Nursing 201 chapter 1-3 Exam 1
normative age-graded changes
biological and environmental influences similar for individuals in a particular age group
The Christian doctrine of ________ argues that human development occurs as a result of how well or how poorly someone does at overcoming the inborn tendency to act immorally. a. original sin b. empiricism c. behaviorism d. innate goodness
A
The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is called a. sensorimotor. b. preoperations. c. equilibration. d. formal operations.
A
The three broad categories that are used to classify changes over the lifespan are called a. domains of development. b. domains of change models. c. evolutionary stages. d. psychosocial domains.
A
Watson believed that children could be trained to be or do anything through a. manipulation of the environment. b. sensory deprivation. c. a focus on meeting early basic needs. d. biological conditioning.
A
What is a trisomy? a. Three copies of a specific autosome b. The behavioral manifestation of Fragile-X syndrome c. A sex-linked syndrome d. A third pair of chromosomes
A
What is the difference between gametes and all other body cells? a. Gametes contain only 23 chromosomes; other body cells contain 46. b. The majority of body cells have 46 pairs of chromosomes; sex cells have 23 pairs of autosomes. c. Sex cells are called gametes, whereas other body cells are called autosomes. d. Gametes contain 46 chromosomes; other body cells contain 23 pairs.
A
What is the prognosis for children born with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18? a. They rarely live past infancy. b. They develop facial tics and usually show signs of autism. c. They die during adolescence. d. They are predisposed to respiratory disorders such as cystic fibrosis.
A
What is the term that Arnold Gesell used to describe genetically programmed sequential patterns of change, such as puberty or menopause? a. Maturation b. Growth c. Social clock d. Age norms
A
Which family of theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A. Psychoanalytic b. Humanistic c. Biological d. Cognitive
A
Two-year-old Marjoe pointed to a cow in a pasture and said "Doggie!" Which Piagetian principle is Marjoe using to name the animal? a. Memorization b. Assimilation c. Preoperational thought d. Accommodation
B
which of the following is opposite of reinforcement and is designed to stop behavior? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d.Extinction
C
The nucleus of the majority of typical human cells contains how many chromosomes? a. 46 pairs b. 23 pairs c. 48 pairs d. 22 pairs
B
An adult adapts a process to a child's developmental level in order to assist the child in developing a new skill or ability. What would Vygotsky call this process? a. Scaffolding b. Assisting c. Accommodating d. Adapting
A
An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating many theoretical perspectives in order to better explain development. Which of the following describes this approach? a. Eclecticism b. Multiculturalism c. The cross-modal approach d. The stages of change model
A
Behavior is more likely to reoccur if a. there is intrinsic reinforcement. b. it has been reinforced. c. it is extinct. d. it has been punished.
A
Jada saw some money lying unattended on a store counter. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from doing so. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? a. Superego b. Ego c. Unconscious d. Id
A
Jorge, age 16, has recently gained a considerable amount of weight but has not grown any taller. Developmental psychologists would investigate whether there is a problem in which of the following domains of development? a. Physical b. Cultural c. Cognitive d. Social
A
Juanita's father died when she was an infant, but her family insists that she not only looks like him, she acts like him as well. This might indicate that which of the following had a large impact on her development? a. Nature b. Environment c. Nurture d. Innate goodness
A
Low birth weight infants (LBW) are those that weight less than: a. 5.5 pounds at birth. b. 7.0 pounds at birth. c. 7.5 pounds at birth. d. 9.0 pounds at birth.
A
Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all the trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following principles has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores? a. Punishment b. Negative reinforcement c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction
A
Periods of development describe which aspect of developmental theories? a. Age-related changes b. Domain-related changes c. Biological changes d. Prenatal changes
A
Skylar has brown eyes, thin lips, and curly blonde hair. Which of the following traits is polygenic? a. Brown eyes b. Thin lips c. Curly hair d. Blonde hair
A
Which of the following best describes the current perspective on human development? a. Human development begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan. b. Human development begins at birth and becomes relatively stable by adolescence. c. Human development begins slowly at birth and accelerates as we age. d. Human development begins with the onset of puberty.
A
Which of the following family of theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking, memory, and logic? a. Cognitive b. Social c. Psychodynamic d. Behavioral
A
Which of the following is an autosomal dominant-gene disorder? a. Huntington's disease b. Phenylketonuria c. Sickle-cell disease d. Tay-Sachs disease
A
Which of the following is an example of the proximodistal pattern of development during the prenatal period? a. The spinal cord develops before the arms. b. The digestive organs are formed before the heart. c. Male growth patterns proceed more quickly than female growth patterns. d. Hair color is established before differentiation of the gonads.
A
Which of the following theorists is primarily responsible for developing social-cognitive learning theory? a. Albert Bandura b. Ivan Pavlov c. B. F. Skinner d. Louis Morehouse
A
__________ summarizes the idea that individuals of all ages possess the capacity for positive change in response to environmental demands. a. Plasticity b. Multicontextuality c. Empiricism d. Maturation
A
which of the following adds pleasant consequences to increase behavior? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d.Extinction
A
Before information can be stored in long-term memory, in which of the following memory systems is the information processed? a. Sensory memory b. Short-term memory c. Adaptive memory d. Random access memory
B
During which stage of cognitive development does a child first acquire symbols to think and communicate? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Formal operations d. Concrete operations
B
Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to B a. reinforcement. b. psychosocial. c. dilemma resolution. d. psychosensual.
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed that the basis for human development is a. a result of the struggle between an individual's original sin nature and the Holy Spirit. b. an individual's response to external, environmental influences. c. empirical acquisition of knowledge. d. an individual's effort to overcome his or her inborn potential.
B
The genes that cause sex-linked disorders are found on the: a. genomes. b. X chromosome. c. autosomes. d. Y chromosome.
B
The idea that studying children's development might help scientists understand the development of the human species was proposed by a. John Locke. b. Charles Darwin. c. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. d. Martin Buber.
B
The idea that there may be significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence (or absence) of some particular kind of experience is referred to as a... a. cohort influence. b. critical period. c. collectivist cultural influence. d. timing influence.
B
Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development places primary emphasis on a. children's biological needs. b. the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop. c. genetic or hereditary patterns. d. environmental stimuli that elicit and reinforce behavior.
B
What is the term for the pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait? a. Polymorphic inheritance b. Polygenic inheritance c. Monomorphic inheritance d. Monogenic inheritance
B
What term is used to describe standardized tests that compare an individual child's score to the average score of other children her or his age? a. Empirical tests b. Norm-referenced tests c. Content-normed tests d. Normative metric tests
B
Which aspect of human development describes changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body? a. Psychological domain b. Physical domain c. Cognitive domain d. Social domain
B
Which of the following describes the process of accommodation? a. The use of multiple strategies to address new problems. b. Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. c. Using symbols to represent events from the real world. d. Understanding the world in terms of one's senses and motor actions.
B
Which of the following individuals has the greatest risk for bearing a child with trisomy 21? a. Alice, who is 18 and is addicted to drugs b. Bernice, age 45 c. Carol, age 27, who had in vitro fertilization d. Dodie, age 30, who is having her seventh child
B
Which of the following is a sex-linked recessive chromosome? a. Tay-Sachs disease b. Red-green color blindness c. Phenylketonuria (PKU) d. Sickle-cell disease
B
Which of the following is a sexually transmitted disease that can be passed to the fetus during vaginal birth? a. Smallpox b. Genital herpes c. Rubella d. Measles
B
Which of the following is an example of a normative age-graded change? a. You have blue eyes even though both of your parents have brown eyes. b. You are taller now than when you were two years old. c. You moved to the United States when you were a teenager and learned to speak English. d. You learned to walk before you learned to crawl.
B
Which of the following is the most common sex-chromosome anomaly? a. Down syndrome b. Klinefelter syndrome c. Phenylketonuria (PKU) d. Turner syndrome
B
Which of the following is true of identical twin studies? a. Fraternal twins reared together are more likely than identical twins to exhibit similar behaviors. b. The study of monozygotic twins is important because it helps us, to some extent, identify genetic versus environmental contributions to behavior. c. Biologically based characteristics such as hair and eye color are nonetheless influenced by environment. d. The study of dizygotic twins is important because it helps us rule out environmental contributions to behavior.
B
Which of the following terms describes an individual's unique genetic blueprint, which is created from genes contributed by both parents? a. Phenotype b. Genotype c. Chromotype d. DNA
B
Which of the following theorists is known for the development of sociocultural theory? a. Jean Piaget b. Lev Vygotsky c. Albert Bandura d. Ivan Pavlov
B
Which of the following thinkers believed that humans are selfish by nature and must seek spiritual rebirth through religious training? a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Augustine of Hippo c. John Locke d. Eli Hoenshel
B
Which of these scenarios illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory? a. Zhenya misses her curfew by one hour and is grounded by her parents for one week, yet she continues to miss curfew. b. When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sandi, Sandi's sister Amber, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo. c. Jillian seeks advice from a chat forum on the Internet about her recurring headaches. d. As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Alina decides to drop out of college for a semester.
B
Which psychologist studied "Little Albert?" a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Watson c. B. F. Skinner d. Edwin Guthrie
B
Who introduced the term "operant conditioning?" a. Albert Bandura b. B. F. Skinner c. Sigmund Freud d. Erik Erikson
B
which of the following removes unpleasant consequences to increase behavior? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d.Extinction
B
6. According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which of the following illustrates the functioning of the id? a. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" b. Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae c. Stealing a pair of earbuds because you want them d. Planning a sexual interlude with your dating partner
C
Which of the following terms explains why the human brain develops before the reproductive system? a. Spinal cord dysplasia b. Prenatal gender differentiation c. Cephalocaudal pattern d. Proximodistal pattern
C
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following occurs when an inadequate early environment fails to meet the needs of any particular stage of psychosexual maturation? a. Defense mechanisms b. Libido failure c. Fixation d. Extinction
C
According to social-cognitive theory, which of the following terms describes the expectancies we acquire about what we can and cannot do? a. Self-monitoring b. Self-evaluation c. Self-efficacy d. Self-evidence
C
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? a. Executive control of the ego b. Moral guardian of the superego c. The libido of the id d. Reality principle of the superego
C
Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements explains this behavior? a. Children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon. b. Infants' brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their actions. c. Infants rely on their motor skills and senses to explore and learn about the world. d. Infants want to avoid punishment from caregivers.
C
Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following? a. Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning b. The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience c. The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment d. Differentiated and effective strategies for problem-solving and negotiating a complex environment
C
Down syndrome is also known as: a. Trisomy 13 b. Trisomy 18 c. Trisomy 21 d. Trisomy 42
C
During classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the ________. a. conditional stimulus; conditioned response b. punishment; conditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response d. conditional stimulus; unconditioned response
C
Erikson's developmental theory is called "psychosocial" because it involves the interaction of __________ and __________.. a. internal drives; environmental consequences b. internal drives; unregulated emotions c. internal drives; cultural demands d. internal drives; social instincts
C
Estelle, age 12, is in the 6th grade but reads at a 3rd grade level. Developmentalists would investigate whether there is a problem in which domain of development? a. Physical b. Cultural c. Cognitive d. Social
C
Gordo's father has type A blood and his mother has type O blood. What will Gordo's blood type be? a. A-prime. b. B+ c. A or O d. B−
C
Most sex-linked disorders are caused by which of the following? a. Maternal alcoholism b. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder c. Recessive genes d. Dominant genes
C
Of the following concepts, which is an aspect of the sociobiological approach to human development? a. Stimulus and response b. Cognitive deficits c. Social rules and behaviors that ensure survival d. Defense mechanisms
C
Our sense of "the right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our... a. biological clock. b. intuition. c. social clock. d. cultural and cohort continuity.
C
Phenylketonuria is an example of which of the following? a. A sex-linked recessive disorder b. A disorder of immune function c. An autosomal disorder d. A gamete disorder
C
Psychoanalytic theorists argue that human development depends on a. our ability to accommodate external stimuli. b. our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. c. the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. d. social relationships.
C
Reese is anatomically female, but did not develop breasts or menstruate at puberty and needed hormone therapy. Reese was most likely born with: a. Klinefelter syndrome. b. an extra Y chromosome. c. Turner syndrome. d. Down syndrome.
C
The embryonic stage of gestation occurs during the first __________ of pregnancy. a. month b. trimester c. 3-8 weeks d. 2-8 months
C
The field of __________ is the scientific study of age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, and personality. a. biology b. psychology c. human development d. sociology
C
Under what circumstances will a recessive gene be expressed? a. When the gene is carried on the Y chromosome b. When the gene is from the mother c. When it is paired with another recessive gene for the same trait d. When it is carried on the X chromosome
C
What is the term used for a generally negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent? a. Sexism b. Relativism c. Ageism d. Racism
C
Which aspect of human development describes changes in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills? a. Psychological domain b. Physical domain c. Cognitive domain d. Social domain
C
Which domain of developmental psychology examines interactions with others? a. Biological b. Cultural c. Social d. Psychological
C
Which of the following best defines a sensitive period of development? a. A time of psychological fragility, usually due to some type of loss such as the death of a spouse, termination of employment, or physical decline due to aging. b. The period of time during which developmental norms for physical development are reached or achieved. c. A specific period in development when an organism is particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence. d. The time when the tension between nature and nurture is resolved during an organism's development.
C
Which of the following is an example of extinction? a. You change to a different slot machine because the one that you've been playing doesn't pay very often. b. You stop buying lottery tickets until the jackpot is greater than $10 million. c. You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning. d. You purchase mega-bucks tickets instead of regular lottery tickets because the odds of winning are greater.
C
"Social interactions are the most important contributors to a child's healthy development." Which of the following theories would most likely support this statement? a. Social learning b. Cognitive c. Behavioral d. Sociocultural
D
Developmental psychologists have observed that babies seem to be born predisposed to respond to people in certain ways, such as by crying or smiling, in order to elicit attention from a caregiver. Psychologists call these inherent tendencies... a. cultural biases. b. maturational patterns. c. nature and nurture tensions. d. inborn biases.
D
Nadia is exposed to high levels of radiation during the 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of gestation. Which organ structures in the fetus are most likely to show abnormalities? a. Only the brain and spinal cord b. The heart and liver c. The palate of the mouth and the ears d. Virtually all organ systems are vulnerable during this time
D
Pregnant women should eat foods high in folic acid, such as beans or spinach, during pregnancy. What is the purpose of this dietary recommendation? a. To help moderate the effects of teratogens to which the fetus might be exposed b. To reduce the effects of stress on the fetus c. To ensure sufficient weight gain for a healthy baby d. To reduce the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
D
Which aspect of human development describes changes in variables that are associated with the relationship of an individual to others? a. Psychological domain b. Physical domain c. Cognitive domain d. Social domain
D
Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task? a. Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful b. Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others c. Becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents d. Learning to trust a primary caregiver and one's own ability to make things happen
D
Which of the following assertions regarding lifespan development can be attributed to both G. Stanley Hall and Charles Darwin? a. Humans evolution represents a unique occurrence in natural history. b. Biology dictates how human personality develops. c. Environment determines the course of healthy individual development. d. The milestones of childhood are similar to those in the development of the human species.
D
Which of the following concepts defines a system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations? a. Age strata b. Cohort c. Collective identity d. Culture
D
Which of the following describes Freud's view of the components of an individual's personality? a. Formal operations b. Id, ego, and identity c. Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality d. Id, ego, superego
D
Which of the following illustrates the term "conservation" according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. The child learns the importance of recycling. b. The child learns to use the minimal number of words necessary to communicate an idea. c. The child learns the importance of treating the environment with respect by keeping it clean and uncluttered. d. The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same.
D
Which of these genetic disorders usually does not express symptoms until adulthood? a. Tay-Sachs disease b. Sickle-cell disease c. Phenylketonuria (PKU) d. Huntington's disease
D
Who argued that children are born with a mind that is a blank slate? a. Augustine of Hippo b. Charles Darwin c. Jean-Jacques Rousseau d. John Locke
D
which of the following is an action to decrease behavior by non-reinforcement, ex. ignoring behavior? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d.Extinction
D
cephalocaudal development
Development that occurs from the top of the head down to the extremities.
examples of autosomal dominant disorders
Huntington disease, Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta
identify periods of development
Prenatal - Infancy - Early Childhood - Middle Childhood - Adolescent - Early Adulthood - Middle Adulthood - Late Adulthood -
examples of polygenic traits
Skin color, height, eye color, weight and fingerprint patterns
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones Oral - Old - birth to 1 Anal - Aged - 1-3 Phallic - People - 3-6 Latency - Love - 6-12 Genitals - Grapes - 12+