NUR3616- Final Exam

County Health Department

County Health Department are in each County in Florida. Some counties have more than one health department. ■ Orange County/ Brevard County ■ Operates under the state of Florida. Provides many different services. ■ Information can be found at Florida Health.gov and searching for the county

Mortality

Death rates or the sum of deaths in a given population at a given time

Stages of Change

First described by Kurt Lewin Stages: -Unfreezing: when desire for change develops -Changing/moving: when new ideas are accepted and tried out -Refreezing: when the change is integrated and stabilized in practice

Community Assets assessment

Focuses on the strengths and capacities of a community rather than its problems and evaluates variables such as the needs that exist, the goals to be achieved, and the resources available for carrying out the study.

Immunizations: Hep A(HAV)

Given twice during 1 year and 2 years of age Doses must be at least 6 months apart is a serious liver disease Children often do not have symptoms, but most adults do is spread from person to person through contact with the feces (stool), which can easily happen if someone does not wash his or her hands properly You can also get it from food, water, or contaminated objects

Immunization schedule: 6 months

**Same as 2 months BUT NOW INCLUDES INFLUENZA VACCINE** (B DR.HIP IN) B- Hepatitis B D - DTaP(dose 3/5) R - Rotavirus(just RotaTeq-third dose) H - Hemophilia Influenza type B (Hib) I - Inactivated Polio Virus(IPV) P - PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Streptococcal pneumonia)) IN-Influenza(inactivated)

Immunizations: Hep B

**The only vaccine given AT BIRTH (within 12-24 hours) -liver disease that can cause mild illness last a few weeks (acute), or lifelong illness (chronic) -Can be infected through; -birth (if mother has hep B) -sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes w/ infected person -contact w/ the blood or open sores of an infected person

When would primary prevention be most effective?

-Before the disease or injury occurs

Problem-orientated assessment

-Begins with a single problem and assesses the community in terms of that problem -The nurse would identify resources, programs, and support networks of potential benefit to a family -Nurses will collecting data on local prevalence and incidence, interviewing officials to obtain information on processes and policies, and identifying local programs and services -Can be used when familiarization is not sufficient, and a comprehensive assessment is not feasible

•Population health:

-Bringing significant health concerns into focus and addresses way that resources can be allocated to overcome the problems that drive poor health condition in the population ■One of the major indicators is maternal health, which is often measured by the maternal mortality rate. ■ Focus is on the population's health, rather than individual's health status

Transcultural Nursing Principles

-Providing culturally sensitive nursing service to people of an ethnic or racial background different from the nurse's 1) Develop cultural self-awareness: recognizing the values, beliefs, and practices that make up one's own culture 2) Cultivate cultural sensitivity: requires recognizing that culturally based values, beliefs, and practices influence people's health and lifestyle and need to be considered in plans for service 3) Assess the client group's culture 4) Show respect and patience while learning about other cultures. 5) Examine culturally derived health practices.

Which is an example of primary prevention of injury?

-Teaching a client about the importance of wearing head protection when engaging in activities that may lead to head injury

Which level of prevention has a focus on minimizing disability and restoring function?

-Tertiary prevention

Ethnocultural Health Practices

-World community -Biomedical view: as commonly practiced within western societies -Magicoreligious view -Holistic view: Mind, Body, and Spirit -Folk medicine and home remedies: bodies of preserved treatment practices that has been handed down verbally form generation to generation -Herbalism -Prescription and over-the-counter drug -Complementary therapies and self-care practices: designed to promote comfort, health, and well-being -Diet therapies (cancer diets, juice diets, fasting) -Gastrointestinal treatments (coffee enemas, high colonic enemas) -Balance and exercise activities (tai chi, yoga) -Sensory exposure (aromatherapy, music therapy, light therapy) -Therapeutic manipulation (acupuncture, acupressure, reflexology)

1. APA (7th edition) requires a student paper title page to have:

-a title page containing page number, paper title, author, affiliation, instructor, and due date

15. In APA, how is the reference list generally arranged

-alphabetically, by author's last name

Immunizations: Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

-can result from chicken pox -risk increases w/ age so vaccine is given usually at 60yrs+

•Social determinants of health:

-conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affects a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national, and local levels 1. Access to social and economic opportunities 2. Safe housing 3. Quality education 4. Clean water, food, and air 5. Safe workplaces 6. Equitable social interactions 7. Adequate community resources

11. On your reference page, which format style is correct for each reference

-hanging indent

Domains of Learning: •Affective Domain:

-involves learning that occurs through emotion, feeling, or affect. -deals w/ changes in interest, attitudes, and values Ex of activities: Role-playing, journaling, Reflection paper, Group discussions, Story telling, Case studies, Drawing, Singing

Domains of Learning: •Cognitive domain:

-involves the mind and thinking processes: -Remember -Understand -Apply -Analyze -Evaluate -Create -deals w/ the recall or recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and skills -knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation Ex of activities: Lectures, Mnemonics, Reading, Mind Mapping

•Motivational interviewing

-is a client-centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence. -designed to help clients verbalize their own motivation to change. It is a partnership between the teacher and the learner. Motivation interviewing has four steps: engaging which includes person-centered, empathic listening, guiding which includes a particular identified target for change and planning.

Levels of prevention: Tertiary

-management or treatment of disease after onset or diagnosis -ex; alcoholic, AA will help you stay sober -chemotherapy, radiation, rehab **The woman has been screened for breast cancer. Her mammogram is positive. She now has a mastectomy, with chemotherapy and radiation. **The patient who has been screen for blood pressure, and started on hypertension medications **If a patient comes in, for an example, with a stroke. Now the patient needs to go to a Rehab facility upon discharge.

*Modes of transmission for disease •Vector

-nonhuman carrier such as an animal or insect -bite of the insect or animal or exposure to the infected animals body fluids

*Modes of transmission for disease •Herd immunity (community immunity):

-the immunity level present in a particular group or community of people. -if there are more individuals in the community who are immunized, this helps minimize the chance that an unvaccinated person will become ill

Immunizations: Influenza (inactivated)

1 dose of any flu vaccine appropriate for age and health status annually. Minimum age: 6 months -A contagious disease that spreads around the United States every year, usually between October and May -Infants and young children, people 65 yrs old+, pregnant women, and people with certain health conditions or a weakened immune system are at the greatest risk for complications -Each year thousands of people in the United States die from the flu, and many more are hospitalized -The vaccine prevents millions of illnesses and flu-related visits to the doctor each year

Planned Change Process

1. recognize symptoms 2. diagnose need 3. analyze alternative solutions 4. select a change 5. plan the change 6. implement the change 7. evaluate the change 8. stabilize the change

Immunization schedule: 16-18 yrs

16 yrs old: MENINGOCOCCAL BOOSTER!! *usually required before starting/living at college

Immunizations: Varicella(chicken pox)

2 dose series: Between 12-15 months and 4-6 years. Dose 2 may be administered as early as 3 months after dose 1 -Chickenpox can cause an itchy rash that usually lasts about a week. It can also cause fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, and headaches. It can lead to skin infections, pneumonia, inflammation of the blood vessels, and swelling of the brain and/or spinal cord covering, and infections of the bloodstream, bone, or joints -Some people who get chickenpox get a painful rash called shingles (also known as herpes zoster) years later

Immunizations: Meningococcal

2-Dose Series: Between 11-12 years of age, then at 16 years of age. -disease that can cause meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and infections of the blood that spread via droplets(cough, sneeze, spit) -Even when it is treated, the disease kills 10 to 15 infected people out of 100. -Of those who survive, about 10 to 20 out of every 100 will suffer disabilities such as hearing loss, brain damage, kidney damage, loss of limbs, nervous system problems, or severe scars from skin grafts

Immunizations: MMR

2-Dose Series: Between 12-15 months of age, then between 4-6 years. Dose 2 may be administered as early as 4 weeks after dose 1 •Measles: -cause fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes, followed by rash. -can lead to seizures, ear infections, diarrhea, pneumonia •Mumps -cause fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, and swollen/tender salivary glands under ears -can lead to deafness, swelling of the brain and/or spinal cord, swelling testicles/ovaries •Rubella -cause fever, sore throat, rash, headache, eye irritation, arthritis (teens/adult women) -Pregnant w/ rubella= miscarriage or baby born w/ serious birth defects(mainly cardiovascular birth defects)

Immunizations: Pneumococcal(PCV)

4-Dose Series: 2, 4, 6 months of age, then between 12-15 months of age -caused by bacteria that can spread form person to person through close contact -causes ear infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, deafness, brain damage -kills about 1 in 10 children who contract the disease -Higher risk: children under 2, adult 65+, and people w/ certain medical conditions

Immunizations: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

4-Dose Series: 2, 4, and 6 months of age, then between 12-15 months. Minimum age is 6 weeks(1.5 months) -a serious disease caused by bacteria. -It usually affects children under 5 years old, but it can also affect adults with certain medical conditions. -Before vaccine, this disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years in the United States

Immunizations: Polio(inactivated)

4-Dose Series: 2, 4, and between 6-18 months of age, then between 4-6 years of age. Final dose on or after the 4th birthday, and at least 6 months after the previous dose -Can result in permanent disability or cause death by paralyzing the muscles used for breathing. There is no cure for the infection. -Is a disease caused by a virus -It is spread mainly by person-to-person contact. -It can also be spread by consuming food or drinks that are contaminated with the feces of an infected person. -Paralyzed and killed thousands of people every year before the vaccine was introduced in 1955

Immunizations: DTAP

5-Dose Series: 2, 4, and 6 months of age, then between 15-18 months, and then between 4-6 years **GIVEN TO CHILDREN <7YRS OLD; TDAP: >7YRS OLD** •Diphtheria -cause breathing problems, paralysis, and HF •Tetanus (lock jaw) -causes painful tightening of the muscle -can cause locking jaw -bad cut •Pertussis (whooping cough) -causes coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants/children to eat, drink, or breathe. -can cause pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, or death

Cultural Assessment

A detailed data-gathering about the client's cultural practices such as; Ethnic/racial background Language and communication patterns Cultural values and norms Biocultural factors Religious beliefs and practices Health beliefs and practices

Epidemic

A disease occurrence that clearly exceeds the normal or expected frequency in a community or region • Example: opioid _________

MyPlate

A food-group plan that provides practical advice to ensure a balanced intake of the essential nutrients.

World Health Organization (WHO)

A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health, including combating the spread of infectious diseases and health issues related to natural disasters.

Adult Learning Theory

Adult learners are different from children Characteristics of adults with implications for learning: -Self-directed -Life experience -Readiness to learn content related to roles -Problem-centered time perspective

Epidemiologic Triangle

Agent: A factor that causes or contributes to a health problem or condition Host: Susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease-causing agent Environment: All the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance

Cultural Diversity

Also called cultural plurality, means that a variety of cultural patterns coexist within a designated geographic area. Cultural diversity occurs not only between countries or continents but also within many countries, including the United States

Community subsystem assessment

An assessment that focuses on a single dimension of community life, such as churches or schools. -Can be a useful way for a team to conduct a more thorough community assessment.

Ethnocentrism

Bias that person's own culture is best and others are wrong or inferior -Can block effective communication by creating biases and misconceptions about human behavior. -This can cause serious damage to interpersonal relationships and interfere with the effectiveness of nursing interventions

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)

CDC is funded through the U.S Department of Health & Human Services ■ Located in Atlanta, Georgia, employees work throughout the U.S. and the World ■CDC works 24/7 to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. Whether diseases start at home or abroad, are chronic or acute, curable or preventable, human error or deliberate attack, CDC fights disease and supports communities and citizens to do the same. The overall mission of the CDC "is to collaborate to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health—through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness for new health threats" CDC PUTS SCIENCE & DATA INTO ACTION ■ Turning new research into tools and actions that save more lives ■Tracking diseases to take the pulse of America's health ■CDC DETECTS, RESPONDS, & ELIMINATES HEALTH THREATS ■ 150+ labs identify diseases, food-borne outbreaks, biosecurity threats, and environmental hazards ■ Trusted world-class scientists discovering microbes that threaten Americans CDC STRENGTHENS & PROTECTS YOUR COMMUNITY ■ Working with state, local, and territorial public health departments to investigate and protect against health threats ■ Providing states with support and technical know-how to increase their impact ■ CDC KEEPS YOU SAFE. ■ 24/7 U.S. emergency public health response ■ Rapid disease detection and elimination ■ Stopping diseases from reaching the U.S. ■ Lifesaving vaccines for outbreak response and prevention

14. Which of the following website references is completely correct?

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Measles cases and outbreak. https://INSERT WEBSITE *CDC is capitalized. Date. Only first letter is capitalized for article title. Put website, do not put retrieved from.

Which type of disease is the most common, costly, and preventable? a. Acute b. Chronic c. Sexually Transmitted d. Infectious

Chronic Rationale: Chronic conditions are the most common, costly, and preventable. Tobacco and alcohol use, insufficient exercise, and poor eating habits contribute to illness, disability, and premature death related to chronic disease.

Ethnic group/ethnicity

Collection of people who have common origins and a shared culture and identity; they may share a common geographic origin, race, language, religion, traditions, values, and food preferences

Key informants(comprehensive assessments):

Describes the systems of a community and also how power is distributed throughout the system, how decisions are made, and how change occurs Interviewees: A person who (1) knows the community - can live or work in the community; and (2) will talk to someone from outside the neighborhood. These reports are considered 'qualitative data' related to your community.

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a worldwide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. -Ex: COVID-19, bubonic plague, HIV/AIDS

•Health promotion:

Encouraging health behaviors that improve well-being and lead to a desire to meet one's human potential Key goal of C/PHNs Primary level of prevention Focus on health protection rather than disease prevention A common focus of education

Immunization schedule: Birth

Hep B: Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV); recommended to give the first dose at birth, but may be given at any age for those not previously immunized.

Health disparities

If a health outcome is seen to a greater or lesser extent between populations. Race or ethnicity, sex, sexual identity, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and geographic location all contribute to an individual's ability to achieve good health. It is important to recognize the impact that social determinants have on health outcomes of specific populations.

*Modes of transmission for disease •Airborne

Infectious agents are transmitted/carried by dust or on droplet nuclei and suspended in the air EX: (you are on AIR with MTV) -Measles -Tuberculosis(TB) -Varicella

Characteristics of Culture

Learned from others Integrated systems of customs and traits Shared Mostly tacit- mostly unspoken, people within a certain culture know how to act and what is expected of them Dynamic: makes culture subjected to constant change and innovation

Two-Phased Cultural Assessment Process

Phase I—Data o Collection Assess values, beliefs, and customs o Collect problem-specific cultural data o Make nursing diagnoses and determine cultural factors influencing nursing interventions Phase II—Data Organization o Compare cultural data o Determine incongruities o Seek to modify one or more systems

Healthy People 2030

Prevention is Key ■ Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. For 3 decades, Healthy People has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time to: ■ Encourage collaborations across communities and sectors. ■ Empower individuals toward making informed health decisions. ■ Measure the impact of prevention activities. Vision: ■ A society in which all people live long, healthy lives. ■ Mission: ■ Healthy People 2030 strives to: ■ Identify nationwide health improvement priorities. ■ Increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities for progress. ■ Provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, State, and local levels. ■ Engage multiple sectors to take actions to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge. ■ Identify critical research, evaluation, and data collection needs. ■Overarching Goals: ■ Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. ■ Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. ■ Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. ■ Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

Immunization schedule: 8 months

RSV for infants born during or entering first RSV season 8 months-->19 months: RSV for infants and children at increased risk for RSV infection & entering 2nd RSV season

Immunizations: COVID-19

Recommended for EVERYONE 6 months and older

Immunizations: Human Papillomavirus(HPV)

Recommended for all adolescents age 11-12 years (can start at age 9) 2- or 3-Dose Series (depending on age at initial vaccination): Age 9 through 14 years at initial vaccination: 2-dose series (First dose, then between 1-2 months for second dose); Age 15 years or older at initial vaccination: 3-dose series (first dose, then between 1-2 months for second dose, then 6 months for third dose) -is associated with many cancers, including: cervical cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancers, anal cancer, throat cancer, and penile cancer

Immunizations: Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Recommended for: Adults 60 years old and over: may receive a single dose of RSV vaccine using shared clinical decision-making Infants and young children: 1 dose of nirsevimab for all infants younger than 8 months born during or entering their first RSV season. 1 dose of nirsevimab for infants and children 8-19 months old who are at increased risk for severe RSV disease and entering their second RSV season -is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms. Most people recover in a week or two, but RSV can be serious. Infants and older adults are more likely to develop severe RSV and need hospitalization. Vaccines are available to protect older adults from severe RSV. Monoclonal antibody products are available to protect infants and young children from severe RSV

Morbidity

Relative incidence of a disease in a population, the ratio of the number of sick individual to the total population

*Modes of transmission for disease •Direct

Reservoir-->Host by direct transfer of infectious agents from a reservoir to a new susceptible host by contact or droplet spread -direct contact examples; touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, coughing, sneezing -droplet spread examples; PIMP P: Pertussis(whooping cough) I: Influenza M: Meningococcal(Meningitis) P: Pneumonia

*Modes of transmission for disease •Indirect

Reservoir-->host by suspended air particles(airborne), inanimate objects(vehicles), or animate intermediaries(vectors) -Ex; infectious diseases, toys, sharp objects, water, food, insects

Immunizations: Rota Virus

Rotarix: 2-Dose Series at 2 and 4 months of age RotaTeq: 3-Dose Series at 2, 4, and 6 months of age -Is a virus that causes diarrhea, mostly in babies and young children The diarrhea can be severe and lead to dehydration. Vomiting and fever are also common in babies with the virus Before these virus vaccinations, it was a common and serious health problem for children in the United States.

Epidemiology

Scientific discipline that seek to describe, quantify and determine how diseases occur in the population and aid in developing methods of controlling these diseases Epidemiologist are "Disease detectives" as they search for causes of illness and outbreaks

Levels of prevention: Secondary

Screening for disease -screening tools -ex; Screen blood glucose -ex; Metabolic Screening in the newborn (Screen for 30 different diseases) -ex; Mammogram -ex; PAP smears for women (Screen for Cervical Cancer & Sexually Transmitted Infections ) -blood pressure -blood work/draw labs -yearly check ups to screen before disease happens -radiology -examination

Florida Department of Health

The Florida Department of Health works to protect, promote & improve the health of all people in Florida through integrated state, county, & community efforts. ■ Operated by the state of Florida Includes: ■Programs & Services ■ Licensing & Regulations ■ Statistics & Data ■ Certificate ■ Diseases & Conditions ■ Environmental Health

Endemic

The continual presence of a disease or infectious agent CONFINED in a particular area(country) or population

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Incidence/Occurance

The rate of a new population problems Estimates the risk of a individual developing the specific disease or condition during a specific period or over a lifetime

Levels of prevention: Primary

The time period before the onset of disease or injury -immunizations -education about physical activity,nutrition, the importance of brushing teeth, etc.

Domains of learning: Psychomotor domain

Visible demonstration of skills requiring some type of neuromuscular coordination Ex of activities: Sports and dance Driving a car Throwing a ball Playing a musical instrument Typing Operating a machine Playing a video game Writing in cursive

Immunization schedule: 2 months

Way to remember: (B DR. HIP) B - Hepatitis B D - DTaP(first dose out of 5) R Rotavirus(Rotarix-first dose & RotaTeq-first dose) H - Hemophilia Influenza type B (Hib) I - Inactivated Polio Virus(IPV) P - PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Streptococcal pneumonia))

Immunization schedule: 4 months

Way to remember: (DR. HIP) D - DTaP(dose 2/5) R - Rotavirus(Rotarix-second dose & RotaTeq-second dose) H - Hemophilia Influenza type B (Hib) I - Inactivated polio vaccine(IPV) P - PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Streptococcal pneumonia))

Immunization schedule: 12-18 months

Way to remember: (MADHPV) M- MMR(first dose: 12-15 months, Dose 2 may be administered as early as 4 weeks after dose 1) A-Hep A(HAV)(Given twice during 1 year and 2 years of age. Doses must be at least 6 months apart) D-DTAP(15-18 months: dose 4/5) H-Haemophillus Influenza type b(Hib)-(12-15 months: fourth dose) P-Pneumococcal(12-15 months: fourth dose) V-Varicella(12-15 months: first dose, but second dose can be given 3 months after first dose)

Immunization schedule: 11-12 yrs

Way to remember: (TaDa!! Human Men) TaDa: TDap(different from DTap- given to children >7yrs old: D comes before T in alaphabet so DTap is given first and then TDap) Human: Human Papillomavirus(HPV)- can get vaccine starting @9yrs old Men: Meningococcal(first dose)

Immunization schedule: 4-6 yrs

Way to remember: (Very DIM: think of the sunlight at 4-6 pm) Very: Varicella- second dose BUT could have been given as soon as 3 months after first dose** D-DTAP(fifth and FINAL dose) I-Inactivated Polio(IPV): Final dose on or after the 4th birthday, and at least 6 months after the previous dose M-MMR(2nd dose, BUT Dose 2 may be given as early as 4 weeks after Dose 1: 12-15 months)

Enculturation

When a person learns about culture through socialization with the family or significant group

Which factors does the Health Belief Model specify on which health-related behavior depends? (Select all that apply.) a. Perceived susceptibility to illness b. Perceived seriousness of illness c. Benefits of taking action d. Interpersonal influences e. Situational influences

a. Perceived susceptibility to illness b. Perceived seriousness of illness c. Benefits of taking action Rationale: The Health Belief Model(HBM) is a behavior change model useful for individual, family, or community health-related behaviors. Community health nurses use this model to assess individuals and communities regarding their 'health beliefs' prior to planning interventions. Interpersonal and situational influences are aspects of the Pender Health Promotion Model(HPM).

Validity

accuracy of the test(distinguish those with/without the disease)

Older adult immunizations

annual flu vaccine pneumococcal(65+ yrs old) shingles(herpes zoster) shot (60+ yrs old) RSV(60+ yrs old)

Race

biologically designated groups of people whose distinguishing features, such as skin color, are inherited. EX: black, white, asian, hispanic, etc.

Which nursing model for behavioral change addresses precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance? a. Social cognitive b. Health belief c. Transtheoretical d. Revised health promotion

c. Transtheoretical Model Rationale: The transtheorectical model for behavioral change addresses precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. This model has been found effective in studies on behavior change including smoking cessation, weight control, sunscreen use, and increased exercise, among others.

Microculture:

collections of knowledge that is unique or characteristic of specific subgroups within a larger culture

Culture

design for living; it provides a set of norms and values that offer stability and security for members of a society.

*Modes of transmission for disease •Active immunity:

long-term resistance to a specific disease-causing organism; it also can be acquired naturally or artificially.

Windshield Survey(familiarization assessment)

observation of a community while driving a car or riding public transportation to collect data for a community assessment. Nurses drive (or walk) around the community of interest; find health, social, and governmental services; obtain literature; introduce themselves and explain that they are working in the area; and generally become familiar with the community and its residents.

Specificity

proportion of subjects with disease who have a negative test or non-diseased

Sensitivity

proportion of subjects with disease who have a positive test result

•Cultural relativism:

recognizing and respecting alternative viewpoints and understanding values, beliefs, and practices within their cultural context

•Subcultures:

relatively large aggregates of people within a society who share separate distinguishing characteristics, such as ethnicity, occupation, geographic area, age, gender, or sexual preference

•Ethnorelativism:

seeing all behavior in a cultural context

*Modes of transmission for disease •Passive immunity:

short-term resistance to a specific disease-causing organisms; it may be acquired naturally or artificially through inoculation with pooled human antibody that gives temporary protection

•Culture shock:

state of anxiety that may result for cross-cultural misunderstanding; people in culture shock may experience difficulty interacting with other in the new environment

Community assessment

systematic data collection provides a detailed account first identifying need and determining the type, quantity and quality of resources

Demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, ethnicity, gender, education, occupation, etc.

•Integrated health care:

the combination of complementary therapies with biomedical or western health care

•Transcultural Assessment Model:

time, environmental control, biological variations, communication, space, social organization