NRSC: CH. 9-17 // EXAM 3
Active trace theory assumes that
-a retrieval cue can return the memory into an active state -memories in the active state are vulnerable to disrupt -memories in the active state will become inactive
Which of the following is NOT part of Nader's reconsolidation theory?
-active memories are vulnerable to disruption
Old rats cannot maintain a long-lasting avoidance memory because
-avoidance training does not initiate CREB phosphorylation -they cannot mount a glucose response
Which of the following is true?
-behavior is the window to memory -many component systems contribute to behaviors used to test memory retrieval -emotional processes can interfere with memory retrieval
Memory Retention can be enhanced by:
-blocking NMDA receptors during the retention period -preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis
Which of the following is true?
-both DREADDs and optogenetic methods depend on viral vector delivery systems -viral vector systems delivery genetic material
Which of the following are true about are inhibitory avoidance conditioning and fear conditioning?
-both are measures of aversive learning -only one trial is needed to produce the memory
Which of the following is true about cells expressing CREB?
-cells expressing CREB are most likely to become engram cells -cell expressing CREB are intrinsically more excitable than cells that do not -cells expressing CREB inhibit those cells not expressing CREB.
Some reasons for drug relapse are
-cues present when drugs are taking become associated with drug consequences -drug associated cues can evoke strong urges to take drugs -addiction treatments fail to eliminate the ability of drug cues to evoke urges -drug seeking behavior is elicited by drug associated cues
The initial round of protein synthesis...
-depends of post-translation processes -depends on BDNF->TrkB signaling -depends on both post-translation processes and BDNF signaling
Optogenetics has revealed that
-directly activating index neurons with light is possible -directly activating indexing neurons can produce false memories -activating indexing neurons in the hippocampus can activate cortical engram neurons
GluA1 KO mice:
-display long-lasting LTP. -have impaired working memory.
According to reconsolidation theory
-retrieval weakens synaptic connections -retrieval initiates another round of protein synthesis -retrieval can disrupt consolidated memories.
According to indexing theory
-the engram consist of both cortical and hippocampal neurons -there is no content in the index -memory retrieval occurs when a subset of the original neocortical pattern activates the index
List the key events that destabilize the synaptic basis of a memory trace, starting with glutamate release.
1) Glutamate release; 2) increase in calcium levels via NMDA receptors and vdCCs; 3) ubiquitination of scaffolding proteins and activation of CaMKII; 4) proteasomes are phosphorylated and translocated to the spine; 5) degradation of scaffolding proteins; 6) endocytosis of AMPA receptors; 7) de-potentiation of the synapse.
Describe how the radial arm maze can be used to study both working and reference memory.
1) Working memory requires that the animal remember which arm was already visited; and 2) reference memory requires that the animal discriminate between the arms always baited and the arms never baited.
When trying to assess the effect of a gene or drug on short-term memory, the retention interval is __________.
4 hours or less
What is a time-limited retrograde amnesia?
A failure to remember an experience that happened just prior to the occurrence of the disrupting event, yet maintaining memories of older experiences.
Compare the unitary view and the modular view of the medial temporal hippocampal system.
According to the unitary view, the entire system is necessary for both episodic and semantic memory. According to the modular view, the hippocampal formation is not involved in semantic memory.
How was strychnine, a lethal poison, used to study memory modulation?
At a low dose, it is a stimulant that produces a state of arousal, and it was found to enhance memories produced by a variety of behavioral experiences.
Why should inhibiting the proteasome prevent anisomycin from impairing the memory for a retrieved memory.
Because it prevents the degradation of the key scaffolding proteins that keep AMPA receptors in the PSD. So the no new protein is needed
Explain why genetic engineering is believed to be more precise than applying drugs in manipulating the molecules involved in memory.
Drugs are said to be "dirty," meaning they are not highly selective to the intended target, and it is hard to control for the spread of the drug to other regions. Moreover, by using biotechnology to directly influence the genome, it is possible to modify or delete the gene for a particular protein or to transfer new genes into the genome.
How might sleep contribute to consolidation?
During sleep intrinsic neural processes might reactive the additional rounds of local proteins synthesis that use the mRNA and proteins provided by the autoregulatory loop.
Describe how epinephrine result in the release of norepinephrine into the BLA.
Epinephrine in the blood stream binds to adrenergic receptors on the vagus nerve, which synapses on the NTS, which in turn synapses on the locus coeruleus (LC), and LC neurons release norepinephrine into the BLA .
(TRUE or FALSE) A false context fear memory was created by using optogenetic stimulation to activate indexing neurons at the time of retrieval.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) A false context fear memory was created by using optogenetic stimulation to activate indexing neurons to a previously experienced context at the time of the shock.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) AMPA receptors are needed only for memory acquisition, but NMDA receptors are required for both acquisition and retrieval.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According the model presented in Figure 15.5 inhibiting AMPA receptors should prevent memory destabilization.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to active trace theory, retrieving a consolidated memory is enough to disrupt it.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to integration theory the amnesia produce when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a storage failure.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the encoding-specificity principle the absence of critical retrieval cues will enhance memory retrieval.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the modular view, the entorhinal cortex is on top of the hierarchy for episodic memory.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the unitary view, components of the MTH system are relatively dedicated to specific functions.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) C/EBPβ is critical to the first wave of protein synthesis
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) C/EBPβ is targeted by CaMKII for transcription
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Consolidation refers to the process of converting strong memories in to weak ones.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Cue dependent amnesia refers to the forgetting induced by the retrieval of another memory.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Epinephrine's role as a memory modulator is well established in animal models, but its role in human memory is unknown.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) From the psychological perspective all forgetting is a consequence of intrinsic neural processes that degrade synapses.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Glucose is released into the bloodstream from the adrenal gland
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Henry Malaison could not learn or retain any new skills.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If a brain lesion of a particular regions disrupts memory storage or retrieval it can be concluded that this region contains engram cells.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If a molecule is critical for long-term memory, it should also be critical for short-term memory.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If amnesia is due to a storage failure it can be recovered.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If damage to a particular brain region impairs test performance, we can assume that regions contained memory neurons.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If engram cells is deleted this should have no effect on retrieval.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If following a retrieval test a neuron expresses a marker for an immediate early gene, it can be concluded that this neuron is an engram cell.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) If the information contained in the retrieved memory matches the information contained in the test environment the memory trace will be destabilized.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Immediate early genes can serve as markers or tags for neuron activated by a behavioral experience.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) In its inactive state the GTPase Rac1 often leads to rapid forgetting. If Rac1 is active, however, the rate of forgetting is markedly slower.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) In older rats, the adrenal gland no longer releases epinephrine in response to arousing events.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) In the context preexposure experiment animals spent more time freezing in the context where they were shocked than they did in the preexposed context.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting NMDA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory and its destabilization.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting the output of the locus coeruleus will interfere with memory storage because no epinephrine will be released by the adrenal gland.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Lewis discovered that all memories are vulnerable to disruption by ECS.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Long-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than short-term memories.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) McGaugh used strychnine to inhibit memory modulation.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Morris used genetically engineered mice in the first study that investigated the role of NMDA receptors in memory formation.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) NMDA receptors are required for both the acquisition and the retrieval of memories
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Neurobiologist assume that all forgetting is due to a retrieval failure.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Neurons that overexpress CREB are not likely to become engram cells
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Old rats show enhance phosphorylated CREB.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) One cannot have a sense of familiarity without recollection.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Our episodic memory system can only be accessed if we intentionally initiate a search.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Patients with selective damage to the hippocampus that was sustained in early childhood had impaired cognitive function and severe amnesia.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Pattern completion processes enables similar experiences to be stored as unique memories.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Place learning in the Morris water task uses a visible platform.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Rapamycin administer prior to training interfered with retention 1hour later.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Regarding the TetTag mouse, if a neuron expresses the marker a time of the behavioral retrieval test then it can be concluded that it is an engram cell.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Remembering the plot of a book you read a few months ago is an example of working memory.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Retrieving a memory depends on AMPA receptors.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Retrieving a memory depends on NMDA receptors.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Retrieving or reactivating the memory always makes it stronger.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Sensory information at the neocortex level is well integrated and not abstract.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Stress produced by social isolation increases the rate of forgetting because it puts Rac1 in the inactive state.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The CA1KO mouse was able to display LTP in the CA1 regions but not in the dentate gyrus.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The TrkB receptor is activated by the first messenger glutamate.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The activation of the entire memory by a subset of the original experience is called pattern separation.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The age of a memory trace is the only determinant of its vulnerability.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The amygdala consists of many subnuclei, but only neurons in the central amygdala are critical for memory modulation.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The amygdala stores place-learning memories.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The brain has specialized systems to store the different kind of memories, but the content of our experience does not matter to the brain.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The consolidation period ends when the memory trace is no longer vulnerable to the disruption of ZIP.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The decay rate for long-term memories is more rapid than the decay rate for short-term memories
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The delay matching to sample task requires the subject to choose the previously sampled object.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The hippocampus only automatically stores information that pertains to the task at hand.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The patient in Claparède's experiment could remember that Claparède stuck him with a pin but would still shake hands
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The peptide GluR23y enhances the removal NMDA receptors from the PSD.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The strength of the memory trace can be modified for up to 10 hours after its formation.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) To create a contextual fear memory Ramirez used optogenetic stimulation to activate the memory of the preexposed context in a context where the mice were shocked.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Viral vectors are not part of the optogenetics methodology.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Viral vectors are used to delivery drugs to specific regions in the brain.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Working memory cannot be studied in animals because they cannot communicate what problems they are trying to solve.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) ZIP will erase taste-aversion memories only if injected at a specific time after acquisition.
FALSE
How does reactivating a memory destabilize the synapses associated with that memory?
Increased calcium levels activate the UPS system, which degrades key scaffolding proteins, and thus there is a decrease in the surface levels of AMPA receptors.
Why is the neural circuit that supports episodic memory described as having a loop-like structure?
Information carried forward to the hippocampus is also then projected back to the sites lower in the hierarchy that initially brought the information to the hippocampus.
How was the TetTag mouse an improvement over Guzowski's immediate gene methodology?
It provided temporal control over when cells could be tagged and the fluorescent tagged produced at the time of learning could endure for many days, whereas the immediate early gene tag only lasted a few minutes.
what is the role of C/EBPβ in the autoregulatory loop?
It targets BNDF for transcription.
What is an important difference between recognition based on recollection versus recognition based on familiarity?
Recognition based on recollection relies on the episodic memory system and the hippocampus, whereas recognition based on familiarity does not.
Provide an example of recognition without recall.
Recognizing a person as familiar without being able to recall information about the place and time you met them.
What is the fundamental difference between reconsolidation theory and active trace theory?
Reconsolidation theory says that the act of retrieval is enough, itself, to disrupt an already established memory, whereas active memory trace theory says that retrieval makes a consolidated memory vulnerable to disruption due to other agents.
What is the importance of the two distinct peak levels of BDNF expression?
One peak of BDNF occurs 1 hour after training and is critical for fear response memory on 1-day and 7-day retention intervals. The second occurs 12 hours later and supports the memory on the 7-day retention test.
According to the active trace theory, which of the following statements is false?
Only novel experiences generate active memory traces.
______ prevents forgetting by inhibiting the exocytic removal of AMPA receptors
PKMζ or GluR23y.
What should happen during the retrieval test if engram cells are inhibited.
Performance of the test will be impaired.
How was Mayford able to temporally control when neurons in TetTag mouse could be labeled with the fluorescent tag?
This was possible because when Dox was in the drinking water the processes needed to activate the tag were not available. So, the cells could only be labeled with Dox was removed.
How did Josselyn demonstrated that neurons that overexpress CREB became engram cells?
She coinfected these cells with an inducible diphtheria toxic receptor and after the fear memory was established she administered the diphtheria toxin that selective killed only those cells with the receptor. This treatment eliminated the memory.
Why would one vary the interval separating training and the administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor such as anisomycin?
This would be done to be sure that the effect was selective for proteins synthesized in response to the memory-inducing behavioral experience and not just a nonselective effect of blocking protein synthesis.
In the optogenetics experiment what was the role of the blue light?
To activate neurons expressing ChR2 and theoretically to activate the engram.
(TRUE or FALSE) Activation of Channelrhodopsin by blue light will allow sodium to enter the channel.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Ampakines are neither agonists nor antagonists.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Behavior is the product of many subcomponent systems.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Brain lesions can be considered as a starting point for locating engrams.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) By interfering with AMPA receptor endocytosis, PKMζ can prevent forgetting.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) C/EBPβ is a transcription factor.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) C/EBPβ is critical to the second wave of protein synthesis
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) C/EBPβ is targeted by CREB for transcription
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Conscious recollection means that you have an awareness of remembering.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Conscious recollection requires intentional initiation of a search to access our episodic memory system.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Consolidation refers to the process of increasing the memory trace's resistance to disruption.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Cue dependent amnesia refers to when retrieving a memory returns it into a labile state that made it vulnerable to disruption.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Damage to a particular brain region, X, impaired performance on a memory test. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that X is a memory storage region.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Damage to the hippocampus or the amygdala did not impair performance on the DNMS task.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Destabilization of the memory trace is mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome system.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Disrupting either the mTORC1 or the mTORC2 complex will impair the development of long-term memory but have no influence on the formation of short-term memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) During memory formation an index is created in the hippocampus that provides a loop back to the neocortical units that store memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Endel Tulving argued that episodic memory should be considered as separate from declarative memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval accelerates forgetting whereas inhibiting NMDA function prevents forgetting.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval produces rapid forgetting.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) If the experimenter wants to study a drug that might interfere with memory then the floor effect would be a problem to avoid.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) If the first wave of BDNF protein synthesis is blocked retention at both the 1- and 7-day interval will be impaired.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) In its active state the GTPase Rac1 often leads to rapid forgetting. If Rac1 is inactive, however, the rate of forgetting is markedly slower.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) In order for repetition to strengthen the memory, the established trace must be destabilized.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) In order to conclude that a set of neurons are engrams, these neurons must be active both by the learning event and by the retrieval test.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) In the object recognition test memory is demonstrated if the animal spends more time exploring the new object.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Information from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices is projected to the entorhinal cortex.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting AMPA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory but does not prevent its destabilization.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting NMDA receptor function during the retention interval can prevent forgetting
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting NMDA receptors does not impair the retrieval of the memory but does not prevent its destabilization.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting the output of the locus coeruleus will interfere with memory storage because no norepinephrine will be released into the BLA.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting the proteasome will prevent the need for new protein.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibition of either NMDA receptors or voltage-dependent calcium channels (vdCCs) can prevent the for- getting of an object-location memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Initial experiments by Mishkin revealed that damage to either the hippocampus or the amygdala had very little effect on delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) performance.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Interference theories of forgetting assume that a second learning event could produce amnesia for a prior experience by interfering with the consolidation of the first, provided the second event was similar to the first and occurred shortly after it.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) It is difficult to develop an animal model of episodic memory because animals can't directly tell the experiment what they recall.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) It is likely that the monkeys with damage to the hippocampus were using recognition based on familiarity to perform the DNMS.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Lewis discovered that reactivated memories are vulnerable to disruption by ECS
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Limited retrograde amnesia produced by a concussion likely affects only memories in the active state.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Memories are destabilized when their retrieval memory returns them to a state of vulnerability.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Morris used a pharmacological treatment to study the role of NMDA receptors in memory formation.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Nader discovered that when injected into the BLA following a reactivation treatment, anisomycin had no effect on the short-term memory test but produced a large impairment on the long-term memory test.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Neurons that overexpress CREB win in the competition for becoming engram cells because their intrinsic excitability is increased.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Neurons that overexpress CREB win in the competition for becoming engram cells.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) On a probe test in the Morris water task the hidden platform is removed.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Optogenetics provides a methodology for testing the requirement that the activation of engrams must activate the behavioral measure of the memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) PKMζ can enhance already established memories.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) PKMζ may have evolved to prevent forgetting.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Patients with selective damage to the hippocampus that was sustained in early childhood had normal cognitive function and severe episodic memory impairments. amnesia.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Pattern completion supported by the hippocampus is only possible because of the return loop in the organization of the neural systems.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Pattern separation processes enables similar experiences to be stored as unique memories.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Rapamycin administer prior to training interfered with retention 2 and 7 days later.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Recollection includes content that is supported by the episodic memory system, but familiarity does not.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Richard Simon invented the term engram?
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Rodents can acquire a representation of a context that can be activated by a subset of the features that make up the episode.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Scoville surgically removed the most of the hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortical regions.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Sensory information is most abstract and fully integrated at the hippocampus level.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Short-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than long-term memories.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Short-term memories decay more rapidly than long-term memories.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Simon's term ecphory is another word for engram.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Stimulating the vagal nerve following inhibitory avoidance training can enhance the memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Stress produced by social isolation increases the rate of forgetting because it puts Rac1 in the active state.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Studies of LTP provide a foundation for uncovering memory molecules
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) That rapamycin administers just before training interfered with retention 2 and 7 days later indicates that the mTOR pathway is critically for at least two ways of protein synthesis.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The BDNF-TrkB pathway is critical to two waves of protein synthesis.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The CA1KO mouse was able to display LTP in the dentate gyrus region but not in the CA1.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The DREADD methodology takes more time to activate of inhibit neurons than optogenetics.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress GluN2B receptors.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The TOP protein 4E-BP normally interferes with the initiation of local protein synthesis
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The activation of the entire memory by a subset of the original experience is called pattern completion.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The advantage of stereotaxic surgery it that the experimenter can precisely place the electrode or cannular in desired location.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The amygdala consists of many subnuclei, but only neurons in the BLA are critical for memory modulation.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The brain treats a reactivated memory as a novel experience, so it is modified/updated according to the new context.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The consolidation period ends when the memory trace is no longer vulnerable to the disruption of transcription and translation processes.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The content of experiences is stored in neocortical regions
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The delay matching to sample task can be performed without a hippocampus.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The delay matching to sample task requires the subject to choose the novel object.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The details that make up an episode and the emotional impact of the experience are stored in different brain regions.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The encoding specificity principle asserts that that successful memory retrieval depends on a match between the retrieval cues and the environmental stimulation encoded into the engram.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The episodic memory system must be critically involved in both the storage and retrieval of contextual information.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The formation of a memory trace begins when a behavioral experience activates a neuronal ensemble that represents the experience.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The hippocampus automatically captures information including unintentional, incidental information.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The mTORC2 complex regulates actin polymerization but the mTORC1 complex regulates protein synthesis
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The memory strengthening effect of repetition can be prevented by inhibiting the AMPA receptors.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The patient in Claparède's experiment could not remember that Claparède stuck him with a pin but would not shake hands
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The peptide GluR23y inhibits the removal AMPA receptors from the PSD.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The second wave of protein synthesis depends on genomic signaling initiated by the BDNF-TrkB pathway.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The subiculum is a part of the medial temporal hippocampal system.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The subiculum is the output region of the medial temporal hippocampal system.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) The term ecphory is roughly equivalent to the term retrieval.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) There are intrinsic forces operating to degrade the synaptic basis of memories.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) To determine the role of a molecule in memory consolidation the experiment should use at least two retention intervals.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Viral vectors are used to deliver mRNA constructs to specific regions in the brain.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) ZIP erases established memories, even if the memory is 25 days old.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) in the context preexposure experiment animals spent more time freezing in the context where they were preexposed than they did in context where they were shocked.
TRUE
The formation of a memory trace begins when a __________ activates a set of __________ neurons.
behavioral experience; weakly connected
How are episodic and semantic memory systems similar? How are they different?
We can intentionally retrieve information from both, and in some sense declare we have the memory; but the content of semantic memory is not tied to the place or context where it was acquired.
Cue dependent amnesia occurs when
a retrieved memory is followed by a disrupting event
When investigating a drug or some other manipulation that is hypothesized to strengthen a memory trace, researchers should use lower intensity shock to avoid the __________.
ceiling effect
When the response measure is at its maximum, researchers should be wary of the __________.
ceiling effect
The mTORC2 complex regulates processes that contribute to the regulation of __________.
actin
Fear conditioning increased the presence of phosphorylated CaMKII in dendritic spines. This result means that the conditioning experience __________ this __________.
activated; kinase
One reason the basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) is believed to be the primary mediator of epinephrine's influence on memory is because it has many __________ with other regions of the brain that store memories.
anatomical connections
Inhibiting proteasome activity in the basolateral amygdala can protect memories from the effect of __________.
anisomycin
According to reconsolidation theory,
anisomycin prevents reconsolidation of the memory trace
Semantic memory is sometimes said to be free of __________.
context
The context preexposure paradigm allows researchers to study how rodents acquire __________.
context representations
The feeling of remembering a retrieved memory trace depends on __________.
contextual information
If NMDA, CaMKII, or proteasome are inhibited the memory trace should not______.
destabilize
If the proteasome is inhibited the memory trace should not _________.
destabilize
Paul Gold used a low-intensity shock so that rats were __________, and injected a dose of epinephrine that would mimic the level normally released by the adrenal gland in response to a __________.
minimally aroused; stronger shock.
Henry Malaison could learn and retain the skills needed to perform the __________ and rotary-pursuit tasks.
mirror-tracing
The idea that the brain sorts memories by their content is called the __________.
multiple memory systems view
In the DNMS task, the monkey will find a reward such as a grape or a peanut if it chooses the __________ object.
new
The correct choice on the DNMS task is the ________ object
new
A retrieved memory trace is restabilized by __________.
new protein synthesis
The ECS methodology did not advance our understanding of memory because it was already known that
newly acquired memories are vulnerable to disruption
What would be your conclusion if there was no overlap in the cells tagged by the training experience and those labeled by the retrieval test?
no engram cells were identified
Which of the following is true?
post-translation processes that build large spines are critical to memory maintenance
The idea that a behavioral experience can generate the transcription of new genetic material is called the __________.
genomic signaling hypothesis
Unlike adrenaline, __________ can directly enter the brain.
glucocorticoids
In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits an arm that was never baited, it is making an __________ error.
reference memory
Which of the following is true?
reference memory and working memory both require glutamate receptor activation
The increased excitability of CREB expressing neurons enables them to _______other neurons and prevent them from becoming engram cells.
inhibit
If the proteasome is_______ repetition will not strengthen the memory.
inhibited
_________ NMDA receptor function during the retention interval prevents forgetting.
inhibiting
Rapamycin ______ the function of the mTORC1 complex.
inhibits
Which of the following is true?
remembering where an object was experienced requires the hippocampus
Sensory information received by the unimodel associative and polymodal associative areas is not well __________.
integrated
Memories are the product of organisms __________ with their __________.
interacting; environments
What are the differences between mTORC1 and mTORC2?
mTORC1 is sensitive to rapamycin and regulates protein synthesis; mTORC2 is insensitive to rapamycin and regulates actin polymerization.
In the case of Henry Malaison, the __________ were bilaterally removed.
medial temporal lobes
According to the text
memory consolidation can depend on multiple waves of transcription and translation
Which of the following is FALSE according to indexing theory?
memory content is stored in the in the hippocampus
Exposure to __________ can cause a treated drug user to relapse.
drug related cues
The injection of norepinephrine into the amygdala following the place-learning task will __________ retention performance.
enhance
Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval ______ forgetting whereas inhibiting NMDA function ________forgetting.
enhances; accelerates
_________ NMDA receptor function during the retention interval accelerates forgetting.
enhancing
Pattern completion means that a subset of the original input pattern can activate the __________.
entire original input pattern
Information flows into and out of the hippocampus through the __________.
entorhinal cortex
__________ associated with drugs are one important contributor to relapse.
environmental cues
Human subjects injected with __________ immediately following exposure to visual scenes had better ________ than other subjects.
epinephrine;
Studies of patients with selective damage to the hippocampus reveal that this region is critically involved in __________.
episodic memory
Recollection includes content that is supported by the __________.
episodic memory system
The removal of Henry's medial temporal lobes disrupted what is called the __________.
episodic memory system
In inhibitory avoidance conditioning, it is assumed that the strength of the memory trace is reflected in the __________.
response latency
What is the key independent variable manipulated to determine if a molecule is selectively involved in LTM but not STM?
retention interval
According to integration theory the amnesia produced when drugs are administer following a memory reactivation treatment is due to a ______ failure.
retrieval
In order to conclude that a neuron is an engram cell it must be activated by the learning experience and by ________.
retrieval
Forgetting the location of a book or a coffee cup, only to remember it later, is an example of __________.
retrieval failure
Cue dependent amnesia refers to when _____ a memory returns it into a labile state that made it vulnerable to disruption.
retrieving
Amnesia for events experienced prior to the blow to the head that caused it is an example of __________.
retrograde amnesia
Research subsequent to Mishkin's report led to the conclusion that it was the damage to the __________ that drastically impaired performance on the DNMS task.
rhinal cortex
Declarative memory includes episodic memory and __________ memory.
semantic
The control rats in the context preexposure experiment displayed less fear in the context where __________, but they did in the context where they had been _______.
shock; pre-exposed
The vagus nerve carries information about the body and synapses on a brain stem region called the __________.
solitary tract nucleus or NTS
What was Don Lewis' major discovery?
that reactivated memories are vulnerable to the disrupting effect of ECS
Which of the follow belong the multiple memory perspective
the content of the experience determines where it gets stored
The memory enhancing effect of epinephrine is depends on the ______ separating training and the injection
time
(TRUE or FALSE) Ampakines are an example of a receptor modulator.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) An advantage of the TetTag mouse is that it permits the temporal control over when a behavioral experience can tag a cell.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) An advantage of the inhibitory avoidance task is that only one trial is needed to produce a behavioral change.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) An important step in the generation of a memory is the release of glutamate onto dendritic spines.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Anisomycin's effects on retrieved memory depend on proteasome activity.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Epinephrine is not found in neurons.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Erasing drug associate memories can prevent cravings and relapse.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Erasing memories that associate environmental cues with taking a drug, such as cocaine, can prevent cravings and relapse.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Fear conditioning provides the opportunity measure both context learning and auditory-cue learning.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) GluN1 subunits are necessary to form functional NMDA receptors.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Glucose but not epinephrine can cross the blood barrier.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Glucose is released into the bloodstream from the lever.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Hebb's concept of a cell assembly is still generally accepted as correct>
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Henry Malaison had extensive anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but his short-term memory was intact.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) If amnesia is due to a retrieval failure it can be recovered.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) If either NMDA receptors and vdCCs are antagonized or the UPS system is inhibited, anisomycin will have no effect the reactivated memory trace.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) If following a retrieval test a neuron expresses a marker for an immediate early gene and the fluorescent marker, it can be concluded that this neuron is an engram cell.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) In older rats, the liver no longer releases glucose in response to epinephrine.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) Memory modulators are not part of the memory storage system
TRUE
The entorhinal cortex projects to two hippocampal regions. What are they?
The dentate gyrus and the CA1 region.
What is the retention interval?
The time between the training experience that establishes the memory and the test used to retrieve the memory.
What is the consolidation period?
The time it takes to increase the resistance or a newly formed memory to disruption
Why does the optogenetics method require the use of a viral vector system.
The viral vector system delivers the ChR2 gene.
What can be said about the contribution of molecule X to memory?
These results indicate that molecule X contributes to the consolidation of the long-term memory trace but is not required for short-term memory.
Explain the floor effect.
When a treatment is hypothesized to impair the memory processes that produce avoidance behavior, but the performance measure was too low to be further reduced by the drug.
Is it reasonable to expect that behavioral experiences that produce memories would engage the LIMK signaling pathway? Why?
Yes, because actin polymerization is necessary for synaptic changes in LTP.
A brief reminder cue is sometimes called _______treatment.
reactivation
__________ tasks require that the subject make a judgment about whether something has previously occurred.
recognition memory
Which of the following do not require PKMζ?
-AMPA receptor endocytosis -memory formation -the acquisition of a taste aversion memory **the long term maintenance of memory requires PKMζ
Which of the following statements about true?
-AMPA receptors are important in both the induction and expression of LTP. -NMDA receptors are important in the induction, but not the expression, of LTP.
Which of the following statements about inhibitory avoidance conditioning is true?
-As shock intensity increases, so does response latency. -The dependent variable is crossover latency. -Longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace.
Which of the following statements about memory is FALSE?
-Blocking CREB translation impairs STM. -Neurons that overexpress CREB do not compete successfully for selection in the neuronal ensemble
Which of the following statements about memory is false?
-Blocking CREB translation impairs STM. -Neurons that overexpress CREB do not compete successfully for selection in the neuronal ensemble that supports a fear memory.
Which of the following statements about memory is TRUE?
-CREB deletion impairs LTM. -CREB overexpression can improve LTM under certain conditions.
Which of the following statements about memory is true?
-CREB deletion impairs LTM. -CREB overexpression can improve LTM under certain conditions.
Which of the following statements about opsins is true?
-Channelrhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them. -Halorhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them.
What is the evidence that the UPS is involved in memory consolidation?
1) Behavioral experiences that induce lasting memories increase ubiquitination and proteasome activity; and 2) drugs that block proteasome activity also prevent long-term memory formation.
Optogenetic stimulation is critical in the search for engrams because
-it is critical to tagging neurons -this method permits the activation of tagged engram neurons that responded to behavioral training
When a beta-adrenergic agonist such as clenbuterol is injected into the BLA following avoidance training...
-translation of Arc protein in the hippocampus will be enhanced -memory for avoidance training will be enhance
Why would infant mice display stronger LTP than older mice?
Because the ratio of GluN1-GluN2B to GluN1-GluN2A receptor complexes is higher in the infant mice, and GluN1-GluN2B receptor pass more calcium.
Why is test behavior considered the window to the memory trace?
Because without a measurable behavioral test response, there would be no evidence that the training phase produced a memory trace.
Can you provide examples of how episodes with overlapping information are somehow protected from interference by the episodic memory system?
Being able to remember where you parked today versus yesterday; being able to recall what you had for breakfast every day of the week.
Which of the following statements is false?
Blocking CREB translation impairs STM.
(TRUE or FALSE) Alberini's laboratory found that inhibiting protein synthesis (with anisomycin) a few minutes after training did not interfere with retention 2 days after training but did prevent retention 7 and 9 days later 9.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) All neurons activated by the learning experience will become engram cells that support the memory.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Amnesia is always due to a storage failure.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Blocking protein synthesis interferes with the formation of short-term memories.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) By interfering with NMDA receptor function, PKMζ can prevent forgetting
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) By itself, electric shock will cause norepinephrine to be released in the amygdala.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Cues associated with taking drugs are irrelevant to drug-addiction relapse.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval prevents forgetting whereas inhibiting NMDA function accelerates forgetting.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Epinephrine but not glucose can cross the blood barrier.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Epinephrine crosses the blood brain barrier
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) GluN1 subunits are not required to form functional NMDA receptors.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) GluN1-GluN2A receptor complexes influx more calcium than GluN1-GluN2B receptor complexes.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) GluN1-GluN2B receptors to GluN1-GluN2A ratio increases during development
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) In the object in context task animals memory is demonstrated if the animal explores the object in that was present in the training context.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Information from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices is projected to the hippocampus.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting AMPA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory and its destabilization.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Inhibiting NMDA receptor function during the retention interval enhances the rate of forgetting.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Initial experiments by Mishkin revealed that damage to either the hippocampus or the amygdala had severe effect on DNMS performance.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) It is likely that the monkeys with damage to the hippocampus were using recognition based on recollection to perform the DNMS.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Karl Lashley invented the term engram?
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) LTP is memory.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The hippocampus stores the content of experiences.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The mTORC2 complex regulates protein synthesis but the mTORC1 complex regulates actin polymerization.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress GluN2A receptors.
FALSE -- was engineered to overexpress GluN2B
What might be the important brain adaptation that is responsible for why we forget?
From the perspective of the brain, processes that produce active forgetting at psychological level may have evolved to help maintain the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs on a neuron.
Wiltgen's laboratory used a genetically engineered mouse that would express_______ when they active and off dox.
GFP
Every functional NMDA receptor has __________ subunits.
GluN1
Why did Brian Derrick conclude that the activation NMDA receptors during the retention interval produces forgetting?
He gave rats daily injections of an NMDA agonists and found that it prevented the decay of LTP and the forgetting of a working memory task.
Morris was the first to find a possible role for NMDA receptors in memory formation. What was his essentially methodology?
He implanted a cannular into a ventricle to delivery an NMDA receptor antagonist. He assessed the effect by studying its effect on the hidden platform version of the water task.
According to reconsolidation theory, retrieving a consolidated memory can ______ the supporting synapses.
unbind or destabilize
According to the __________, damage to the hippocampus will disrupt both semantic and episodic memory.
unitary view
Memory modulators influence only the long-term storage of __________ acquired memories.
very recently
The __________ is often used as a control task to evaluate alternative interpretations of the effect of brain manipulation on performance in the place-learning task.
visible-platform task
Mishkin originally used the DNMS task because he believed it
was a measure of episodic memory.
What is cue-dependent amnesia?
when retrieving a memory returns it into a labile state and makes it vulnerable to disruption.
What primary regions that were surgically removed from H.M.'s brain?
His medial temporal lobes were removed, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and some of the surrounding regions of the underlying neocortex (perirhinal cortex and parahippocampus).
What are memory modulators?
Hormonal and other neural systems that are not part of the storage system but can influence the synapses that store the memory.
How is the visible-platform task used to evaluate results observed in the place-learning task? Explain why.
If a treatment has no effect on performance on the visible-platform task, then one would be more confident about concluding that the treatment influenced some aspect of memory. This is because the task makes no demand on spatial memory of the platform location.
What was the rationale for using the microdialysis methodology to study memory modulation by epinephrine?
If epinephrine released by the adrenal gland results in the release of norepinephrine into the BLA, the level of norepinephrine in the BLA should go up when rats are shocked after crossing to the dark side of the avoidance apparatus.
What is the significance of the learning-performance distinction?
It recognizes the challenge the researcher has in being sure that the treatment exerted its effect by its influence on the memory component rather than some other component process that could also influence performance.
Imagine a drug that inhibited the activity of Rac1. What effect should this drug have of on forgetting?
It should reduce the rate of forgetting because Rac1 activity is associated with accelerated forgetting.
According to index theory what is the role of the hippocampus during memory retrieval.
It supports pattern completion. When activated by a subset of the original pattern occurs, the index will activate the original input pattern.
What is the function of the episodic memory system?
It supports the ability to consciously recollect and report on facts and events that people have experienced.
Neuronal sub-ensembles activated by the learning experience but not replayed during sleep ________ become engram assembles.
will not
In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits an arm, it is making an __________ error.
working memory
What were the results of injecting lidocaine or clenbuterol into the BLA?
Lidocaine reduced the level of Arc protein in the hippocampus, and the memory for the inhibitory avoidance experience was impaired. Clenbuterol increased the level of Arc protein in the hippocampus, and the memory for the training experience was strengthened.
What is the difference between amnesia due to a retrieval failure versus a storage failure.
Memories can be recovered if the amnesia is a retrieval failure but not if it is a storage failure.
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the unitary view, the hippocampal formation is required for episodic memory but not for semantic.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) Activation of Channelrhodopsin by green light will allow sodium to enter the channel.
FALSE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the modular view, the hippocampal formation is not required for semantic memory.
TRUE
Ampakines cross the __________ and bind to a site on the __________ receptor.
blood-brain barrier; AMPA
According to the unitary view,
both semantic and episodic memory depend on the entire MTH system.
Which of the following statements is true?
-BDNF can initiate phosphorylation of CREB -A second wave of protein synthesis is necessary for a memory to last for 7 or more days -CREB targets C/EBPβfor transcription
Which of the following statements about the CA1KO mouse is true?
-GluN1 subunits are absent in the CA1 region. -LTP can be induced in the dentate gyrus.
Which of the following statements about memory is TRUE?
-Long-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are hard to disrupt. -Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect short-term memory.
According to the active trace theory, which of the following statements is true?
-Memories in the inactive state are less vulnerable to disruption. -Retrieving a memory will further consolidate it.
Which of the following statements about memory and the mind is true?
-Memories result from behavioral experiences. -Behavior is the window to the mind.
Which of the following statements about memory and the brain is true?
-Memories result from behavioral experiences. -Studies of synaptic plasticity provide hypotheses about what molecules are involved in memory
Which of the following statements about Ubiquitin is true?
-Memory retrieval can activate the ubiquitin proteasome system. -Ubiquitin can tag scaffolding proteins. -Blocking the proteasome can prevent the need for reconsolidation.
Which of the following statements about NMDA receptors is true?
-NMDA receptor channels allow calcium to enter the cell.
Which of the following statements about ECS is true?
-Rats that received ECS and reactivation were impaired. -Rats that received ECS only were not impaired.
Which of the following statements about memory is FALSE?
-Short-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are easy to disrupt. -Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory.
Which of the following statements about memory modulators is FALSE?
-They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is. -They are important for memory retrieval.
Which of the following statements about memory modulators is TRUE?
-They influence synapses that store memories. -They influence the strength of the memory.
Which of the following statements about Ubiquitin is false?
-Ubiquitin degrades protein.
To explain cue-dependent amnesia produced by anisomycin integration theory assumes that...
-drugs produce internal state cues -retrieval is best when the retrieval cues match the stimuli present at the time of training -cue-dependent amnesia is due to a retrieval failure -internal state cues produce by drug become part of the retrieval cue complex
According to the Hardt-Migues experiments
-enhancing NMDA activity during retention increases the rate of forgetting -NMDA receptors bidirectionally regulate forgetting
Which of the following is true?
-epinephrine binds to receptors on the vagus nerve -the locus coeruleus releases norepinephrine into the amygdala
Which of the following support the hypothesis that CaMKII is important for memory formation?
-genetically deleting CaMKII prevents acquisition -preventing autophosphorylation of CaMKII interferes with one trial learning.
Which strategies did Malinow's laboratory use to the role of AMPA receptors in memory formation?
-he used a virus to delivery dummy AMPA receptors to the amygdala -he used a virus to deliver artificial AMPA receptors to the amygdala -he used a fear conditioning procedure
Which of the following statements about H.M. is false?
-he was the first person to have part of his brain surgically removed -his memory for motor learning was intact -the extent of his brain removal was know
Which of the following statements about H.M. is true?
-his memory was selectively impaired
The TetTag mouse was an improvement over the sole use of the immediate early gene Arc to tag cells because
-immediate early gene markers do not persist -the tag established during learning can persist for many days in the TetTag mouse -the TetTag mouse permits temporal control over when the tag can occur.
Inhibiting protein synthesis just prior to avoidance training...
-impairs retention at all retentions intervals longer than hour -has no effect on memory retention 1 hour following training
Stress prior to learning has been found to influence memory retention by...
-increasing calcium in the spine -decreasing the activity of Rac1
Inhibiting the mTORC1 complex
-interferes with local protein synthesis -could interfere with consolidation
Forgetting according to most psychologists is the result of
-interfering with consolidation of the to be remembered event -competition for the expression of the target memory
When epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland....
-it binds to adrenergic receptors on the liver -it initiates the "flight or fight" reaction -it is associated with the release of glucose from the liver
The amygdala is a key modulating region because
-it projects widely to other regions of the brain -infusion of amphetamine into it following training enhances retention
If forgetting is due to intrinsically active neural processes then...
-it should be possible to prevent forgetting -all memories potentially can be erased
Which of the following is TRUE according to indexing theory?
-memory content is stored in the neocortical structure -overlapping memories create unique indexes in the hippocampus -the index projects back to cortical regions storing content
If mTOR is inhibited by rapamycin 5 minutes after avoidance conditioning
-memory retention would not be impaired at any retention interval -memory retention would not be impaired if the retention interval is 1 hour or less.
Which of the following is part of the memory modulation framework?
-modulators have a time-limited role -a behavioral experience can activate hormonal systems -modulating brain regions do not store memories
Animal researchers have difficult in confirming a role for the hippocampus in episodic memory because
-nonhumans can't tell us directly what they remember -tasks used by researchers may have solutions that don't require episodic memory
Which of the following is true?
-post-translation processes that build large spines are critical to memory maintenance -competition for synaptic proteins is usually won by large spines
If the vagus nerve is inhibited immediately following avoidance training...
-release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus will be impaired -memory will be impaired -release of glutamate from neurons in the solitary tract nucleus will be reduced
The context preexposure facilitation effect:
-requires pattern completion properties of the hippocampus -provides a methodology for studying context memory that depends on the hippocampus -can eliminate the immediate shock effect -can produce a false memory
Infecting neurons with PKM has been found to...
-restore a forgotten taste aversion memory -prevent forgetting a taste aversion memory
Which of the following IS part of Nader's reconsolidation theory?
-retrieval unbinds the memory trace -retrieval initiates a new round of protein synthesis -retrieved memories depend on the synthesis of new protein to be consolidated
Which of the following are true about the neural system that support episodic memory?
-the hippocampus basically receives information from all neocortical regions -the subiculum is the primary output from the hippocampus -the entorhinal cortex projects into the hippocampus and receives information from it -the system features a return loop from the hippocampus back to the sending units
Damage to the hippocampus did not impair performance on the DNMS task is because
-the task did required the ability to recollect -recognition memory can be supported by a familiarity signal
When memories are consolidated:
-they decay at a slower rate -they become resistant to disruption
The adrenal hormone epinephrine has been shown
-to enhance avoidance memory retrieval in a time dependent manner -to enhance memory retrieval for visual scenes
Which of the following about trace destabilization is true?
-trace destabilization enhances the effect of repetition on memory -trace destabilization opens a temporal window during which the trace can be modified -βlac which inhibits proteasome activity prevents destabilization
To influence NMDA function, Morris
-used a pharmacological approach. -infused APV into the brain. -implanted a cannula into a cerebral ventricle. -tested rats in the space-learning swim task.
Describe two sources of evidence that BDNF is important for memory consolidation.
1) BDNF protein levels are increased in the hippocampus by contextual fear conditioning and place learning and in the BLA by fear conditioning. 2) Interfering with BDNF function by either the BDNF scavenger TrkB-IgG or the TrkB receptor antagonist K252a impaired the development of long-term memory.
List three differences between a short-term memory trace and a long-term memory trace.
1) Duration, 2) state, and 3) vulnerability to disruption/decay rate
Describe three methods for influencing brain function?
1) Experimentally damaging a particular region of the brain; 2) injecting drugs; 3) genetic engineering
What are the five steps through which information flows in the neural system that supports the episodic memory systems.
1) From association cortices to 2) perirhinal/parahippocampal cortex to 3) entorhinal cortex to 4) hippocampus 5) back to the projection areas.
Roberto Malinow's laboratory (Rumpel et al., 2006) used two strategies to prove that fear conditioning drives AMPA receptors into amygdala neuron synapses. What were they?
1) In one case, he created identifiable GluA1 receptors and infected neurons in the amygdala with these receptors to show that fear conditioning would drive them into synapses. 2) He created dummy receptors to compete with endogenous receptors and showed that their presence impaired fear conditioning
A behavioral experience can have two independent effects. What are they?
1) It can activate specific sets of neurons that represent and store the content of the experience (IN OTHER WORDS: it initiates the storage and acquisition processes associated with a memory trace. 2) it can activate hormonal and neural systems that can influence the mechanisms that store the memory (IN OTHER WORDS:
What are the two important features of the DNMS task?
1) New objects are used on every trial; and 2) the experimenter can vary the interval between the sample and the choice trial.
According to the active state theory, there are two ways a memory trace can be put into the short-term active state. What are they?
1) Novel experiences generate new active memory traces. 2) Retrieving or reactivating existing long-term memory traces will return these traces to the short-term active state.
What properties of the hippocampus make pattern completion possible?
1) Patterns of activity in the neocortex are represented as an index; and 2) activation of the index by a subset of this pattern can retrieve the entire pattern.
In the original Lewis reactivation experiment there were four training conditions. What were they?
1) Rats that received ECS following reactivation; 2) rats that received no ECS following reactivation; 3) rats that received no reactivation but did receive ECS; 4) rats that received neither reactivation nor ECS.
What are the important properties of the episodic memory system?
1) Support of conscious recollection and storage of temporal-spatial contextual information for later retrieval; 2) ability to automatically capture episodic and incidental information; and 3) ability to acquire information about an event that occurs only once, yet protect the representations it stores from interfering with each other.
Identify two problems that make storing memories in the neocortex unfavorable?
1) The associative connectivity problem and 2) the interference problem.
The study of neural dynamics by Inokuci's group (Gandour et al.) revealed several important discoveries. Describe two.
1. Not all ensembles activate by the learning experience were activated by the retrieval test. 2. Only ensembles active during sleep became were activated by retrieval.
What are the 4 properties of an engram?
1.) Persistence: An engram is a persistent change in the brain that results from a specific experience or event. 2.) Ecphory: An engram has the potential for ecphory—that is, an engram may be expressed behaviorally through interactions with retrieval cues, which could be sensory input, ongoing behavior, or voluntary goals. The term ecphory can be thought of as roughly equivalent to retrieval. 3.) Content: The content of an engram reflects what transpired at encoding and predicts what can be recovered during subsequent retrieval. 4.) Dormancy:An engram may exist in a dormant state between the two active processes of encoding and retrieval (ecphory)—that is, an engram exists beyond the operations and processes required to form and recover it.
The TOP protein ______ normally interferes with the initiation of local protein synthesis
4E-BP
Retrieving a memory depends on _____receptors.
AMPA
GluR23y prevents forgetting by inhibiting the exocytic removal of ______.
AMPA receptors
In Malinow's AMPA receptor trafficking experiment, what was the difference between the rats in the paired condition and the rats in the unpaired condition?
After the training, rats in the paired condition had more GluA1 receptors in the plasma membrane than rats in the unpaired condition.
What evidence supports the conclusion that the memory system that supports skillful behaviors is outside of the region of the brain that supports our ability to recollect the training episodes?
Amnestic patients who have no recollection of their training episodes can still perform the tasks from the trainings.
What are ampakines?
Ampakines are endogenous ligands that bind to a site on AMPA receptors and increase the duration of the channel opening when glutamate also binds to the receptor.
What evidence supports the conclusion that the details that make up an episode and the emotional impact of the experience are stored in different brain regions?
An amnesic patient can be reluctant to shake hands without remembering the episode in which they were stung minutes before. H.M. could learn perceptual and motor tasks but could not remember the training sessions.
Impaired CREB activation is related in part to age-related changes in the adrenal response to arousal. What evidence supports this assertion?
Application of either epinephrine or glucose following training increased phosphorylated CREB in the dentate gyrus region of the dorsal hippocampus of young rats. However, only glucose increased levels of phosphorylated CREB in old rats.
Wiltgen's laboratory use a neuronal silencer called _______ to inhibit indexing neurons.
ArchT
C/EBPβ's primary role in the autoregulatory loop is to target _____ for transcription
BDNF
_____ it is critical to both the first and second waves of protein synthesis.
BDNF
What is the evidence that the amygdala facilitates the storage of some memories but is not needed to retain the memory?
Both the place-learning and visible-platform versions of the Morris water-escape task can be learned and remembered even when the amygdala is significantly damaged; however, when a stimulant drug is injected into the amygdala following training, retention performance on both versions of the task is enhanced.
__________ was responsible for the research on H.M.
Brenda Milner
If _____ is inhibited BDNF will not be transcribed
C/EBPβ
In R.B.'s case, neuropathological assessment of his brain indicated that the pathology was restricted primarily to the __________.
CA1 region of the hippocampus
____ is used to temporally control when a neuron can be tagged
DOX
_______ operate on a much longer time frame than optogenetics.
DREADDS
Describe the composition of the NMDA receptor.
Each receptor has four subunits, and they are some combination of the two classes GluN1 and GluN2.
What are the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response in fear conditioning?
Electrical shock, auditory stimulus, freezing
Name the structures through which information flows into and out of the hippocampus.
Entorhinal cortex --> dentate gyrus --> CA3 --> CA1 --> subiculum --> back to entorhinal cortex.
Tonegawa deleted the __________ in __________ in the CA1 field of the mouse hippocampus.
GluN1 subunit; pyramidal cells
the Doogie mouse is genetically engineered to overexpress __________ subunits.
GluN2B
As the nervous system develops, __________ subunits tend to be replaced by __________ subunits.
GluN2B; GluN2A
When __________ subunits dominate, it is easier to induce LTP than when __________ subunits dominate.
GluN2B; GluN2A
The peptide ________ prevents forgetting
GluR23y
How did John Guzowski examine the importance of CREB for memory retention?
He used an antisense to CREB and tested rats at both a short and long retention interval.
What is the evidence that rodents can acquire a representation of a context that can be activated by a subset of the features that make up the episode?
In an experiment demonstrating that rats can retrieve a memory of an explored context, control rats displayed no fear in context B, where they were actually shocked, but displayed fear in context A, where they had been allowed to explore but had received no shock.
Old rats are significantly impaired when the retention interval is seven days. Explain why. Is this impairment reversible?
In older rats, the liver no longer releases glucose in response to epinephrine. Glucose injections into the dorsal hippocampus following training completely reversed this impairment.
Dudai used two strategies to assess the role of PKMζ in preventing forgetting. What were they?
In one case he infused ZIP into the insular cortex at various times after training and found that regardless of when it was infused it erased the taste aversion memory. In another case injected a virus with a dominant negative PKMζ in gene into the insular cortex and found that this nonfunctional version of PKMζ resulted in forgetting.
What is the role of anisomycin in reconsolidation theory?
In reconsolidation theory, it prevents the new round of protein synthesis needed to reconsolidate the memory
Initial research with monkeys showed that damage of both the hippocampus and the amygdala was necessary to impair episodic memory. What was wrong with those experiments?
In the process of removing both brain structures, researchers unintentionally damaged another medial temporal lobe structure: the rhinal cortex.
What is the evidence that proteins translated in response to the mTORC1 signaling are important for the consolidation of long-term memory but not for producing a short-term memory?
Inhibitory avoidance procedure revealed that rapamycin selectively impaired performance when the retention interval was 24 hours but not when it was only 3 hours.
Why is the rictor KO mouse useful?
It allows researchers to study the contribution of mTORC2 to consolidation.
Define the medial temporal hippocampal (MTH) system.
It consists of the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices and the hippocampal formation.
Epinephrine molecules are too large to cross the blood-brain barrier. So, how can epinephrine that is released into the blood stream influence memory modulation?
It does so in two different ways. One is by binding to receptors on the vagal nerve, causing the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into the BLA. The other is by influencing glucose release by liver cells.
Anisomycin administered just prior to training prevents retention at 2, 7, and 9-day intervals but If administered just a few minutes following training only impairs retention at the 7 and 9- day intervals. What does this collection of findings imply?
It implies that there is an initial wave of protein synthesis initiated almost immediately by the training and a second wave that is initiate some time later. It also indicates that the second wave depends on proteins synthesize by the first wave.
Describe the function of pattern separation. What makes it possible?
It keeps representations of similar experiences segregated. It is possible because the similar (but different) inputs from neocortical structures are likely to converge onto different neurons in the hippocampus and similar patterns are likely to create different indices.
Why does PKMζ decrease the rate of forgetting?
It prevent AMPA receptor endocytosis
Provide an example of working memory.
Memorizing a list of groceries and discarding it from your memory once you are done shopping.
Destabilize a memory trace depends on ______receptors.
NMDA
Richard Morris was the first researcher to directly investigate the role of __________ in memory formation.
NMDA receptors
Does anisomycin have any effect on retrieved memories when the proteasome system is inhibited? Why is this finding important?
No. It reveals how retrieval causes disruption; it shows that if scaffolding proteins were not degraded in the first place, the trace would be intact and new protein synthesis would not be necessary to maintain it.
The dominate negative version of the PKM gene enhances forgetting because it is ________.
Nonfunctional
Social isolation enhances _______ activity.
Rac1
(TRUE or FALSE) A behavioral experience that produces a memory is likely to result in more phosphorylated cofilin and more autophosphorylated CaMKII.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) A ceiling effect can occur because if the response measure is already at the maximum.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) A glucose injection restores the level of level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) A memory may be considered consolidated when it is no longer vulnerable to transcription and translation inhibitors.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) A prediction error occurs when the information contained in the retrieved memory does not match the information contained in the test environment.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) A retrieval failure can be the result of two similar memories competing for expression.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According the model presented in Figure 15.5 inhibiting NMDA receptors or the proteasome should prevent destabilization.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According the results obtained by Migues et al., forgetting can be prevented if the endocytic removal of AMPA receptors is inhibited
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to Lewis's active memory theory, remembering an old, consolidated memory will return it to an active state and make vulnerable to disruption.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to Lewis's active trace theory, both very new memories and retrieved memories are vulnerable to disruption.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to integration theory the amnesia produced when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a retrieval failure
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to integration theory the amnesia produced when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a retrieval failure.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to reconsolidation theory, retrieving a consolidated memory can unbind or destabilize the supporting synapses.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the modular view, the entorhinal cortex is on top of the hierarchy for semantic memory.
TRUE
(TRUE or FALSE) According to the state-dependent learning view internal states present at the time of a learning experience become part of the engram and need to be present in order to retrieve the memory.
TRUE
In indexing theory where is the content of them memory stored?
The content of an experience is stored in neocortical regions of the brain.
What were the results and implications from systematically injecting the protein-synthesis inhibitor anisomycin prior to fear conditioning?
The drug had no effect at the 1-hour retention interval but impaired retention at the longer 6- and 24-hour tests. These results are consistent with the idea that a short-term memory trace can be formed that does not depend on protein synthesis, whereas a long-term memory trace requires new proteins.
Where in the neural circuit does the second level of integration take place?
The entorhinal cortex
Explain why it is possible to induce LTP in the dentate gyrus of the CA1KO mouse, but not in the CA1 region of the brain. How does this affect the mouse's performance in the place-learning task?
The genetically engineered deletion targeted the NMDA receptors in CA1 pyramidal cells but not the dentate gyrus. The mouse's memory was impaired, and it could not learn to swim to the platform.
According to index theory what is the role of the hippocampus during memory formation?
The hippocampus binds inputs from coactive patterns of neocortical activity to create an index that can project back to the original input pattern. When activation by a subset of the original pattern occurs, the index will activate the original input pattern.
Henry Malaison was not the first patient to display amnesia for certain types of information. What was unique about his case?
The location of the brain damage was well recorded, which allowed researchers to better understand what brain areas are responsible for memory.
What is the relationship between the hippocampus, learning goals, episodic memory system, automatic capture, and incidental information?
The hippocampus is not driven by our intentions or goals to capture information. It contributes to the episodic memory system by automatically capturing the information it receives as we attend to and explore the world, including incidental information that does not pertain to the task at hand.
What is the multiple memory systems perspective?
The idea that memories are sorted and stored in specific brain regions depending on the content of the experience
What is the role of CREB in determining what neurons are selected to become engram cells.
The intrinsic excitability of neurons expressing CREB is higher than other neurons. This property enables CREB-expressing neurons to out compete the other neurons in the competition for participating in the engram.
Explain the hierarchical structure of the episodic memory system.
The level of integration or abstraction of information increases as it flows from the associative cortices to the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices to the entorhinal cortex and through the hippocampus.
Where does the first level of integration occur?
The perirhinal and parahippocampus cortices
Which of the following is a feature of the place-learning task?
The platform remains in the same location in each trial.
What is the key outcome of the vagus connection?
The release of norepinephrine into the BLA.
How did Tonegawa's laboratory discover a role for the GluN1 receptor?
They deleted the gene for this receptor in the CA1 region in mice and found that it impaired performance in the hidden platform task.
How did Migues et al. confirm the importance of NMDA receptor function for forgetting?
They demonstrated that drugs that enhance NMDA receptor function accelerate forgetting but drugs that interfere with NMDA function prevent forgetting.
How did Wiltgen's laboratory confirmed that indexing neurons activated cortical engram neurons.
They infected the hippocampus with a virus containing an inhibitory channel rhodopsin, ArchT, that was expressed in neurons in the hippocampus that were active during conditioning. During the test they stimulated these neurons with green light to inhibit them. They found that many fewer cortical cells co-labeled with GFP and cFos in these mice.
A normal rat will explore a familiar object presented in a different context as if it were novel, but a rat with damage to the hippocampus treats explored objects as familiar. Explain these results.
This means that control animals had a memory of the object and the context in which it occurred, but rats with damage to the hippocampus did not.
Why does GluR23y prevent forgetting?
This peptide prevents AMPA receptor endocytosis.
Describe the competing memory theory of forgetting.
This theory assumes that forgetting is retrieval failure that is due to competition among similar memory traces for expression.
How was Brian Wiltgen's laboratory able determine that contextual fear conditioning activated neurons throughout the neocortex.
To do this they used a genetically engineered mouse that would only express the GFP marker in neurons if doxycycline (dox) was removed from their water. They were conditioned when off dox but were on dox when tested. He found cells co-labeled with GFP and the immediate early gene, cFos, were distributed throughout the cortex.
How did Brian Wiltgen's laboratory determine that indexing neurons are critically involved in activating engram neurons throughout the neocortex.
To label neurons in the cortex, he used a mouse that would only express a GFP when off DOX. Dox was removed prior to contextual fear conditioning. When tested he infused
In the optogenetics experiment what was the role of DOX?
To temporally control when the ChR2 gene could be expressed.
Describe pattern completion.
When a subset or portion of the experience that originally established the memory trace is encountered, it can activate or replay the entire experience.
What is the function of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsins?
When activated by blue light, channelrhodopsins (channel proteins) could be stimulated to open and close with millisecond precision and conduct positive ions with the result of depolarizing the neuron. Halorhodopsins, when stimulated with green light, conduct negatively charged chloride ions and thereby hyperpolarize the neuron.
What is the connection between epinephrine, the flight-or-fight response, and memory modulation?
When an arousing event occurs, epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla and it binds to receptors in the liver, causing the release of glucose into the blood to support the flight-or-flight response, but in the brain the glucose helps to maintain transcription and translation processes that strengthen memory.
What brought Vargha-Khadem and her colleagues to the conclusion that there was a disproportionate sparing of semantic memory compared to episodic memory in patients who suffered selective damage to their hippocampus early in life?
While they all developed normal language and social skills, their memory for everyday experiences was so poor that none of them could be left alone for any extended period of time.
Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA to generate a sustained release of glutamate onto neurons in the target storage sites. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?
Yes, because the adrenergic receptors that norepinephrine binds to are coupled to a G-protein complex, which causes downstream events that activate the cAMP-PKA pathway.
Did H.M.'s case provide evidence for the multiple memory systems view? Defend your answer.
Yes, he provided the foundation for the theory because his anterograde and retrograde amnesia were restricted to certain kinds of content.
As information is carried forward to the hippocampus it becomes more __________ and integrated.
abstract/ compressed
According to Lewis all _______ memory traces are vulnerable to disruption
active
In its ______state Rac1 accelerates forgetting
active
Epinephrine, also known as __________, is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the __________.
adrenaline; blood stream
The liver cells contain _________receptors that initiate signaling that causes the liver to secrete glucose into the blood stream after an arousing event is experienced.
adrenergic
Epinephrine in the blood stream binds to __________ located on the __________ nerve.
adrenergic receptors; vagus
Mishkin wrongly concluded that both the hippocampus and ______________ were critical for episodic memory
amygdala
The __________ of __________ may be critical for the rapid formation of a memory, but other processes can compensate for this contribution when multiple training trials occur.
autophosphorylation; CaMKII
From the perspective of the brain, processes that produce active forgetting may have evolved to help maintain the________ of excitatory and inhibitory inputs on a neuron.
balance
The flow of energy in cells is called __________.
bioenergetics
According to the modular view,
components of the MTH system are relatively dedicated to specific functions.
________ trace theory asserts that forgetting is retrieval failure that is due to competition among similar memory traces for expression.
competing
In fear conditioning, shocked rats display more __________ than rats that were not shocked.
freezing
Malinow's experiments showed that memory for the fear experience, as measured by the rat's __________, depends on trafficking AMPA receptors with __________ into the membrane.
freezing response; functional GluA1 subunits
In fear conditioning, the duration of the __________ is an indicator of the __________ of the memory.
freezing response; strength
Claparède's patient not shake hands with him because
he really did not know why so he made up a story
In memory retrieval, a subset of the initial input pattern can activate the __________.
hippocampal index
The __________ sits at the top of a hierarchically organized system.
hippocampus
According to the state-dependent learning hypothesis memory recall will be ______if internal state cues produce by a drug (such as anisomycin) following memory reactivation are not present at the time of retrieval.
impaired
If engram cells are inhibited at the time of retrieval the test performance will be ______.
impaired
If propranolol is injected into the amygdala following a place-learning task, the rat's memory for the platform location will be __________.
impaired
The phosphorylation of CREB is __________ in old rats.
impaired
In old rats, __________ CREB phosphorylation is likely due to __________ glucose release in response to training
impaired; reduced
The idea that the hippocampus binds inputs from coactive patterns of neocortical activity is called the __________.
indexing theory
According to the state-dependent learning view _______ state present at the time of a learning experience become part of the engram and need to be present in order to retrieve the memory.
internal
What is the role of BDNF in the autoregulatory loop?
it is critical to both the first and second waves of protein synthesis.
Which of the following is not a property of the episodic memory system?
it supports motor skills and learning
Why what is the role of C/EBPβ in the autoregulatory loop?
it targets BDNF for transcription
Injecting lidocaine into the BLA following avoidance training will impair memory because...
it will reduce Arc translation in the hippocampus
Old animals display a failure of the __________ to respond to epinephrine.
liver
The mTORC1 complex regulates __________.
local protein synthesis
Norepinephrine is released by the __________, into the __________ .
locus coeruleus; basolateral amygdala (BLA)
The de novo protein synthesis hypothesis states that
long-term memory depends on behavior initiating the synthesis of new protein.
When glutamate and ampakines both bind to the AMPA receptor, the channel stays open __________.
longer
Inhibiting protein synthesis should ______ effect short-term memory.
not
According to the __________, damage to the hippocampus will disrupt episodic but not semantic memory.
modular view
Information flows to the highest level of integration and then loops back to the __________.
neocortical areas
If the GluA1 is deleted reference memory in the radial maze will be _______?
normal
__________ allows scientists to control one type of cell without altering other types.
optogenetics
Neurons that ________ CREB win in the competition for becoming engram cells
overexpress
From the viewpoint of the episodic system, every episode of our lives is unique, even if it contains __________.
overlapping information
The idea that a subset of the original input pattern can activate the entire original input pattern is called __________.
pattern completion
Inhibiting CaMKII should ______ destabilization.
prevent
Deleting the GluA1 subunit ______ working memory but has _____ effect of reference memory
prevents; no
The __________ is the output region of the MTH.
subiculum
The information that is processed through the hippocampus is then projected to
subiculum.
If the proteasome is inhibited just prior to memory reactivation the retrieved memory
the memory trace will not be destabilized
Which view of the medial temporal hippocampal system is held by researchers who argue that semantic memories can be acquired even when the hippocampus is selectively removed
the modular view
The existence of a memory trace is inferred when the __________ influences behavior.
training experience