Nursing 10A: Study Guide 2
- Led to laws and customs that discouraged the human care of the poor and vulnerable - "Dark period of nursing" - allowed for new types of thinking and opened door for Renaissance
Reformation
Birth of scientific revolution and a new era in the healing arts
Renaissance
Nature of ethics and moral reasoning. - Is there always an element of self-interest in moral behavior? - Why be good?
Meta-ethics
- Early culture linked healers with the sacred. - Women were leaders in the healing arts when the reigning deity was feminine, bisexual, or androgenous. - Asclepius (Hero and God of Medicine) - Hygieia (Goddess of health) - Panaceia (Goddess of healing) - Iaso (goddess of medicine) - In Ancient Persia there are indications that there were three types of healers: those who healed with the knife, those who healed with herbs, and those who healed with sacred words.
Ancient Times
wrestles with questions of right, wrong, good and evil. - Is it every morally right to deceive a research subject? - What is a good nurse? - Are health, dignity, and well being intrinsic or instrumental ends that nursing seeks?
Applied ethics
Cosmology describes how people of the culture view the structure, origin, and processes of the universe
Define cosmology
- With religious belief in a single male god, women's healing role changed from that of a sacred healer to subservient caregiver. - Early Christian nurses were frequently women of high social status and often became independent practitioners.
Early Christian Era
9
How many provisions exist in the ANA code of ethics?
Hippocrates
Identify the Father of Western Medicine.
- St. Paul was a highly influential philosopher who held that there is a natural law of conscience in each person. - St. Augustine believed true reality was spiritual and Being comes from God. He emphasized the inner life and contemplation of God and examined the passions of the soul.
Identify the philosophers of the early Christian era?
Throughout history, spiritual beliefs, religious practice, cultural norms (gender), and political factors (Philosophical influences) have influenced evolutionary changes in nursing. - social need, spirituality/religion, philosophy, role of women
Know what nursing practice is influenced by.
- During this time, monasticism and other religious groups offered the only opportunities for men and women to pursue careers in nursing. - Religious orders were the way respectable women and men could serve as nurses. - Military nursing orders from as a response of poor conditions during crusades, which drew a large number of men into the field of nursing - Official credentialing of physicians, nurses, and midwives was left in the hands of the Church - Nurses who believed their duty was to God/the spiritual may have paid less attention to physical emotional and comfort needs. - Religious and Church sanctioned secular nursing orders were the only avenues for women as nurses. - During the Crusades, nursing orders provided care in infirmaries and clinics. - Nursing orders were subordinate in the Church, but these women did exercise a degree of autonomy and independence - Religious and Church-sanctioned secular nursing orders afforded the only legitimate avenue for women wishing to be nurses during the Middle Ages.
Middle Ages
- Modern philosophers' ideas directly influenced nursing - Cartesian philosophy resulted in a separation between the acts of caring and curing. - Descartes's philosophy elevated the sciences and made scientific inquiry possible, yet it failed to improve the status of nursing. - Nurse's role restricted to the caring realm.
Modern Era
The right and wrong, good and evil. - What is right in human action? - What is good or evil in human action or what we ought to seek? - What is good or evil in the ends that we ought to seek?
Normative ethics
Nursing has historically responded to human suffering.
Understand the concept of social need and nursing.
Empathy is a motive for moral reasoning and action
Understand what empathy is a motivation is for.
Promote Health Prevent Illness Restore Health Alleviate Suffering
What are the ICN fundamental responsibilities?
- Nurses and People: Nurse's primary professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care. - Nurses and Practice: The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice and for maintaining competence by continual learning. - Nurses and Profession: The nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable standards of clinical nursing practice, management, research and education. - Nurses and Co-Workers: The nurse sustains a collaborative and respectful relationship with co-workers in nursing and other fields.
What are the elements of the ICN Code?
Helping professions find their origin, purpose, and meaning within the context of culturally accepted moral norms, individual values, and perceived social need.
What do helping professions find their origin in?
- The Women's Movement: In 1958 development of the following organizations: Establishment of the American Nurses Association and the American Medical Association. - Participating in federal policy making, the nursing profession was represented as Medicare was signed into law in 1965 and later enjoyed federal legislation in 1997 that authorized Medicare reimbursement for nurse practitioners and clinical specialists (Zolot & NelsonHogan, 2000). Advanced nurses began to assert themselves as independent professionals
What events changed nursing in the 20th century?
- Nursing orders expelled from hospitals - Hospital care provided by convalescent patients, prostitutes, prisoners, and drunkards
What happened during the "Dark Period of Nursing?"
- The formal study of morality from a range of perspectives including semantic, logical, analytic, epistemological and normative. - Moral philosophy or moral theology. - a theoretical and reflective domain of human knowledge that addresses issues and questions about morality in human choices, actions, character and ends.
What is ethics?
Personal values, character or conduct of individuals or groups within communities and societies
What is morality?
- Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. The need for nursing is universal. - Inherent in nursing is a respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status. - Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the community and coordinate their services with those of related groups.
What is the ICN preamble?
- Nurse-to-patient nurse-to-nurse nurse-to-self nurse-to-others nurse-to-profession nurse-to-society nursing-to-society (relations that are both national and global) - 7 relationships exist
What is the intrinsic relational motif? How many relationships exist in this relational motif?
Florence Nightingale worked to free nursing from the bonds of the church. She became a model for all nurses. She was a nurse, statistician, sanitarian, social reformer, and a scholar
What roles did Florence Nightingale take on and what were her contributions?
1893
When was the Nightingale Pledge developed?
Renaissance
Which period fostered the scientific revolution?
Professions exist to meet the needs of society
Why do professions exist?
