Notes: 10/3/2019

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES (addiction is viewed as a brain disease) •2. Metabolic Imbalance (continued) •Ex: Suboxone (burprenorphine) •Buprenorphine is ? •Buprenorphine also acts as an?• •What is this called? •Some people feel like it's treating one addiction with? •Take as prescribed ALONG with? •Safer way to? •Addiction treatment is? •Drs didn't really know what?

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES (addiction is viewed as a brain disease) •2. Metabolic Imbalance (continued) •Ex: Suboxone (burprenorphine) •Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist - it activates the opioid receptors in the brain but less than a full opioid agonist like methadone •Buprenorphine also acts as an opioid antagonist - it blocks other opioids, while allowing for some opioid effect of its own to suppress withdrawal symptoms and cravings. • •Medically assisted treatment of addiction (MAT) •Some people feel like it's treating one addiction with another •Reduce cravings and help them function •Take as prescribed ALONG with behavioral therapy •Safer way to get off more serious drugs and reduce overdose risk •Addiction treatment is in a special place with special rules •Drs didn't really know what the best practice was

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES §Psychological theories focus on 3 factors: 1.? 2.Inadequate? 3.?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES §Psychological theories focus on 3 factors: 1.Positive and/or negative reinforcement 2.Inadequate personality 3.Problem behavior-proneness

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Reinforcement Theories (of drug use) (CONT.) •Most people who try drugs do not go on to? •What other "positive reinforcements" and "negative reinforcements" may occur with drug use that would account for why some people become psychologically dependent on drugs? •That is, what is reinforcing the behavior (beyond the physical effects like euphoria or otherwise)?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Reinforcement Theories (of drug use) (CONT.) •Most people who try drugs do not go on to abuse them so it cannot just be the drugs direct effects that are "reinforcing" of drug use (also, not all drugs produce a physical dependence but a psychological one) •What other "positive reinforcements" and "negative reinforcements" may occur with drug use that would account for why some people become psychologically dependent on drugs? •That is, what is reinforcing the behavior (beyond the physical effects like euphoria or otherwise)?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Reinforcement Theories (of drug use) *ENCOURAGES ?* •Reinforcement theories (of drug use) = based on the idea that? •Positive reinforcement = ? •Negative reinforcement = ? •Punishment = ? •Positive = ? •Neg = ?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Reinforcement Theories (of drug use) *ENCOURAGES BEHAVOIR* •Reinforcement theories (of drug use) = based on the idea that drug use is caused by the reinforcing effects of psychoactive drugs •Positive reinforcement = motivation to continue using drug because of positive sensations (physical or psychological) •Negative reinforcement = motivation to continue using drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms (or other sources of physical or psychic pain) •Punishment = Discourage •Positive = add something bad •Neg = take away good

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Inadequate Personality Theories (of drug use) •Assume that young people who lack self-esteem, are unable to? •Drugs use? •The more inadequate the personality, the greater the? •Drug use is ? •Drug use also viewed as?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Inadequate Personality Theories (of drug use) •Assume that young people who lack self-esteem, are unable to cope with life, and/or who are failures, turn to drugs to drown out the feelings of failure •Drugs use masks some of life's problems •The more inadequate the personality, the greater the likelihood of becoming highly involved in drug use •Drug use is a kind of crutch for deficiencies in personality •Drug use also viewed as defense mechanism

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Inadequate Personality Theories (of drug use) (continued) •What is the question they ask?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Inadequate Personality Theories (of drug use) (continued) •How might you try to prevent or treat a individual's substance abuse from this perspective?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Inadequate Personality Theories (of drug use) (continued) •Self esteem/Self-derogation theory (one type/category of inadequate personality theory): •Drug use/abuse are responses to? •Low self esteem can? •Deviant/disapproved activities and memberships act as?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Inadequate Personality Theories (of drug use) (continued) •Self esteem/Self-derogation theory (one type/category of inadequate personality theory): •Drug use/abuse are responses to low self-esteem and self-rejecting attitudes •Low self esteem can come from peer rejection, parental neglect, high expectations for achievement, school failure, physical or social stigma, etc. •Deviant/disapproved activities and memberships act as effective sources of self-enhancement and sense of belonging

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •3. Problem Behavior Proneness Theory (of drug use) •Argues that drug use is? •Drug users more? •The more unconventional the youth, the?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •3. Problem Behavior Proneness Theory (of drug use) •Argues that drug use is one specific manifestation of a wide range of problematic behaviors •Drug users more unconventional and risk taking than nonusers •The more unconventional the youth, the greater the likelihood he/she will use drugs; the more unconventional, the more serious the drug involvement

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •Psychological theories (of drug use) = based either on? •Reinforcement theories suggest? •Personality theories suggest?

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES •Psychological theories (of drug use) = based either on reinforcement, whether positive or negative, or personality type •Reinforcement theories suggest individuals continue drug use because they have a past history of being rewarded for doing them (operant conditioning) •Personality theories suggest individuals have a type of personality that compels them to use/abuse drugs

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 1.Anomie/Strain Theories •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): (cont) •Why does strain lead to an increase in the likelihood of crime/delinquency?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 1.Anomie/Strain Theories •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): (cont) •Why does strain lead to an increase in the likelihood of crime/delinquency? •Strain leads to negative emotional states (anger, frustration, jealousy, depression, and/or fear) •Strain reduces effectiveness of social control (less stake in conformity) •Strain may foster the social learning of crime •Chronic strain may foster the traits of negative emotionality and low constraint/self-control

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Anomie/Strain Theories •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): •Core idea of GST: i? •to ? •to ? •to ?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Anomie/Strain Theories •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): •Core idea of GST: individuals who experience strains or stressors often experience negative emotions and sometimes cope with crime (i.e. drug use): •to end or escape strains •to makes self feel better •to seek revenge against the source of their strains or related targetsSOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Anomie/Strain Theories •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): (cont) •Strain refers to? •1. People may lose something they value - lose something good like? •2. People may be treated in a negative manner by others - ? •3. People may be unable to achieve their goals -? Strain -?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •1. Anomie/Strain Theories •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): (cont) •Strain refers to events or conditions that are disliked by individuals and can fall into three broad categories: •1. People may lose something they value - lose something good like money, friends, romantic partners, etc. •2. People may be treated in a negative manner by others - receive something bad like verbal or physical abuse •3. People may be unable to achieve their goals - fail to get something they want - to obtain money or respect they want or self-worth Strain -(if the strain is perceived as chronic and unfair)->neg emotions -> coping with deviant activity (ex. drug use)

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories •Main assumption: ? •People are s? •We do not engage in? •To prevent deviance such as drug use, society has to create meaningful connections among individuals that must?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories •Main assumption: people are inherently driven to pursue their own self interests and therefore must be compelled to follow society's rules •People are self-interested and deviance is inherently attractive ... so what keeps people from engaging in deviance/crime/delinquency? •We do not engage in deviant acts b/c of the strong bonds with or ties to conventional, mainstream institutions. •To prevent deviance such as drug use, society has to create meaningful connections among individuals that must trump otherwise selfish interests and individuals (through proper socialization and other informal controls)

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories (cont) •Social control theorists often argue that deviant behavior (such as drug abuse) can be? •with a stronger influence of? •These theories also concentrate on?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories (cont) •Social control theorists often argue that deviant behavior (such as drug abuse) can be changed through resocialization: •with a stronger influence of family, school, church, and law-abiding schoolmates can change individuals' delinquent behaviors. •These theories also concentrate on the process by which social bonds are created and strengthened or weakened

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Ex: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory Focused largely on juveniles: ? Strong bond with? Hirschi theorized that individuals who are most tightly bonded to positive social groups, such as family, the school, and successful peers, are less likely to? If a youth has a very weak connection to the larger society, then that individual is? In contrast, if an individual has?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Ex: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory Focused largely on juveniles: A juvenile is more likely to engage in delinquent acts when he or she's bond to society is weak or broken. Strong bond with family ect. Hirschi theorized that individuals who are most tightly bonded to positive social groups, such as family, the school, and successful peers, are less likely to commit delinquent acts. If a youth has a very weak connection to the larger society, then that individual is free to pursue self-interests without concern for society's condemnation. In contrast, if an individual has tight bonds to social groups such as family, school, or peers, he or she is less likely to commit delinquent acts

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) 2. Commitment ? the risk of?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) 2. Commitment (dedication to legitimate, conventional goals) refers to a willingness to dedicate time, resources, and energy to conventional goals such as education and development of a good reputation. the risk of losing the respect of significant others is one of the most significant factors that contributes to youths' conforming behavior.

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) 3. Involvement ? relates primarily to ? heavy involvement in ?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) 3. Involvement (spending time doing conventional activities) Time management relates primarily to time management (i.e. no extra time to engage in things like drug use) heavy involvement in activities such as studying or helping others means there are fewer opportunities to engage in delinquent acts

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) 4. Belief (worldview that crime is unacceptable) delinquency results from ? belief that drug use is ?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) 4. Belief (worldview that crime is unacceptable) delinquency results from a belief system that suggests criminal behavior is acceptable. belief that drug use is bad and risky reduces likelihood that one will engage in drug use

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) Attachment ? refers to? involves the ability to? also refers to?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) Attachment (positive bonds with individuals and legitimate institutions in society) refers to an individual's connection to or level of integration with others involves the ability to adopt or internalize societal norms and the development of a conscience (product of proper socialization) also refers to the intimate connections to and relationships with significant others, such as teachers, parents, and friends

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) Hirschi's theory looks at four factors that describe the bonds that individuals form to society?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) Hirschi's theory looks at four factors that describe the bonds that individuals form to society: 1. Attachment 2. Commitment 3. Involvement 4. Belief

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) This theory has? However, this theory does not explain? How would you apply this theory to the issue of use or abuse? To drug control policies? To substance abuse prevention or treatment programs?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •2. Social Control Theories - Example: Travis Hirschi's Bonding Theory (cont) This theory has strong empirical support However, this theory does not explain the factors that create or weaken social bonds. How would you apply this theory to the issue of use or abuse? To drug control policies? To substance abuse prevention or treatment programs? Opioid epidemic, people less connected to society

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): (cont) The experience of one or more of these types of strain does not necessarily lead to? Strain is most likely to lead to crime/deviance when ? associated with ? (i.e. parental rejection) create pressure or incentive for?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •Ex: Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST): (cont) The experience of one or more of these types of strain does not necessarily lead to crime/deviance, such as drug use Strain is most likely to lead to crime/deviance when the strain is high in magnitude and perceived as unjust associated with low social control (i.e. parental rejection) create pressure or incentive for criminal coping like drug use (i.e. frustration with society, hopelessness)

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •Sociological theories (of drug use) = What do they do? What five theories?

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES •Sociological theories (of drug use) = make use of broader, structural, cultural, or institutional factors and variables to explain drug use and abuse 1.Strain Theories 2.Social Control Theories (Ex: Bonding Theory) 3.Social Learning Theories (Ex: Differential Association Theory; Ex: Aker's Social Learning Theory) 4.Labeling Theory 5.Conflict Theory

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•1. Reinforcement Theories (of drug use) (CONT.) •Ex: Negative reinforcement may be occurring if addicts are avoiding? •In such cases, therapists may use: ? •Mostly done through? •Such as?

•1. Reinforcement Theories (of drug use) (CONT.) •Ex: Negative reinforcement may be occurring if addicts are avoiding withdrawal symptoms, escaping reality/rejection, self-medicating, or avoiding loss of using friends. •In such cases, therapists may use: response prevention, generating alternative activities, environmental interventions within the family and community, and emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills •Mostly done through some sort of behavioral therapy •Such as cog beh therapy