NUR 208 theorists
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which member of the wedding party shows failure to meet their developmental crisis?
Bride, aged 25, abruptly leaves the shirt just before the marriage ceremony starts
Which stage would the nurse expect the middle-aged client who feels unsuccessful in raising their children to have reached, according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
generatively versus self absorption and stagnation stage
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which earlier developmental stage most strongly affects a person's adjustment to the period of senescence?
generatively versus stagnation
An 85-year-old client is alert and able to participate in care. According to Erikson, which developmental stage will the client need to adjust to?
generatively versus stagnation
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which parental behavior is interfering with a 9-year-old's achievement of her or his developmental task?
gives excessive negative feedback about quality of school project
Which of these stages is followed by the "society-maintaining orientation," according to the Kohlberg's theory?
Good boy-nice girl orientation
Which stages are a part of conventional reasoning, according to the Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply.
Good boy-nice girl orientation Society-maintaining orientation
Which client situation will the nurse address first on priority basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Has multiple fainting episodes due to lack of proper nutrition
Which statement of the client would the nurse consider to be a self-esteem need based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
I deserve ill treatment from my husband because I'm incapable of doing even simple things perfectly.
Which statement of a client confirms that he or she has reached the intimacy versus isolation stage according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
I did so much for my partner
Which situation would the nurse address to meet the safety and security needs of the client according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
I do not want to talk to any stranger because I fear that they might take away my things
Which statement made by the client illustrates the love and belonging need based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
I hardly speak to my children because they live in different countries
Which statement made by the client indicates the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
I like to dress like a boy even though my parents want me to dress like a girl. I want to get a clear skin like my best friend I do not want to become an engineer like my parents want me to be; I dream of becoming a pilot.
Which statement is last priority based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
My aim is to be a famous writer
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student about Kohlberg's theory. Which stages does a nurse include under the first level of the theory? Select all that apply.
Instrument relativist orientation Punishment and obedience orientation
A child wants to be on time for a family dinner. According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of development is the child going through?
Instrumental relativist orientation
The nurse is explaining to a parent about Freud's theory of child development. What stages does the nurse include in the discussions? Select all that apply.
Phallic stage Latency stage
Which of these statements are true about an adolescent according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply.
"An individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns." "An individual's thoughts are influenced by moral decisions and behaviors."
Which activities would the nurse perform to meet the client's safety and security needs based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Positioning the bed in a low position and keeping the side rails up Monitoring vital signs, such as blood pressure to decrease the risk of falls Observing a client who has suicidal tendencies to prevent adverse incidents
A nurse educates a parent about Erikson's theory of child development. At which age would the nurse advise the parent to begin instilling a sense of trust in the child?
birth to 1 year
Which is the similarity between the preoperational period and the formal operations period of Piaget's theory?
both periods explain the idea of egocentric though in an individual
Which is the similarity between the formal operations period and the preoperational period according to Piaget's theory?
both the periods explain egocentric though of an individual
Which is a similarity between Havighurst's stage-crisis and Erikson's psychosocial development theories?
both theories are based on developmental task
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which developmental conflict is a college student attempting to resolve as he struggles with indecision about an academic major?
indignity versus role confusion
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, a person's adjustment to the period of adolescence will depend largely on the adjustment the individual made to which developmental stage?
industry versus inferiority
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which developmental conflict affects a 4-year-old child?
initiative versus guilt
According to Erikson's theory, at which stage does a child start to have fantasies and an active imagination?
initiative versus guilt
In which stage does the nurse teach the parent about child impulse control and cooperative behaviors, according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
initiative versus guilt
According to Erikson's theory, in which stage would the nurse expect a preschooler to start to pretend?
initiative versus guilt stage
According to the language/culture developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, preschool-age children guide their own behavior by the use of:
inner language
When the father of a 12-year-old says, "I must find some way to get my son to become serious about school. He just seems to want to play all the time." The parent is in the __________ stage of parenting behaviors described by Erik Erikson.
integrative
An older client states, I've lived a good life. I don't want to die
integrity
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which opposing conflict is an older adult likely to face?
integrity versus despair
An older retired client tells the nurse about the great life he has lived and the activities that he enjoys at the senior center. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which developmental conflict has the client resolved?
integrity versus despair
A 68-year-old client with a new ileostomy remarks to the nurse, It will be difficult for my wife to care for a helpless old man. Which conflict according to Erikson does this comment exhibit?
integrity vesus despair
Which opposing conflict does a young adult face according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
intimacy versus isolation
Which client's statement confirms that he or she has reached the integrity versus despair stage according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
looking back at my entire life in the twilight of my life now that I am at the end of the road
A school-age child who is helping his father wash the car is told by his father that he is leaving "streaks all over the windows." The child feels his father thinks he's stupid for not being able to wash windows correctly. This incorporation of "being stupid" into the child's self-concept illustrates an example of:
looking-glass self
A 10-year-old child has demonstrated exceptional spelling ability in several school and community contests and is recognized in his school by teachers and peers for his ability. He believes he can win the state championship. This situation is representative of the concept of:
mastery of environment; match between ideal and actual self
According to Sigmund Freud's developmental theory, which developmental age is called the latent stage?
middle school
Which statement made by the client indicates initiative versus guilt stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
my child likes to fantasize and tries out new characters every day
Which statement made by the client indicates the autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
my kid has started to walk on his or her toes
According to the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, the health-care worker can anticipate that the moral development of a 2-year-old will follow the preconventional pattern by:
obeying rules to avoid punishment.
Which stage of the development should the nurse document for an infant when using Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
oral
A client with an allergy has been administered a dose of antihistamine. The nurse finds that the client is drowsy and dizzy. Which type of need would the nurse prioritize in the client according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
safety need
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level of need did the nurse prioritize when assisting an older postoperative client to the restroom to prevent falling?
second level
A client who was involved in an accident says, I have a dream of conquering the world's highest mountain range. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, to which level of need does the given scenario refer?
self-actualization needs
In which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develop an action pattern to deal with the environment?
sensorimotor
Which Piaget stage of cognitive development does the child belong, when attempting to find a hidden toy after it has been shown to the child then removed from line of sight?
sensorimotor
Which period of Piaget's theory describes the idea of object permanence?
sensorimotor period
Match each statement to the correct stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
sensorimotor- The child develops an action pattern for dealing with the environment. preoperational- The child develops egocentrism and animism. concrete operations- The child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. formal operations- The child demonstrates feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness.
A nurse is recollecting Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. What are the characteristics of the genital stage according to this model? Select all that apply.
sexual urges are directed outside the family circle an individual may resolve the sexual conflicts at this stage unresolved sexual conflicts resurface during this stage
The registered nurse is teaching the student nurse about Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. While teaching, the registered nurse states, "Children follow the parents' rule of being at home on time." Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is the registered nurse explaining?
stage II
Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate in a client who exhibits absolute obedience to authority and rules?
stage II
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate a client who wants to maintain expectations with his or her immediate group?
stage III
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does an individual show societal concerns?
stage IV
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate a client to expand focus from relationships with others to societal concerns?
stage IV
The nurse examines a class of 7-year-old students during a school health program. According to Erikson's theory, which behavior would the students display?
student shows an eagerness to learn social skills
According to Erikson's theory, which behaviors will the nurse notice in 13-year-old students? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
such students want to know who am I? such students show a mark preoccupation with body appearance
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which response is the most therapeutic to help an older adult who is struggling to achieve her or his developmental task?
tell me about your past accomplishments
Which is true about the preoperational period of Piaget's theory?
the child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does
Which statement is true according to Piaget's theory of cognitive or moral development in the adolescent? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
the child develops abstract thinking the child is in the formal operations period
According to Piaget's theory, which are the cognitive or moral developmental changes in children aged 6 to 12 years? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
the child develops logical thinking the child is in the concrete operations period
According to Erikson's theory, which behavior would the nurse expect a preschooler to exhibit?
the child develops the superego
According to Erikson's theory, which psychosocial developmental changes are observed in middle childhood? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
the child is engaged in tasks and activities the child can differentiate. between industry and inferiority
While interacting with a 4-year-old child, the nurse observes that the child exhibits which behavior that is congruent with Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?
the child is unable to see things from others perspectives
According to Erikson's theory, which behavior would a toddler exhibit?
the child starts performing self care activities
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which would the nurse include in the plan of care for a young adult client who is hospitalized?
the importance of having support from the clients significant other
The nurse is examining different statements that represent the stages of psychosexual development, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Which statement indicates that the individual is aged between 6 to 12 years?
the individual focuses on educational and social accomplishments
According to Freud, which aspect of one's life helps in the development of personality?
the need for sensual pleasure
The behavior most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development is:
thought processes become increasingly logical and coherent.
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, mastery of which task increases a child's ability to cope with separation or pending separation from significant others?
trust
Using Erikson's theory of development, which task would the nurse determine that a healthy 9-month-old infant is in the process of achieving?
trust
Which stage of Erikson's theory focuses on the needs of an infant?
trust versus mistrust
What are major characteristic(s) of a self-actualized person? (Select all that apply.)
understands reality makes judgments based on evidence is creative
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which behavior is consistent with a problem involving trust versus mistrust?
woman whose parents were chronic alcoholics has problems making friends
The nurse finds that a mother severely punishes her 2-year-old child. Which would the nurse advise the mother, according to Erikson's theory?
your child needs support and love or else he or she may develop feelings of shame or doubt
Based on Erikson's theory of development, which would the nurse suggest to a mother of a toddler who harshly disciplines her child?
your child needs support and love or may develop feelings of shame or doubt
Which statement is true about Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop an action pattern for dealing with their environment.
Which component of the human personality, according to Freud, allows an individual to judge reality accurately?
Ego
A client says, I do not want to go back to school because I fear that everyone will laugh at me. Which level of need does the given scenario refer to according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Fourth level, which includes self-esteem needs
Which basic human needs belongs to the fourth level as per Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Self- worth Acheivement
According to Piaget's cognitive development, which are the different stages of reasoning? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operational Concrete operational
A young adult tells the nurse, "Society needs to be educated regarding involving people affected with AIDS into the social sphere." According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, what stage does the statement indicate?
Social contract orientation
Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is associated with a person following a law even if it is discriminatory to a racial group?
Social contract orientation
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is a part of conventional reasoning?
Society-maintaining orientation
An adolescent tells the nurse, "I do not go to parties that serve alcohol, not because my dad doesn't like it, but because I know this is not right." What STAGE does the statement indicate according to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Society-maintaining orientation
What stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development defines "right" by the decision of the conscience?
Universal ethical principle orientation
Which stage of Kohlberg's theory is an individual at if he/she wants to modify a law that is unfair to a particular group?
Universal ethical principle orientation
A client who retired a year ago says, I don't have any hobbies or interests
ask the client to identify past achievements
In which period of Piaget's theory does the adolescent feel a sense of invulnerability?
formal operations
Which period of Piaget's theory covers the prevalence of egocentrism in adolescents?
formal operations
Which period of Piaget's theory marks the end of cognitive development?
formal operations
Which opposing conflict would a middle-aged adult face according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
generatively versus self absorption and stagnation
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which outcome will occur if an individual fails to master the maturational crisis of adolescence?
role confusion
Which age is considered the phallic stage according to Sigmund Freud's developmental theory?
3 to 6 years old
The nurse is using Piaget's theory to assess the cognitive development in a child. Which age most likely correlates a child who has reached a developmental milestone grasping the concept of conservation of numbers for the first time?
5 years
Which of these stages would the nurse include when explaining Piaget's theory of child development to a parent? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
sensorimotor stage
The registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. To which age group does industry versus inferiority apply?
6 to 11 years
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student about the level "conventional reasoning" in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Which statements made by the student indicate the need of further teaching? Select all that apply.
"A child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules." "An individual follows societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society." "A child recognizes that there is more than one correct view."
A nursing student gives different examples representing the components of human personality, according to Sigmund Freud. Which examples mentioned by the nursing student represent the component ego? Select all that apply.
"A client is attracted to the nurse in charge but does not make any moves because there are other clients in the same ward." "A client with insomnia wants to take an extra sleeping pill but refrains from doing so because the caregivers are present." "A client wants to eat junk food but does not order it because the dietician is keeping track of his or her weight."
A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding Postconventional Reasoning needs correction?
"In this level, emphasis is given on social rules and a community-centered approach."
The registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Which age group corresponds with concrete operations?
7 to 11 years
The registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding 'Preconventional Reasoning' needs correction?
"In this level, the client sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others' expectations."
A nurse is recollecting Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. What are the characteristics of the phallic stage, as per this model? Select all that apply.
"In this stage, a girl male experience feelings of penis envy" "In this stage, the genitals are the focus of pleasure" "In this stage a child may develop an oedipal complex"
What is the correct order of the stages according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
(3)Good boy-nice girl orientation (6)Universal ethical principle orientation (5)Social contract orientation (4)Society-maintaining orientation (2)Instrumental relativist orientation (1)Punishment and obedience orientation
Arrange the hierarchy of needs in ascending order beginning with the highest priority needs as defined by Maslow.
(4) Self-esteem (1) Physiological needs (3) Love and belonging needs (5) Self-actualization (2) Safety and security
According to Freud, in what order do the stages of child development occur?
1 Oral 2 Anal 3 Oedipal 4 Latency 5 Genital
Arrange the stages of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development in its correct order.
1 Oral 2 Anal 3 Oedipal (Phallic) 4 Latency 5 Genital
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which is the correct order of a child's activities?
1 The child develops an action pattern for dealing with the environment. 2 The child develops egocentrism and animism. 3 The child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. 4 The child demonstrates feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness.
Arrange the stages of life in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development in the correct order.
1 Trust versus mistrust 2 Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt 3 Initiative versus guilt 4 Industry versus inferiority 5 Identity versus role confusion 6 Intimacy versus isolation 7Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation 8 Integrity versus despair
The nurse is preparing to teach a group of new parents about development using Piaget's theory. In which chronological order would the nurse present the content?
1 sensorimotor 2 preoperational 3 concrete operations 4 formal operations
What is the correct order of the stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
1 sensorimotor 2 preoperational 3 concrete operations 4 formal operations
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which is the correct order of a child's behavior as he or she ages?
1 the child develops autonomy by making choices 2 the child develops feelings of superego or conscience 3 the child concentrates on work and play 4 the child is concerned about appearance and body images
Place the levels of development in their order of achievement according to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.
1 trust versus mistrust 2 industry versus inferiority 3 identity versus role confusion 4 intimacy verus isolation 5 generatively versus stagnation 6 integrity versus despair
A person is badly disfigured by the lawnmower blade when mowing a lawn. Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development which age, at the time of injury, will be associated with the greatest risk of long-term psychological effects?
12 years
A family member reports, He wears eccentric clothing
17 year old son
According to Erikson's theory, at which age would a child develop self-control and independence?
18 months to 3 years old
At what age is a client in Freud's phallic stage of psychosexual development and Erikson's psychosocial phase of initiative versus guilt?
3 to 5 years
Which age group is in Freud's phallic stage of psychosexual development and Erikson's psychosocial phase of initiative versus guilt?
3 to 5 years
A nurse is evaluating different situations on the basis of the components of human personality as mentioned by Sigmund Freud. Which situations represent the id component? Select all that apply.
A client feels nauseous; therefore, he or she leaves work midway to go to a healthcare facility. A client experiencing pain takes pain medication prescribed to a family member. A client wishes to go home and therefore slips out of the healthcare facility quietly without anyone noticing.
A nurse is examining different situations that represent the superego component of human personality, as per Sigmund Freud. Which situations accurately represent superego? Select all that apply.
A client having cravings for fruit does not steal them from the next client because that client needs it more A client experiencing a stomach ache refrained from stealing medications from a friend because it is illegal A client controls the urge to eat candy because he or she knows that it will affect the blood sugar
Which examples mentioned by the nurse belong to the third level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A client is depressed because his or her spouse has passed away. A client wants to reconnect with old friends after being diagnosed with cancer. A client never goes to family gatherings because he or she is not accepted by family members.
Which situations belong to the first level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A client is homeless. A client reports feeling dizzy for 2 days. A client reports that he or she is unable to consume food because of throat pain.
Which situations qualify under the fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A client laments that he or she is the ugliest person in the whole world. A client tells the nurse that he or she is the only member in the family who does not work. A client feels that he or she has not been able to live up to his or her partner's expectations.
Which situations come under the second level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A client tells the nurse that he or she is taunted by his or her boss every day. A client tells the nurse that his or her spouse belongs to a criminal gang. A client tells the nurse that he or she lives beside a factory that manufactures harmful chemicals.
Which examples mentioned by the nurse belong to the fifth level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A client wishes to become the best swimmer in the whole world. A client tells the nurse that he or she wishes to become a successful engineer despite having dyslexia. A client who is bedridden requests a physical therapist consultation to achieve maximum mobility.
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true?
A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
Which characteristics develop in an adolescent according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Ability to reason with respect to possibilities Feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness
What is the similarity between stages 5 and 6 of Kohlberg's theory?
Both stages are associated with postconventional reasoning.
What are the similarities between the first and second stages of Kohlberg's theory? Select all that apply.
Both stages describe a child's obedience to rules. Both stages are associated with preconventional reasoning.
Which statement describes stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory? Select all that apply.
Child shows respect for authority and maintains the social order. Adolescents choose to avoid a party where they know beer will be served.
According to Piaget's theory, which of these is true about the period of formal operations? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Children have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. Children have a belief that their actions are scrutinized by imaginary audience.
According to Piaget, which data would the nurse expect from a school-age child during the assessment? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Classifying objects Understanding reversibility Describing a process without actually doing it
Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which client is demonstrating characteristics of self-actualization?
Client has an accurate perception of reality and is accepting of self and others
Which situation would the nurse address first according to Maslow's hierarchy?
Complains of sleeplessness due to pain postsurgery
Which statement of the client would illustrate the self-esteem need based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
I tend to get worried about every little thing because I cannot do anything successfully.
The nurse is prioritizing client care by using Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Which statement made by the client would the nurse address to meet the self-actualization need?
I want to be a world-class athlete.
Which statement made by the client meets the self-actualization need based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
I want to live because I want to be a good parent to my kids.
Which statements by a 17-year-old client who is diagnosed with leukemia reflects Piaget's cognitive processes associated with adolescence? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
I'm going to do my best to fight this awful disease . Now I can't go to the prom because I have this stupid disease. This illness is serious
According to Erikson's theory, which of these actions can predispose an adolescent to being in a state of confusion?
If an adolescent fails to establish a sense of identity
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs will the nurse classify a client who reports working in a factory that manufactures explosives?
Second level, which includes safety and security needs
Which stage of Kohlberg's theory explains the influence of moral values on an individual's thought?
Society-maintaining orientation
How is stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory different from stage 1?
Stage 2 is about recognizing another's point of view.
Which of these characteristics are found in an adolescent according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The adolescent is concerned about his or her appearance and body image. The adolescent acquires a sense of identity by participating in decision-making.
Which statement is true of the middle childhood stage according to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning? Select all that apply.
The child develops a good boy-nice girl orientation. The child is in the conventional level.
Which situation indicates that the child has reached the concrete operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
The child is able to understand that the volume, length, or shape of an object remains the same despite a change in their physical appearance.
While assessing the moral development of a child according to Kohlberg's theory, the nurse determines that the child is at the preconventional level of moral development. Which behavior led the nurse to this conclusion?
The child is very obedient and tries to avoid punishment from parents and teachers.
Which information would the nurse provide about the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The child learns that he or she is separate from his or her parents or favorite toy The child develops a schema or action pattern for dealing with his or her environment. The child learns about himself or herself and the environment through motor and reflex actions.
Which statement describes stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory?
The child recognizes that there is more than one correct view.
According to Piaget's theory, which of these statements would be provided regarding a 4-year-old child? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The child will only be able to consider his or her own point of view. The child will consider that inanimate objects may be alive.
Which statement made by the nursing student needs correction about Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
The fourth level contains love and belonging needs.
Which nursing action would be given to an individual in the initiative versus guilt stage of Erikson's theory?
The nurse should teach parents about a child's impulse control to avoid the risks of altered growth and development.
Which description by a student of the formal operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development indicates a need for further teaching? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
There is an absence of egocentric thought. Reversibility in thought is the primary characteristic.
A client says, I feel frustrated because I do not spend enough time with my partner because of my job. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level of need does the given scenario refer?
Third level, which includes love and belonging needs
Which developmental stage is considered the pre-conventional level according to Kohlberg's theory? Select all that apply.
Toddler Preschool
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory would a nurse ask a higher authority to reduce the treatment expenses of a low-income client?
Universal ethical principle orientation
A nursing instructor asks a student about the development of adolescents according to Piaget's theory. Which statement made by the student about adolescents indicates a need for further education? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Using knowledge to achieve a goal is emphasized. They have the ability to recognize different answers for different situations.
According to Erikson's theory, which suggestion would the nurse make to the parent of a preschooler who is worried about ongoing conflicts with the child because of strict behavior standards?
You could cooperate with the child's desires within reason to avoid guilt and frustration for your child.
According to Piaget's theory, which of these statements about the period of concrete operations is true?
a child is able to describe a process without actually doing it
Which statement is a characteristic of the concrete operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
a child is able to describe a process without actually doing it
A 73-year-old man scheduled for surgery tells the health-care worker that if things do not go well during surgery, he has lived a full life and has no regrets. The health-care worker recognizes that this statement is consistent with:
achievement of the developmental task of integrity described by Erikson.
Behavior modification is basically designed to:
alter current behavior patterns
Which does the intimacy versus isolation stage of Erikson's theory of development include? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
an individual develops a sense of identity and deepens his or her capacity to love others and care for them An individual searches for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. An individual may develop fears, rejection, and disappointment if unable to establish companionship and intimacy.
Which is the characteristic of the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
an infant may learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images
Which stages would the nurse explain that a toddler goes through, according to Freud's theory? Select all that apply.
anal oral
According to Freud, which is a source of pleasure for a toddler-age client that the nurse should educate parents about in regards to normal growth and development?
anal zone
The nursing instructor asks the nursing student to describe the initiative versus guilt stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Which student statement indicates a need for further teaching?
at this stage
According to Erikson's stages of life, which is the stage of development when a child begins walking, feeding, and using the toilet?
autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which school-aged child is at risk for failing his developmental task?
child B waits for his mother to finish his school science project
Which result would the nurse anticipate when providing care to a preschool-age child who successfully completes tasks associated with this stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
direction and purpose
A woman whose husband retired 6 months ago says that he is "driving me crazy" and is "underfoot all the time." These complaints indicate that the wife is in the retirement developmental stage of:
disenchantment
A 10-year-old child has been working on earning all of the scouting badges. Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is this child achieving?
industry
According to the Erikson's theory, which stage in a young adult describes the development of the sense of caring for others?
intimacy versus isolation
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which task must a 30-year-old client work through?
intimacy versus isolation
Which period of Piaget's theory explains animism in a child?
period II
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory is the child's moral reasoning driven by fear of punishment?
stage 1
Which stage describes the Oedipus complex, according to Freud's theory?
stage 3
A nursing student is listing various stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which situation indicates that the individual has reached the Instrumental Relativist Orientation stage?
"An individual identifies that there is more than one right view."
A nurse is recollecting Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. What is the characteristic of the oral stage?
"in the oral stage, the infant realizes that he or she is a separate individual"
Match each stage with the correct name for Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
(2) Individualism and exchange (Instrumental relativist orientation) (1) Punishment and obedience orientation (6) Universal ethical principle orientation (3) Good interpersonal relationships (Good boy-nice girl orientation) (5) Social contract orientation (4) Social order (Society-maintaining orientation)
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which order would the nurse prioritize his or her actions?
(4) Praising the client for administering insulin accurately (1) Providing a warm bath to the client to promote a good night's sleep (2) Encouraging the client to talk about his or her fears and feelings (3) Assisting the client in getting out of bed to join family members for meals
Place in order the priority of care based on Maslow's hierarchy.
(4) Self-esteem (2) Safety and security (3) Social relationships (5) Self-actualization (1) Physiological
In which order would the nurse arrange the human needs of Maslow's hierarchy? Arrange from the top priority need to the lowest priority need.
(4) Self-esteem (3) Social (5) Self-actualization (2) Safety (1) Physiological
The nurse is assessing a client by using Maslow's hierarchy of needs. In which order would the nurse prioritize care?
(5) Self-actualization (2) Safety and security (3) Love and belonging needs (4) Self-esteem (1) Physiological needs
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the nurse using when she teaches the client about the call light system?
safety
According to Kohlberg's theory, which stage comes before the society-maintaining orientation stage?
Good boy-nice girl orientation
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does an individual want to fulfill the expectations of one's immediate group?
Good boy-nice girl orientation
To promote a sense of industry in a hospitalized school-age child, the health-care worker should:
ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom.
Which activities would the nurse recommend to a middle-age adult client to find a sense of fulfillment, according to Erikson? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
attending church functions becoming involved at a local hospital volunteering to coach for a grandchild soccer team
Which stage of life does the child dressing on his or her own and self-feeding belong to according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, in which stage would toilet training be achieved?
autonomy versus shame
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which stage must a 3-year-old accomplish?
autonomy versus shame
In which stage of Erikson's theory does the child initiate self-care activities?
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Which is the similarity between the stage-crisis theory given by Havighurst and the psychosocial development theory given by Erikson?
based on developmental tasks
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which milestone would the nurse expect a 6-month-old infant to demonstrate?
beginning of object permanence
Which would the nurse anticipate when assessing a school-age child according to Erikson's theory of development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
being engaged in tasks wanting to participate in organized activities
According to the Piaget's theory, which behavior does a 9-year-old child show?
concrete thinking
According to Freud, which must occur before an individual is able to have a mature adult sexual relationship?
conflict resolution
A 70-year-old man with a history of depression has few interests since retirement. He says, I feel useless and unneeded. Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which outcome is occurring?
despair
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which task does the nurse recognize as the chief psychosocial task of preschoolers?
development of a sense of initiative
Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that basic physiological needs must be met before the individual can reach full potential. An example of a physiological need being met is:
drinking eight glasses of water a day and following a well balanced diet
According to Piaget, which statement describes the concrete operation stage?
during this stage, churl den are able to perform mental operations
Which statement describes the latency stage of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development?
during this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities
According to Piaget, during which developmental stage is the pediatric client egocentric?
early childhood
An older adult says, I regret so many of the choices I've made during my life. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which developmental conflict has the client failed to accomplish?
ego integrity versus despair
An older adult was admitted to a long-term care facility for difficulties with activities of daily living. Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which intervention would the nurse use to assist the client to fulfill her or his developmental task?
encourage the client in reminisce about past achievements
The best advice to parents who want to encourage autonomy in their toddler would be to:
encourage the toddler to do things for himself
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is fulfilled by the nurse fitting a client who nearly died of asphyxiation with an oxygen mask?
first level
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs would the nurse need to follow for a client brought to the emergency department with severe breathing difficulty?
first level
Which stage of development would the nurse anticipate for an adolescent client when using Piaget's theory to assess cognitive development?
formal operational
A professor asks a student nurse to explain the stage when an adolescent has prevalence of egocentric thought. Which period of the Piaget's theory will the nurse explain?
formal operations
According to Erikson's developmental psychosocial theory, which is expected by 20 years of age?
having a coherent sense of self and planning to accomplish future goals
Which would the nurse anticipate when assessing a preschool-age child, according to Erikson's developmental stages?
having highly imaginative thoughts
According to the Erikson's theory, which stage describes the will of an adolescent to achieve a goal?
identity versus role confusion
A 9-month-old infant who appears well-nourished, alert, and happy is brought to the well-baby clinic for a routine physical examination. Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the nurse determines that the infant is in which stage?
oral-sensory stage
Which period of Piaget's theory explains self-consciousness in an adolescent?
period IV
According to Piaget's theory, which period describes a child's stage of egocentrism?
peroperational
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development would the nurse expect a child brushing a doll's hair and teeth to be considered?
peroperational
Psychodynamic developmental theories focus on resolution or development of: (Select all that apply.)
personality traits psychological challenges
A nursing instructor is explaining to a group of nursing students that preschoolers often exhibit the Electra complex during their psychosocial development. At which stage of Freud's theory is the Electra complex seen?
phallic
According to Freud's theory, which stage should the nurse include while educating the parents about a preschooler?
phallic
Which needs would the nurse address using Maslow's hierarchy of needs when caring for an emancipated minor reporting improper nutrition?
physiological
According to Piaget's cognitive theory, at which stage will fear of surgery have the most effect on preoperative teaching?
preoperational
Which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development would the nurse observe in a preschooler?
preoperational
According to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning, at which phase of life would a child develop premoral orientation?
preschool
Which age group would the nurse expect to experience the initiative versus guilt stage of Erikson's theory?
preschoolers
Which might an individual experience in Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
pretends and tries out new roles may develop a superego or conscience fantasizes and imagines discovering the environment
According to Erikson, which need would nurses focus care on for the middle-aged adult?
productive
What type of development is described under Freud's theory?
psychosexual development
According to Erikson, which would the nurse anticipate when assessing an adolescent?
questioning sexual identity
When the driver who is stopped for speeding tells the officer that he was rushing to an important appointment, this is an example of the defense mechanism of:
rationalization
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which activity would the nurse encourage for a 75-year-old adult?
reflecting on past achievement with a sense of satisfaction
The function of Freud's defense mechanism is to:
relive anxiety
According to Erikson's psychosocial stage of development for toddlers, which safety measure would the nurse recommend to the parents?
remove cleaning solutions an chemicals from lower cabinets
According to Kohlberg, children develop moral reasoning as they mature. Which action is most characteristic of a school-age child's stage of moral development?
rules are followed to gain recognition
