NTR 306- LC Review

Which of the following is an example of a nutrient claim on a nutrition label?

"Good source of calcium"

The AMDR for fat is between

20 - 35% of total energy

Acetyl CoA can be used to make glucose

False

What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?

Fiber

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) are based on and apply to:

Healthy populations

Which of the following foods have the smallest impact on satiety?

High Fat Foods

What is the Central Control Center for energy balance and weight management?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following life stages have specific nutrition needs? (Select all that apply)

Infancy Lactation Older age Pregnancy Adolescence

Which of the following factors does NOT help increase life expectancy?

Malnutrition

Which of the following dietary patterns is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines, has been shown to reduce inflammation, and can potentially slow aging?

Mediterranean diet

From infancy through adolescence, which of the following should be avoided?

Sugar sweetened beverages

Where are amino acids stored in the body (to use when needed)?

They are not stored anywhere; we have a limited 'pool' of amino acids to use each day

According to the debate, which of the following is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions?

Transportation

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggests that a healthy eating pattern should limit saturated fats, sodium, alcohol, and what else?

added sugars

Which of the following provides carbohydrates in the diet?

all of these foods are sources of carbohydrate

What are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Health is compromised and chronic disease risk is increased in people with a BMI of:

below 18.5 or above 24.9

Which of the following is a component of pancreatic juice?

bicarbonate

Match the definition with the appropriate physiological process

biochemical processes that provide energy to living cells -metabolism moves smaller molecules out of the GI tract and into the blood -absorption breaks ingested foods into smaller molecules -digestion

When triglycerides are metabolized, [ Select ] is/are converted to pyruvate or glucose, whereas [ Select ] is/are converted to acetyl CoA.

glycerol fatty acids

Complete the statement: without ______________, an enzyme cannot function

it's coenzyme

Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to be toxic compared to fat-soluble vitamins?

kidneys can remove excess farily easily

Which organ is the "hero" of the digestive system, receiving most nutrients before they reach the heart and detoxifying harmful substances?

liver

When the body is in ketosis, initial weight loss can be attributed to:

loss of body fluids

Milk is stored in opaque containers in order to protect _________ from __________.

riboflavin, UV light

What is the storage form of fat in adipose tissue?

triglycerides

Triglycerides are made up of: (Select 2)

-3 fatty acids -Glycerol 'backbone"

What are the recommended dietary strategies for individuals with lactose intolerance? (Select 2)

-Gradually increase milk intake & consume it with other foods -Consume yogurt or lactose-free milk

Which of the following foods supply dietary cholesterol? (Select 2)

-Shrimp -Hamburger

When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (<50 g/d), how does the body respond? (Select 2)

-fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel) -protein gets broken down to form glucose

Tony is a 5'8", 180 lb, active 26 year old male. What is his Estimated Energy Requirement (approximately)?

3200

What type of transport requires energy to carry a nutrient from outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the cell?

Active Transport

Folate activation requires what vitamin

B12

Which component makes up the greatest percentage of energy expenditure?

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Match the following energy-yielding macronutrients with their component parts (as they break down during digestion): Correct!

Carbohydrates- glucose and other monosaccharides Triglycerides-Glycerol and Fatty Acids Proteins- Amino Acids

Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.

Diets consisting almost exclusively of ________ have historically resulted in niacin deficiencies due to the lack of protein. -corn A food rich in vitamin E is -vegetable oil is a biofortified, life-saving (and vision-saving) source of beta-carotene. -golden rice Vitamin B12 is available almost exclusively from -animal sources/products The best non-food source of Vitamin D is -sunlight Vitamin K can be synthesized (in small amounts) from -GI bacteria

Under which circumstances does pyruvate become lactate (select 4)?

During a sprint When the electron transport chain cannot accept H In anaerobic conditions When energy does not need to be sustained

The _____ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that is required to maintain health in 50% of healthy people.

EAR

What is the final step of energy metabolism (in which ATP is generated)?

Electron Transport Chain

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the actions of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)?

FFAs can be directly converted to glucose when needed

All cholesterol, including dietary (from foods) and internally-made, is detrimental to health.

False

Physical sensations reflecting the urge to eat (including: light-headedness, weakness, stomach growling, and/or agitation) as a result of low energy intake represent ____________ signals and can determine when and how much a person eats.

Homeostatic, Energy-sensing

Which of the following statements is NOT true of lactation/breastfeeding?

Infant formula supports immune function in infants.

Match the deficiency conditions/symptoms on the left with the nutrient on the right.

Scurvy- vitamin c blindness or night blindness- vitamin a Osteopenia/osteoporosis (especially in post-menopausal women)- calcium Bleeding/hemorrhage (inability to clot blood)- vitamin k anemia-iron Development of goiter-iodine

Which of the following behaviors is NOT recommended for healthy weight loss?

Severely cutting calories to consume only 500 kcal/day

When dietary amino acids are low, the body begins breaking down proteins from what source?

Skeletal Muscle

Obesity increases the risk of developing which of the following serious chronic diseases and conditions (select all that apply).

Sleep Disorders Cancer Type 2 Diabetes Heart Disease (CVD) Fatty Liver Disease

Which part of the digestive system is primarily involved in absorbing nutrients?

Small Intestine

Where does chemical digestion of table sugar (sucrose) begin?

Small intestine

Although human milk (i.e., breast milk) is ideal for infants, formula mimics many of the components in human milk and should be given when human milk is not available.

True

Supplementation of which nutrient is recommended for infants under 12 months who only consume breastmilk?

Vitamin D

Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects are lowered by fortification of grain products with

folate

To reduce the risks of neural tube birth defects in the fetus, [ Select ] supplementation of [ Select ] is recommended for all women of childbearing age .

folate 400-800 ug all women of childbearing age

What is the most common sign of malnutrition due to protein deficiency?

growth stunting

Who has the highest recommendations for vitamin C?

men who smoke

Nonessential amino acids are those which:

the body needs but can synthesize

Nutrition is the branch of science that focuses on identifying the nutrients found in foods and beverages and...

their actions within the body

What percentage of households in the US experience some degree of food insecurity?

~10%

The recommended fiber intake in adult women ages 19-50 years is [ Select ] g/day, whereas the recommended fiber intake in adult men ages 19-50 years is [ Select ] g/day.

-25 -38

Which of the following are NOT considered one of the recommended 'healthy' food groups to consume (select 2)?

-Alcohol -Sugar-sweetened Beverages

Which of the following are known causes of peptic ulcers? (Select 2)

-Bacterial infection -Overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen

Which of the following principles are important in establishing a healthy dietary pattern? (select 4)

-Choose a variety of foods to consume within each food group -Pay attention to portion sizes and choose smaller sizes -Moderation is key when eating energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods -Try to get your nutrients from foods, not supplements

The ultimate goal of energy metabolism is to transform energy-yielding nutrients into what compound?

ATP

Which protein sources generally have the highest protein quality?

Animal Sources

Match the following intentional food additive categories with their main roles:

Antimicrobial agents- prevent foodborne illness antioxidants- prevent spoilage (caused by exposure to oxygen) Color, flavor, and texture enhancers- increases consumer purchasing and consumption nutrients- restore losses from pre-storage, handling and/or processing

Nutrition recommendations continue to change. Why does this occur?

As new scientific evidence is reviewed, the recommendations are changed to reflect these updates.

What molecule helps to breakdown large fat globules into smaller droplets AND helps regulate cholesterol concentrations in the blood?

Bile

Which of the following factors can impact basal metabolic rate (BMR)? (select all that apply)

Body composition (gender) Fasting/starvation Environmental temperature Age

What is the best attitude to adopt regarding food when traveling, to best prevent foodborne illness?

Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it

Which of the following is not composed primarily of protein?

Brain Tissue

Increased protein consumption has been shown to have which of the following health effects? (select 3)

Build Muscle Increase Strength & Performance Improve Weight Management

What are the two main differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions? (Select two)

Catabolic releases energy, anabolic requires energy Catabolic breaks down compounds, anabolic builds up compounds

What is/are the main way(s) that home cooks can help prevent foodborne illness?

Clean, separate, cook, chill

How are the vast majority of foodborne illnesses transmitted in our current food system?

Commercial manufacturer errors

Consuming breakfast should be included as part of a healthy dietary pattern to improve weight management. Which of the following statements are TRUE concerning the evidence to support this statement? (select 2)

Eating a high protein breakfast increases satiety and decreases food cravings. Eating a high protein breakfast can prevent unhealthy body fat gain.

Which of the following statements are true of dietary protein amounts? (select 2)

Eating above the RDA, between 1.2-1.6 grams of protein/kg body weight/day, is 'optimal' for several health benefits in most Americans Athletes should consume higher than the RDA (0.8 grams/kg body weight/day) but the amount depends on type and amount of exercise

Fiber supplements are just as effective as consuming fiber-rich foods.

False

Labels such as "sell by", "use by", "best before", and "expires on" are accurate indicators of a food's safety.

False

Lipids get packaged into micelles and are transported directly into the blood stream to be used for energy by the body.

False

Malnutrition ONLY refers to the inadequacy/deficiency in energy and/or nutrients.

False

Nutrition recommendations are often developed from the findings of a single study

False

Plant-based diets have been causally proven to reduce mortality risk.

False

Since the dietary guidelines limits the amount of total sugar intake to be <10% of daily calories, this means that intake of fruit, fruit juices, and milk should all be reduced.

False

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) provide food/beverage -based recommendations to support health.

False

The health effects of dietary fats are only dependent on the quantity that is consumed.

False

The increased protein content of dairy and red meat is the main dietary factor that contributes to the health risks associated with these foods.

False

The majority of American moms eat a healthy diet, gain the recommended amount of weight, and follow alcohol recommendations during pregnancy.

False

Which strategy has been shown to improve diet quality and health in teens?

Family meals

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients, when consumed in excess, is stored most directly and most efficiently as body fat?

Fat

Which of the following compounds can go through catabolic reactions to release energy (in the form of ATP)? (Select all that apply)

Glucose Amino Acids Fatty Acids

Which pathway allows for the breakdown of carbohydrates by splitting glucose molecules to form pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Pick the most correct statement regarding meat and food safety.

Ground and mechanically tenderized beef are more susceptible to bacterial growth.

Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from cells and carries them to the liver to be recycled or disposed, and therefore is beneficial for health (i.e., "protective" against chronic disease risk)?

HDL

What organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients after they pass through the GI tract, and then prepares those nutrients for use in the body?

Liver

Where does the majority of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism occur?

Liver

During the late stages of fasting, which of the following do NOT occur (select 2)

Liver glycogen is broken down and converted to glucose. Muscle glycogen is broken down and converted to glucose.

What part of the GI tract is responsible for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), otherwise known as 'heartburn', which causes stomach acid to back up into the esophagus?

Lower esophageal sphincter

Which statement below is NOT true of sodium?

Most Americans do not consume enough sodium

Which of the following statements is NOT true about maternal weight during and after pregnancy?

Most of the weight gain can and should occur during the first trimester.

All of the plant-based diets recommended within the Dietary Guidelines for Americans include ____________________

Mostly high quality plant-based plus some high-quality animal-source foods.

During the early stages of fasting, which of the following does NOT occur:

Muscle protein is broken down and converted to glucose.

What is the position of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on supplement use? (Select all that apply)

-Nutritional needs can & should be met primarily through foods/beverages by following a healthy dietary pattern.. -Dietary supplements may be useful in providing one or more nutrients that are 'of concern' for specific population groups. -Dietary supplements may be useful in providing one or more nutrients that may be consumed in less-than-recommended amounts through food/beverages alone.

Which of the following are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids? (Select 2)

-Salmon -Flaxseed oil

Which of the following statements are true about saturated fats? (Select 3)

-Solid at room temperature -Elevates LDL blood cholesterol -More resistant to oxidation

Which of the following blood lipids are associated with an increased risk of heart disease? (select 2)

-Triglycerides -LDL cholesterol

What are the 3 types of lipids? (Select 3)

-Triglycerides -Sterols -Phospholipids

Which of the following are new features of the recently updated nutrition facts panel. (Select 3)

-Vitamin D and Potassium ('shortfall nutrients') included -Added Sugars included -Larger font size for calories

Select two foods that can be combined to make a complete protein.

-beans -rice

Protein quality is based on what 2 factors? (select 2).

-digestibility -amino acid composition (focusing on the amount of essential amino acids)

Which of the following are considered to be polysaccharides? (Select 3)

-fiber -starch -glycogen

When blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes insulin to promote glucose update into the cells. However, when blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes glucagon to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use.

-insulin -glucagon

The [ Select ] secretes bile which is then gets stored in the [ Select ]

-liver -gal bladder

monosaccharides get absorbed from the small intestine to be transported into the blood stream, whereas polysaccharides move into the large intestine to be fermented by the gut bacteria.

-monosaccharides -non-digestible (soluble) fiber

Which of the following locations does enzymatic (chemical) digestion of carbohydrates take place? (Select 2)

-mouth -small intestine

Which of the following substances are inorganic (select 2)?

-water -minerals

The hormone, CCK, is secreted into the blood in response to fat entering into the small intestine. CCK then simulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and enzymes. It also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. All of these processes begin to break down the fat in the small intestine. The partially digested fat no longer stimulates CCK release. If there is no CCK, then the pancreas and gallbladder are not stimulated and nothing is released. What type of homeostatic feedback loop is this situation describing?

Negative Feedback

Compared to carbohydrates and lipids, which element is unique to protein-containing molecules?

Nitrogen

Which pathway is needed for ATP synthesis, is shared with all energy-yielding nutrients, and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens (and their electrons) with each 'turn'?

TCA Cycle

The _____ is the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people, but beyond the maximum amount might be toxic.

UL

Which type of fatty acids have double bonded Carbons (and thus have fewer Hydrogens on their chemical backbone), and therefore help to reduce the risk of chronic disease?

Unsaturated fatty acids

What organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?

brain

Which of the following lists dietary fats in ascending order of saturated fat content (from lowest amount of saturated fat to highest)?

canola oil, olive oil, butter, coconut oil

Amino acids can be used in which of the following ways (select 3):

converted to pyruvate enter the TCA cycle directly converted to acetyl CoA

Which specific carbohydrate has the following characteristics: 1) Most abundant monosaccharide in nature 2) Sometimes called blood sugar 3) Sometimes called dextrose (when manufactured) 4) Found in every polysaccharide and disaccharide

glucose

A male waist circumference of 42.5 inches is considered

higher than recommended, indicating increased risk for chronic disease.

The most effective way to ensure adequate (but not excessive) vitamin and mineral intake is to

include variety and moderation in the diet

Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable foods ________________ hedonic, reward-driven eating behavior?

increase

Match the definitions with their most appropriate digestion 'helper.'

protect the cells of the GI tract -mucus break down foods into smaller molecules through hydrolysis -enzymes signals to the gallbladder to release bile -hormones provide an acidic or basic environment to optimize digestion -chemicals

Although most of the nutrient needs among young people are similar to that of adults, teens (ages 14-18) have an increased need for which of the following nutrients? (Select 3)

protein iron calcium

Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?

removes cholesterol from cells

Where does most of lipid digestion occur?

small intestine

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?

source of energy

Where does protein digestion occur (select 2)?

stomach small intestine

How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide?

9 kcals

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming what percent of daily intake from saturated fats?

<10%

Hunger is stimulated by the hormone, [ Select ] , whereas satiety is stimulated by the hormone, [ Select ]

Ghrelin PYY

There are specific critical periods during fetal development in which any damage caused to the fetus from malnutrition or exposure to toxins is irreversible. When do these periods occur?

1st trimester

What is the BMI of a 19 year old female that is 5'4" tall and weighs 140 pounds?

24

The pack of cookies that your roommate purchased has the following nutrient facts panel: Serving Size: 32g (3 cookies), Servings Per Container 11 Nutrition Information Per Serving: Calories 160 Total Fat 8g (Saturated fat 2.5g, Cholesterol 0mg, Trans Fat 0g) Sodium 105mg Total Carbohydrate 21g Added Sugars 15g Dietary Fiber 1g Protein 2g If your roommate ate 9 cookies, how many grams of fat would he consume?

24g

A half-cup of vanilla ice cream contains 22 grams of carbohydrate, 3 grams of protein and 18 grams of fat. How many total kcalories does this ice cream contain?

262 kcals

When should complementary foods be introduced to infants?

4-6 months

What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?

50%

Which of the following factors significantly decreases the bioavailability of most vitamins?

Getting vitamins from supplements or processed foods

Which of the following changes that occur in older adults can hinder their ability to meet dietary recommendations? (Select all that apply)

Impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients Loneliness and isolation Depression Difficulty chewing

Which of the following groups could benefit from the use of a particular dietary supplement (in addition to making healthy food and beverage choices)? (Select all that apply)

Infants Older adults Pregnant women Anyone following a vegan diet

A person is 'doing keto' and consumes 75 g of protein/day in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. How does this amount fit with the AMDR?

It's within the AMDR (75 g*4kcal/g)= 300 300/2000=0.15 AMDR for protein is 10-35%

Which of the following behaviors is NOT recommended during pregnancy:

Limit alcohol to 1 drink/week

Which life stage has the best diet quality BUT still has nutrient deficiencies?

Older adults ages 60+ years

Which fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, improve heart health, and are involved with structure and function of cells in the eyes and brain?

Polyunsaturated, Omega-3 fatty acids

Which of the following minerals does NOT help establish and/or maintain bone (and teeth) health?

Potassium

If you have a fasting blood glucose of 115 mg/dL, what clinical range are you in?

Prediabetes

Some effective nutrition strategies that have led to reductions in weight or body fat in children include the following: (check all that apply)

Reducing sugar sweetened beverages Increasing fruits and vegetable intake Teaching gardening and cooking lessons Increasing breakfast intake

What is the storage form of energy in plants?

Starch

Since 2009, the overall diet quality among Americans based on the Healthy Eating Index Score has done what?

Stayed Relatively the Same and has not Improved

Which disaccharide has the sweetest taste?

Sucrose

An experimental study examines the cause and effect of an intervention on a specific outcome.

True

Based on the data presented in class, exercise can influence dietary patterns by improving food choices and eating behavior.

True

In older adults, preserving muscle mass is highly important in order to maintain functionality and independence.

True

The primary reason why a diet high in added sugars is 'harmful' is because the foods/beverages containing the added sugar are nutrient poor, but energy dense, and therefore they displace other nutrient dense foods from the diet.

True

True or False: Metabolism favors fat formation in the body

True

True or false: both positive and negative energy balance can lead to long-term health problems.

True

Which of the following is NOT recommended by the Dietary Guidelines as a healthy dietary pattern in any life stage, but especially infants, children, and teens?

Vegan Dietary Pattern

What absorptive structures of the GI tract are fingerlike projections in the small intestine that select and regulate absorption of nutrients?

Villi

Which type of body fat storage contributes to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes?

Visceral Fat

is an antioxidant that protects tissues from free radical damage (oxidation). This vitamin also enhances iron absorption.

Vitamin C

People who follow strict plant-based diets (e.g. veganism) are more likely to have deficiencies of which nutrients? (Select 4)

Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Calcium Heme-iron

Older adults are typically deficient in which of the following nutrients? (Select 3)

Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Zinc

Match the functions of each component of the digestive tract.

allows passage of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine -illeocecal valve protects airway during swallowing -epiglottis continuous space that carries nutrients through the GI tract that are waiting to be absorbed -lumen releases small portions of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine -pyloric shincter Type of cell that secrets mucus -goblet semi-liquid product of digestion expelled from the stomach, a little at a time -chyme

Amino Acid metabolism produces a toxic chemical called [ Select ] which is converted to a non-toxic chemical called [ Select ] and excreted by the kidneys.

ammonia urea

After pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme, which of the following describes the pH of the resulting mixture?

approximately neutral

What is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + galactose?

milk sugar

Less than 30% of Americans are considered to be ______________________.

normal weight

In the United States, which group is the most susceptible to iron deficiency anemia?

overweight young women consuming a vegan diet

What is the process that uses circular and longitudinal muscle contractions to move broken-down foods (i.e., chyme) through the GI tract?

peristalsis

Through condensation reactions, many amino acids are bound together to form what?

polypeptide