NUR351: Evidence-Based Practice Test 2

Descriptive theories are deductive and describe characteristics of individuals or groups by summarizing their commonalities. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Descriptive theories are inductive in nature. Specific observations of individuals, groups, or communities are made, and the reasoning is applied to more general principles.

A group of nurses identifies a change needed in care of clients with urinary catheters. Which factor would facilitate changing practice? A. Administrators are focused on improving care in another area. B. Journal club members have reviewed evidence-based guidelines on urinary care. C. Unit manager is unable to change the vendor for urinary catheter supplies. D. Staff nurses believe that current care is adequate for these clients.

B. Journal club members have reviewed evidence-based guidelines on urinary care. Rationale: Change would begin with a review of the evidence, in this case the work of the journal club members in reviewing the latest research. In order for change to occur, there needs to be buy-in by all staff and administrators.

Which model for evidence-based nursing practice follows the "PET" process (Practice Question, Evidence, and Translation)? A. Clinical Scholar Model B. Iowa Model C. Evidence-based Practice Change D. Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice (JHNEBP) Model

D. Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice (JHNEBP) Model Rationale: The JHNEBP Model follows the PET process. It facilitates bedside nurses in translating evidence to practice.

Caleb is reviewing articles that he found after performing a literature search. Which of the following notations does he understand is citing a secondary source? A. Medication errors are increasing due to many complex interactions (Marinn & Levinson, 2015). B. According to Marinn & Levinson (2015), medication errors are increasing. C. Registered nurses report that "multiple distractions and a lack of safety protocols" are responsible for the rising number of medication errors (Marinn & Levinson, 2015, p. 343). D. Some of the most common reasons nurses make medication errors include distraction and lack of safety protocols (Lawlor, 2002, as discussed in Marinn & Levinson, 2015).

D. Some of the most common reasons nurses make medication errors include distraction and lack of safety protocols (Lawlor, 2002, as discussed in Marinn & Levinson, 2015). Rationale: The only one of the responses that is citing a secondary source is the one in which the Lawlor source is cited as discussed in Marinn & Levinson. In all of the other choices, the description is citing a primary source provided by the researchers themselves.

Which model for evidence-based nursing practice outlines the five sequential phases: Preparation, Validation, Comparative Evaluation and Decision Making, Translation/Application, and Evaluation? A. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care B. Advancing Research and Clinical Practice through Close Collaboration (ARCC) Model C. Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice (JHNEBP) Model D. Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice

D. Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice Rationale: The five sequential phases listed are outlined in the Stetler Model. This model requires an individual competent in research utilization/evidence-based practice.

A researcher hypothesized that students transferred classroom material to clinical practice when they determined that the classroom material was useful. Knowles's adult learning theory was used as a theoretical framework for the study. The researcher's study does what in relation to Knowles's theory? A. Proves that the theory is correct B. Mandates the use of a qualitative design C. Bases it on nursing theory D. Supports the theory

D. Supports the theory Rationale: Research tests theories, and a study either supports a theory or refutes a theory. Testing a theory is useful in guiding interpretation of the results and supporting the theory—not proving that the theory is correct. Theories from disciplines in addition to nursing are appropriate. Both quantitative and qualitative designs use a theoretical framework.

A researcher studies a theory about the grieving process which identifies its major elements or events. What type of theory would this be? Explanatory theory Theoretical framework Descriptive theory Predictive theory

Descriptive theory Rationale: A descriptive theory looks at a phenomenon, to describe what it is about, without exploring why or how it is related to other factors. In this case, the theory focuses on the grieving process.

Which method of dissemination would allow a researcher to share information with a small group of approximately 6 to 12 individuals? Poster presentation Roundtable presentation Journal publication Grand rounds

Roundtable presentation Rationale: A roundtable presentation is an informal way to share information with a small group. This method allows the group to discuss information and relate it to experiences and practice.

A nurse researcher is developing search strategy to locate relevant studies for her research review. He will be using citations from relevant studies to find previous research on which the previous studies were based. Which approach is the research using? Bibliographic Ancestry Descendancy Primary sourcing

Ancestry Rationale: The ancestry approach, also known as footnote chasing, uses information gathered from citations from relevant studies to find earlier research on which the studies were based. This will provide research articles that can be evaluated for usefulness in supporting a research study.

What is a facilitator, rather than a barrier, to implementation of EBP? A. Lack of time and money B. Adequate access to resources C. Resistance to change D. Poor attitudes toward EBP

B. Adequate access to resources Rationale: Having adequate access to the appropriate resources is a facilitator of EBP implementation. The remaining options are barriers.

During which phase of the research process does the researcher develop a research proposal? Before submitting to the IRB As part of study dissemination After data analysis is completed When findings are complete

Before submitting to the IRB Rationale: The research proposal is developed as part of the initial planning for a study, before submitting to the IRB. This occurs well before data collection and analysis begins.

A systematic arrangement of values from lowest to highest, together with a count or percentage of how many times each value occurred, is: variability. statistical test. frequency distribution. parameters.

frequency distribution. Rationale: Frequency distributions impose order on numeric data. When indexes such as averages and percentages are calculated with data from a population, they are parameters. Both statistical test and variability are statistical terms but do not represent a systematic arrangement of values from lowest to highest.

The variables signifying standard or usual care would be included in which PICOT component? (O) Outcome (P) Population (I) Intervention (C) Comparison

(C) Comparison Rationale: The comparison is an alternative intervention to the intervention being tested. Commonly, the comparison intervention is the usual care currently provided to clients.

A nurse cites an article titled, "A Nurse Should Always Care: A Compassion Road Map." Which article title is formatted correctly, using APA style, in a reference list at the end of the article? A nurse should always care: A compassion road map A nurse should always care: a compassion road map A nurse should always care: A Compassion Road Map A Nurse Should Always Care: A Compassion Road Map

A nurse should always care: A compassion road map Rationale: Only the first word in the title and subtitle should be capitalized. The first word following a colon is always capitalized.

What is the purpose of a reference list in APA? A. Allows the author to give credit to others whose work was used in writing the paper B. Allows the reader to find similar articles to those on the reference list C. Provides information for the reader to be able to retrieve articles used in the paper D. Provides a list of databases where cited articles can be retrieved E. Indicates the amount of research performed while writing the paper

A, C Rationale: The purpose of the reference list is to give credit to authors whose work was used in creating the paper and to provide information about the source of the material used. These sources can be journals, books, DVDs, audio files, and personal interviews, as examples.

An evaluation plan to determine the effectiveness of a new practice change would focus on what activity? A. Collect information on client outcomes. B. Determine the amount of research available on a topic. C. Train staff to use the new policy or procedure. D. Form a team to review the literature.

A. Collect information on client outcomes. Rationale: Collecting information on client outcomes is the primary activity of an evaluation plan. Other tasks on this list are part of planning and implementation stages.

A researcher sends out a questionnaire over the Internet and tells people not to put identifying information in their responses. Which human subject protection procedure is being demonstrated? Anonymity Debriefing Informed consent Confidentiality

Anonymity Rationale: If participants follow directions, anonymity is assured because the researcher would be unable to link a person's data with identifying information. Anonymity leads to confidentiality, which is a secondary benefit.

A nurse reviews a study for possible application. Which issue would be most important to consider for application to practice? A. The journal that published the study B. The associated costs and risks of applying in a different setting C. The geographical location where the study took place D. The professional background of the author

B. The associated costs and risks of applying in a different setting Rationale: The costs and risks of applying an intervention or approach from another study would be most important to consider. Other items on this list are of secondary importance.

Which model for EBP begins by asking a question to assess the situation, then proceeds to gather evidence, analyze evidence, make a change, and finally evaluate that change? The approach is related to the nursing process steps (Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation). A. Advancing Research and Clinical Practice through Close Collaboration (ARCC) Model B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice C. A-GAME D. Clinical Scholar Model

C. A-GAME Rationale: This approach describes the A-GAME model for evidence-based nursing practice. It is related to steps of the nursing process.

A charge nurse and team of nurses lack the motivation required to implement EBP. Which solution may help to address this barrier? A. Host a webinar for hospital clerical staff to make them aware of what EBP is and how it impacts the clinical staff, and therefore the entire office. B. Seek out funding sources through local organizations, specialty organizations, or federal organizations. C. Gain authorization to offer continuing education credits for attending training workshops and include staff use of EBP in the annual evaluation. D. Explore stakeholder resistance early and address concerns with an implementation plan.

C. Gain authorization to offer continuing education credits for attending training workshops and include staff use of EBP in the annual evaluation. Rationale: Offering continuing education credits and including EBP use in the annual evaluation would motivate staff to implement EBP.

A nurse studies how theoretical frameworks relate to research. Which factors is part of a theoretical framework? A. Description of the statistical analysis that will be done B. Plan for searching the literature on the topic C. Proposed relationships between the variables in a study design D. Operational definition of how the variables will be measured

C. Proposed relationships between the variables in a study design Rationale: A theoretical framework describes the main variables in a study design and how they relate to each other. Other topics on this list relate to different sections of a research study.

A nurse searches for systematic reviews that summarize the results of several studies in one research article. Which database would be most likely to provide this information? PsycINFO COCHRANE Google Scholar PubMed

COCHRANE Rationale: COCHRANE is the database that is most likely to provide access to systematic reviews, which combine and analyze multiple relevant studies.

A nurse cites the title of a journal. Which journal name is formatted correctly, using APA style, in a reference list at the end of the article? Care Compassion Journal (italicized) A care compassion journal (italicized) Care compassion journal

Care Compassion Journal (italicized) Rationale: The names of publications, including journals, should be capitalized and italicized when appearing in a reference list.

Explaining a clinical problem a nurse is trying to solve or the policy a nurse is trying to revise is an example of which step in the nursing research utilization process? Search Apply Clarify Decide

Clarify Rationale: Clarify is the correct step. Explaining a clinical problem you're trying to solve or the policy you're trying to revise is an example of the clarifying step in the nursing research process.

Health disparities research might focus on one of several levels of disparity. Which level would ethnicity, culture, and language fall under? Health care system level Client/individual level National level Provider level

Client/individual level Rationale: Included in the client/individual level are race, ethnicity, culture, language, education, and socioeconomic status. These are factors that affect individual members of the population on a daily basis.

A nurse studies the history of research utilization in nursing practice. Which organization was most influential in influencing this process? National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) American Nurses Association (ANA) Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI)

Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Rationale: The best known early research utilization project is CURN: Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing.

Caleb, the staff nurse, is preparing to write a literature review of the causes of medication errors. Which of the following is important for Caleb to incorporate as he writes a literature review? A. Describing each study in detail. B. Including as many studies as possible to prove the hypothesis. C. Using many direct quotes to convey ideas. D. Including unbiased studies that offer conflicting evidence.

D. Including unbiased studies that offer conflicting evidence. Rationale: The literature review should be unbiased and include research that contradicts or conflicts with the hypothesis. A hypothesis is never proven, but can only be supported by studies. A literature review should not simply be a multitude of direct quotes. It is not necessary to describe each study in detail.

Why are journal clubs especially practical as facilitators of EBP? A. They require a higher degree and advanced understanding of the research process. B. Only BSN educated nurses can participate in sessions C. They are usually required by nursing management D. They are participatory, actively involving all levels of staff in discussion.

D. They are participatory, actively involving all levels of staff in discussion. Rationale: Journal clubs are usually optional activities, open to all interested staff. The focus can include topics of interest to a select group, making them especially relevant and meaningful for learning.

A researcher meets with participants after data have been collected to tell them more about the study and ask if they have questions or concerns. Which human subject protection procedure is being demonstrated? Debriefing Referral Risk-benefit assessments External reviews

Debriefing Rationale: This is an example of debriefing. The researcher is taking steps to communicate concern and respect by sharing information with participants and giving them an opportunity for further interaction in a debriefing session.

Learning to analyze research studies to determine if they are methodologically sound is an example of which step in the nursing research utilization process? Examine Decide Evaluate Apply

Examine Rationale: Examine is the correct step. Learning to critically examine research studies for credibility and methodological soundness is the third step of the research utilization process.

A nurse researcher wants to determine whether there is a relationship between levels of anxiety and blood pressure in a population of men between the ages of 40 and 60 years. Which theory would the researcher use to support this study? Middle-range Explanatory Descriptive Predictive

Explanatory Rationale: Explanatory theory specifies relationships between study variables, in this case, anxiety and blood pressure. Data is gathered through self-report or observation. Descriptive theory does not explain why something happened, and predictive theory makes a prediction about the relationship of study variables, which is not the case in this situation. Middle-range theories are specific theories that easily lend themselves to empirical testing.

A researcher explores how social support is related to health in older adults. What type of theory would this issue relate to? Descriptive theory Explanatory theory Inductive theory Predictive theory

Explanatory theory Rationale: Explanatory theory studies relationships between variables, which in this study are social support and health of older adults.

When searching for the best evidence for clinical practice, a randomized control trial is considered to be the most rigorous source of evidence. TRUE FALSE

False Rationale: A systematic review is considered to be the highest level of evidence as a basis for clinical practice because it is a synthesis of multiple studies. Randomized control trials are considered to be Level II evidence.

Health care organizations can show support for evidence-based practice by hiring external consultants to perform research and informing nurses within the organization about changes that will be made based on evidence. TRUE FALSE

False Rationale: Health care organizations demonstrate support for evidence-based practice by providing release time and resources for their nurses to enable them to understand, value, and conduct research. Evidence-based changes in nursing practice must have buy-in from staff and they must be part of the change process.

The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice consists of four sequential phases. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: The Stetler Model consists of five sequential phases: preparation, validation, comparative evaluation and decision making, translation/application, and evaluation.

The first step in the research process is to: Formulate the research problem Develop a detailed plan to gather information Disseminate findings Analyze the results of the study

Formulate the research problem Rationale: Identification of the research problem is the first step in the research process. The problem must be interesting, significant, and related to substantive issues.

A nurse reviews the core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice. Which example reflects the competency of "Values/Ethics for Interprofessional Practice"? Promote health literacy. Maintain a climate of mutual respect. Assess client's health care needs. Apply principles of team dynamics.

Maintain a climate of mutual respect. Rationale: Maintain a climate of mutual respect and shared values fits into the competency of Values and Ethics. The other options fit within other competencies.

A researcher designs a study to explore coping behaviors in caring for patients with serious diagnoses like the client in the video. Which theory would best fit this research design? Grand theory Middle-range theory Macrotheory Grounded theory

Middle-range theory Rationale: Middle-range theory focuses on explaining specific phenomena, such as caring, stress, or coping. Grand theory, also called macrotheory, is broad in scope and focuses on nursing as a whole. Grounded theory is a type of research, which relies on observation to develop a theory.

A researcher studies the effect of a therapeutic mattress on the incidence of pressure ulcers in debilitated clients. What type of theory would this research draw from? Predictive theory Explanatory theory Inductive theory Descriptive theory

Predictive theory Rationale: Predictive theories are tested using experimental designs, testing predictions about relationships and outcomes.

A nurse limits researching evidence-based articles to quantitative studies only. What does this approach do? Enhances validity of the literature review. Increases the reliability of the literature review. Prevents a holistic view of the issue. Limits superfluous research data.

Prevents a holistic view of the issue. Rationale: Limiting research to quantitative studies only will prevent a holistic view of the issue. Exploratory and confirmatory data is discovered through mixed methods research. Examining both qualitative and quantitative data enhances validity. Qualitative research is a vital part of nursing knowledge. Triangulation of data increases reliability.

A nurse researcher is reading an MM-designed research article. The nurse researcher would know that which notation identifies a study as MM with equal qualitative and quantitative sections? QUAN→qual QUAL + quan QUAL/QUAN QUAL/quan

QUAL/QUAN Rationale: QUAL/QUAN indicates that neither the qualitative nor the quantitative approach is dominant. QUAN→qual indicates mainly quantitative data with qualitative data collected in phase 2 of the study. QUAL/quan indicates a dominant qualitative approach. QUAL + quan indicates both quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously.

A correlation of −.80 is considered to be a: Weak positive correlation Strong positive correlation Strong negative correlation Weak negative correlation

Strong negative correlation Rationale: A correlation of −.80 is considered to be a strong negative correlation because the value is close to −1.00 which is considered to be a perfect negative correlation.

The variables that represent the end result of the intervention being tested (results such as wound healing or improved mobilization) would be included in which PICOT component? (O) Outcome (C) Comparison (P) Population (I) Intervention

(O) Outcome Rationale: Outcomes should be clearly traceable to the intervention being tested. The effects of an intervention or change are defined as the outcomes.

The variables of "hospitalized adults with diabetes, infants with feeding problems, and immunocompromised adults" would be included in which PICOT component? (P) Population (C) Comparison (I) Intervention (O) Outcome

(P) Population Rationale: These variables represent different population groups. The population is the individual person or group of people for whom information or evidence is needed.

The first step in evidence-based practice (EBP) is to develop an answerable research question. A well-written clinical question contains which of the following components? (Select all that apply.) A. Location B. Time frame C. Population D. Intervention E. Outcome

C, D, E Rationale: EBP uses the acronym PIO to help develop researchable questions. The "P" stands for population and the characteristics of the people. "I" represents the intervention of interest in the study. "O" is the outcomes or consequences of interest in the study. Time frame and geographic location are not included in the template of a research question.

A nurse researcher plans to publish research findings on pneumonia in children with tracheostomies. Which audience would be most appropriate as an outlet for dissemination? Nurse educators Pediatric oncology nurses Medical-surgical specialists General pediatric nurses

General pediatric nurses Rationale: From the list, pediatric nurses (in general) would be the audience most likely to read about these study findings. These nurses are the usual nursing caregivers for children with tracheostomies in all settings.

A researcher tells people their participation in a study is purely voluntary, and they can withdraw at any time. Which human subject protection procedure is being demonstrated? Confidentiality Debriefing Anonymity Informed consent

Informed consent Rationale: This is an example of informed consent. The researcher is informing people they would have to give their consent to participate, and they have the right to determine whether ongoing participation is comfortable for them.

When studying caring in nursing, focusing on the caring between nurse and client, which theories would be of most interest to a researcher? Health Promotion Model General Systems Theory Jean Watson's Theory Orem's Self-Care theory

Jean Watson's Theory Rationale: Jean Watson focuses on the phenomenon of caring using detailed descriptions of ten primary carative factors. She emphasizes the interpersonal relationship between nurse and client.

The nurse reviews the steps in the research process. Rank order the steps in the usual order they are addressed: i. Planning ii. Implementation iii. Dissemination iv. Analyzing and interpretation v. Problem

v, i, ii, iv, iii Problem, Planning, Implementation, Analyzing and interpretation, Dissemination Although this is not entirely a linear process, steps are usually addressed in this order.

Evidence-based practice models have been developed to help nurses move evidence into practice. Rank order the list of steps in the EBP process from beginning (top) to end (bottom): i. Integrating evidence with other factors ii. Assessing effectiveness iii. Appraising and synthesizing the evidence iv. Searching for relevant research-based evidence v. Framing an answerable clinical question

v, iv, iii, i, ii Rationale: Moving evidence into practice involves a logical step-wise process: (1) framing an answerable clinical question, (2) searching for relevant research-based evidence, (3) appraising and synthesizing the evidence, (4) integrating evidence with other factors, and (5) assessing effectiveness.

Cost of access is one factor that affects nurses' ability to search for information. Which databases are available free of charge? (Select all that apply). A. Cochran B. MEDLINE C. CINAHL D. PubMed E. Google Scholar

B, E Rationale: MEDLINE and Google Scholar are available free of charge, but CINAHL, Cochran, and PubMed all require subscriptions for full access.

In which step of the research utilization process does the nurse determine the outcomes of any interventions used with clients? Apply Search Examine Evaluate

Evaluate Rationale: Evaluation is the correct step. Evaluation of client outcomes is critical to determine if the interventions used with participants are successful.

A nurse reviews examples of evidence-based practice (EBP). A practice that is considered evidence-based would: consider client preferences when planning care. involve good communication. occur at a large medical center. involve several different disciplines.

consider client preferences when planning care. Rationale: EBP includes consideration of client preferences and values, which is one of the three primary components of EBP.

In developing a research proposal, what type of document does the nurse researcher have in mind? A plan for study on a specific topic A contract between the researcher and clinical site An agreement between student and mentor A financial plan to raise funds for the project

A plan for study on a specific topic Rationale: A research proposal is a written plan or document, specifying what a researcher intends to study. Within this general plan, financial and contractual information may be included.

Models of EBP guide practice in large organizations. Which models are directly related to EBP? (Select all that apply.) A. A-GAME Model B. Transcultural Model C. Iowa Model D. Stetler Model E. Stress and Coping Model

A, C, D Rationale: The A-GAME Model, Iowa Model, and Stetler Model can be used to promote EBP at both practitioner and organizational levels.

Which would be the best option for the nurse who is seeking out sources of information specific to the fields of psychology, behavioral sciences, and mental health? COCHRANE PsycINFO Google PubMed

PyscINFO Rationale: PsycINFO is the best choice. PsycINFO is a large bibliographic database that contains information specifically regarding psychology, behavioral sciences, and mental health.

Characteristics of collaborative teamwork include: (Select all that apply.) A. Shared decision making B. Shared financial benefits C. Shared problem solving D. Shared performance E. Shared accountability

A, C, E Rationale: Teamwork behaviors focus on responsible actions among interdependent team members and does not include financial gain or a focus on the performance of tasks.

What indexes do descriptive statistics contain? (Select all that apply.) A. Variability of distribution B. Central tendency C. Histograms D. Standard deviation E. Frequency distributions

A, B, D, E Rationale: Frequency distribution imposes order when looking at a set of numbers and allows the researcher to see the highest and lowest number along with how often each value is repeated. Central tendency contains three data points, mean, median, and mode. Variability of distribution describes the skew or shape of distribution and contains range and standard deviation. Histograms are actually a method of displaying data in a meaningful way.

A nurse learns about improving care through evidence-based practice (EBP). What are the essential components of EBP? (Select all that apply.) A. Clinician expertise B. Environment C. Teamwork D. Research studies E. Client preferences

A, D, E Rationale: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is defined as a best practice derived from valid and reliable research studies, client preferences and values, and clinical judgment or expertise. Teamwork and environmental factors influence the EBP process but are not essential components.

From a clinical nurse's point of view, how are the nursing process and research process related? Both help to improve outcomes across the illness-wellness continuum. Both incorporate identical steps in following the organized processes. Both prescribe the most therapeutic care for an individual client. Both focus mainly on individual clients and how to individualize care.

Both help to improve outcomes across the illness-wellness continuum. Rationale: Both processes aim to improve client outcomes across the illness-wellness continuum. However, the nursing process focuses on individual client care, while research focuses on large groups of people. They include similar but different steps.

A nurse considers how to apply EBP in the nurse's practice setting. Which activity would be a valid application of the EBP process? Change practice on the unit after clarifying a new idea and trying it out. Develop policies and procedures for client care based on compiled research. Complete a trial and error process to determine best outcomes. Apply an intervention from one research study with clients on the unit.

Develop policies and procedures for client care based on compiled research. Rationale: Of these descriptions, developing policies and procedures based on compiled research evidence best fits the description of EBP. Trial and error or applying a single study to practice do not fall within this description.

When submitting a study to the Institutional Review Board (IRB), a nurse researcher knows that the IRB will perform which function? (Select all that apply.) A. Protection of human subjects B. Risk-benefit assessment C. Review of consent form D. Determine willingness of study subjects E. Develop press release on study

A, B, C Rationale: The primary purpose of IRBs is to protect human subjects. This is accomplished by reviewing study protocols and consent forms, researcher credentials, risk-benefit assessments, and procedures for confidentiality, debriefing, and referral.

A nurse researcher develops a research proposal. Which components would be found in an abstract? (Select all that apply.) A. Design and methods B. Institutional Review Board approval C. Purpose D. Budget E. Clinical significance

A, C, E Rationale: Important parts of a research abstract include the clinical significance, purpose, and design and methods. The abstract presents a quick overview of the study, without too much detail.

As Julie learns more about research, she reads about research hypotheses. Which research hypothesis below would Julie recognize as a null hypothesis? A. There is no difference in the rate of falls and the age of the patient. B. Older patients are more likely to fall than younger patients C. The older the patient, the greater the likelihood that she or he will fall. D. There is a relationship between a patient's age and the likelihood of falling.

A. There is no difference in the rate of falls and the age of the patient. Rationale: A null hypothesis is when a hypothesis is expressed as an expected absence of a relationship or when no relationship between the independent and dependent variables is indicated. An example of a null hypothesis is that there is no difference in the rate of falls and the age of the patient. The other statements indicate a relationship between the variables and are not null hypotheses.

When applying the research utilization process, the clarification step occurs when the information gathered is put into practice and outcomes are evaluated. TRUE FALSE

False Rationale: The clarification step occurs when the clinical problem and the need for evidence to solve the problem is clarified. The evaluation step occurs when outcomes are evaluated.

A nurse wants information on a new subject area. Which research source is considered the most reliable of the options provided? Searching Google for answers. Looking an answer up in a nursing school textbook. Seeking out literature in an electronic database, such as CINAHL or MEDLINE. Asking an experienced health care professional for answers.

Seeking out literature in an electronic database, such as CINAHL or MEDLINE. Rationale: An electronic database such as CINAHL or MEDLINE is likely to provide the most up-to-date and comprehensive information. Other resources may have outdated or unreliable information.

The nurse reviews how the nursing process and research process are related. How does the nursing process contribute to the research process? As nurses follow the nursing process in client care, they are actually doing research. The nursing process contributes group data to a research study. The nursing process helps the nurse determine what care is most effective. The nursing process helps nurses identify new problems that require further investigation.

The nursing process helps nurses identify new problems that require further investigation. Rationale: The nursing process is focused on individual client care and helps researchers identify new practice problems that require further investigation. The nursing process and research are separate entities, but often overlap. Research focuses on large groups of people and helps to answer the question: "What is the best thing to do?"

In hypothesis testing, a type I error occurs when: the null hypotheses is neither true nor false. a null hypothesis is unavailable. a null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected (a false positive). a null hypothesis is wrongly accepted (a false negative).

a null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected (a false positive). Rationale: A type I error occurs if a null hypothesis is wrongly rejected (false positive). Researchers control the risk of making a type I error by selecting a level of significance (or alpha level), which is the probability that such an error will occur.

A nurse researcher plans for dissemination of a completed study. Rank order the following list of steps in the dissemination process from beginning (top) to end (bottom). i. Select a communication outlet. ii. Develop effective writing skills. iii. Know the audience. iv. Develop a plan

i, iii, iv, ii Rationale: Dissemination of research steps is completed in chronological order: (1) select a communication outlet, (2) know the audience, (3) develop a plan, and (4) develop effective writing skills. This process has been developed to help get research findings out to nurses in practice.

The nurse recognizes that a high-quality literature review in a research study should contain which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Paraphrased ideas B. Sources that include newspaper editorials C. Clearly developed ideas D. Sources not more than 5 years old E. Lengthy quotes from the literature

A, C Rationale: A high-quality literature review contains articles that are relevant and generally not more than 10 years old, although seminal articles should be included regardless of the date of publication. (The phrase "up to date" is generally understood to mean containing articles no more than 10 years old, unless the article was the first on the topic to be published or paved the way for further studies on the topic.) The researcher should paraphrase ideas rather than stringing numerous quotes together. Sources should include research studies, meta analyses, and so forth, rather than newspaper editorials.

Which approach is most likely to have a positive influence on the adoption of a new evidence-based practice (EBP)? A. Having staff pilot the practice and give feedback before implementation B. Surprising the staff with the new practice C. Posting names of staff who do not comply with the new guideline D. Requiring mandatory auditing of compliance with the new practice

A. Having staff pilot the practice and give feedback before implementation Rationale: Having staff pilot test the practice change not only provides valuable information about effective implementation strategies, but also motivates staff to be part of the change.

Which model for evidence-based practice focuses on the elements of evidence, context, and facilitation? A. A-GAME B. Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services Framework (PARIHS) C. Advancing Research and Clinical Practice through Close Collaboration (ARCC) Model D. Clinical Scholar Model

B. Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services Framework (PARIHS) Rationale: The PARIHS Model focuses on the elements of evidence, context, and facilitation. This model emphasizes the qualities of the context in which the evidence is being introduced.

A nurse researcher is interested in developing an answerable question to solve a clinical problem and improve patient care. The first step is developing background and foreground questions. Which of the following is a characteristic of a background question? A. They focus on specific knowledge. B. They are foundational questions about a clinical issue. C. They can be answered from scientific evidence about diagnosing, assessing, or treating patients. D. They are answered based on current clinical research.

B. They are foundational questions about a clinical issue. Rationale: A background question asks for general information about a clinical issue and specifies a starting point and an outcome of interest. Answers to these questions can be found in a textbook.

A nurse learns how to write PICOT questions. When writing these clinical questions, what component is not always specified? Outcome Population Intervention Time

Time Rationale: When asking clinical questions, the component of time is not always specified. "Time" stands for "time for the intervention to achieve the outcome." Not all research involves interventions.

Research evidence should be integrated with the nurse's clinical expertise and patient preferences before a decision is made to implement the evidence into practice. TRUE FALSE

True Rationale: Once evidence has been appraised, the nurse's clinical expertise must be considered before implementing EBP. Nurses may be aware of factors that would make implementation of a particular practice unwise. Similarly, if patients have strong negative feelings toward a procedure or action, EBP should not be implemented.

The steps of the research process include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Analysis B. Diagnosis C. Planning D. Implementation E. Evaluating

A, C, D Rationale: Planning, implementation, and analysis are steps in the research process. Diagnosis and evaluation are steps in the nursing process only.

Which of the following are considered to be vulnerable populations? (Select all that apply.) A. High school level education B. Pregnant women C. Children D. Severely ill patients E. Minimum wage workers

B, C, D Rationale: Children, severely ill patients, and pregnant women may not be capable of giving fully informed consent, or may be at high risk for unintended side effects, and are therefore considered to be vulnerable populations.

Which nonparametric test is used to test hypotheses about the proportion of cases in different categories? Correlation coefficients Analysis of variance Chi-square test T-test

Chi-square test Rationale: Chi-square test is used to test hypotheses about the proportion of cases in different categories, as in a cross tabulation. When an intervention or variable is applied to an experimental group, chi-square testing is computed using observed frequencies and expected frequencies in a resulting p value.

A nurse manager is interested in implementing EBP projects on her telemetry unit. The hospital research team is available to mentor staff nurses in the development of these projects. Which EBP model is most appropriate to use in this situation? PARiHS Clinical Nurse Scholar Iowa Model ARCC

ARCC Rationale: The ARCC model is most appropriate because EBP mentors play a central role in the development, implementation, and sustainability of EBP in health care institutions. Because the hospital has a research team available to mentor staff nurses, this model can be effective in institutional EBP efforts.

Using the PICOT format for developing a clinical question, the letter "P" represents which component of the question? Peer Protocol Participant Population

Population Rationale: The "P" in the acronym PICOT stands for population or patient.

Which of the following statements are potential barriers for evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.) A. Nurses want to be part of a research team. B. Nurses do not have the skills to access research evidence. C. Nurses do not value research. D. Nurses want to research topics from other disciplines. E. Nurses do not understand research.

B, C, E Rationale: Nurses are often unfamiliar with research and do not have the background or education to access or understand evidence. The culture of their workplace may not value the research process, and therefore, research is not supported. Wanting to work in teams or research topics unrelated to nursing are not barriers to research.

Which of the following assessments should be evaluated when appraising evidence for use in EBP? (Select all that apply.) A. EBP model B. Clinical relevance C. Author's academic affiliation D. Evidence quality E. Financial costs

B, D, E Rationale: When appraising evidence for EBP, the evidence quality needs to be evaluated. For each study, the extent to which the findings are valid must be determined. Financial costs of interventions and assessments need to be examined for feasibility. The relevance of the appraised evidence must be examined in terms of the clinical relevance for specific clinical situations. Academic affiliations of study authors and the EBP model do not impact validity of evidence.

Which of the following models for evidence-based nursing practice (EBP) begins with problem-focused or knowledge-focused triggers? A. Clinical Nurse Scholar Model B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care C. Advancing Research and Clinical Practice Through Close Collaboration (ARCC) D. Stetler Model of Research Utilization

B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care Rationale: The Iowa Model begins with problem-focused triggers such as risk management and financial data, or knowledge-focused triggers including new research or philosophies of care. These, in turn, lead to a determination whether the topic is a priority for the organization.

A researcher studied the impact that stress had on students in a nursing program. One hundred bachelor of science in nursing students completed the Perceived Stress Scale. Twenty students then volunteered to discuss the issue of stress as part of a focus group. The data sets were analyzed separately, and then the results were combined and interpreted. Which is the correct term for the design used for this MM research? Convergent parallel design Exploratory design Explanatory design Embedded design

Convergent parallel design Rationale: Quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously in a convergent parallel design. The data is analyzed and then combined and interpreted. Two types of research questions are answered during this MM design. Qualitative data is collected before, during, and after the intervention (quantitative data set) to help understand the intervention impact. Quantitative data is collected in phase 1 (as a priority) and then qualitative data is collected in phase 2 (in a supportive role) in order to explain the quantitative data results. Qualitative data is collected and analyzed in order to aid in quantitative tool development. The participants in each study are different. The quantitative arm of the study has a larger sample size than the qualitative arm of the study.

A nurse is reading an article on models and theories in nursing research. The nurse with a bachelor of science in nursing understands that both models and theories are: A. Represented by concept maps B. Highly structured C. Helpful in that they use concrete ideas to explain phenomena D. Useful in generating hypotheses

D. Useful in generating hypotheses Rationale: Both models and theories are useful in generating hypotheses. Models are not as structured as theories. Models use few words and rely on concept maps to display information. Both theories and models deal with abstractions, not concrete ideas.

A Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is rejected. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: A Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is accepted. The researcher concludes that no relationship exists when in fact it does.

When using the PICOT format to develop a clinical question, a time frame must always be specified. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Time refers to the period during which the intervention is applied; however, it may not always be relevant to the topic of the nursing problem. If the time frame is not pertinent to the problem under investigation, it does not need to be included.

One approach to a bibliographic database search is a feature that allows the researcher to enter his or her own key words into the search field instead of the exact subject heading used in the database. This feature is known as: Wildcard Subject codes Mapping Text word search

Mapping Rationale: Mapping allows researchers to enter their own words into the search field instead of the exact subject heading used by the database. This key word is then translated into probable subject headings within the database resulting in citations that relate to the subject heading.

The nurse who engages in health disparities research keeps one major outcome in mind. Which statement best describes this outcome? To magnify differences between groups in order to learn various health care practices To isolate vulnerable populations so that they can practice their health care routines without interference To decrease health disparities by reducing the health differences among populations To differentiate the cultural rituals between population groups and highlight these differences

To decrease health disparities by reducing the health differences among populations Rationale: The major goal of nursing research is to reduce or eliminate health disparities by detecting and understanding them. Reducing disparities in prevention and treatment can lead to a healthier population.

Religious leaders are considered to be part of the evidence-based practice team. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: Clergy are considered to be essential to the health care team to provide patient-centered care.

All of the following statements represent nursing activities used in promoting evidence-based practice: participate in inter-disciplinary evidence-based projects, join a journal club, and attend professional conferences. TRUE FALSE

True Rationale: Journal clubs review studies that have the potential to change clinical practice. Participation in EBP projects promote more positive attitudes about the research process and assist nurses in the development of research skills. Professional conferences provide a venue for interaction between nurses and researchers where implications of research studies can be explored for their relevance to clinical practice.

The use of inferential statistics permits a researcher to: estimate risk and relative risk of a population. draw conclusions about a population based on information gathered from a sample. describe information obtained from empirical observation. interpret descriptive statistics of a population.

draw conclusions about a population based on information gathered from a sample. Rationale: The use of inferential statistics permits a researcher to draw conclusions about a population based on information gathered from a sample. Inferential statistics allow the use of samples to make generalizations about populations represented by the sample and are based on the laws of probability.

A nurse learns about asking clinical questions in a standard format. Rank order these terms to match the standard EBP acronym. i. Intervention ii. Population iii. Outcome iv. Time v. Comparison

ii, i, v, iii, iv Rationale: Many evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines use the acronym PICOT (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time) to help practitioners develop well-worded questions.

In the video case, Julie's nurse preceptor is working on an evidence-based practice project on investigating how to help patients find a primary care provider (PCP) and establish a medical home with that provider. Which factors do researchers (like Julie's preceptor) consider during the development of a problem statement of a research project? (Select all that apply.) A. Background and nature of the problem B. How the problem impacts nursing C. What number of subjects is needed to answer the problem D. Cost of not fixing the problem E. How to design the study to answer the problem F. How many people are affected by the problem G. Impact of the problem on patient outcomes

A, B, D, F, G Rationale: For nursing researchers to truly understand a research problem, they should consider several things in developing their problem statement including: how many people are affected by the problem, background and nature of the problem, impact of the problem on patient outcomes, cost of not fixing the problem, and how the problem impacts nursing. How to design the study to answer the problem is based on the research question that is developed after the problem has been identified. The number of subjects needed to answer the problem is determined during the design of the methodology but not during problem identification.

Which of the references listed below represents correct APA format for a journal article? A. Cook, C. (2012). Email interviewing: Generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1330-1339. B. Cook, C. (2012). Email interviewing: Generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), pages 1330-1339. C. Cook, Carol. (2012). Email interviewing: Generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1330-1339. D. Cook, Carol. (2012). Email interviewing: Generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1330-1339.

A. Cook, C. (2012). Email interviewing: Generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1330-1339. Rationale: All the elements of a correctly written reference in APA style are found in the following choice: Cook, C. (2012). Email interviewing: Generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1330-1339.

To facilitate EBP in a hospital setting, which activity would provide recognition for staff who recently completed EBP projects as part of a nurse residency program? A. Hold a poster presentation session in the lobby featuring staff's EBP projects. B. Provide online training on EBP for staff. C. Offer continuing education credits for workshops on special EBP topics. D. Solicit input from staff about recent changes and listen to concerns.

A. Hold a poster presentation session in the lobby featuring staff's EBP projects. Rationale: A poster presentation in the hospital lobby provides recognition to graduates of the nurse residency program, and educates other staff as well. This type of session can be a positive motivator for staff in implementing EBP.

A nurse researcher is testing the effectiveness of an intervention to increase the amount of daily exercise in three groups of adolescents. He is interested in determining the mean group differences by comparing variability between groups to variability within groups. Which statistical test should the researcher use? Multiple regression ANOVA ANCOVA MANOVA

ANOVA Rationale: ANOVA is the bivariate statistical tests used to test mean group differences of three or more groups.

A nurse researcher is deciding whether or not to utilize a mixed methods (MM) research design for an evidence-based practice project. Which statements about an MM research design are true? (Select all that apply.) A. MM research lowers the impact of a study. B. MM research utilizes a positivist paradigm rather than a constructivist paradigm. C. MM research can be used to generate and test a hypothesis. D. MM research can be used to help to confirm a theory. E. MM research confirmation of a hypothesis takes more time than separate quantitative and qualitative studies.

B, C Rationale: Collecting both quantitative and qualitative information allows a theory to undergo rigorous testing and confirmation. Furthermore, in an MM study, the qualitative piece adds insight to perceptions while the quantitative piece allows testing of those perceptions. Both pieces allow a hypothesis to be either generated or tested. Collecting quantitative and qualitative information in an MM study is more time efficient than conducting single method studies. A positivist paradigm defines a quantitative study (one reality exists), while a constructivist paradigm defines a qualitative study (there are multiple realities); an MM approach utilizes both approaches. MM studies enrich the data collected by employing different research approaches.

After reading the article suggested by a coworker, the nurse from the video recognizes that which statements concerning frameworks are true? (Select all that apply.) A. Frameworks are usually clearly stated in quantitative studies B. All studies have a framework C. Frameworks may be implicit or explicit D. A theoretical framework is the same as a conceptual framework E. Frameworks are implicit in qualitative studies

B, C Rationale: It is true that frameworks may be implicit or explicit and that all research studies have a framework—although not all studies clearly (explicitly) state the framework that was used to guide the study. The terms may be used interchangeably, though a theoretical framework is based on a theory while a conceptual framework is based on a conceptual model. Qualitative studies clearly state a framework while quantitative studies often have an implicit framework.

A nurse reviews models for implementing evidence-based practice (EBP). What is the first step in these models? A. Determining the resources available B. Evaluating client outcomes C. Framing an answerable clinical question D. Involving staff in planned change

C. Framing an answerable clinical question Rationale: Models of EBP begin with a spirit of inquiry in which nurses are encouraged to ask clinical questions that can be answered through research.

The staff nurse, Caleb, performed a literature search for evidence-based articles related to causes of medication errors. Which of the following actions would he take to determine the relevance of the articles he found? A. Using articles found exclusively in the CINAHL database. B. Contrasting the MEDLINE database with the CINAHL database. C. Reading the article abstract. D. Evaluating the Boolean operators used to locate the articles.

C. Reading the article abstract Rationale: Reading the abstract is one way to determine the relevance of the article for the nurse's specific needs. Multiple databases can be sources for relevant articles; contrasting the findings from one database against another is a way to find overlapping articles, not determine their relevance. Boolean operators are used to find articles, not assess their relevance.

Which of the following research questions represents correct use of the PICOT format for a clinical question? A. In patients older than the age of 65 years, what is the effect of receiving the influenza vaccine on contracting influenza? B. For patients older than the age of 65 years, does immunization with influenza vaccine decrease the risk of contracting influenza? C. In patients older than the age of 65 years, how prevalent is influenza? D. In patients older than the age of 65 years, how does immunization with influenza vaccine compared with no immunization with flu vaccine influence the possibility of contracting influenza during flu season?

D. Rationale: In patients older than the age of 65 years (P), how does immunization with influenza vaccine (I) compared with no immunization with influenza vaccine (C) influence the possibility of contracting influenza (O) during flu season (T). All PICOT components are present in this clinical question.

A nursing team doesn't have enough funding to properly implement evidence-based practice (EBP). What would be an appropriate way to address this barrier? A. Conduct a test-pilot program before completely rolling out the implementation of EBP. B. Host a webinar for all nurses to teach them more about EBP. C. Put up flyers around the nursing station to promote EBP and remind nurses of the benefits. D. Seek out funding sources through local organizations and specialty organizations.

D. Seek out funding sources through local organizations and specialty organizations. Rationale: Seeking out funding from external sources could decrease the impact of the funding barrier. Local organizations, including both general and specialty groups, may provide small grants for this process.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an example of a middle-range nursing theory developed by a nurse to describe a phenomenon of interest to nurses. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy of needs was developed by Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, and is used in many disciplines to characterize basic human needs. This theory is used frequently by nurses to support clinical decision making and prioritize nursing care.

A health care system is interested in improving health promoting activities for its employees. Their research team is investigating a theoretical model to serve as a basis for conducting a study to determine factors that affect health promoting activities in healthcare workers. Which theory would be best to use in conducting this study? Social cognitive theory Health promotion model Uncertainty in illness theory Orem's self-care theory

Health promotion model Rationale: The health promotion model focuses on health-promoting behaviors and is directed toward assisting individuals in the development of resources to maintain or enhance well-being. The research team can use this theory as a basis to obtain study findings to improve the health promoting activities of employees.

What is the median of the following set of numbers? 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 5.5 4

5 Rationale: The value that divides the cases is half is 5.

Descriptive statistics are frequently used to answer research questions. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Descriptive statistics are used to summarize sample characteristics and describe research variables. Inferential statistics are used to answer research questions.

In defining evidence-based practice, three distinct components are integrated. Which factors reflect these three components? (Select all that apply.) A. Client preferences and values B. Synthesis of the most relevant research C. The practitioner's clinical expertise D. The setting where practice takes place E. The interdisciplinary nature of care

A, B, C Rationale: Evidenced-based practice integrates clinical expertise, client preferences, and research. These are the three essential elements of EBP. Additional factors in this list are supportive in nature.

The nurse notes that both the nursing process and research process include client assessment. Which assessment activity would be unique to the research process? Determination of clients' concerns and needs Information on how cultural issues influence clients' perceptions Collection of vital signs data from clients Assessment of the gap in nursing knowledge on a problem

Assessment of the gap in nursing knowledge on a problem Rationale: Only the research process includes reviews of nursing literature to determine the gap in current nursing knowledge. The other options are focused around individual client care.

Evidence-based practice (EBP) consists of identifying the best evidence and integrating it with other factors to make clinical decisions. Components of EBP include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Financial resources B. Evidenced-based theories C. Clinical expertise D. Patient preferences E. External evidence from research F. Level of education

B, C, D, E Rationale: EBP involves the use of the best evidence to make clinical decisions resulting in positive patient outcomes. Best evidence comes from external research evidence, evidence-based theory, internal evidence such as clinical expertise, and patient preferences and values.

A nurse considers presenting results of a pilot study as a poster presentation at a local conference. What is the advantage of a poster presentation? A. Provides the basis for evidence-based clinical rounds. B. Allow the presenter more time to speak directly with others about his or her work. C. Allow the speaker to reach a wider audience, such as grand rounds. D. Encourage group members to voice many different opinions and beliefs.

B. Allow the presenter more time to speak directly with others about his or her work. Rationale: Poster sessions give the presenter maximum interaction with interested colleagues, allowing time for questions and answers. Poster sessions usually involve one-on-one discussion, rather than groups, in an informal setting.

A nurse studies the research utilization process. Which is the correct order of the six key steps involved in using nursing research in practice? A. Clarify, examine, decide, apply, evaluate, and search. B. Clarify, search, examine, decide, apply, and evaluate. C. Clarify, examine, search, decide, apply, and evaluate. D. Clarify, search, examine, apply, decide, and evaluate.

B. Clarify, search, examine, decide, apply, and evaluate. Rationale: There are six key steps involved in utilizing nursing research in practice: clarify, search, examine, decide, apply, and evaluate.

In APA style, a bibliography is a listing of all sources cited within a document and listed alphabetically by the author's last name. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: In APA style, the references are a listing of all sources cited in the paper. A bibliography may include sources that were consulted but not cited in the document.

With a 95% confidence interval, researchers understand that the risk that they will be wrong is 95 times out of 100. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: With a 95% confidence interval the risk of being wrong is 5 times out of 100.

The nurse is always the leader of an evidence-based practice team. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Working in teams involves sharing expertise, but leadership may involve any member of the team, not necessarily the nurse.

When research study participants have adequate information about the study, understand the information, and can consent or decline to participate in the study, this is referred to as: Respect for human dignity Confidentiality Informed consent Justice

Informed consent Rationale: Informed consent protects human subjects by providing them with all the information necessary to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate in a research study.

A nurse is concerned that some staff nurses are not adequately charting their assigned clients because they lack computer skills. As the nurse differentiates between the four core competencies, this issues would fall into which competency? Values/ethics for interprofessional practice Interprofessional communication practices Roles and responsibilities for collaborative practice Interprofessional teamwork and team-based practice

Interprofessional communication practices Rationale: The ability to use informatics technology (computer charting) is part of the communication core competency. The other options relate to other activities.

Which method of dissemination is likely to reach the widest audience? Journal club Grand rounds Journal publication Round table

Journal publication Rationale: A journal publication provides a medium for communicating study findings to a world-wide audience. Other researchers may build on this research or apply the findings to clinical practice.

Which measure of central tendency is the number that occurs most frequently in a distribution? Mean Range Mode Median

Mode Rationale: The mode is the number that occurs most frequently in a distribution.

A nurse learns to conduct an effective search using search tools, such as Boolean operators. Which search term(s) is likely to gather the most information? Obesity or diabetes Diabetes Obesity and diabetes Obesity

Obesity or diabetes Rationale: "Obesity or diabetes" using the Boolean operator "or" instructs the computer to retrieve any of the terms listed, even if only one of the terms is found in the text. Other options on this list are more restrictive.

Challenges to EBP include a lack of organizational support for research and implementation of evidence-based nursing. TRUE FALSE

True Rationale: A barrier to EPB is a lack of organizational support. This lack of support can include the inability of the organization to provide release time for research and provision of resources needed to perform and implement EBP.

A nurse researcher is designing a consent form. Which content is necessary to include in informed consent? Potential risks and benefits Review of literature Data analysis plan Resume of the researcher

Potential risks and benefits Rationale: Informed consent forms are mandated to include study information relevant to the participant. A description of potential risks and benefits of study procedures is part of this information.

The highest score minus the lowest score in a distribution is known as the: Standard deviation Frequency Mean Range

Range Rationale: The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution of numbers.

When considering the distributions of 4 data sets all having a mean of 100, identify the most homogeneous data set. Range of 75-105 Range of 34-130 Range of 60-120 Range of 50-120

Range of 75-105 Rationale: While all data sets have a mean of 100, the term homogeneous indicates a narrow range or smaller variation. When considering the data sets provided, a range of 75-105 would be considered homogeneous as it has the narrowest range when considering the mean point of 100. When considering the other options, we see that even with a mean of 100 the distribution or range of numbers is much broader or spread out.

A nurse participates on an interprofessional team to implement EBP. Emphasizing which core competency would help different team members clearly understand what is expected of them? Values/ethics for interprofessional practice Interprofessional communication practices Interprofessional teamwork and team-based practice Roles and responsibilities for collaborative practice

Roles and responsibilities for collaborative practice Rationale: Clearly defined roles and responsibilities will help ensure successful interprofessional collaboration. The other options relate to other activities.

A nurse considers both supports and challenges to an EBP approach in the nurse's institution. Which factors would be supportive of EBP? Staff receive release time to participate in journal clubs Lack of access to nursing and medical electronic databases Scarcity of strong research evidence on a topic of interest Minimal financial support to conduct studies

Staff receive release time to participate in journal clubs Rationale: Release time to participate in journal clubs is an incentive for nurses to review the most recent research. This contributes to an EBP environment.

When considering best evidence for clinical decision making, evidence hierarchies provide sources based on the strength of the evidence they provide. Which of the following provides the strongest level of evidence for clinical decision making? Quasi-experimental study Systematic review In-depth qualitative study Descriptive study

Systematic review Rationale: A systematic review is at the top of the evidence hierarchy. They provide the strongest evidence because they are derived from a synthesis of many studies and use a formal protocol.

An example of implied consent is when a person returns a completed questionnaire to the researcher. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: A consent form may not be necessary when data is collected by self-report. By returning the questionnaire, there is an assumption of implied consent because the person voluntarily submitted the information.

The EBP movement has caused concern for some nurses and researchers who worry that qualitative research is not being given enough consideration in evidence hierarchy used to support clinical decision making. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: Critics of EBP are concerned that qualitative evidence is not being given the same level of consideration in the EBP movement and quantitative evidence. Although qualitative studies lack the scientific rigor of quantitative studies such as a randomized control trial, there can be significant evidence provided by qualitative studies that can be used to support clinical decisions.

Potential determinants of health disparities in the health care system include individual, provider, and health care system factors. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: Individual, provider, and health care system factors influence health care disparities.

Assent refers to a child's agreement to participate in a research study. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: Legally, children cannot consent to be participants in a research study; however, of the child is at least 7 years of age, assent should be obtained.

Although qualitative research findings are not at the top of the hierarchy of evidence, disseminating findings of a qualitative study is as valuable as disseminating findings from a quantitative study. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: Qualitative study findings offer essential insight into clinical problems and help influence nurses' perceptions of phenomena and clinical situations. They provide an understanding of experiences from multiple perspectives including the patient's perspective.

Disciplined research is considered to be the best method of obtaining reliable knowledge for clinical practice. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: Research utilization must be based on research-based findings from peer-reviewed sources, not authority or personal experience.

The number that occurs most frequently in a distribution is called the: median. mode. central tendency. mean.

mode. Rationale: The mode is the number that occurs most frequently in a distribution. The mean equals the sum of all values divided by the number of participants (commonly called the average). The median is the point in a distribution that divides scores in half. These three indexes make up central tendency.

Which signifies the strongest inverse relationship? r= .44 r= −.64 r= −.24 r= .63

r= −.64 Rationale: Correlation coefficients between .00 and −1.00 express a negative (inverse) relationship. When two variables are inversely related, increments in one variable are associated with decrements in the second. Note that the higher the absolute value of the coefficient (i.e., the value disregarding the sign), the stronger the relationship. A correlation of −.80, for instance, is much stronger than a correlation of +.20.

The use of objective criteria for deciding whether research hypotheses should be accepted as true or rejected as false is called: point estimation. statistical hypothesis testing. parameter estimation. confidence interval.

statistical hypothesis testing. Rationale: Statistical inference consists of two techniques: parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing uses a set of objective criteria to determine if the hypothesis should be accepted as true or rejected. Parameter estimation is used to estimate a population parameter—for example, a mean, a proportion, or a mean difference between two groups. Point estimation involves calculating a single statistic to estimate the parameter. The confidence interval around a sample mean establishes a range of values for the population value and the probability of being right—the estimate is made with a certain degree of confidence.

A parametric test for testing the significance of differences in two group means is called a (an): Analysis of variance Chi-square test Multiple regression t Test

t Test Rationale: A t test is used to compare two groups of people on a particular outcome.

Which of the following factors are reasons for health care disparities? (Select all that apply.) A. European descent B. Cultural practices C. Provider bias D. Location of clinics and medical practices

B, C, D Rationale: Providers may lack the cultural competence needed to care for diverse populations. Lack of nearby health care facilities negatively affects underserved populations. Health promotion activities need to target specific cultural beliefs. Health disparities can occur in any cultural or ethnic group.

Julie sees how important research is for nursing practice and envisions herself participating in the development of a research study in a few years. She wonders about the sources for research problems used as a basis to develop research studies. From what sources do ideas for research problems come? (Select all that apply.) A. Theories B. Clinical experience C. Published articles/literature D. Social issues E. Research textbook F. Ideas from external sources

A, B, C, D, F Rationale: There are many sources for research problems that can be used as a basis for research studies, including clinical experience, published articles/literature, ideas from external sources, social issues, and theories. Research textbooks teach how to conduct research, but they don't really serve as a source for research problems upon which to base new nursing research.

Professional conferences are important venues for disseminating research findings. Methods for presenting research findings to a wide clinical audience include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Dialog with attendees B. Roundtable presentations C. Oral presentations D. Published journal articles E. Poster presentations

A, C, E Rationale: Oral presentations allow for descriptions of important concepts of a research study to be presented to a clinical audience. Poster presentations provide visual displays of research findings to a large audience. Dialoging with conference attendees allows for the exchange of ideas and information and about study findings to increase understanding of the meaning of the findings.

Julie is reading a research article related to patient use of the emergency department (ED) for non-urgent problems. What statement would she identify as a research purpose statement? A. There is a dearth of literature addressing why individuals with established PCPs choose the ED as a source of care for low acuity problems. B. Overall, our hope is to understand why patients with a PCP choose the ED for non-urgent problems so we can discover what might be done to help remedy ED overcrowding. C. Eligible patients were those presenting to the ED who were 19 years or older, had a primary care provider, and were triaged as non-urgent. D. We hypothesized that among those presenting to the ED for low acuity issues, those who presented during regular PCP office hours would have higher self-perceived severity of illness compared to those presenting during times when PCP offices are generally closed.

B. Overall, our hope is to understand why patients with a PCP choose the ED for non-urgent problems so we can discover what might be done to help remedy ED overcrowding. Rationale: A research purpose statement is where the researcher states goals. The terms purpose, aim, goal, objective, or even "hope" can be used by the researcher to state the purpose. A hypothesis statement is the actual hypothesis of the research. The dearth of literature addressing why individuals with an established primary care provider is the problem statement of the research. The population specification is found in the methods section of a research study.

Which step of the research utilization process requires careful scrutiny of all available evidence for its applicability to clinical practice? Apply Search Examine Decide

Examine Rationale: The examination step requires scrutiny of all evidence to assure credibility and applicability to a clinical problem and determine the best research studies to use as a basis for improving clinical practice.

An important step in the nursing process is to collect data and perform a statistical analysis of the data. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Although data may be collected as part of the nursing process, statistical analysis of data is performed as part of the research process.

It is not necessary to include a citation and reference for a YouTube video because this is not considered to be a reference source. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: Any reference or source used in writing a document must be given credit in the document. This includes social media sources such as YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook.

Historically, the EBP movement originated in the discipline of medicine in the United States. FALSE TRUE

False Rationale: The EBP movement began in the United Kingdom based on the work of Archie Cochrane and in Canada with work pioneered by Dr. David Sackett.

The first step in disseminating research findings is selecting an outlet for the information. The most effective method to informally share results with a small group of people is: Journal publication Podcast Journal club Roundtable presentation

Roundtable presentation Rationale: A roundtable presentation is the most effective way to share results with a small group of people. This method allows for group discussion and sharing experiences. The presentation is prepared the same way as a lecture; however, the size of the audience is generally smaller.

When analyzing the nursing process and the research process, the nurse asks, "How would I use these processes differently?" The purpose of the research process is to deliver individualized care. The purpose of the nursing process is to develop new knowledge. The purpose of the nursing process is to provide scientifically based care. The purpose of the research process is to evaluate how a client responds to care.

The purpose of the nursing process is to provide scientifically based care. Rationale: The purpose of the nursing process is to provide scientifically based care. This "scientific base" is research itself, as nurse researchers develop new knowledge. The nursing process focuses on individual client care.

The nurse appreciates the importance of interprofessional competencies. What is the ultimate goal of interprofessional practice? To ensure community and population oriented / client and family-centered care. To provide cost-effective care that meets financial goals. To improve the work efficiency of members of the health care team. To provide a more positive work environment for a wide variety of health care providers.

To ensure community and population oriented / client and family-centered care. Rationale: The ultimate goal of practice is to serve clients. Therefore, the ultimate goal of interprofessional collaborative practice is to ensure that care is community and population oriented as well as client and family centered. Financial factors and staff work environments are considered secondary goals.

When learning about research and publication, the nursing student gains a better understanding of the value of APA style. What is the purpose of formatting published references in APA style? To differentiate nursing from other professions To make reports easier to write To ensure uniformity in published reports To minimize creativity in scientific writing

To ensure uniformity in published reports Rationale: Using APA style to format manuscripts for publication ensures uniformity and meets professional standards. Nursing, psychology, and other disciplines all use this style. Although writing in APA style takes some time and effort, it ultimately makes scholarly reports easier to read and interpret.

When learning about reference citations, the nurse studies the digital object identifier (DOI). What is the purpose of a DOI? To permanently identify electronic documents To differentiate books from journal articles To temporarily label journal articles for use in a publication To follow standards of APA style

To permanently identify electronic documents Rationale: A DOI is a permanent digital identifier given to an object, most commonly used to identify electronic documents. The DOI is located at the end of the reference citation. Not all journal articles have a DOI, although it is increasingly becoming the standard in APA style.

What is the purpose of a t-test? To test the difference in proportions in 2+ independent groups. To test the difference between the means of two groups. To test the existence of a relationship between 2 variables. To test the difference among means for 3+ independent groups.

To test the difference between the means of two groups. Rationale: A t-test calculates the difference between the means of two groups. An analysis of variance tests the difference among means for 3+ groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests the existence of a relationship between 2 variables. A chi-square test determines the difference in proportions in 2+ groups.

When searching electronic databases, identification of keywords is one of the first tasks the researcher must perform to begin the process of reviewing literature for a research study. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: A key word search is an essential first task in searching bibliographic databases. The key word captures the main concepts in the research question and is an important method in accessing relevant studies to begin the process of reviewing literature.

A research proposal is a written document specifying what a researcher intends to study. FALSE TRUE

True Rationale: A research proposal is a written document specifying what a researcher intends to study; proposals are written by students seeking approval for dissertations and theses and by researchers seeking financial or institutional support.

A nurse performed a literature review on client satisfaction and found that The Institute for Caring in Healthcare released an article that covers the research topic. The nurse is unable to find an author for the article. How should the article be cited in APA style? Type "Anonymous Author" where the author's name should be. Type "(Author unknown)" where the author's name should be. Leave the author portion blank in the citation. Type "The Institute for Caring in Healthcare" where the author's name should be.

Type "The Institute for Caring in Healthcare" where the author's name should be. Rationale: In this case, The Institute for Caring in Healthcare is a corporation which authored the work. When authorship is by a corporation or other group, the corporate name should be cited as the author.

Which of the following are included in the four domains that guide interprofessional collaborative practice? Medical expertise Leadership Supervision Values and ethics

Values and ethics Rationale: Working with individuals of other professions to maintain an environment of mutual respect and shared values.