NGOs, TNCs, and TCOs

Organized crime involves two types of activity:

1. Provision of illicit goods and services 2. Infiltration of legitimate business

NGO Definition

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers.

TNC Definition

Business enterprises headquartered in one state that invest and operate extensively in other states Characteristics: •For-profit organizations •Operate in multiple sovereign states. •They can choose to locate their operations in countries where it is most profitable. •They provide overseas investment to the host country

Triangulation

Indirect trade from one country to another

Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) Definition

Loosely organized groups of nongovernmental organizations, citizens associations, and trade unions who share ideological convictions. Their work is in the form of activism and targets global level institutions and issues, while also attempting to use global level visibility to level changes at the national level.

iNGOs pros and cons

Pros: •Negotiating and crafting treaties •Raising awareness •Information Gathering •Global civil society Cons: •NO Legislative power •Lack of control over who they subsidize •Accountability? •Undermine the importance of multilateral agencies in donor assistance •Becoming too big •Anyone could be an NGO

CONGOs

Sustain non-democratic regimes •Government sponsored NGOs •Cuba, North Korea, Russia, China

Extraterritoriality

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law. Different laws and practices among different states. Legality can therefore be stretched.

Regulatory Arbitrage

Threaten to move its activities to another country

iNGO Definition

Transnational organizations of private citizens that include foundations, professional associations, and groups in different countries joined together to work toward common interests. Internet Nerds

Transnational Criminal Organization (TCOs)

self-perpetuating associations of individuals who operate transnationally for the purpose of obtaining •power, •influence, •monetary and/or commercial gains, •wholly or in part by •illegal means, •protecting their activities through a pattern of corruption and/or violence, through a transnational organizational structure, and the exploitation of transnational commerce or communication mechanisms " Like legitimate business, transnational criminal enterprises are embracing globalization by adopting new communication and transportation technologies which allow them to pursue global markets •They have economic gain as their primary goal, not only from patently illegal activities but also from investment in legitimate businesses •Laundering - disguising the source or true nature of money obtained through illegal mean

INTERPOL

•190 member countries working together to fight international crime. •Provide policing expertise and capabilities •Three crime-programs •Counter-terrorism •Cybercrime •Organized and emerging crime •Tools •Information sharing (individuals, property, forensic data, firearms) •Intelligence exchange •Organized crime network (Maritime Piracy, Human Traffick

Multinational Corporations (MNC) Definition

•MNCs have home/base, TNCs don't •MNCs have branches in other countries, TNCs have subsidiaries •MNCs adapt products, TNCs give decision making power to each individual foreign market

Three attributes of markets

•Market size (per capita income) •structure of demand(incomes rise ) •Accessibility (transportation)

Asset orientation allows access to various assets

•Natural resource ( Oil industry ) •Knowledge of labor (costs, productivity, skills) •Access to knowledge (technologies) •Access to labor (wages, skill levels, location, gender, union membership)

Characteristics of TCOS

•They possess certain characteristics which may include, but are not limited to: •They commit violence or use threats of violence •They exploit differences between countries •They protect their leadership and membership from the law