Notes: 9/5/2019

Alcohol Consumption: During Prohibition Alcohol consumption greatly declined during? Alcohol consumption was estimated at ? as high in the decade or so ? Prohibition -Stating caused? -Great depression?

Alcohol Consumption: During Prohibition Alcohol consumption greatly declined during Prohibition How do we know? Alcohol consumption was estimated at more than twice as high in the decade or so before/during Prohibition -Stating caused other crimes and problems that are now hurting the family -Great depression being worsened by prohibition (claims)

Alcohol Consumption: During Prohibition The Eighteenth Amendment: (ratified in ?) did what? The Volstead Act (National Prohibition Act): ?

Alcohol Consumption: During Prohibition The Eighteenth Amendment: (ratified in January 1919) prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes". The Volstead Act (National Prohibition Act): (passed in October 1919) funding provided for the enforcement of prohibition, including the creation of a special unit of the Treasury Department

Alcohol Consumption: after Prohibition 1933-Present Alcohol consumption reached a post-Prohibition peak somewhere between the? and declined throughout? Consumption rose during the early years of? The historical co-relationships between ?

Alcohol Consumption: after Prohibition 1933-Present Alcohol consumption reached a post-Prohibition peak somewhere between the late 1970s and early 80s, and declined throughout the 80s and 90s. Consumption rose during the early years of the 21st century but leveled off by 2010. The historical co-relationships between alcohol use and crime, and alcohol and illicit drug use, are well documented.

Alcohol Consumption: after Prohibition 1933-Present The use of alcohol rose throughout ?, jumped during the ?, and leveled off until ?, when it to began to rise. During the late 1960s, illicit drug use ?, suggesting?

Alcohol Consumption: after Prohibition 1933-Present The use of alcohol rose throughout the 1930s and early 40s, jumped during the World War II years, and leveled off until the late 60s, when it to began to rise. During the late 1960s, illicit drug use increased as well, suggesting that the uses of legal and illegal psychoactive substances are related.

Movement Towards Prohibition With minor fluctuations, rates of drinking remained fairly stable between ? and the beginning of ? at just over ? gallons per person ages 15 and older per year. Between 1916 and 1919, alcohol consumption did what?

Movement Towards Prohibition With minor fluctuations, rates of drinking remained fairly stable between 1850 and the beginning of Prohibition at just over 2 gallons per person ages 15 and older per year. Between 1916 and 1919, alcohol consumption declined significantly, to below 2 gallons.

Movement Towards Prohibition §Widespread propaganda and powerful lobbying groups such as? §Children painted as? §What kind of issue was this? What does this mean? §Wayne Wheeler: ? §What did he do? §What was the anti-saloon league? §Goal: ? §Printing plant in Westerville, OH - produced ? tons of propaganda each ?

Movement Towards Prohibition §Widespread propaganda and powerful lobbying groups such as the Anti-Saloon league (one issue group) §(video: "Retribution") §Children painted as innocent victims in propaganda §Edge issue, black or white. (ex. prolife or prochoice) §Wayne Wheeler: pitchfork dude, skilled lawyer §Associating alcohol with a number of things that are seen as bad §Most successful single issue lobbying org. in US history (1893-1933) §Goal: Prohibition §Printing plant in Westerville, OH - produced 300 tons of propaganda each month (link)

End of Prohibition Prohibition repealed due to a number of reasons: 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? Repealed by? Ratified in?

End of Prohibition Prohibition repealed due to a number of reasons: 1. Organized crime became both more organized and vastly more profitable 2. Concerns that widespread disrespect for Prohibition laws encouraged a general sense of lawlessness 3. Enforcement was challenging, difficult, expensive, and ineffective -Especially during the great depression 4. Taxation: Alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenue (Great Depression + many wealthy wanted the income tax reduced) Repealed by the 21st Amendment Ratified in 1933

Movement Towards Prohibition ASL (anti saloon league) helped pass?(16TH amendment - ?) - What did this do? December 10, 1913 - ? By this time, Americans from many different backgrounds supported?

Movement Towards Prohibition ASL (anti saloon league) helped pass the income tax (16TH amendment - 1913) - made government less dependent on alcohol tax, make up for it December 10, 1913 - March in Washington D.C.- women (WTCU) and men (ASL) -demanding prohibition amendment to the constitution By this time, Americans from many different backgrounds supported Prohibition for various reasons

Movement Towards Prohibition Propaganda messages included that associated alcohol with the following/associated: -Alcohol is? -Tr? -What was happening? -Alcohol is? -False either or situations are what in terms of propaganda? -Alcohol contributes to? -Alcohol contributes to? -Alcohol creates Poor what and what? -Associate alcohol with? -What else?

Movement Towards Prohibition Propaganda messages included that associated alcohol with the following/associated: -Alcohol is portrayed as anti-American -Treason -Turning into an "either or" situation -Alcohol is destroying families -False either or situations are very effective -Contributes to workplace accidents and lower productivity -Contributes to health problems -Poor health and stereotypes -Associate alcohol with low status groups -Immorality

Rise of Temperance Movement The origin of the Temperance Movement was ? He was ?. WHAT of alcohol was seen as bad?

Rise of Temperance Movement The origin of the Temperance Movement was a half-century before 1830 with the publication of Benjamin Rush's 1784 treatise, An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Mind and Body. (pamphlet) He was the first to refer to alcoholism as a disease/addiction. Misuse of alcohol was seen as bad, not alcohol itself

Rise of Temperance Movement After American Revolution what rose? Why? What did it add to? Alcohol itself was increasingly viewed as? *Why?* Cause of ?, including ? ... linked to ? and ?, etc. Cause of ? Blame what as opposed to what?

Rise of Temperance Movement After American Revolution -> Rise of the Temperance movement The introduction and spread of methods to produce more concentrated alcohol, like whiskey and rum ("distilled spirits"), added to problems/consequences of abuse Alcohol itself was increasingly viewed as the cause of serious problems, the root of all evil *lots of social problems were occurring at the same time (scapegoat)* Cause of poverty and unemployment .... crime and violence, including family/spousal abuse ... linked to workplace accidents and low productivity, etc. Cause of health problems Blame drug and other problems as opposed to fix problems

Rise of Temperance Movement Rush argued that: Heavy drinking = ? Alcohol use damages? -inhibitions? Alcohol addiction = ? Rush recommended alcohol use be limited to? Why?

Rise of Temperance Movement Rush argued that: Heavy drinking = health problems Alcohol use damages morality -inhibitions decrease Alcohol addiction = a disease Rush recommended alcohol use be limited to cider, beer and wine in moderate amounts. -Less concentrated alcohol

Rise of Temperance Movement Temperance Movement (who was really involved?) Temperance - ? -What was the message originally? -Turned into what? In 1831 the American Temperance Society reported that nearly how many Americans had renounced liquor and how many local societies had been set up? Abraham Lincoln noted that the harm done by alcohol was? From 1830 to 1850 sales of liquor decreased from ? gallons to ? gallons per capita annually -Now we are at?

Rise of Temperance Movement Temperance Movement (women really involved) Temperance - refers to the "temperate" attitude toward alcohol, especially distilled spirits -In moderation, "drink responsibly" originally, first drink responsibly message -Turned into complete abstinence In 1831 the American Temperance Society reported that nearly 2 million Americans had renounced liquor and 800 local societies had been set up. Abraham Lincoln noted that the harm done by alcohol was an abuse of a very good thing. From 1830 to 1850 sales of liquor decreased from 7 gallons to 2 gallons per capita annually -Now we are at 2.3 gallons

Rise of Temperance Movement §Prohibition Party was started (?) *is this still around?* §Seen as? §America's? §Has nominated a presidential candidate in every election since?

Rise of Temperance Movement §Prohibition Party was started (1869) *still exist* §Seen as progressive aligning itself with other progressive efforts at the time §America's oldest third party §Has nominated a presidential candidate in every election since 1872

Rise of Temperance Movement §Temperance societies developed *? Societies* §Initially promoted what? §Took what? Viewed as what? §Association with what? What was this also? §Later promoted total? §Some people argued it was bad to? §Became fashionable to? §How many men pledged? §Many alcoholics were able to do what? §Auxiliaries? What would they do? §Same reformers also did what? §What did Fredrick Douglass say?

Rise of Temperance Movement §Temperance societies developed (video: "The Absolute Shall") *Washingtonian Societies* §Initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits and moderate consumption of beer and wine §Took pledges, socially positive and progressive §Association with stereotypes of people, form of control of lower status people who were associated with alcohol in the first place §Later promoted total abstinence §Some people argued it was bad to completely ban §Became fashionable to "take the pledge" (see right and videos linked above) §½ a million men pledged §Many alcoholics, reform each other without the church (kind of like "alcoholics anonymous") §Auxiliaries, women organized to morally reform the country. At the center for the struggle §Go to try and shut down saloons and stuff §Women go to saloons to destroy them §Same reformers who lead the abolishment of slavery §"All great reforms go together"- Fredrick Douglass

Rise of Temperance Movement §Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (founded ?) §By late 19th century - What had they done? §Viewed alcohol as? §Had common cause with ? §Improve? §Ultimate goal: ?

Rise of Temperance Movement §Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (founded 1874) §By late 19th century - had lobbied for local laws restricting alcohol and created an anti-alcohol educational campaign in schools §Viewed alcohol as the underlying source of a many social problems §Had common cause with Progressives trying to improve the living conditions of immigrants, protect the rights of young children working in mills and factories, improve public education, and secure women's rights. §Improve society §Ultimate goal: a prohibition amendment to the constitution

sAlcohol Consumption: During Prohibition People continued to? -How? What was the hardest city? Enforcement was? Why? -Treasury department in charge of? Increasing? Organized crime became more ? -Diversified into? Contributed to the progression towards? How? What happens when things go underground? -Generation of? -Alcohol was what?

sAlcohol Consumption: During Prohibition People continued to buy and sell alcohol illegally -Go to doctors to get alcohol, Catholic church has alcohol -Priests became bootleggers -Work in New York, prohibition's biggest challenge -Illegal speakeasys opened up Enforcement was challenging and expensive; corruption increased -Expensive to do this -Not paying police enough money, police found easier to work from the inside -Treasury department in charge of enforcement Increasing gang violence in most American cities Organized crime became more structured and profitable -Diversified into other stuff Contributed to the progression towards women's liberation and freedom of behavioral expression -Women could go to illegal speakeasys -Opens things up for other non-traditional things to occur (things being put underground) -Generation of youth rebel, women more sexually free and stuff -Alcohol status symbol, you were what you drank