus shown with the arrow. Which of the following artery is most likely to be affected? A. Anterior cerebral artery B. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery C. Middle cerebral artery D. Posterior cerebral artery E. posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A 68-year-old man suffered a stroke caused by an occlusion that supplies the gyrus shown with the arrow. Which of the following artery is most likely to be affected? A. Anterior cerebral artery (+) B. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery C. Middle cerebral artery D. Posterior cerebral artery E. posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A 68-year-old-man is diagnosed with a basal ganglia disorder due to the degeneration of the primary neurotransmitter associated with neuronal cell bodies located in the subthalamopallidal fibers that project to the medial segment of the Globus pallidus. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be affected? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Glycine

A 68-year-old-man is diagnosed with a basal ganglia disorder due to the degeneration of the primary neurotransmitter associated with neuronal cell bodies located in the subthalamopallidal fibers that project to the medial segment of the Globus pallidus. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be affected? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA (+) D. Glycine

A 70 year old male presents with a 2 day history of worsening generalized headache and increasing obtundation. He now complains of stiffness in his neck. Vital signs include T 38.7 C,pulse 85, respirations 23, and blood pressure 130/85 mm Hg. A CBC reveals a WBC count of 16,850/microliter. Serum electrolytes reveal a sodium of 145 mmol/L, potassium 4.3 mmol/L, chloride 103 mmol/L, CO2 26 mmol/L, urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL, and glucose 88 mg/dL. A lumbar puncture yields cloudy cerebrospinal fluid with a glucose of 32 mg/dL, protein 146 mg/dL, and cell count of 3800 WBCs (95% PMNs and 5 % mononuclears) and 122 RBCs. This condition has the potential to result (sooner or later) in which of the following conditions? A Hydrocephalus B Thrombosis and infarction C Abscess D Bacterial meningitis E Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A 70 year old male presents with a 2 day history of worsening generalized headache and increasing obtundation. He now complains of stiffness in his neck. Vital signs include T 38.7 C,pulse 85, respirations 23, and blood pressure 130/85 mm Hg. A CBC reveals a WBC count of 16,850/microliter. Serum electrolytes reveal a sodium of 145 mmol/L, potassium 4.3 mmol/L, chloride 103 mmol/L, CO2 26 mmol/L, urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL, and glucose 88 mg/dL. A lumbar puncture yields cloudy cerebrospinal fluid with a glucose of 32 mg/dL, protein 146 mg/dL, and cell count of 3800 WBCs (95% PMNs and 5 % mononuclears) and 122 RBCs. This condition has the potential to result (sooner or later) in which of the following conditions? A Hydrocephalus B Thrombosis and infarction C Abscess D Bacterial meningitis (+) E Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A neuropathologist is investigating the mechanism for the transport of a herpes virus s to the brain. Which of this should be the focus of attention? A. Anterograde B. Retrograde C. Pinocytosis

A neuropathologist is investigating the mechanism for the transport of a herpes virus s to the brain. Which of this should be the focus of attention? A. Anterograde B. Retrograde C. Pinocytosis

A 72 year-old right-handed man is being evaluated by his physician. The right side of the patient's face has been shaved, but not the left side. When the patient is asked to draw a clock, he only draws the right side of the clock. Damage to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A. A.Left anterior cerebral artery B.Left middle cerebral artery C.Left posterior cerebral artery D.Right anterior cerebral artery E.Right middle cerebral artery F.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 72 year-old right-handed man is being evaluated by his physician. The right side of the patient's face has been shaved, but not the left side. When the patient is asked to draw a clock, he only draws the right side of the clock. Damage to which of the following accounts for the patient's symptoms? A. A.Left anterior cerebral artery B.Left middle cerebral artery C.Left posterior cerebral artery D.Right anterior cerebral artery E.Right middle cerebral artery (+) F.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 74 year-old woman exhibits weakness of her right arm, with her right leg being unaffected. The patient speaks fluently, complaining of the weakness. When questioned, the patient's responses do not address the questions. When the physician draws a number on the patient's right palm with her eyes closed, she is unable to identify it. Fine touch, proprioception and vibratory sense are lost in the right upper limb. Visual field testing exhibits the loss of vision in the right temporal and left nasal fields. Which of the following correctly describes the lesion in this patient? A.Left anterior cerebral artery B.Left middle cerebral artery C.Left posterior cerebral artery D.Right anterior cerebral artery E.Right middle cerebral artery F.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 74 year-old woman exhibits weakness of her right arm, with her right leg being unaffected. The patient speaks fluently, complaining of the weakness. When questioned, the patient's responses do not address the questions. When the physician draws a number on the patient's right palm with her eyes closed, she is unable to identify it. Fine touch, proprioception and vibratory sense are lost in the right upper limb. Visual field testing exhibits the loss of vision in the right temporal and left nasal fields. Which of the following correctly describes the lesion in this patient? A.Left anterior cerebral artery B.Left middle cerebral artery (+) C.Left posterior cerebral artery D.Right anterior cerebral artery E.Right middle cerebral artery F.Right posterior cerebral artery

A 75 year-old man is being evaluated by a neurologist. Visual field testing exhibits loss of vision in the right and left temporal visual fields. A tumor of which of the following explains the patient's findings? A.Falx cerebri B.Midbrain tectum C.Pineal D.Pituitary E.Thalamus

A 75 year-old man is being evaluated by a neurologist. Visual field testing exhibits loss of vision in the right and left temporal visual fields. A tumor of which of the following explains the patient's findings? A.Falx cerebri B.Midbrain tectum C.Pineal D.Pituitary (+) E.Thalamus CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA

A 76-year-old woman presents with a sudden. Her MRI reveals lacunar infarcts, caused by occlusion of the deep perforating arteries. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the patient's condition? A. Aphasia B. Apraxia C. Pure motor hemiparesis D. Visual field neglect

A 76-year-old woman presents with a sudden. Her MRI reveals lacunar infarcts, caused by occlusion of the deep perforating arteries. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the patient's condition? A. Aphasia B. Apraxia C. Pure motor hemiparesis (+) D. Visual field neglect

A new drug is developed that prevents the demyelinization occurring in the progress of multiple sclerosis. The drug protects the cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. These cells are most likely which of the following? (A) Astrocyte (B) Ependymal cell (C) Microglial cell (D) Oligodendrocyte (E) Schwann cell

A new drug is developed that prevents the demyelinization occurring in the progress of multiple sclerosis. The drug protects the cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. These cells are most likely which of the following? (A) Astrocyte (B) Ependymal cell (C) Microglial cell (D) Oligodendrocyte (+) (E) Schwann cell

A 79- year-old woman with a history of controlled hypertension was reaching for a jar of flour to make an apple pie, when her right side suddenly became weak, and she collapsed. While trying to get up from the floor, she noticed that she was unable to move her right arm, with a severe weakness in the arm much more than the leg. She cried for help because she was unable to reach the telephone with the right hand. Upon examination the patient's speech is fluent. She is aware of pinprick sensation on her left hand, but cannot localize the sensation on the right. She presents loss of fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense involving the right arm and trunk with sparing of the right leg. Examination reveals an occlusion of a cortical blood vessel. Which blood vessel was occluded in this patient? A. Posterior cerebral artery B. Anterior cerebral artery C. Middle cerebral artery D. Posterior choroidal artery

A 79- year-old woman with a history of controlled hypertension was reaching for a jar of flour to make an apple pie, when her right side suddenly became weak, and she collapsed. While trying to get up from the floor, she noticed that she was unable to move her right arm, with a severe weakness in the arm much more than the leg. She cried for help because she was unable to reach the telephone with the right hand. Upon examination the patient's speech is fluent. She is aware of pinprick sensation on her left hand, but cannot localize the sensation on the right. She presents loss of fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense involving the right arm and trunk with sparing of the right leg. Examination reveals an occlusion of a cortical blood vessel. Which blood vessel was occluded in this patient? A. Posterior cerebral artery B. Anterior cerebral artery C. Middle cerebral artery (+) D. Posterior choroidal artery

A 9 year-old Mexican girl was admitted to a hospital in El Paso, Texas. The child had experienced a sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Five days later she became drowsy and was found to have a flaccid paralysis involving her right lower limb. Which of the following is likely to be the correct diagnosis of the patient's condition? A.Anterior spinal artery thrombosis B.Poliomyelitis C.Posterior spinal artery thrombosis D.Syringomyelia E.Tabes dorsalis

A 9 year-old Mexican girl was admitted to a hospital in El Paso, Texas. The child had experienced a sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Five days later she became drowsy and was found to have a flaccid paralysis involving her right lower limb. Which of the following is likely to be the correct diagnosis of the patient's condition? A.Anterior spinal artery thrombosis B.Poliomyelitis (+) C.Posterior spinal artery thrombosis D.Syringomyelia E.Tabes dorsalis

A experimentalist is interested in structures in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia that mediate their effects through disinhibition. Which of the following interaction would create such disinhibiting effects? A. Globus Pallidus external segment and sub thalamic nucleus B. Globus pallidus internal segment and VA of the thalamus C. Putamen and Globus pallidus internal segment D. Substantia nigra, Pars compacta and Putamen

A experimentalist is interested in structures in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia that mediate their effects through disinhibition. Which of the following interaction would create such disinhibiting effects? A. Globus Pallidus external segment and sub thalamic nucleus B. Globus pallidus internal segment and VA of the thalamus C. Putamen and Globus pallidus internal segment (+) D. Substantia nigra, Pars compacta and Putamen

A neuroanatomist is conducting an experiment to determine neuroanatomic organization of gray and white matter in the cerebral cortex. Which of the following would reflect the correct pattern of distribution? A. Gray matter inside, and gray matter outside B. Gray matter inside, and white matter outside C. Gray matter outside, and white matter inside D. White matter inside, and white matter outside E. White matter inside, and gray matter outside F. White matter outside, and gray matter inside

A neuroanatomist is conducting an experiment to determine neuroanatomic organization of gray and white matter in the cerebral cortex. Which of the following would reflect the correct pattern of distribution? A. Gray matter inside, and gray matter outside B. Gray matter inside, and white matter outside C. Gray matter outside, and white matter inside (+) D. White matter inside, and white matter outside E. White matter inside, and gray matter outside F. White matter outside, and gray matter inside

A neuroanatomist is conducting an experiment to determine neuroanatomic organization of the spinal gray and white matter. Which of the following would reflect the correct pattern of distribution? A. Gray matter inside, and gray matter outside B. Gray matter inside, and white matter outside C. Gray matter outside, and white matter inside D. White matter inside, and white matter outside E. White matter inside, and gray matter outside F. White matter outside, and gray matter inside

A neuroanatomist is conducting an experiment to determine neuroanatomic organization of the spinal gray and white matter. Which of the following would reflect the correct pattern of distribution? A. Gray matter inside, and gray matter outside B. Gray matter inside, and white matter outside (+) C. Gray matter outside, and white matter inside D. White matter inside, and white matter outside E. White matter inside, and gray matter outside F. White matter outside, and gray matter inside

A positive Romberg sign occurs when there is damage to: A. the superior cerebellar peduncles B. unconscious proprioceptive pathways C. the cerebellar hemispheres D. the vestibular nuclei

A positive Romberg sign occurs when there is damage to: A. the superior cerebellar peduncles B. unconscious proprioceptive pathways(+) C. the cerebellar hemispheres D. the vestibular nuclei

A researcher is investigating the mechanism for the transport of enzymes needed for the synthesis of small molecule neurotransmitter from the cell body to the terminal. This enzyme travels at a rate of 100-400mm/d. Which of this should be the focus of attention? A. Slow anterograde B. Fast retrograde C. Fast anterograde D. Slow anterograde

A researcher is investigating the mechanism for the transport of enzymes needed for the synthesis of small molecule neurotransmitter from the cell body to the terminal. This enzyme travels at a rate of 100-400mm/d. Which of this should be the focus of attention? A. Slow anterograde B. Fast retrograde C. Fast anterograde (+) D. Slow anterograde

A researcher is using a computer model to simulate a function of the nervous system that detect changes which occur both outside and inside the body. Which of the following should he consider? A. Sensory B. Motor C. Integration

A researcher is using a computer model to simulate a function of the nervous system that detect changes which occur both outside and inside the body. Which of the following should he consider? A. Sensory (+) B. Motor C. Integration

A researcher is using a computer model to simulate structural differences between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which of the following should he consider for the correct representation of axons in CNS and PNS? A. Nerves in the CNS, tracts in the PNS B. Nerves and tracts in the CNS, tracts in the PNS C. Tracts in the CNS, nerves in the PNS D. Tracts and nerves in the CNS, nerves in the PNS

A researcher is using a computer model to simulate structural differences between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which of the following should he consider for the correct representation of axons in CNS and PNS? A. Nerves in the CNS, tracts in the PNS B. Nerves and tracts in the CNS, tracts in the PNS C. Tracts in the CNS, nerves in the PNS (+) D. Tracts and nerves in the CNS, nerves in the PNS

A researcher is using a tissue culture experiment to investigate the different components that are involved in axonal transport. The student uses a marker to identify the presence of the specific component that transports vesicular cargoes during axonal transport. Which of the following is most likely to be detected by the marker? A. Cytoskeletal polymers B. Dynein C. Mitochondria D. Neurotransmitters E. Neuronal filaments

A researcher is using a tissue culture experiment to investigate the different components that are involved in axonal transport. The student uses a marker to identify the presence of the specific component that transports vesicular cargoes during axonal transport. Which of the following is most likely to be detected by the marker? A. Cytoskeletal polymers B. Dynein (+) C. Mitochondria D. Neurotransmitters E. Neuronal filaments

A 55-year-old woman presents with a reduced facial expression, and shuffling gait. These abnormalities are more clearly revealed during walking. The patient's condition is directly linked to a loss or degeneration of a neurotransmitter system in the basal ganglia. Which neurotransmitter is degenerated, and in which basal ganglia structure? A. Cholinergic inputs to the striatum B. Dopamine inputs to the striatum C. GABA input to the lateral (external) Pallidium D. Glutamatergic input from cortex to the striatum E. glutamatergic input to the medial (internal) pallidal segment F. Dopamine inputs to the cortex

A. Cholinergic inputs to the striatum B. Dopamine inputs to the striatum (+) C. GABA input to the lateral (external) Pallidium D. Glutamatergic input from cortex to the striatum E. glutamatergic input to the medial (internal) pallidal segment F. Dopamine inputs to the cortex

About 75% of the blood supply of the spinal cord is derived from the anterior spinal artery. This artery arises from which of the following? (A) artery of Adamkiewicz (B) basilar artery (C) internal carotid artery (D) posterior inferior cerebellar artery (E) vertebral artery

About 75% of the blood supply of the spinal cord is derived from the anterior spinal artery. This artery arises from which of the following? (A) artery of Adamkiewicz (B) basilar artery (C) internal carotid artery (D) posterior inferior cerebellar artery (E) vertebral artery (+)

An 8-year-old boy is referred to a neurologist by his family physician because he has developed progressive slow and clumsy walking. On examination, the patient has difficulty with standing and running. While standing, he adopts a wide-based gait with constant shifting of position to maintain his balance. Sitting or standing, he also displays a constant tremor of the head and trunk. When asked to walk, his feet strike the ground in an uneven and irregular rhythm; if he attempts to correct his imbalance, he displays wild and abrupt movements. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) reveals demyelination in the dorsal columns, corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts. The child is diagnosed with Friedreich's ataxia, an autosomal recessive neurological disorder resultingfrom mutation of a gene locus on chromosome 9. Second-order neurons of the dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tracts are located in which of the following? (A) deep cerebellar nuclei (B) dorsal root ganglion (C) nucleus cuneatus (D) nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's column) (E) Rexed's lamina IX of the spinal cord

An 8-year-old boy is referred to a neurologist by his family physician because he has developed progressive slow and clumsy walking. On examination, the patient has difficulty with standing and running. While standing, he adopts a wide-based gait with constant shifting of position to maintain his balance. Sitting or standing, he also displays a constant tremor of the head and trunk. When asked to walk, his feet strike the ground in an uneven and irregular rhythm; if he attempts to correct his imbalance, he displays wild and abrupt movements. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) reveals demyelination in the dorsal columns, corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts. The child is diagnosed with Friedreich's ataxia, an autosomal recessive neurological disorder resultingfrom mutation of a gene locus on chromosome 9. Second-order neurons of the dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tracts are located in which of the following? (A) deep cerebellar nuclei (B) dorsal root ganglion (C) nucleus cuneatus (D) nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's column) (+) (E) Rexed's lamina IX of the spinal cord

An industrial toxin is found to destroy selectively the climbing fibers of the cerebellum. What is the origin of these fibers? A.Cerebral cortex B.Inferior olivary nucleus C.Pontine nuclei D.Red nucleus E.Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus

An industrial toxin is found to destroy selectively the climbing fibers of the cerebellum. What is the origin of these fibers? A.Cerebral cortex B.Inferior olivary nucleus (+) C.Pontine nuclei D.Red nucleus E.Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus

Atropy and Fasciculations in the abdominal muscles just below the umbilicus indicate a lower motor neuron lesion at: A. Upper Cervical levels of the spinal cord B. L1, L2 or L3 levels of the spinal cord C. T6, T7, T8 levels of the spinal cord D. T11 or T12 levels of the spinal cord

Atropy and Fasciculations in the abdominal muscles just below the umbilicus indicate a lower motor neuron lesion at: A. Upper Cervical levels of the spinal cord B. L1, L2 or L3 levels of the spinal cord C. T6, T7, T8 levels of the spinal cord D. T11 or T12 levels of the spinal cord(+)

A 67 year-old woman presents with tremor and ataxia on the left side of the body excluding the head. Her right eye is closed (complete ptosis). When the examining physician lifts her eyelid, he notices that her eye is depressed and abducted. The patient exhibits anisocoria. The pupil of her right eye is mydriatic (dilated). No sensory losses are observed. *What is the syndrome?* Why is the pupil mydriatic?

Benedikt's The pupil is mydriatic (dilated) due to loss of the parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus that innervate the sphincter pupillae (pupillary sphincter muscle)

Blockage of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery usually affects the abducens nerve. If the lesion grows laterally, what other cranial nerve is likely to be affected as well. A. facial B. hypoglossal C. vestibulocochlear D. Glossopharyngeal

Blockage of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery usually affects the abducens nerve. If the lesion grows laterally, what other cranial nerve is likely to be affected as well. A. facial(+) B. hypoglossal C. vestibulocochlear D. Glossopharyngeal

Blockage of the subarachnoid granulations produces: A. non-communicating hydrocephalus B. communicating hydrocephalus C. spina bifida D. Thrombosis

Blockage of the subarachnoid granulations produces: A. non-communicating hydrocephalus B. communicating hydrocephalus (+) C. spina bifida D. Thrombosis

Blockage of what artery is likely to produce damage to the visual cortex, oculomotor nerve and the corticospinal tract? A. superior cerebellar B. anterior cerebral C. middle cerebral D. posterior cerebral Ans. posterior cerebral.

Blockage of what artery is likely to produce damage to the visual cortex, oculomotor nerve and the corticospinal tract? A. superior cerebellar B. anterior cerebral C. middle cerebral D. posterior cerebral (+) Ans. posterior cerebral.

Damage to the level of the spinal cord that lies below the L1 vertebra should result in loss of sensory or motor function: A. on the anterior top of the thigh B. on the foot only C. the upper and lower limbs on the ipsilateral side D. on the foot and posterior aspect of the leg, thigh and buttocks

Damage to the level of the spinal cord that lies below the L1 vertebra should result in loss of sensory or motor function: A. on the anterior top of the thigh B. on the foot only C. the upper and lower limbs on the ipsilateral side D. on the foot and posterior aspect of the leg, thigh and buttocks (+)

Following a gunshot wound, a 56-year-old man is unable to stand or walk because he is unable to move or bear weight on his right leg. Examination reveals that light touch, position and vibration sense are intact in the left lower extremity but absent in the right below the crest of the ilium. Active range of motion and strength are normal in the left lower extremity but absent in the right (hip, knee, and ankle). Pain and temperature sensation are intact in the right lower extremity but absent in the left below T12. Where is the lesion? A. Central section of the spinal cord B. Hemisection of the spinal cord on the left C. Hemisection of the spinal cord on the right D. Lesion of the dorsal horn on the left

Following a gunshot wound, a 56-year-old man is unable to stand or walk because he is unable to move or bear weight on his right leg. Examination reveals that light touch, position and vibration sense are intact in the left lower extremity but absent in the right below the crest of the ilium. Active range of motion and strength are normal in the left lower extremity but absent in the right (hip, knee, and ankle). Pain and temperature sensation are intact in the right lower extremity but absent in the left below T12. Where is the lesion? A. Central section of the spinal cord B. Hemisection of the spinal cord on the left C. Hemisection of the spinal cord on the right (+) D. Lesion of the dorsal horn on the left

A 56-year-old woman is diagnosed with a basal ganglia disorder due to the degeneration of most of the neuronal cell bodies in the putamen and Globus pallidus including their projections. Which neurotransmitter is most likely to be depleted?

GABA

If a patient showed a non-communicating hydrocephalus with enlarged lateral ventricles, but normal third and fourth ventricles, then there is most likely blockage in: A. cerebral aqueduct B. medial aperture C. lateral apertures D. foramen of Monro

If a patient showed a non-communicating hydrocephalus with enlarged lateral ventricles, but normal third and fourth ventricles, then there is most likely blockage in: A. cerebral aqueduct B. medial aperture C. lateral apertures D. foramen of Monro (+)

Imaging results of a 34 year old man reveals an isolated stroke due to an occlusion of the Medial striate artery. Which of the following structures will be affected? A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule B. Posterior limb of the internal capsule C. Paracentral lobule D. Broca's area

Imaging results of a 34 year old man reveals an isolated stroke due to an occlusion of the Medial striate artery. Which of the following structures will be affected? A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule (+) B. Posterior limb of the internal capsule C. Paracentral lobule D. Broca's area

In a medial medullary syndrome that involves a left-sided branch of the anterior spinal artery, which of the following deficits is seen? (A) deviation of the tongue to the left, hemiplegia of arm and leg on the left (B) deviation of the tongue to the right, hemiplegia of arm and leg on the right (C) loss of conscious proprioception and precise tactile discrimination over the right side of the body exclusive of the face (D) only deviation of the tongue to the left (E) only hemiplegia on the right

In a medial medullary syndrome that involves a left-sided branch of the anterior spinal artery, which of the following deficits is seen? (A) deviation of the tongue to the left, hemiplegia of arm and leg on the left (B) deviation of the tongue to the right, hemiplegia of arm and leg on the right (C) loss of conscious proprioception and precise tactile discrimination over the right side of the body exclusive of the face (D) only deviation of the tongue to the left (+) (E) only hemiplegia on the right

The 56 year old man presents with uncontrollable violent flinging movements of the right upper limb. Where is the lesion?

In the Left Subthalamic Nucleus.

A 79- year-old woman with a 10 year history of high blood pressure and diabetes was reaching for a jar of flour to make an apple pie, when her right side suddenly gave out, and she collapsed. While trying to get up from the floor, she noticed that she was unable to move her right arm or leg. She attempted to cry for help because she was unable to reach the phone; however, her speech was slurred and rather unintelligible. She lay down on the floor until help arrived from her son. She attempted to tell him what happen, but her speech was too slurred to comprehend. She was taken to the hospital where examination reveals that she followed commands very well, and, although her speech was very slurred, it was logical in organization. The lower two thirds of her face drooped on the right. Her tongue pointed to the right side when she was asked to protrude it. Her right arm and leg were severely, but equally weak, her left side had normal strength. She felt a pin and a vibrating tuning fork equally on both sides. An occlusion of which of the following blood vessels accounts for this presentation?

Occlusion of the Central Branch

Occlusion of which of the following vessels affects the entire dorsolateral part of the rostral medulla (level of the restiform body) and produces the lateral medullary Wallenberg) syndrome? (A) anterior inferior cerebellar artery (B) anterior spinal artery (C) posterior inferior cerebellar artery (D) posterior spinal artery (E) superior cerebellar artery

Occlusion of which of the following vessels affects the entire dorsolateral part of the rostral medulla (level of the restiform body) and produces the lateral medullary Wallenberg) syndrome? (A) anterior inferior cerebellar artery (B) anterior spinal artery (C) posterior inferior cerebellar artery (+) (D) posterior spinal artery (E) superior cerebellar artery

If a 56 year old stroke patient (man) presents with a weakness of his left limbs, reduced reflexes in those limbs, inability to gaze to the left and loss of facial expression on the left side, and failure to verbally acknowledge that anything was wrong with the left arm or leg. Which blood vessel is affected?

Right MCA

To which nucleus were the fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle that were interrupted by the lesion travelling? A. Globus pallidus B. Subthalamic nucleus C. Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus D. Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus E. Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

To which nucleus were the fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle that were interrupted by the lesion travelling? A. Globus pallidus B. Subthalamic nucleus C. Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (+) D. Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus E. Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

Uncal herniation occurs when the uncus of the temporal lobe compresses the midbrain. This occurs when the uncus is pushed: A. into the foramen magnum B. under the tentorial notch C. under the falx cerebri D. rostrally

Uncal herniation occurs when the uncus of the temporal lobe compresses the midbrain. This occurs when the uncus is pushed: A. into the foramen magnum B. under the tentorial notch (+) C. under the falx cerebri D. rostrally

Unilateral blockage of the posterior cerebral artery, and the resulting brainstem damage, often produces a loss of fine touch and pain sensation on the which side? A. ipsilateral B. contralateral C. Bilateral

Unilateral blockage of the posterior cerebral artery, and the resulting brainstem damage, often produces a loss of fine touch and pain sensation on the which side? A. ipsilateral B. contralateral (+) C. Bilateral

a 45 year old man presents loss of sensation in his legs and weakness in his limbs. A neurological examination indicated some spasticity of limbs as well. The neurologist provided a preliminary diagnosis of onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) . Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following best accounts for the observed weakness of sensory and motor functions A. Loss of Schwan cells in peripheral neurons B. An overall loss of dopaminergic release C. Loss of peripheral cholinergic neurons D. Demyelination of the central nervous system neurons E. Proliferation of oligodendrocytes

a 45 year old man presents loss of sensation in his legs and weakness in his limbs. A neurological examination indicated some spasticity of limbs as well. The neurologist provided a preliminary diagnosis of onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) . Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following best accounts for the observed weakness of sensory and motor functions A. Loss of Schwan cells in peripheral neurons B. An overall loss of dopaminergic release C. Loss of peripheral cholinergic neurons D. Demyelination of the central nervous system neurons (+) E. Proliferation of oligodendrocytes

a young woman in her early twenties presents loss of sensation in his legs and weakness in his limbs. A neurological examination indicated some spasticity of limbs as well. Her neurologist provided a preliminary diagnosis of onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) . Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following represents the mechanism for the impairment of her sensory and motor functions A. Schwan cells providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS are degenerated B. Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the PNS are degenerated C. Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS are degenerated D. Loss of Schwan cells in the PNS E. Loss of dopamine neurons in the PNS and CNS

a young woman in her early twenties presents loss of sensation in his legs and weakness in his limbs. A neurological examination indicated some spasticity of limbs as well. Her neurologist provided a preliminary diagnosis of onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) . Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following represents the mechanism for the impairment of her sensory and motor functions A. Schwan cells providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS are degenerated B. Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the PNS are degenerated C. Oligodendrocytes providing myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS are degenerated (+) D. Loss of Schwan cells in the PNS E. Loss of dopamine neurons in the PNS and CNS