NR222- Health & Wellness- Exam 1

After a class on the health promotion model, students make the following statements. Which statement does the faculty member need to clarify? "Perceived self-efficacy is not related to the model." "The individual has unique characteristics and experiences that affect their actions." "Clients need to commit to a plan of action before they adopt a health-promoting behavior." "The desired outcome for the model is health-promoting behavior."

"Perceived self-efficacy is not related to the model." Within the model, perceived self-efficacy is one of the behavior-specific cognitions and effects. The behavior-specific cognitions have motivational significance within the model. All other statements are correct and do not require clarification. ​

Jonathan is a student in a healthcare profession program. To help pay for school, Jonathan works full-time in a family practice clinic caring for clients of all ages. Sometimes, Jonathan feels that there are not enough hours in the day to get schoolwork completed, study for exams, and work enough hours to pay the bills. Growing up, Jonathan's caregivers taught him how to choose and prepare healthy foods and he is active every day, either running or biking. Though he was taught healthy lifestyle behaviors during childhood, his caregiver was against vaccinations. Therefore, Jonathan currently remains unvaccinated. Despite learning the importance of vaccinations, Jonathan feels good about his state of health, admitting that he is never sick. For each variable affecting Jonathan's health, identify if the variable is internal or external.

-Career choice​: Internal -Childhood experiences​: External -Degree of stress​: Internal -Feelings about health​: Internal -Financial struggles​: External

Understand the relationship between social determinants of health and health disparities

-Neighborhood and built environment -Health care access and quality -Social and community context -Education access and quality -Economic stability

A nurse is assessing the risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in a female patient. For each assessment finding (see below), indicate with an X whether the finding is modifiable, nonmodifiable or unrelated to the risk for CAD. Assessment Finding -Patient is 67 years old -B/P 146/88 mm Hg -Father had type 2 diabetes mellitus -Eats at fast food restaurants every day for lunch -Patient treated with radiation to the chest 30 years ago to treat Hodgkin's -disease -Does not participate in regular activity | Modifiable | Nonmodifiable | Unrelated |

-Patient is 67 years old: NONMODIFIABLE -B/P 146/88 mm Hg: MODIFIABLE -Father had type 2 diabetes mellitus: UNRELATED -Eats at fast food restaurants every day for lunch: MODIFIABLE -Patient treated with radiation to the chest 30 years ago to treat Hodgkin's -disease: UNRELATED -Does not participate in regular activity: MODIFIABLE Rationale: Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD (e.g., age) cannot be changed. Modifiable risk factors for CAD include those that can be changed (e.g., hypertension, dietary choices high in fat and sodium, and a sedentary lifestyle). Radiation to the chest is not a risk factor for developing CAD.

Define Primary Level of Prevention:

-Preventative -Before anything happens -Vaccines/immunizations, educational sessions, seatbelts, car seat safety, healthy living

Define Secondary Level of Prevention:

-Screening -Catch it as soon as possible/emergency care -Screenings: Blood pressure screening, mammography, testicular self-exam, drunk-driving check point, emergency surgery/acute treatments

Match the following terms to their proper definitions. -State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or illness -Positive state of health that is continually changing -Functional or structural disturbance -Physical indicators and subjective experience -Health -Wellness -Illness -Disease

-State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or illness -Health -Positive state of health that is continually changing -Wellness -Functional or structural disturbance -Illness -Physical indicators and subjective experience -Disease

Define Tertiary Level of Prevention:

-Tertiary/Therapy/Rehabilitation -Maintain health after/ongoing -Rehabilitation and Treatment: Physical and occupational therapy, long-term treatment plans after a diagnosis

The nurse is analyzing information about a client. Which of the following does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory help the nurse to identify? 1. Client's problem that has top priority 2. Developmental level of the client 3. Coping patterns of the client 4. Client's health beliefs

1. Client's problem that has top priority: Client problems/needs can be ranked in order of ascending importance according to how essential they are for survival using Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as a framework. Maslow identifies five levels of human needs. A person must meet lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs. Physiological needs are first-level needs: air, food, water, sleep, shelter, and so forth; safety and security needs are second; love and belonging needs are third; self-esteem needs are fourth; and self-actualization is the fifth-level need. 2. Erikson's Developmental Theory is designed to identify a client's developmental level, not Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. 3. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is not designed to identify a person's coping patterns in response to stress. 4. Rosenstock and Becker's Health Belief Model, not Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, identifies the relationship between health beliefs and the use of preventive actions to promote health.

The nurse spends time with a patient and family reviewing a dressing change procedure for the patient's wound. The patient's spouse demonstrates how to change the dressing. The nurse is acting in which professional role? 1. Educator 2. Advocate 3. Caregiver 4. Communicator

1. Educator The nurse is demonstrating the role of educator. An educator explains concepts and facts about health, describes the reason for routine care activities, demonstrates procedures such as home-care activities, reinforces learning or patient behavior, and evaluates the patient's progress in learning or patient behavior, and evaluates the patient's progress in learning through return demonstration.

Which of the following are symptoms of secondary traumatic stress and burnout that commonly affect nurses? (Select all that apply.) 1. Regular participation in a book club 2. Lack of interest in exercise 3. Difficulty falling asleep 4. Lack of desire to go to work 5. Anxiety while working

1. Regular participation in a book club 2. Lack of interest in exercise 3. Difficulty falling asleep 4. Lack of desire to go to work 5. Anxiety while working Answer: 2, 3, 4, 5. Nurses are particularly susceptible to the development of secondary traumatic stress and burnout—the components of compassion fatigue. Symptoms include decline in health, emotional exhaustion, irritability, restlessness, impaired ability to focus and engage with patients, feelings of hopelessness, inability to take pleasure from activities, and anxiety

The nurse is explaining mammography screening to a client. Which level of health-care delivery does this diagnostic test reflect? 1. Secondary 2. Tertiary 3. Primary 4. Acute

1. Secondary: Screening surveys and diagnostic procedures are examples of secondary health-care delivery. Secondary health-care delivery is associated with early detection, early and quick intervention, health maintenance, and prevention of complications. There are three levels of health-care delivery: primary (avoiding disease through health promotion and disease prevention), secondary (early detection and treatment), and tertiary (reducing complications, rehabilitation, and restoration and maintenance of optimal function). 2. This scenario is not an example of tertiary health-care delivery. Tertiary care begins after a situation is stabilized, and the focus is on rehabilitation and restoration within the limits of the disability. 3. This scenario is not an example of primary health-care delivery. Primary care is associated with activities that promote health and protect against disease. 4. Acute is not one of the levels of health-care delivery. The word acute refers to the type of care that is provided at the secondary level of health-care delivery.

The nurse is providing discharge education to a client with newly diagnosed diabetes. The nurse encourages healthy behaviors and tailors the education so that the client sees a perceived benefit, desires to change, and grasps how healthy behaviors will affect their environment. Which theory is the nurse utilizing with this client? 1. Theory of Comfort 2. Health Belief Model 3. Model for Social Support 4. Theory of Care Seeking Behavior

1. The Theory of Comfort focuses on the basic human needs that need to be provided during stressful health-care situations. 2. The Health Belief Model focuses on the attitudes and beliefs of the client and the assumption that the client's behaviors are determined by the benefits obtained by their health actions. The perceived effectiveness of the change determines the client's choice of action, barriers they foresee, accepted choice of action, and self-efficacy to achieve these behaviors. 3. The Model for Social Support guides the nurse in integrating social support into their nursing practice, not educating the client to see benefits and outcomes from healthy choices. 4. The Theory of Care Seeking Behavior helps the nurse determine the client's chances of engaging in healthy behavior but not their desire to change

The school nurse has been following a 9-year-old student who has shown behavioral problems in class. The student acts out and does not follow teacher instructions. The nurse plans to meet with the student's family to learn more about social determinants of health that might be affecting the student. Which of the following potential social determinants should the nurse assess? (Select all that apply.) 1. The student's seating placement in the classroom 2. The level of support parents offer when the student completes homework 3. The level of violence in the family's neighborhood 4. The age at which the child first began having behavioral problems 5. The cultural values about education held by the family

1. The student's seating placement in the classroom 2. The level of support parents offer when the student completes homework 3. The level of violence in the family's neighborhood 4. The age at which the child first began having behavioral problems 5. The cultural values about education held by the family Answer: 2, 3, 5. Social determinants include social support, exposure to crime and violence, and culture. The nurse should learn the child's age at which behavioral problems appeared, but this is not a social determinant. Seating placement is not a social determinant but could be a factor if the child has visual or other physical problems.

A nurse working on a medical patient care unit states, "I am having trouble sleeping, and I eat nonstop when I get home. All I can think of when I get to work is how I can't wait for my shift to be over. I wish I felt happy again." What are the best responses from the nurse manager? (Select all that apply.) 1. "I'm sure this is just a phase you are going through. Hang in there. You'll feel better soon." 2. "I know several nurses who feel this way every now and then. Tell me about the patients you have cared for recently. Did you find it difficult to care for them?" 3. "You can take diphenhydramine over the counter to help you sleep at night." 4. "Describe for me what you do with your time when you are not working." 5. "The hospital just started a group where nurses get together to talk about their feelings. Would you like for me to e-mail the schedule to you?"

2. "I know several nurses who feel this way every now and then. Tell me about the patients you have cared for recently. Did you find it difficult to care for them?" 4. "Describe for me what you do with your time when you are not working." 5. "The hospital just started a group where nurses get together to talk about their feelings. Would you like for me to e-mail the schedule to you?" Answer: 2, 4, 5 are CORRECT: this nurse is experiencing symptoms of compassion fatigue. The nurse manager needs to establish a therapeutic relationship with the nurse. Acknowledging personal thoughts and feelings and talking with other nurses to identify coping strategies can help this nurse work through the feelings associated with compassion fatigue.

As part of a faith community nursing program in her church, a nurse is developing a health promotion program on breast self examination for the women's group. Which statement made by one of the participants is related to the individual's accurate perception of susceptibility to an illness? 1. "I have a hanging tag on my bathroom door to remind me to do my breast self-examination monthly." 2. "Since my mother had breast cancer, I know that I am at increased risk for developing breast cancer." 3. "Since I am only 25 years of age, the risk of breast cancer for me is very low." 4. "I participate every year in our local walk/run to raise money for breast cancer research.

2. "Since my mother had breast cancer, I know that I am at increased risk for developing breast cancer." Answer: 2. On the basis of the health belief model, this statement indicates that the patient is concerned about developing breast cancer and feels that there is a risk or susceptibility based on recognition of a familial link for the disease. Once this link is recognized, the patient may perceive the personal risk.

A nurse is assigned to care for an 82-year-old patient who will be transferred from the hospital to a rehabilitation center. The patient and her husband have selected the rehabilitation center closest to their home. The nurse learns that the patient will be discharged in 3 days and decides to make the referral on the day of discharge. The nurse reviews the recommendations for physical therapy and applies the information to fall prevention strategies in the hospital. What discharge planning action by the nurse has not been addressed correctly? 1. Patient and family involvement in referral 2. Timing of referral 3. Incorporation of referral discipline recommendations into plan of care 4. Determination of discharge date

2. Timing of referral: The nurse must make the referral as soon as possible. The other elements of discharge planning, including knowing the discharge date, involving the patient and family in decision making, and incorporating the referral discipline's recommendations for the patient's care, are part of discharge planning

The nurse is interviewing a patient in the community clinic and gathers the following information about her: She is intermittently homeless and is a single parent with two children who have developmental delays. She has had asthma since she was a teenager. She does not laugh or smile, does not volunteer any information, and at times appears close to tears. She has no support system and does not work. She is experiencing an allostatic load. As a result, which of the following would be present during a complete patient assessment? (Select all that apply.) 1. Posttraumatic stress disorder 2. Rising hormone levels 3. Chronic illness 4. Insomnia 5. Depression

3. Chronic illness 4. Insomnia 5. Depression Answer: 3, 4, 5. An increased allopathic load can result in long-term physiological and psychological problems, such as chronic illness, depression, sleep deprivation, chronic fatigue syndrome, and autoimmune disorders. Posttraumatic stress disorder results from a single traumatic event. Hormone levels rise in the alarm stage.

Which complementary therapies are most easily learned and applied by a nurse? (Select all that apply.) 1. Therapeutic massage therapy 2. Traditional Chinese medicine 3. Progressive relaxation 4. Breathwork and guided imagery 5. Therapeutic touch

3. Progressive relaxation 4. Breathwork and guided imagery Answer: 3, 4 are CORRECT: These are nurse-accessible complementary therapies. A simple backrub can be administered by nurses; however, a therapeutic massage is performed by a therapist who is licensed by local governmental agencies, and additional educational preparation is required to practice. Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners also attend training/educational programs, typically accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine

A patient discharged a week ago following a stroke is currently participating in rehabilitation sessions provided by nurses, physical therapists, and registered dietitians in an outpatient setting. In what level of prevention is the patient participating? 1. Primary prevention 2. Secondary prevention 3. Tertiary prevention 4. Transtheoretical prevention

3. Tertiary prevention Involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration following surgery. Tertiary prevention activities are directed at rehabilitation rather than diagnosis and treatment. Care at this level aims to help patients achieve as high a level of functioning as possible, despite the limitations caused by illness or impairment. This level of care is called preventative care because it involves preventing further disability or reduced functioning.

Using the Transtheoretical Model of Change, order the steps that a patient goes through to make a lifestyle change related to physical activity. 1. The individual recognizes that he is out of shape when his daughter asks him to walk with her after school. 2. Eight months after beginning walking, the individual participates with his wife in a local 5K race. 3. The individual becomes angry when the physician tells him that he needs to increase his activity to lose 30 pounds. 4. The individual walks 2 to 3 miles, 5 nights a week, with his wife. 5. The individual visits the local running store to purchase walking shoes and obtain advice on a walking plan.

3. The individual becomes angry when the physician tells him that he needs to increase his activity to lose 30 pounds. PRECONTEMPLATION 1. The individual recognizes that he is out of shape when his daughter asks him to walk with her after school. CONTEMPLATION 5. The individual visits the local running store to purchase walking shoes and obtain advice on a walking plan. PREPARATION 4. The individual walks 2 to 3 miles, 5 nights a week, with his wife. ACTION 2. Eight months after beginning walking, the individual participates with his wife in a local 5K race. MAINTENANCE

Based on the transtheoretical model of change, what is the most appropriate response to a patient who states: "Me, stop smoking? I've been smoking since I was 16!" 1. That's fine. Some people who smoke live a long life. 2. Ok. I want you to decrease the number of cigarettes you smoke by one each day, and I'll see you in 1 month. 3. What do you think is the greatest reason why stopping smoking would be challenging for you? 4. I'd like you to attend a smoking-cessation class this week and use nicotine replacement patches as directed.

3. What do you think the greatest reason why stopping smoking would be challenging for you? The patient's response indicates he is in the precontemplation stage and not intending to make a change in behavior in the next 6 months. In this stage, the patient is not interested in information about the behavior and may be defensive when confronted with the information. Asking an open-ended question about smoking may stimulate the patient to identify a reason to begin a behavioral change. Nurses are challenged to motivate and facilitate health behavior change in working with individuals.

Health promotion programs are designed to help patients: 1. Reduce the incidence of disease 2. Maintain maximal function 3. Reduce the need to use more expensive health care services 4. All of the above

4. All of the above, Reduce the incidence of disease, minimize complications, and reduce the need to use more expensive health care resources

Which of the following individuals will most likely experiences a disparity in helath and healthcare? (Select all that apply) a) African American man b) White middle-aged man c) Single Latino woman d) Unemployed woman

A) African American man C) single latino woman d) unemployed woman

A patient is admitted to the emergency room with severe dehydration. The nurse prioritizes administering intravenous fluids and monitoring the patient's vital signs. Which level of need, according to Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse primarily addressing? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-esteem

A) Physiological Rationale: The nurse is primarily addressing the patient's physiological needs by providing intravenous fluids to treat severe dehydration. This level of need involves ensuring the body's basic requirements for survival, such as hydration, nutrition, and oxygenation.

A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of secondary prevention? A) Providing cholesterol screening B) Teaching about stress management techniques C) Administering medications to control blood pressure D) Referring individuals with diabetes for foot care education

A) Providing cholesterol screening Rationale: Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early to prevent complications. Providing cholesterol screening allows for the early detection of elevated cholesterol levels, which are a significant risk factor for heart disease, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

A nurse is discussing the nursing process with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following statements by the newly licensed nurse should the nurse identify as appropriate for the planning step of the nursing process? A. "I will determine the most important client problems that we should address." B. "I will review the past medical history on the client's record to get more information." C. "I will carry out the new prescriptions from the provider." D. "I will ask the client if their nausea has resolved.""

A. "I will determine the most important client problems that we should address." Prioritize the client's problems during the planning step of the nursing process. B. Review the client's history during the assessment/ data collection step of the nursing process. C. Implement nurse- and provider-initiated actions during the intervention step of the nursing process. D. Gather information about whether the client's problems have been resolved during the evaluation step of the nursing process.

A nurse manager is discussing the HIPAA Privacy Rule with a group of newly hired nurses during orientation. Which of the following information should the nurse manage include? (Select all that apply) A. A single electronic records password is provided for nurses on the same unit B. Family members should provide a code prior to receiving client health information C. Communication of client information can occur at the nurse's station D. A client can request a copy of their medical record E. A nurse can photocopy a client's medical record for transfer to another facility

A. A single electronic records password is provided for nurses on the same unit. The HIPAA Privacy Rule requires the protection of clients' electronic records. The rule states that electronic records must be password-protected and each staff person should use an individual password to access information. B. Family members should provide a code prior to receiving client health information. The HIPAA Privacy Rule states that information should only be disclosed to authorized individuals to whom the client has provided consent. Many hospitals use a code system to identify those individuals and should only provide information if the individual can give the code. C. Communication of client information can occur at the nurse's station. The HIPAA Privacy Rule states that communication about a client should only take place in a private setting where unauthorized individuals cannot overhear it. A unit nurses' station is considered a private and secure location. D. A client can request a copy of their medical record. The HIPAA Privacy Rule states that clients have a right to read and obtain a copy of their medical record E. A nurse can photocopy a client's medical record for transfer to another facility. The HIPAA Privacy Rule states that nurses can only photocopy a client's medical record if it is to be used for transfer to another facility or provider.

A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of primary prevention? A. Providing cholesterol screening B. Teaching about a healthy diet C. Providing information about antihypertensive medications D. Developing a list of cardiac rehabilitation programs

A. Cholesterol screening is an example of secondary prevention. B. Teaching about a healthy diet, Primary prevention encompasses strategies that help prevent illness or injury. This level of prevention includes health information about nutrition, exercise, stress management, and protection from injuries and illness. C. Taking medication to lower blood pressure is part of secondary prevention. D. Cardiac rehabilitation is an example of tertiary prevention.

A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of primary prevention? A. Providing cholesterol screening B. Teaching about a healthy diet C. Providing information about antihypertensive medications D. Developing a list of cardiac rehabilitation programs

A. Cholesterol screening is an example of secondary prevention. B. Teaching about a healthy diet: Primary prevention encompasses strategies that help prevent illness or injury. This level of prevention includes health information about nutrition, exercise, stress management, and protection from injuries and illness. C. Taking medication to lower blood pressure is part of secondary prevention. D. Cardiac rehabilitation is an example of tertiary prevention.

A nurse is instructing a group of newly licensed nurses about the responsibilities organ donation and procurement involved. When the nurse explains that all clients waiting for a kidney transplant have to meet the same qualifications, the newly licensed nurses should understand that this aspect of care delivery is an example of which of the following ethical principles? A. Fidelity B. Autonomy C. Justice D. Nonmaleficence

A. Fidelity is the fulfillment of promises. Because donor organs are a scarce resource compared with the numbers of potential recipients who need them, no one can promise anyone an organ. Thus, this principle does not apply. B. Autonomy is the right to make personal decisions, even when they are not necessarily in the person's best interest. No personal decision is involved with the qualifications for organ recipients. C. Justice, is fairness in care delivery and in the use of resources. By applying the same qualifications to all potential kidney transplant recipients, organ procurement organizations demonstrate this ethical principle in determining the allocation of these scarce resources. D. Nonmaleficence is a commitment to do no harm. In this situation, harm can occur to organ donors and to recipients. The requirements of the organ procurement organizations are standard procedures and do not address avoidance of harm or injury

A nurse is caring for a client who decides not to have surgery despite significant blockages of the coronary arteries. The nurse understands that this client's choice is an example of which of the following ethical principles? A. Fidelity B. Autonomy C. Justice D. Nonmaleficence

A. Fidelity is the fulfillment of promises. The nurse has not made any promises; this is the client's decision. B. Autonomy, In this situation, the client is exercising their right to make their own personal decision about surgery, regardless of others' opinions of what is "best" for them. This is an example of autonomy. C. Justice is fairness in care delivery and in the use of resources. Because the client has chosen not to use them, this principle does not apply. D. Nonmaleficence is a commitment to do no harm. In this situation, harm can occur whether or not the client has surgery. However, because they choose not to, this principle does not apply

A charge nurse is reviewing the steps of the nursing process with a group of nurses. Which of the following data should the charge nurse identify as objective data? (Select all that apply) A. Respiration rate is 22/min with even, unlabored respirations. B. The client's partner states "They said they hurt after walking about 10 minutes" C. The client's pain rating is 3 on a scale of 0 to 10 D. The client's skin is pink, warm and dry E. The assistive personnel reports that the clients walked with a limp

A. Respiration rate is 22/min with even, unlabored respirations: OBJECTIVE DATA, includes information the nurse measures (vital signs) B. The client's partner states "They said they hurt after walking about 10 minutes": SUBJECTIVE DATA, includes a client's reported manifestations, even if a secondary source gave the nurse the information C. The client's pain rating is 3 on a scale of 0 to 10: SUBJECTIVE DATA, includes a client's reported manifestations D. The client's skin is pink, warm and dry: OBJECTIVE DATA, includes information the nurse observes (skin appearance) E. The assistive personnel reports that the clients walked with a limp: OBJECTIVE DATA, includes information from the observations of others (family and staff)

A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic arthritis pain. The patient wants to add some complementary therapies to help with pain management. Which therapies might be most effective for controlling pain? (Select all that apply.) 1. Biofeedback 2. Acupuncture 3. Therapeutic touch 4. Chiropractic therapy 5. Herbal medicines

All the answers are correct Biofeedback is a mind-body technique that promotes relaxation of muscle tension and, in turn, reduces pain. Acupuncture modifies the body's response to pain and over time can reduce pain. Therapeutic touch is effective in reducing the pain response in patients with chronic illnesses. Chiropractic therapy realigns structure and reduces pain when the pain is the result of structural abnormality, not inflammation. Herbal therapies are often used to prevent disease, promote health, and manage symptoms.

What does Provision 5 state regarding the duties of a nurse to self?

Provision 5 emphasizes that a nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to promote health and safety, preserve wholeness of character and integrity, maintain competence, and continue personal and professional growth. Service should not extend to the point of risking harm to oneself.

A nurse is providing emotional support to a patient who recently lost a loved one. The nurse listens actively, offers empathy, and provides resources for grief counseling. Which level of need, as per Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse focusing on? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-actualization

C) Love and belonging Rationale: The nurse is focusing on the patient's need for love and belonging by providing emotional support and empathy during a time of grief. This level of need involves fostering meaningful connections, supportive relationships, and a sense of belonging, which are essential for emotional well-being and coping with loss.

A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of primordial prevention? A) Promoting regular exercise routines B) Educating about the dangers of smoking C) Advocating for policies to improve air quality D) Establishing programs to reduce stress levels

Answer: C) Advocating for policies to improve air quality Rationale: Primordial prevention targets the root causes of diseases by addressing social, economic, and environmental determinants of health. Advocating for policies to improve air quality can help prevent the development of risk factors for heart disease, such as air pollution, promoting cardiovascular health in the population.

A patient recovering from a traumatic injury expresses a desire to learn new skills and pursue hobbies they had previously postponed. The nurse encourages the patient's interests and provides resources for skill development and recreational activities. Which level of need, as per Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse focusing on? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-actualization

Answer: D) Self-actualization Rationale: By encouraging the patient's pursuit of interests and providing resources for skill development, the nurse is focusing on the patient's need for self-actualization. This level of need involves realizing one's full potential, pursuing personal growth, and fulfilling aspirations.

Trevor is a nursing student who works at a local clinic as a medical assistant three times a week while he is in nursing school. He has been a medical assistant for 6 years and decided to attend nursing school this semester to expand his career options. Trevor kept his medical assisting job in hopes that gaining the "hands on" experience would make nursing school more manageable; plus he needed the income to help offset the cost of nursing school. At the clinic Trevor cares for a wide range of patients from newborns to the older adult. Today the clinic is hosting a "Love Your Child" health drive and is providing wellness examinations and immunizations for children. Trevor is assigned to the immunization station at the health drive where he is responsible for administering vaccines to the children. Immunizations are an example of _________________ and _____________ prevention.

Answer: primary and illness Rationale: Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy. It includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. Illness prevention activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health.

What are risk factors in the context of health?

Attributes, qualities, or traits increasing vulnerability to illness or accident. Can be individual (genetic, lifestyle) or environmental (exposure to hazards). Influence the likelihood of developing health issues or encountering accidents. Identifying risk factors is key to prevention and intervention strategies.

A patient expresses concerns about their ability to pay for medical expenses and fears losing their job due to health issues. The nurse connects the patient with social services for financial assistance and provides information about employment protections. Which level of need, as per Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse focusing on? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-esteem

B) Safety and security Rationale: The nurse is focusing on the patient's need for safety and security by addressing concerns about financial stability and employment. This level of need involves protecting individuals from harm, threats, and uncertainties in their environment.

During a routine clinic visit, a nurse educates a patient about proper hand hygiene techniques and the importance of maintaining a clean environment to prevent the spread of infections. Which level of need, according to Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse primarily addressing? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-esteem

B) Safety and security Rationale: The nurse is primarily addressing the patient's need for safety and security by educating them about infection prevention measures. This level of need involves ensuring physical safety and minimizing threats to health and well-being, such as preventing infections through proper hygiene practices.

A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of primary prevention? A) Providing cholesterol screening B) Teaching about a healthy diet C) Providing information about antihypertensive medications D) Developing a list of cardiac rehabilitation programs

B) Teaching about a healthy diet Rationale: Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of disease by addressing risk factors. Teaching about a healthy diet helps individuals adopt behaviors that reduce their risk of heart disease, such as consuming foods low in saturated fats and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Immunizations are not an objective as defined by Healthy People 2030 because immunizations are largely for children and children are not included in the Healthy People 2030 initiative. A. True B. False

B. False Rationale: Immunizations and infection control are a priority component of the Healthy People 2030 initiative for improving the health of all people in the United States.

Trevor is a nursing student who works at a local clinic as a medical assistant three times a week while he is in nursing school. He has been a medical assistant for 6 years and decided to attend nursing school this semester to expand his career options. Trevor kept his medical assisting job in hopes that gaining the "hands on" experience would make nursing school more manageable; plus he needed the income to help offset the cost of nursing school. At the clinic Trevor cares for a wide range of patients from newborns to the older adult. Today the clinic is hosting a "Love Your Child" health drive and is providing wellness examinations and immunizations for children. Trevor knows that receiving an immunization is included in which hierarchy of need according to Maslow? A. Physiological B. Safety and security C. Love and belonging needs D. Self-esteem E. Self-actualization

B. Safety and security Rationale: Receiving an immunization falls into the "physical safety" subdivision of Maslow's "safety and security" hierarchy.

A patient recently moved to a new city and expresses feelings of loneliness and isolation. The nurse encourages the patient to participate in support groups, social activities, and community events. Which level of need, according to Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse primarily addressing? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-actualization

C) Love and belonging Rationale: The nurse is primarily addressing the patient's need for love and belonging by facilitating connections with others through support groups and community events. This level of need involves fostering meaningful relationships, social connections, and a sense of belonging.

At Chamberlain University, a healthy environment begins with Chamberlain Care®. What are the tenets of this model of practice? Select all that apply. ​ Care for partners Care for colleagues Care for students Care for faculty Care for others​ Care for patients Care for community Care for homeless

Care for partners Care for colleagues Care for students Care for faculty Care for others​ Care for patients Care for community Care for homeless

A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of tertiary prevention? A) Providing education on the signs and symptoms of heart attack B) Implementing a smoking cessation program for individuals with heart disease C) Administering medications to control high blood pressure D) Referring patients with heart failure to a cardiac rehabilitation program

D) Referring patients with heart failure to a cardiac rehabilitation program Rationale: Tertiary prevention aims to minimize the impact of disease and prevent complications in individuals already diagnosed with a condition. Referring patients with heart failure to a cardiac rehabilitation program can help improve their quality of life, reduce hospital readmissions, and prevent further deterioration of heart function.

A nurse is providing guidance to a group of patients participating in a smoking cessation program. The nurse facilitates discussions about personal values, goals, and potential barriers to change. Which level of need, as per Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse focusing on? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-actualization

D) Self-actualization Rationale: Self-actualization represents the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy, where individuals strive for personal growth, fulfillment, and realizing their potential. By discussing personal values, goals, and barriers to change, the nurse is facilitating self-reflection and helping patients align their actions with their intrinsic motivations, thus addressing the need for self-actualization.

A patient expresses frustration and disappointment after experiencing a setback in their recovery process. The nurse acknowledges the patient's efforts and achievements, highlighting their resilience and determination. Which level of need, according to Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse primarily addressing? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-esteem

D) Self-esteem Rationale: By acknowledging the patient's efforts and highlighting their resilience, the nurse is addressing the patient's need for self-esteem. This level of need involves fostering feelings of competence, achievement, and self-worth.

A nurse is conducting a therapy session with a patient recovering from a recent surgery. The nurse encourages the patient to discuss their feelings about the surgery and praises their progress in rehabilitation. Which level of need, according to Maslow's hierarchy, is the nurse primarily addressing? A) Physiological B) Safety and security C) Love and belonging D) Self-esteem

D) Self-esteem Rationale: In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-esteem is the level where individuals seek recognition, respect, and appreciation from others. By praising the patient's progress and encouraging discussion about their feelings, the nurse is addressing the patient's need for self-esteem, which is crucial for psychological well-being and recovery.

What is the Health Promotion model?

Defines health as a positive, dynamic state, well-being Person's pursuit of health and what motivates them to change Individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, and behavioral outcome

What is compassion fatigue, and how does it impact nurses and patient care?

Definition: Compassion fatigue is a condition characterized by feelings of hopelessness, decreased ability to enjoy activities, hypervigilance, and anxiety. Effects on Nurses: Negatively impacts health and wellness, job performance, and personal lives. Effects on Patient Care: Decreases quality of care provided. Effects on Healthcare Agencies: Leads to changes in job performance, increased nurse turnover, and decreased patient satisfaction. Consequences: Can result in nurses leaving the profession or specialty, affecting agency staffing and overall competence.

What is GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome)?

Definition: Immediate physiological response to stress. Stages: Alarm Stage: CNS arousal, body defenses mobilized (Fight-or-flight). Resistance Stage: Body attempts to return to normal. Exhaustion Stage: Prolonged stress beyond control. Involves: Specific autonomic nervous system and endocrine system responses.

What are the key internal variables that influence behavior and decision-making?

Developmental Stage: The individual's life phase, affecting cognition, abilities, and social skills. Intellectual Background: Education, knowledge, and cognitive abilities that shape understanding and problem-solving. Emotional Factors: Feelings and emotional intelligence impacting decisions and interactions. Spiritual Factors: Beliefs and values that influence life choices and moral direction.

A patient has been laid off from his construction job and has many unpaid bills. He is going through a divorce from his marriage of 15 years and has been praying daily to help him through this difficult time. He does not have a primary health care provider because he has never really been sick, and his parents never took him to a physician when he was a child. Which external variables influence the patient's health practices? (Select all that apply.) Difficulty paying his bills Praying daily Age of patient (46 years) Stress from the divorce and the loss of a job Family practice of not routinely seeing a health care provider

Difficulty paying his bills Praying daily Age of patient (46 years) Stress from the divorce and the loss of a job Family practice of not routinely seeing a health care provider

Define non-modifiable risk factors.

Factors such as age, gender, genetics, and family history. Cannot be altered or changed by individual behavior. These factors contribute to the risk of certain diseases. Understanding them helps in assessing overall risk and developing preventive strategies.

What are modifiable risk factors?

Factors that contribute to the development of noncommunicable diseases. Can be altered by changing one's behavior or environment. Examples include diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use. Addressing these factors can significantly reduce the risk of disease.

What external variables influence a person's health beliefs and practices?

Family Practices: The health habits and beliefs modeled and taught within the family setting. Psychosocial Factors: Relationships and social networks that affect emotional well-being and health behaviors. Socioeconomic Factors: Economic conditions, education level, and access to healthcare that shape health choices and opportunities. Cultural Background: Traditions, values, and norms stemming from one's cultural heritage that impact health perceptions and practices.

What does high-level wellness mean in the context of the Illness-Wellness Continuum?

High-level wellness does not imply that an individual is never sick. It emphasizes the direction in which a client is moving on the continuum—either towards disease and premature death or towards high-level wellness and optimal health.

When taking care of patients, a nurse routinely asks whether they take any vitamins or herbal medications, encourages family members to bring in music that the patient likes to help the patient relax, and frequently prays with her patients if that is important to them. The nurse is practicing which model? Holistic Health belief Transtheoretical Health promotion

Holistic

A nurse is conducting a home visit with a new mom and her three children. While in the home the nurse weighs each family member and reviews their 3-day food diary. She checks the mom's blood pressure and encourages the mom to take the children for a 15- to 30-minute walk every day. The nurse is addressing which level of need, according to Maslow? Physiological Safety and security Love and belonging Self-actualization

Physiological

What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Physiological: oxygen, fluids, nutrition, body temp, elimination, shelter, sex Safety & Security: physical and psychological safety Love/belonging: intimacy Self esteem Self-actualization

What is the focus of Provision 6 regarding the nurse's role in the work environment?

Provision 6 focuses on the nurse's role, through individual and collective effort, in establishing, maintaining, and improving the ethical environment of the work setting and conditions of employment to ensure they are conducive to safe, quality health care. This provision underscores the significance of the work environment in nursing care and its influence on the ethical and overall quality of health care delivery, tracing its roots back to concerns for the economic and general welfare of nurses and the belief that "self-development can best be nurtured in the soil of economic self-respect.

What is the CAGE questionnaire used for in medical assessments?

Purpose: To assess potential alcohol abuse problems. Components: C - Have you ever felt the need to Cut down on your drinking or drug use? A - Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking or drug use? G - Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking or drug use? E - Have you ever used or had a drink first thing in the morning as an Eye-opener to steady your nerves or feel normal? Use: Helps guide assessment for alcohol abuse; part of a well-focused history and physical examination process.

What is the Health Belief model?

Relationship between a person's values, beliefs and behaviors, idea's, traditions, practices, attitudes about health Person's perception to risk of illness/disease Individual perception, likelihood of action, perception, and perceived threat

What is the Illness-Wellness Continuum?

The Illness-Wellness Continuum depicts the relationship between wellness and illness, illustrating that moving left from the center shows worsening health, while moving right shows increasing levels of health. It demonstrates that wellness and illness are not fixed states but part of a continuum.

What are the five main features of a nurse's duty to self, as outlined in Provision 5?

The five main features of a nurse's duty to self are: a duty of moral self-respect; a duty to preserve one's health, safety, and well-being; a duty to maintain wholeness of character; a duty to preserve one's integrity; and a duty to grow professionally and maintain competence. These are understood as a collective single duty of duties-to-self.

A nurse who works at a health center on a university campus notices that there are many students who smoke. The nurse partners with the local health department to implement a smoking-cessation program on campus. The program is based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change. In applying this model, which strategies does the nurse need to consider?

The nurse needs to understand the five stages of change and how they relate to smoking-cessation behaviors. It is important to identify the students' stage of change as they enter and progress through the program. This information will help the nurse provide appropriate interventions to support smoking cessation. The nurse also needs to recognize that the maintenance stage lasts forever. Students who may successfully quit smoking as a result of this program may begin to smoke again. Thus, it is important to continue to provide support even after students are in the maintenance phase. Helping students to identify risks and temptations, along with setting a relapse plan, may help them maintain a smoke-free lifestyle even after they no longer are on campus

List Healthy People 2030 goals.

The overall goals of Healthy People 2030 are to: -Increase life expectancy and quality of life -Attain health literacy, achieve health equity -Eliminate health disparities through improved delivery of health care services

What is the Holistic Health model?

The relationships of body, mind, and spirit Person's interactions with emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of their own wellness

How does the treatment paradigm relate to the Illness-Wellness Continuum?

The treatment paradigm aims to restore health back to a neutral point or comfort zone on the Illness-Wellness Continuum, helping individuals move from a state of illness towards wellness.

Summarize Leading Health Indicators (LHI's)

Topics selected to communicate high-priority health issues: -Children, adolescents, and adults who use the oral health care system (2+ years) -Consumption of calories from added sugars by persons aged 2 years and over (2+ years) -Drug overdose deaths -Exposure to unhealthy air -Homicides -Household food insecurity and hunger -Persons who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza -Persons who know their HIV status (13+ years) -Persons with medical insurance (<65 years) -Suicides

Which statement is an accurate description of nursing? a) "Nursing includes the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness" b) "Nursing is a profession dependent upon the physician." c) "It is the role of the physician, not the nurse, to help patients understand their health." d) "Nursing includes the diagnosis and cure of human diseases and any potential health problems."

a) "Nursing includes the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness"

An adult patient has recently been diagnosed with cancer. The patient's family has asked the nurse to withhold this information from the patient because they feel that this information would cause the patient to give up on life and become very depressed. The nurse believes the patient should be told this information. Which ethical principle is being upheld by the nurse? a) Veracity b) Nonmaleficence c) Justice d) Beneficence

a) Veracity

A primary prevention method for obesity is to: a) Create an eating plan for overweight children b) Encourage an active lifestyle during childhood years c) Start a support group for parents of obese children d) Establish an exercise program for obese children

b) Encourage an active lifestyle during childhood years

"Chamberlain Care® is our way of __________: ____________for ourselves informs and sustains caring _____________________ with our colleagues, students, patients, and the___________________ we touch"

being, caring, relationships, community

A nurse assesses a patient's fluid status and decides that the patient needs to drink more fluids. The nurse then encourages the patient to drink more fluids. Which concept is the nurse demonstrating? a) Certification b) Accountability c) Autonomy d) Licensure

c) Autonomy

What is the concept of ethics that is described as the "duty to maximize the benefits of actions while minimizing harm" a) Autonomy b) Justice c) Beneficence d) Advocacy

c) Beneficence

The nurse assists the client in a health promotion activity that also reduces the cost of health care delivery when: a) Administering medication b) Treating a diabetic foot ulcer c) Discussing exercise and nutrition d) Obtaining an operative consent

c) Discussing exercise and nutrition

Which of the following nursing situations best reflects accountability? a) The nurse assesses the patient for the possible cause of his pain b) The nurse takes the oncology nursing certification examination c) The nurse files an incident report regarding a medication error. d) An education seminar on "Eating for a healthy Heart"

c) The nurse files an incident report regarding a medication error.

Jonathan (preferred pronouns he, him) is a student in a healthcare profession program. To help pay for school, Jonathan works full-time in a family practice clinic caring for clients of all ages. Sometimes, Jonathan feels that there are not enough hours in the day to get schoolwork completed, study for exams, and work enough hours to pay the bills. Growing up, Jonathan's caregivers taught him how to choose and prepare healthy foods and he is active every day, either running or biking. Though he was taught healthy lifestyle behaviors during childhood, his caregiver was against vaccinations. Therefore, Jonathan currently remains unvaccinated. Despite learning the importance of vaccinations, Jonathan feels good about his state of health, admitting that he is never sick. Based on your understanding of the Illness-Wellness Continuum, Jonathan is facing towards ___________________________________.

high-level wellness