Nonverbal Communication

Body markings

(body territory) can indicate status or stigma

Personal space

(body territory) the bubble of space surrounding any person that expands or contacts depending on interaction - moved with you - different depending on person

According to Kendon, what are requirements for participation framework?

- Configuration: spacial arrangements, orientation, posture - Encounter dynamics

How does nonverbal communication differ from verbal communication?

- Verbal communication is highly structured and has formal laws of grammar - linguistic vs non linguistic - nonverbal is continuous while verbal is based on units - learned vs. innate (not taught to communicate non verbally) - processed in different parts of the brain

Home territories vs. Secondary Home Territory

Colonization: public territory taken over by a group Tenure: long term control -> regulators Turfs: take over control and fight for it

According to kendon, what is interaction synchronicity?

Conspicuous mirroring of movement which is observed both at the start and towards the end of an utterance

Illustrators

Gestures that are closely linked with language that help to illustrate our spoken words

Regulators

Gestures that regulate conversation or interaction

arousal- activity metaphor

If you show high level of activity (excitement) you're seen as interested

Approach Metaphor

If your leaning forward you're interested

ratified vs unratified participants

Ratified: adressed and unadressed recipients Unratified: by standards, eves droppers, overhears

dominating communication

communication between primary speaker and adressed participants

cross play

communication between ratified participants and by standard (ex. waiter serves water and you say thank you without leaving conversation)

recipient design

designing talk for a particular adresee

Affect Displays

gestures or facial expressions that reflect the intensity with which we feel an emotion

Emblems

gestures that have a special meaning for those who are either sending or receiving the message (ex. NV comm that means shame on you, I promise, etc)

production format

of an utterance, involves animator, author and principle

evesdroppers

person who actively tries to listen

casual- personal distance

personal bisiness; 1.5 ft to 4 ft

intimate distance

personal interaction; 0 - 18 inches

Primary and Secondary Territories

primary: you have exculsive control: your room, your house, your car Secondary: not exclusive but is associated to you, your chair in class

Insulation

reaction to encroachment: create border to protect territory ex. backpack, fence, phone, etc.

Linguistic Collusion

reaction to encroachment: exclusion from interaction ex. speaking a different language if you want to exclude others

Withdrawl

reaction to encroachment: removing yourself from the locations occurs in public space when occupancy is temporary non confrontational

Turf Defense

reaction to encroachment: repelling invadors use of weapons aggressive

Power metaphor

reflecting and constructing power hierarchy through position, physical space, dominance/submission

Contradicting

saying one thing when NV says another

body torque

segments of the body can be oriented in different directions upper body vs lower body

Good neighbor

someone who is friendly but not a friend, willing to chat but does not intrude on privacy

overhearers

someone who just hears whats going on

Territorial encroachment

space comes with boundaries when things cross over, you get territorial encroachments

Goffman's view of the speaker?

speaker as author, animator and principle

Substituting

substitutes instead of saying it out loud

suboordinate communication

talk that is manned, timed and pitched to constitute a perceivably limited interference to what might be called dominating communication in it's vicinity (by play, cross play, side play)

personal space

the bubble of space surrounding any person that expands or contracts depending on the situation

Kinesics

the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and gestures — that is, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole.

author

the one responsible for the selection of words and sentiments

principle

the person or institution whose position or beliefs are being represented

footing

the position of alignment a person takes in producing an utterance; the framing of an utterance ex. shifting from serious to joke (I'm just kidding)

animator

the sounding box, the one who voices the message

Ethnomethodology

the study of the methods of reasoning through which activities are produced and rendered intelligible - Founder: Harold Garfinkel

Offensive displays

to keep them from imposing on your body territory

Participation framework (configuration or F Formation)

- When people include each other into their frame of dominant orientation F formation: each person is available to to inter act with others Requirement to establish: - proximity & angle: head is turned less than 90 degrees

What factors affect how much personal space a person needs?

- body orientation - body odor - voice loudness - temperature - personal appearance - liking -status - personality traits - gender -age - cultures

Frame of dominant orientation

- body orientation projects a frame of space - communicates where long term & dominant actions will be focused: level of availability/ primary and most important actions - moving body will shift frame of dominant orientation: by shifting you shift focus of engagement/ availability

Interactional Territories

- cluster of people within an invisible boundary - fragile & mobile - participants maintain the boundary for the duration of the interaction

What are some common functions of nonverbal communication?

- complementing (cues usch as tone of voice, facial expression, gestures or distance) - contradicting - repeating (it can stand alone without the verbal message, emphasize or clarifies the message, ex. holding up 2 fingers) - regulating (the conversation through nonverbal cues) - substituting - accenting (pausing to highlight a certain part of speech)

Focused interaction

- create and maintain a joint focus of intention - largely subconscious -guide behaviors and perceptions -very fine level of detail - social rules for communicating engagement - variety of visible behaviors

What falls into the study of nonverbal communication?

- creating/ forming impressions - power relationships - deceptions -regulating interaction

Invasion

- crossing boundaries and talking over another territory - taking over social meaning of space i.e. memorial at apple store for steve jobs

What does the speaker's gaze indicate?

- current focus of attention - availability for interaction -engaged recipiency

What is the role of gaze in focused interaction?

- current focus of attention - avaliable for interaction - recipient gaze "engaged recipiency"

Gaze according to Goodwin

- gaze of recipient is preferred over not having gaze of recipient - gaze as a resource for displaying if a recipient is attending "engaged recipiency" - gaze can be consequential for production of talk - gaze as resource for displaying if a recipient is attending

engaged recipiency

- how participants achieve mutual orientation - gaze of recipient is preferred over not having gaze of recipient - gaze as a resource if a recipient is attending "engaged recipiency"

participation status

- individual roles within the encompassing social gathering

According to Goffman what is involved in shifting footing?

- participants alignment or stance - the projection can be held across a strip of behavior than is less long than a grammatical sentence - continuum must be considered - for speakers code switching is usually involved: pitch, volume, rythmn, etc. - the new footing serves as buffer betters two more substationally substained episodes

According to Ryave & Schenkein, What is involved in "doing walking"? Why is walking an accomplishment

- production and recognition of intelligible action - walking as a "problematic accomplishment" - navigation problem: avoidance of collision - recognition work: who is walking together and what their relationship is - production work: pace direction spacial proximity physical contact talking greetings etc

According to Goodwin, what are some ways in which speakers can secure gaze of their adressees?

- restarts: when you have a fragment of the sentence - pauses: the speaker stops to get the listeners gaze and begins to talk again

Encounter dyanmics

- talk and body - posture - gaze

Contamination

- territory made impure by others using or entering territory i.e. pollution vandalizing etc

Body territories

- the body and the space surrounding the body - most sacred of all territories -access controlled by owner behavior controlled by social norms

Accoding to Goodwin, at what points should addressee gaze at the speaker?

- the speaker should obtain the gaze of his recipient during the course of his talk - a recipient should be gazing at the speaker when the speaker is gazing at the recipient

Predictability

Predict/ Expect whats going to happen in an interaction

public distance

8ft or more

Adaptors

Adaptors are forms of nonverbal communication that often occur at a low level of personal awareness. They can be thought of a behaviors that are done to meet a personal need as one adapts to the specific communication situation

How do age, gender and culture relate to personal space?

Age: Kids are more open to people Gender: men need more personal space Culture: different culture use space differently

Breaching Experiments

Experiments that breach norms ex. "doing nothing" experiment

Goffman's view of the hearer?

Is responsible in auditing what a speaker says than following the gist of his remarks

Working consensus

Participation framework can change throughout interaction: What are we doing here? What kind of interaction is this?

Proxemics

Study in the use of space

What is the role of "intent" in nonverbal communication?

There are four dimensions to non verbal communication, from these four behaviors you can see that the three that are intentional or perceived as intentional are considered nonverbal communication

Vocalics

Vocalics is how people express themselves through voice.

Complementing

adds information to what you already said ex. "you can sit here"

adressed vs unaddressed partispants

adressed recipients (people who are officially part of the conversation and expected to participate) & unaddressed recipients: those that are not officially a part of the encounter

bystanders

an unratified participant in a conversation

protection theory

body buffer zone: personal space serves as a protective function and will expand when you feel threatened

Social geographies

by being in a particular place you can claim a particular identity i.e. claiming a clique bc your sitting with them

Spacial configurations

circular: non circular, have head position vis a vis: face to face L arrangements: person sitting to the side of you, good position for collaboration side by side: sitting side by side to someone

Interactivity

closely monitoring each others behavior and reacting

side play

communication among bystanders (ex. non ratified participants speaking to eachother, trying not to be heard)

by play

communication amongst a subset of ratified participants (ex. whispering in classroom)

socio- consultive distance

impersonal business; 4- 8 ft

equilibrium theory

intamacy: you will find the personal space right for the relationship when one moves forward the other one will pull back

Bad neighbor

intrudes on ordered space

Haptics

is the science of applying touch (tactile) sensation and control to interaction

Violation

unwarranted use of territory - enters restricted territory - prohibited use (i.e. dress code)

According to schegloff, what are different functions of the upper and lower body in a body torque?

upper body: current focus lower body: dominant focus

Paralanguage

vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language system, as vocal quality, loudness, and tempo: sometimes also including facial expressions and gestures.

Accenting

when you emphasize something ex. pat on the back "im so sorry"

Public territories

you can claim temporary occupancy with a marker, freedom might be ambiguous markers: an item that belongs to you