New final exam

Identify Agenda-Setting and Framing

Agenda -setting - This theory suggests that media can influence what topics people think are important by highlighting specific issues. o Framing: - It's about how media presents information, shaping how audiences perceive and interpret events. In summary, agenda-setting and framing influence what we consider important, the spiral of silence explores how people express opinions, and cultivation theory looks at how prolonged exposure to media shapes our overall perception of the world.

What is/are the role(s) of media in producing inequality?

: What it is: • Media can contribute to creating and reinforcing unequal situations in society. Roles: • Representation: Media often portrays certain groups more positively or negatively, shaping how we see and judge them. Stereotypes: The media can reinforce stereotypes, influencing how we perceive different genders, races, or social classes. Access: Not everyone has the same access to media platforms, leading to unequal opportunities to share stories or perspectives. Example: • If TV consistently shows certain jobs as only suitable for one gender or race, it can contribute to inequality by limiting perceptions and opportunities. In summary, media plays a role in producing inequality by how it represents different groups, reinforces stereotypes, and creates unequal access to platforms. It can shape our views and contribute to unequal opportunities and treatment.

Identify the two streams of research that offer theories on the agency of audiences

Active Audience Theory: What it is: - This stream suggests that audiences are not just passive receivers but actively interpret and give meaning to media messages. Example: - People watching a movie might interpret it differently based on their personal experiences, making the viewing experience unique for each person. Reception Theory: What it is: - Reception theory focuses on how audiences receive and interpret media messages, exploring how individuals or groups make sense of what they consume. Example: - Studying how different people interpret a news article can reveal varied receptions influenced by factors like culture, background, or personal beliefs. In essence, these two streams of research highlight that audiences aren't just passive; they actively engage with and interpret media messages in their own ways, shaping the meaning they derive from the content.

Understand the following terms and be able to think about an example or explanation for each: Active audience, Uses and Gratifications, Polysemy, Encoding/Decoding

Ative Audience: What it is: • The idea that audiences don't just passively receive media messages but actively interpret and give meaning to them. Example: • Viewers watching a movie might have different interpretations based on their own experiences and perspectives. Uses and Gratifications: What it is: • A theory that suggests people choose media based on their needs and desires, seeking specific gratifications. Example: • Someone watching the news for information, entertainment, or a sense of connection. Polysemy: What it is: • The concept that a single media text can have multiple meanings for different people or even for the same person at different times. Example: • A song could be interpreted as sad by one person and uplifting by another, depending on their experiences. Encoding/Decoding: What it is: - The process where creators encode messages into media, and audiences decode or interpret these messages. Example: A filmmaker creates a movie with a particular message, and viewers decode that message based on their own understanding. In essence, an active audience interprets media, uses and gratifications theory explores why we choose certain media, polysemy recognizes varied interpretations, and encoding/decoding explains how creators and audiences communicate through media messages.

What are some possible conserns of objectivety?

Bias: Issue: • Sometimes, even unintentionally, a reporter's personal views can sneak into the news. Example: • If a journalist writes about something they strongly believe in, it might be challenging to keep personal opinions completely out. Selection of Stories: Issue: • Deciding which stories to cover can show bias. Example: • If a news outlet focuses a lot on one topic and less on another, it might reflect a bias in what they think is important.

What are some of the ways that countries have responded to the influx of foreign media products in their attempt to protect local culture?

Censorship and Regulation: Some countries impose strict censorship laws and regulations on foreign media to control the content that enters their borders. Example: • China has a well-known system of censorship, commonly referred to as the "Great Firewall," to regulate and restrict foreign media content. Quotas and Import Restrictions: Description: • Countries may set quotas or restrictions on the amount of foreign media content that can be imported or broadcasted to protect the local market. • Example: • France has implemented policies that require a certain percentage of content on television and radio to be of French origin.

What is the theory of "cultural imperialism?" Do you think "cultural imperialism" remains a threat? Why or why not?

Cultural Imperialism: • Definition: Cultural imperialism is a theory that suggests a dominant culture, often from a more economically and politically powerful nation, influences and shapes the culture of less powerful nations. This influence is typically exerted through media, such as movies, music, television, and other forms of popular culture. Key Points: Media Dominance: • The theory implies that powerful nations export their media products globally, leading to the dominance of their cultural values and norms. Homogenization of Culture: • Critics argue that cultural imperialism can result in the homogenization of diverse cultures, as local traditions and identities may be overshadowed by the influence of a dominant culture. Is Cultural Imperialism Still a Threat? Yes: • Media Dominance Persists: • Global media giants from certain countries continue to have a significant impact on the world. Hollywood movies, Western music, and television shows still dominate international markets. • Digital Platforms Influence: • With the rise of digital platforms, the influence of a few major players in the tech industry can shape global cultural trends, potentially reinforcing cultural imperialism. No: • Diverse Media Sources: • The internet has allowed for more diverse sources of media. People can now access content from various cultures, reducing the exclusive influence of a single dominant culture. Local Resistance: • Many societies actively resist cultural imperialism by promoting and preserving their own cultural expressions. This resistance can limit the impact of external influences. Conclusion: While elements of cultural imperialism persist, especially in the dominance of certain media and digital platforms, the landscape is evolving. The internet provides oppor

How does AI create a "digital dilemma" in our mediatized culture?

Data Influence: • AI uses vast amounts of data to personalize content, which can lead to a "digital dilemma" where our online experiences are heavily shaped by algorithms. Filter Bubbles: • AI tends to show us information similar to what we already like, creating filter bubbles where we are exposed to limited perspectives, limiting our understanding of the broader world. Privacy Concerns: • The extensive use of AI raises concerns about privacy, as it constantly collects and analyzes personal data to tailor content, prompting a dilemma between personalized experiences and privacy. Ethical Considerations: • The decisions AI makes about what content to show raise ethical questions, as these algorithms can unintentionally reinforce biases or promote certain viewpoints, impacting societal perceptions. In summary, AI in our mediatized culture creates a digital dilemma by shaping our online experiences, potentially limiting diverse perspectives, raising privacy concerns, and prompting ethical considerations.

How They Change News (solutions journalism, citizen journalism, bystander journalism and solution journalism) ?

Diversity: • These forms of journalism bring in different voices and perspectives, making news more diverse. Immediacy: • Bystander journalism offers quick and real-time information, adding immediacy to news coverage. Positivity: • Solutions journalism shifts the focus from just problems to potential solutions, providing a more balanced view. In summary, citizen journalism, bystander journalism, and solutions journalism change the news by adding diverse perspectives, immediacy, and a more balanced view that goes beyond just reporting problems. They empower people to contribute to the news landscape.

• How does Dr. Polson's work on AirBnb and "living like a local" fit into this? Is this an example of making a 'global village' or 'cultural imperialism' or something else?

Dr. Polson's Work on Airbnb and "Living Like a Local": Description: • Dr. Polson's work likely explores the impact of Airbnb's model, where travelers seek to experience a destination as a local resident rather than a traditional tourist. Fit into Concepts: Global Village' Aspect: Explanation: • Airbnb's emphasis on living like a local contributes to the idea of a 'global village' by fostering connections between travelers and local communities. Example: • Travelers can immerse themselves in the local culture, interact with residents, and experience daily life, promoting a sense of global interconnectedness. Not 'Cultural Imperialism': Explanation: • The "living like a local" approach diverges from cultural imperialism, as it encourages a more reciprocal and participatory engagement with local cultures rather than imposing a dominant culture. Example: • Airbnb hosts often share cultural insights, recommend local activities, and provide an authentic cultural experience. Cultural Hybridity' Element: Explanation: • Dr. Polson's work might explore how Airbnb experiences contribute to the concept of cultural hybridity, as travelers engage with a mix of global and local cultural elements. Example: • Guests might stay in a locally-owned property, participate in cultural events, and adapt their travel experience to include both global and local influences. Conclusion: Dr. Polson's work on Airbnb and "living like a local" aligns with the idea of a 'global village' by promoting meaningful connections between travelers and local communities. It doesn't fall under the category of 'cultural imperialism' but rather embraces elements of cultural hybridity, where global and local cultures coalesce to create unique and enriching experiences.

Gatekeeper responsibility

Gatekeepers filter through tons of information and choose what's important and relevant for the audience.

Identify the "global digital divide" and how it takes shape (with examples).

Global Digital Divide: Definition: • The global digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to modern information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the internet, and those who do not. How It Takes Shape: • Access to Technology: • Description: • Not everyone around the world has equal access to computers, smartphones, or the internet. Example: • In some developed countries, people may have widespread access to high-speed internet, while in certain developing regions, limited infrastructure may restrict access to technology. Skills and Literacy: • Description: • Apart from having the physical technology, there's a divide in the skills and digital literacy needed to effectively use digital tools. • Example: • In some areas, people might lack the training to navigate the internet or use digital resources, limiting their ability to benefit from the online world. Economic Disparities: • Description: • Affordability plays a significant role; economic disparities can determine who can afford digital devices and internet subscriptions. • Example: • In lower-income communities, families may struggle to afford computers or smartphones and reliable internet connections. Geographical Disparities: • Description: • Rural and remote areas often face challenges in terms of infrastructure development, leading to limited or no access to digital technologies. • Example: • Remote villages might lack the necessary infrastructure for broadband internet, creating a geographical digital divide. Content and Language Barriers: • Description: • Even with access, disparities exist in the content available and language barriers can hinder digital inclusion. • Example: • Online content may be predominantly in a few major la

What is hegemony

Hegemony is like when a powerful group or idea becomes dominant and influences how everyone thinks and acts. In Simple Terms: • It's like a big idea or group that sets the rules and everyone follows along, often without realizing it.

• What ideologies have been most present in military/action films?

Heroism: Military films often highlight bravery, sacrifice, and a strong sense of duty. Power and Authority: These films often emphasize the importance of military strength and the authority of those in command. Good vs. Evil: There's often a clear distinction between the "good guys" and the "bad guys," reinforcing moral absolutes. Example: • In many action films, the hero is often a skilled, courageous individual fighting against powerful enemies, reflecting and reinforcing certain ideologies about heroism and conflict. In summary, military/action films commonly showcase ideologies of heroism, power, and moral clarity, portraying characters as brave defenders against powerful adversaries.

How are stereotypes and racial formations produced in part by media? How have some media confronted stereotypes?

How it Happens: • Media can create and reinforce stereotypes by repeatedly showing certain groups in specific ways. This influences how we see and think about those groups. Example: • If TV consistently portrays a certain race or ethnicity in stereotypical roles, it can shape our perceptions and reinforce biased ideas. How Some Media Confront Stereotypes: • Challenge Stereotypes: • Some media actively work to break stereotypes by portraying characters in ways that go against common assumptions. • Promote Diversity: • They include a variety of perspectives and characters, showcasing the richness of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Example: • TV shows or movies that intentionally feature diverse characters in non-stereotypical roles are confronting stereotypes and offering more realistic portrayals. In summary, media can produce stereotypes by repeatedly showing certain groups in specific ways. However, some media actively confront stereotypes by presenting diverse and non-stereotypical representations, challenging biased perceptions.

What is "hybrid culture"?

Hybrid culture refers to the blending and merging of elements from different cultures to create something new and unique. It often occurs when foreign and local cultural influences come together, resulting in a fusion of traditions, styles, and practices. Key Points: Cultural Synthesis: • Hybrid culture involves the synthesis of diverse cultural elements, leading to a cultural landscape that reflects both local and foreign influences. Creative Expression: • It often emerges in creative fields such as music, art, fashion, and cuisine, where artists and creators draw inspiration from various cultural sources. Adaptation and Innovation: • Hybrid culture is a dynamic process of adaptation and innovation, allowing for the evolution of cultural practices in response to changing influences. Example: Global Fusion Cuisine: • In the culinary world, the fusion of different culinary traditions from around the world, such as the blending of Asian and Western flavors, represents a form of hybrid culture.

Be able to identify if a reaction to a media text is a dominant/hegemonic reading, a negotiated reading, or an oppositional reading (and why).

Identifying Reactions to Media Texts: Dominant/Hegemonic Reading: What it is: • When people interpret a media text in the way the creators intended or in line with the widely accepted societal view. Example: • Watching a superhero movie and enjoying it as a straightforward, action-packed adventure, aligning with the intended message. Negotiated Reading: What it is: • When audiences interpret a media text, but with some adjustments or personal perspectives that differ from the intended meaning. Example: • Viewing a political drama and appreciating it, but also noticing and critiquing certain aspects that don't align with personal beliefs. Oppositional Reading: What it is: • When viewers interpret a media text in direct contrast to the intended message or societal norms. Example: • Watching a commercial promoting a certain lifestyle and actively disagreeing with the values it promotes. In short, identifying reactions involves recognizing whether the interpretation aligns with the intended message (dominant/hegemonic), adjusts it slightly (negotiated), or opposes it entirely (oppositional). This depends on how viewers engage with and interpret the media text based on their personal perspectives and values.

Why matters objectivity?

It's important because it helps news be reliable and trustworthy. People should feel they can get facts without someone pushing a certain view.

How does AI change the role of journalism and photography in news

Journalism: Change: • AI helps journalists by quickly finding and organizing information. • Example: • Instead of spending lots of time on research, AI can do it faster, freeing up time for journalists to focus on storytelling. Photography: Change: • AI enhances photo editing and even generates images. Example: • AI can improve photo quality, adjust lighting, or even create visuals, making it quicker and easier to use compelling images in news. In essence, AI acts like a helpful assistant, making journalism more efficient by handling tasks like research, and enhancing photography with improved editing and image creation. It changes the game by making these processes quicker and more accessible for news professionals.

How does McCluhan's ideal of a "global village" compare with what has really happened with global media and the internet?

McLuhan's "Global Village": Description: • Marshall McLuhan, a media theorist, coined the term "global village" in the 1960s. Concept: • He envisioned a world where electronic communication, such as television, would bring people closer together, creating a sense of a small, interconnected village. Reality of Global Media and the Internet: Expansion of Communication: • The internet has indeed expanded global communication, allowing instant connectivity across the globe. Diversity of Voices: • Contrary to McLuhan's idea of a unified village, the internet has fostered diverse voices and perspectives, sometimes leading to fragmented communities rather than a singular global village. Cultural Exchange: • The internet has facilitated cultural exchange, but it has also led to concerns about cultural homogenization as Western media influences permeate globally. Information Flow: • While McLuhan emphasized the speed of information flow, the internet has brought challenges like information overload, misinformation, and the spread of fake news. Comparison: Similarities: • McLuhan's concept and the current state share the idea of a connected world where information flows globally. Differences: • The reality is more complex, with both positive and negative aspects, including diverse voices, cultural exchange, but also challenges like information overload and cultural homogenization. Conclusion: In comparing McLuhan's "global village" ideal with the current state of global media and the internet, we see a mix of similarities and differences. The concept has evolved to include both positive and negative aspects, reflecting the complexities of our interconnected world.

Explain the characteristics of "mediatization"

Media Influence: • Mediatization is about the growing influence of media in various aspects of society, from politics to personal relationships. Everyday Life: • It means that media is becoming an integral part of our everyday lives, impacting how we communicate, gather information, and form opinions. Power Shift: • There's a shift in power dynamics as media gains more influence, shaping not just how information is shared but also influencing decision-making processes. Interconnectedness: • Mediatization highlights the interconnectedness of media with other social institutions, showing how media and society are closely linked. In essence, mediatization is characterized by the increasing influence of media in our daily lives, shaping how we perceive the world and impacting various aspects of society.

How do media help produce beliefs/ideologies about race, gender, and class? (Also see chapter 7 for this). Can media also help change these beliefs?

Media and Producing Beliefs/Ideologies: • How it Happens: • Media, like TV, movies, and news, show us a lot of images and stories. These create ideas about race, gender, and class in our minds. Example: • If a TV show often portrays certain groups in a certain way, it can shape our beliefs about those groups, even if it's not the full picture. Media's Role in Changing Beliefs: How it Works: • Media has the power to challenge and change beliefs. Different portrayals, stories, or even news coverage can shift how we see race, gender, and class. Example: • If movies and TV start showing more diverse and positive representations, it can challenge old beliefs and help create new, more inclusive ones. In short, media play a big role in shaping what we think about race, gender, and class by showing us certain images and stories. But, importantly, media also have the power to change these beliefs by offering different perspectives and representations.

Is news really "value natural"

News tries to be value-neutral, but it's tough to be 100% neutral because journalists are humans with their own experiences and perspectives.

Examples of Changing Hegemonic Views:

Once, certain stereotypes about gender roles were widely accepted. Over time, media portrayals changed, challenging and reshaping those old ideas. In summary, hegemony is when a powerful idea or group shapes how everyone thinks. Stuart Hall's concept of re-presentation explains that the media doesn't just show us the world; it tells us a story, influencing our views. Over time, media portrayals can challenge and change once-hegemonic views, like how gender roles were once widely accepted but evolved due to changing media perspectives

What are some examples of race, gender, and class we discussed in terms of harmful media representations?

Race: • Some media portray certain racial groups using stereotypes, like always depicting them in certain roles or emphasizing negative traits. Gender: • Media often perpetuate harmful gender stereotypes, like showing women in limited roles or reinforcing traditional expectations. Class: • Certain media may create stereotypes around social classes, portraying them in ways that oversimplify or stigmatize certain groups. Examples: Race: • Depicting a particular racial group as always involved in crime without showing diverse and positive representations. Gender: • Portraying women primarily as objects of desire rather than showcasing their intelligence or abilities. Class: • Depicting lower-income individuals solely as struggling or portraying wealth as always associated with negative traits. In short, harmful media representations include stereotypes around race, gender, and class that oversimplify, stigmatize, or limit the diversity and complexity of these groups.

Media's Role in Hegemony:

The media helps spread and reinforce the ideas of the powerful group or dominant idea, contributing to hegemony.

Gatekeepers importance

They make sure only credible and significant news reaches the public, helping maintain the quality and trustworthiness of journalism. In short, the gatekeeper in journalism decides what news makes it to the audience, making sure it's reliable and essential. They play a crucial role in shaping the information we get.

What is Structural Constraint:

Think of this like the rules and limitations that exist in a system, like society or an organization. These rules affect what we can and cannot do.

Why does the book say global media involve crossing the "limits of time & space"?

Time and Space: • Traditionally, communication and media were constrained by time and space limitations. For instance, sending a letter would take time to reach its destination, and broadcasting news was restricted to a specific geographic area. Global Media and Crossing Limits: • Instant Communication: • Global media, facilitated by technologies like the internet, allows information to be transmitted instantly across the world, breaking the barrier of time. You can communicate with someone on the other side of the planet in real-time. Global Reach: • Unlike older forms of media that were confined to specific regions, global media transcends geographical boundaries. A news story, a video, or any form of content can reach a global audience almost simultaneously. Example: • Social Media: • Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram exemplify global media by enabling people to share thoughts, images, and news in real-time, reaching audiences globally. Conclusion: • Summary: • The idea of global media crossing the "limits of time & space" means that it has overcome the traditional constraints of delayed communication and geographical boundaries, allowing information to travel quickly and reach a global audience. The instantaneous nature of global media has transformed the way we communicate and access information.

What are the two main categories that "media effects" theories can fall into?

Two Main Categories of Media Effects Theories: Direct/Immediate Effects: What it is: • The belief that media has a direct and immediate impact on audiences, shaping their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Example: • Thinking that watching a violent movie will immediately make someone more aggressive. Limited/Conditional Effects: What it is: • The idea that media effects depend on various factors like personal characteristics, social context, or individual differences. Example: • Believing that the impact of a news story on political opinions varies based on factors like education level or prior beliefs. In essence, media effects theories can be divided into those that suggest a direct and immediate impact (Direct/Immediate Effects) and those that acknowledge effects are limited and conditional (Limited/Conditional Effects), influenced by various factors.

Describe the ways audience members use and interact with media

Ways Audience Members Use and Interact with Media: Watching and Listening: • People use media by watching TV shows, movies, or listening to music, taking in the content visually or through sound. Interacting on Social Media: • Many interact with media by sharing opinions, liking, or commenting on social media platforms. Creating Content: • Some become part of the media creation process by making videos, writing blogs, or contributing to online discussions. Personalizing Content: • Audiences use media by choosing content that fits their interests, creating a personalized media experience. Discussing with Others: • Interacting by discussing media with friends or online communities, sharing thoughts and opinions. In short, people use and interact with media by consuming, creating, personalizing, and discussing content through various platforms and channels.

What is the role of photographers/photographs in news?

What it is: • Photographers and their pictures tell the visual story of news events. Capturing Reality: • They freeze moments in time, showing what happened in a way words can't always describe. Eliciting Emotion: • Photographs evoke emotions, making news more relatable and powerful. Adding Depth: • They complement written news, providing a visual context that enhances understanding. In short, photographers and their pictures play a crucial role in showing us the reality of news events, making them more impactful, emotional, and understandable. They add a valuable visual dimension to the news.

Stuart Hall's Concept of Re-presentation:

What it is: • Hall talks about how the media doesn't just show us reality; it presents a version of reality, shaping how we understand things. In Simple Terms: • The media doesn't just mirror the world; it tells us a story about it, influencing how we see and think about everything.

What is "Ideology"?

What it is: • Ideology is like a set of ideas or beliefs that shape how we see the world and how we think things should be. In Simple Terms: • It's like a pair of glasses we wear that influences how we view and understand everything around us. Example: • If someone believes strongly in equality for all, that's part of their ideology. It's the lens through which they see and interpret the world. In a nutshell, ideology is a set of beliefs that color our perspective on the world, guiding how we understand and interpret things.

What is the (Marxist) theory of "False Consciousness

What it is: • In Marxism, false consciousness is like a misunderstanding or mistaken belief that people have about their own situation. In Simple Terms: • It's when people might not realize they're being influenced or oppressed by certain powerful groups because their understanding is clouded by ideas that aren't in their best interest. Example: • If someone thinks that a system benefiting the rich is good for them, when in reality it might not be, that's an example of false consciousness. In short, false consciousness in Marxist theory is when people have beliefs or ideas that don't align with their best interests, often because they might not fully understand the influence of certain power dynamics.

What is Bystander Journalism:

What it is: • People who happen to witness an event becoming accidental reporters by sharing what they see. Change in News: • It provides firsthand accounts, adding immediacy and authenticity to news stories.

What is Solutions Journalism:

What it is: • Reporting not just on problems but also on solutions and positive actions in response to issues. Change in News: • It offers a more balanced view, focusing on what's being done to address problems rather than just highlighting the negatives.

What is the role of gatekeeper in journalism

What it is: • The gatekeeper in journalism is like the bouncer at a party. They decide what news gets in and what stays out.

Media Concentration/Conglomeration:

What it is: • When a few big companies own a lot of media stuff, like TV channels, newspapers, and websites. Effect: • Less variety and different perspectives in what we see or read. Example: • If a few companies control a bunch of news outlets, they might cover stories in similar ways, limiting the information we get. Politics: Effect: • Can influence how we see politicians and issues. Example: • If media is owned by a few big companies, they might have preferences, and that can affect what news they highlight or downplay. Democracy: Effect: • Can impact how people make decisions in a country. Example: • If media is controlled by only a handful of companies, it might limit the range of ideas and info available to the public, affecting how we make choices in our society. In short, media concentration, where a few big companies own a lot of media, can impact what we see, how we view politics, and even how our democracy works by influencing the information available to us.

• What are 'inclusion riders' and why do some believe they can help media representations be more ideologically diverse?

What they are: • Inclusion riders are like agreements or clauses in contracts that require diversity and representation in the cast and crew of a media project. Why Some Believe They Help: • Promoting Diversity: Inclusion riders push for more diverse representation, ensuring that different groups are included in media projects. Changing Narratives: By requiring diverse perspectives, inclusion riders aim to break stereotypes and offer a more realistic and varied portrayal of society. Example: • If an actor includes an inclusion rider in their contract, it means they're pushing for the project to actively include people from underrepresented groups. In short, inclusion riders are agreements aiming to boost diversity in media projects. Some believe they help by actively promoting inclusivity and challenging traditional stereotypes in media representations

Why and how do we undertake an 'ideological analysis' of media?

Why: • We do this to understand the hidden ideas and beliefs (ideologies) that media might be sharing, sometimes without us realizing. How: Look for Messages: We examine the content to find messages about power, identity, or social norms. • Question Assumptions: We ask what ideas or perspectives the media is assuming we'll accept without questioning. • Consider Influences: We explore how media might be influenced by cultural, social, or political factors. Example: • If a TV show always shows certain people in a certain way, an ideological analysis helps us see if it's reinforcing certain beliefs about those people. In a nutshell, we undertake ideological analysis to uncover the hidden beliefs in media. We do this by closely examining the content, questioning assumptions, and considering the influences that shape what we see and hear.

Identify Spiral of silence theory

o What it is: This theory suggests that people are less likely to voice opinions that seem unpopular, creating a "spiral of silence" where dominant views become more prominent. In summary, agenda-setting and framing influence what we consider important, the spiral of silence explores how people express opinions, and cultivation theory looks at how prolonged exposure to media shapes our overall perception of the world.

Identify Cultivation theory

o What it is: - This theory proposes that long-term exposure to media shapes a person's worldview, influencing their perceptions of reality. o Example: - If someone constantly sees crime portrayed on TV, they might develop a perception that the world is more dangerous than it actually is. In summary, agenda-setting and framing influence what we consider important, the spiral of silence explores how people express opinions, and cultivation theory looks at how prolonged exposure to media shapes our overall perception of the world.

What is meant by 'intersectionality'?

recognizing that each person's experience is shaped by a combination of different factors like race, gender, class, and more. • It's understanding that our identities and experiences aren't just about one thing (like being a woman or a person of color) but a mix of different things that intersect.

What is objectivity

• Objectivity in news means trying to be fair and neutral, without letting personal feelings or opinions influence the reporting.

What is Citizen Journalism:

• Regular people becoming news reporters by sharing what they see or know using social media or blogs. Change in News: • It adds more perspectives and helps cover events that might not get attention from traditional news outlets.

Difference between human agency and structural constraint

• Structural constraints create a framework, but human agency is the power we have to make choices and shape things within that framework. It's like a back-and-forth where rules influence us, but we also have the ability to influence how those rules work.

Relationship between human agency and structural constraint

• The relationship between structural constraint and human agency is like a dance between rules and people. Structural constraints set the stage with rules and limits, but human agency is the dance moves - our ability to navigate within those rules, make choices, and have an impact.

human agency

• This is about people having the power to make choices and take action. • It's like our ability to make decisions and do things.

Social Constructionism:

• This theory believes that people and society play a big role in shaping technology. It says that we decide how to use technology and what it means to us. Assumptions: • It assumes that society has a say in the game. We create and shape technology based on our needs, values, and ideas. So, in this theory, society is more like the boss, influencing what technology becomes. In a nutshell, technological determinism sees technology leading the way and driving changes, while social constructionism thinks that we, as a society, have a strong say in how technology gets used and what impact it has on us.

What is Technological Determinism:

•What it is: • This theory thinks that technology itself has the power to change society. It believes that new technologies drive social change, almost like they have their own agenda. Assumptions: • It assumes that once a new technology comes along, it's going to shape how we live and think, whether we like it or not. It kind of sees technology as the boss in the relationship with society.