NRES 103

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle ...

80 million tons

Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative?

invasive species control nonpoint source pollution control removal of toxins

Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because

it focuses on trophic relationships as a network

Since 1993, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is ...

to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?

niagara falls

What percentage of the Midwest's wetlands were drained for agriculture?

95%

Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin in the Great Lakes because the former ...

can tolerate much deeper water

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly in a number of ways - this is not one of them:

by exuding a chemical that dissolves their shells

The Sanitary and Ship Canal was ...

essentially a back door to the Great Lakes an early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes an example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs benefitted Chicago at the expense of downstream cities

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be ...

habitat generalists

The round goby is considered a generalist species because ...

it has a diverse diet it can live in freshwater or saltwater

The cost of installing ballast control systems on foreign freighters is estimated to be ...

more than $1 million per ship

The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they ...

spawn in freshwater but live in the ocean as adults

On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on ...

wetlands

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port?

99%

Cities around the Great Lakes tended to be constructed ...

adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

On shallower lakes, storms are likely to be

more furious

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include ...

none of the above

Invasive species are harmful because ...

of where they are

How much of the freshwater on planet Earth is readily available for use by humans and other organisms?

around 2%

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by ...

being able to live on a boat outside the water for days taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water

The deadliest fire in U.S. history was ...

the peshtigo fire

According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not

the stormiest

Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?

their connectivity

When the zebra mussel first arrived in the Great Lakes, it encountered an environment where populations of native mussels were greatly reduced because ...

their shells were used to make buttons

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is ...

very difficult to do

The remixing of the world's plant and animal species started slowly, following ...

early human migration routes

The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in

elevation

The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because ...

encountered impassable rapids

Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to ...

an extremely high reproductive rate

Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?

increase in the number of heavy rainfall events increase in water temperature

A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that ...

invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences

eutrophication...

is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion

compared to point source pollution, nonpoint pollution...

is harder to track is more difficult to regulate

Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that ...

it has a single entry point for foreign freighters

What has happened to the commercial fishing industry in the Great Lakes as a result of invasive species?

it has been decimated

In the Great Lakes region, many restoration efforts focus on ...

ecosystem services

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental shocks especially impact species that ...

have a low reproduction rate

An exception to the Great Lakes compact regarding water diversions outside the basin is ...

to a municipality in a county that's partially inside the basin in containers 5.7 gallons or less

The last glacier withdrew from North America about

12,000 years ago

Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is ...

2

Which is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?

erie

All of the water that falls in the Great Lakes basin ...

winds up in the St. Lawrence river winds up in the Atlantic ocean

The scientific method is initiated ...

with observation

The estimated annual economic value of commercial and recreational fishing, recreational boating, wildlife viewing, and beaches and lakefront use in the Great Lakes is ...

$1 billion

Recreational fisheries pump about $7 billion into the U.S. economy, so the lamprey control program is considered a bargain at an annual price tag of ...

$20 million

Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost ...

$200 million

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels ...

$600 million

Invasive species are ...

just doing what they evolved to do

Failure of the state of Michigan to treat Flint River water with an anti-corrosive agent ...

was a violation of federal law

DNA barcoding

was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast is meant to identify species

Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining

water quality

In addition to ditches, drain tiles were needed to fully drain the Great Black Swamp. These tiles ...

were made of abundant clay from the swamp carried water to ditches, then to nearby creeks intercepted subsurface flow and directed it away from the fields were made in over 50 tile factories in the area

Howard Tanner did not favor the native lake trout because ...

they weren't fun to catch

The number of species being moved around the planet in ballast water on any given day is estimated to be ...

10,000

According to the film Silent Invaders, what is the estimated population of quagga mussels in Lake Michigan?

100 million

Louis Joliet obtained the release of an Iroquois prisoner, and in gratitude, the freed man guided Joliet to the last of the Great Lakes to be discovered by Europeans - which was it? Lake ...

Erie

Wetlands were loathed by early immigrants and still are today by many people because they are perceived as ...

a menace unsightly full of disease and wild animals a frightening place

Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal ...

accommodated longer and wider ships

Which statement is not correct? The Great Lakes ... contain 20% of the world's freshwater contain 95% of North America's freshwater are the world's largest source of freshwater are really one big lake

are one really big lake

Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to ...

be less predictable be greater

Successful invasive species tend to ...

be very good dispersers produce a lot of offspring

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after ...

being ingested by invasive mussels gobies ate toxic mussels birds consumed toxic gobies

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?

bioaccumulation

The effects of lead poisoning ...

can last for decades are especially pronounced in children

By 1890, Chicago was in crisis because ...

conditions were right for the outbreak of waterborne disease lake michigan served as both the city's water source and sewer

Once it reached the Mississippi River, the zebra mussel ...

could attach to barges and other boats would eventually reach inland lakes with no connection to the Mississippi was able to go up and down river like riding an elevator

The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently ...

could be carried by two freight trains per day

Which of the following is a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?

currents

Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by ...

cyanobacteria microcystis blue-green algae

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with ...

data

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint ...

decided to build its own water pipeline decided to temporarily get its water from the flint river

Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has ...

declined

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has ...

decreased

Electrical barriers of the sort constructed on the Sanitary and Ship Canal are intended to ...

deter fish from crossing them

phosphorus...

does not exist naturally in the environment is required by every living organism

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act ...

even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so because doing so would reduce administrative costs because they thought it was relatively harmless

The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because ...

every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock

Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance in the 1960s due to ...

excess phosphorus input

dead zones in the great lakes are created by

excessive nutrient inputs run-away algal growth decomposition of algal cells

When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species ...

explode

Which of the following is false? In nature, ecosystems are ...

fairly simple to understand

Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.

false

For the lamprey to get from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, it was necessary ...

for water to flow from Erie to Ontario in the Welland Canal

The southern and southeastern shores of Lake Michigan feature the world's largest

freshwater dune system

In the 1960s, over half the phosphorus flowing annually into Lake Erie was from ...

from laundry detergent

In recent decades, what is not a primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?

genetic engineering

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also ...

harmed the reproductive potential of the trout

Eventually, the round goby ...

helped to keep mussel populations in check became the dominant forage fish

Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton, which are similar to

herbivores on land

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by ...

high water low water

Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?

hundreds of millions of dollars

The massive timber harvest in Michigan and Wisconsin affected the Great Lakes and its tributaries because ...

hundreds of thousands of tons of sawdust fouled lake and river bottoms when being transported on water, logs scoured streams and ruined spawning areas when being transported on water, bark fell off and covered spawning grounds

the clean water act...

ignored non-point pollution focused on point source pollution

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense ...

it must be favorable to an organisms ability to reproduce it must be heritable it must be favorable to an organisms survival

Ballast water serves a key function on freighters because ...

it provides stability to empty ships it is heavy, readily available, and basically free

At the time of European contact, the food web of the Great Lakes was fragile because

it was a relatively young system

In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but ...

it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species

Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was ...

lacking in someways but superior in others

Increases in the temperature of lake water caused by climate change is a concern in the Great Lakes regions because this will ...

lead to higher evaporation rates

Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada?

less than 2

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish ...

let some of them go

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby ...

likely reached the great lakes in the ballast of a freighter first appeared in North America in or near lake St. Clair have their native range in the Black/Caspian Seas

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, the commercial shipping industry is most affected by ...

low water

Increases in high precipitation events caused by climate change is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be ...

more runoff from agricultural fields

The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because ...

of so much environmental degradation

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because ...

offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by

outflow

A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that ...

people should have a voice in decisions that affect them minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm

The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by ...

preying on their young

By far, the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are ...

race

Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody ...

refused to close the locks

The solution that provided clean water to Chicago ...

required the use of 6 billion gallons of Lake Michigan water per day passed the problem on to their downstream neighbors

Although never known as a consumer of other fish, lake whitefish began turning up with what species in their bellies?

round gobies

An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a

seiche

The St. Lawrence Divide...

separates the Great Lakes basin from the Mississippi river basin runs through southern Canada runs through the western part of Chicago is generally more of a hill than a mountain

Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they ...

starve their competitors by eating plankton

Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including ...

strong dispersal ability a lack of predators an extremely high reproductive rate

Silver carp are notorious for ...

swarming when the water is disturbed launching themselves like missles causing serious injury to recreationists on the water

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was ...

that the locks and channels were too small

After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by ...

the Buckeye Traction Ditcher

There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five Lakes. One was Niagara Falls. The other was

the Falls of St. Mary

One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is ...

the Illinois river

In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in ...

the cuyahoga river

Alewife populations crashed because ...

the invasive mussels took up so much plankton there was so much pressure from salmon

Of the five great lakes, lake erie is...

the shallowest the warmest

The last connection between the Great Lakes and freshwaters beyond the Great Lakes Basin was through

the st. lawrence valley

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a food source because ...

their stomach muscles began to enlarge

In summer, what is the phenomenon by which lake water is prevented from mixing?

thermal stratification

In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because ...

they are used as bait to catch larger fish

Even so-called empty ballast tanks still pose a threat to the Great Lakes because ...

they carry thousands of pounds of muck and scattered puddles

Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because ...

they could be planted after 6 months

The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because ...

they could not have survived the oceans salinity or depth

Because cities on the Great Lakes such as Chicago and Cleveland depended on the Lakes for the water supply ...

they moved their freshwater intakes further out as pollution worsened

In reality, wetlands serve many useful purposes. For example, ...

they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out they filter the water

There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?

they're actually one lake

In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was ...

to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

A challenge with dredging river bottoms to permit passage of super cargo ships is that ...

toxic pollutants are released back into the water column no landfill wants the toxic sludge that's dug up some of the toxic dredge will be carried downstream it's incredibly expensive

Applegate discovered the first lampricide by ...

trial and error

The diet of the round goby includes ...

zooplankton the eggs and young of other fish young zebra and quagga mussels