nursing chapter 2

what did goldmark say

" needs of sick must be predominate, needs of education must yield"

May ayres Burgess published a report in 1928 titled

" nurses patients and pocketbooks later known as burgess report

CNL

(clinical nursing leader) a masters degree in nursing that focuses on generalist preparation rather than specialist preparation

DNP

(doctor of nursing practice) proposed by the american association of colleges nursing, is the newest nursing doctorate NURSE ADMINISTRATOR, CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETIST, NURSE MIDWIFE, NURSE PRACTITIONER

the PhD

(doctorate of philosophy) in nursing is the terminal degree for ensuring nurses are competent to conduct research which develops nursing knowledge and theory

Advantages of Academic progression programs

-Offers students flexible/dynamic options in nursing careers -Affordable and accessible and can expedite the attainment of advanced degrees

Disadvantages of academic progression programs

Increased time commitments to complete coursework Problems with transferring credits from school to school

(NCLEX-PN/VN)

National council licensure examination for practical nurses

starks argument

Stark argued too many master's degree programs

apprenticeship model

a model of nursing education that was prevalent during the first half of the 20th century where student nurses learned nursing practi by providing service to hospitals in exchange for a few educational letters room and board and monthly allowance

Carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching's preparation for the profession program

a multiyear multidisciplinary study that investigated learning and effective teaching for nursing and other professions

2004 the american association of colleges of nursings position statement on the practice doctorate in nursing identified

a need for nurses to use high levels of clinical fiscal organizational and leadership expertise to ensure high quality healthcare outcomes (required that nurses be prepared at doctoral level )

National league for nursing education made many attempts to redesign diploma nursing education program....

a professional nursing organization that fostered excellence in nursing education by supporting nursing education research engaging in policy making and advocating efforts related to nursing education and promotion faculty development. It was the precursor to the national league for nursing

American association of colleges of nursing (aacn)

a professional organization in nursing that serves bach nursing and higher degree nursing education programs by influencing the quality of nursing education and practice through research advocacy efforts policymaking, development of high quality educational standards and indicators and faculty development

RN-to BSN or RN-to-MSN degree programs

enable RN's who hold a diploma in nursing or ADN degree to return to school to pursue either a BSN or an MSN degree and receive credit for their previous coursework

University of minnesota

established the first baccalaureate nursing program in the US beginning the slow movement toward baccalaureate education for nurses in place of diploma education

Community college education for nursing ( montag):

established the validity of the ADN (2 year nursing ) program as adequate preparation for nursing practice

Doctoral nursing

existed since 1920's Originally prepared nurses for administrative and teaching roles\first program offered at teachers college where nurses received educational doctorate

Ethel gordon bedford fenwick

founder of the international council of nurses

Pew health professions report (o'neil et al) :

identified competencies nurse would need to prepare for nursing in 21st century

Nursing school at the mid century (west and Hawkins):

identified that many schools of nursing weren't meeting standards which provided evidence for reforming diploma nursing education

Nightingale philosophy initially succeeded when?

in the US when bellevue school of nursing in NW adopted it in 1873

Boston university:

initiated DNSc or clinical doctorate: prepare nurses for doctoral level work in clinical practice rather than research and theory (some may say it's equivalent to PhD)

Doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree

is creating questions about the continued need for the master's degree in nursing causing a decline in the number of clinically oriented master's programs

Relationship between higher education for nurses and improved patients outcomes

the momentum for the baccalaureate degree as the degree needed for the entry level practice as an RN has increased

Bureau of labor statistics(2014) said what?

the need for practical/vocational nurses will increase 25 % from 2012 to 2022 due to rising elderly population, residential care facilities and home care

Prior to 1950's if nurses wants to obtain a masters degree rather than a postgraduate degree what did they have to do?

they had to seek an advanced degree in another field such as sociology or psychology

Nightingale advocated for nursing students by?

to learn sound theory in anatomy and physiology, surgery chemistry nutrition sanitation and professionalism ; to train under the guidance of ward sisters who were nurses with experience and dedication to the profession and be part of a system that was financially independent from hospitals

Postgraduate education

training nurses received through internships in specific clinical areas or theoretical preparation in public health and nursing education, also included additional training for nursing supervision and administration

In 2011 the institute of medicine published a report titled the future of nursing leading change advancing health. The purpose of the report

was to identify and recommend ways nurses could be maximalt prepared to provide patient centered safe high quality and equitable nursing care in reformed healthcare systems

Important methods in nursing education

-New pedagogies: -----Pedagogy is a term that refers to the processes of teaching and learning -Thinking practices -Distance education -Simulation

practical/vocational nursing today

-12-18 months in length can get at community college must take a national nursing exam

statistic according to us department of health and human services

-According to us department of health and human services health resources and services administration 45.4 percent of those wishing to become nurses enter ADN or associate degree in science (ASN) programs -Only 20.8% of DAN's return to school for baccalaureate and higher degrees

history of practical/vocational nursing

-Began with industrial revolution -People moved from rural to urban areas -Women provided domestic services ( caring for sick included)

Important topics in nursing education

-Public safety: Quality of safety and education for nurses goal is to prepare nursing students with the knowledge attitudes and skills to ensure quality and safety in healthcare -Cultural competence: extent to which nurses understands and has the skills required to effectively address the healthcare needs of an individuals who hold cultural beliefs and values that are different from his or her own -Gerontology: -Evidence based practice -Technology and informatics -Interprofessional education: major improvement in health care, defined as occasions when professionals learn with from and about each other to improved collaboration and quality of care -----It can improve clinical outcomes, patient centered communication and collabaorte team behavior

Dr. richard Olding Beard

-advocated for university education for nursing -a great supporter of baccalaureate nursing education, followed the thinking of florence nightingale and the nightingale schools.

practical/vocational nurse responsibilities

-stable patients -patients with common health conditions -collecting and reporting abnormal data -offering suggestions for developing and changing nursing care -providing bedside care -teaching health maintenance -participating with the healthcare team in evaluating nursing care

3 accrediting bodies in us

1) Accreditation commission for education in nursing (ACEN):title VI gatekeeper for federal funds for all types of nursing education programs 2) commision on collegiate nursing education ( CCNE) : affiliated with american association of colleges of nursing, this commision is an accrediting body for baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs 3) National league for nursing commission for nursing education accreditation (NLN CNEA): affiliated with the national league for nursing this commission is accrediting body for PN/VN, diploma, ASN/ADN, BSN ,MSN and DNP nursing programs

3 driving forces that require nurses to get bach degree

1)Complexity of healthcare system 2)critical shortage of nurse educators 3)the need for advanced practice nurses to deliver cost effective evidence based patient care are just

diploma nursing

= hospital nursing

what began in response to WW2 nursing shortage

Associate degree nursing education began in response to world war 2 nursing shortage and gained momentum following the ginzburg report -efficient and economical colleges offer 2 year course of study in nursing

RN to

BSN

First master's degree in nursing

First master's degree in nursing was established when rutgers university in New jersey offered a master's degree in psychiatric nursing

whose supervision do Lpn/lvn's work

Licensed practical nurse or licensed vocational nurses work under the supervision of RN's

RN to

MSN

Another alternative for PhD=

ND (doctor of nursing) -Margaret newman advocated for it

BSN to

PhD or DPN

LPN/VN to

RN

2011 IOM published a report titled The future of nursing: leading change and advancing health Reports key messages

a) nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training b) nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression c) nurse should be funn partners with physicians and other healthcare professionals in redesigning health care in us d) effective workplace planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure

Academic progression programs

also known as educational mobility or career ladder programs) enable individuals to enter nursing profession from different educational points or pursue professional career development through seamless articulation between programs without losing credit for previous degree work

Hospitals with more baccalaureate prepared nurses have

better patient outcomes including lower patient mortality rates

Future of nursing:

campaign for action is national initiative that supports the statement and promotes the development of innovative and seamless academic progression educational models through its academic progression in nursing (APIN ) program

National commission for the study of nursing and nursing education:

cautioned against preparing all nurses at the baccalaureate level

Toward quality in nursing (us public health service):

cautioned against preparing all nurses at the baccalaureate level

330 masters nursing programs in existence in the US: including

clinical nurse specialist, nurse education, nurse practitioner,midwifery and nurse anesthetists

Josephine goldmark

complied report titled nursing and nursing education in US recommending high education standards of practical nurse laws regulating their practice and improved environment for their training

Instruction

consists of the teaching and learning strategies faculty and students engage in to achieve the elements of a curriculum

First formal practical nursing course

created by young women's christian association (YWCA) in 1892 in brooklyn Ny

DNP

degree prepares nurses to improve patient outcomes and translate research for use in practice

PhD, DNS, DNSc

degrees prepare nurses to conduct research and add to nursing science

Lucille brown

nursing for the future (vocational schools good for practical nursing programs )

Curriculum :

overall structure of nursing education programs that reflects school's mission and philosophy, course of study and learning experiences faculty and students engage in to achieve learning outcomes

After licensing the LPN/LVN (practical nurse) is permitted to

perform complex nursing as assigned by a registered nurse and allowed by their state's nurse practice act

(SPN/SVN)

practical/vocational nursing student

ND

prepared individuals for basic licensure as a RN First ND program in 1979 @ case western reserve university in cleveland ohio ND degree no longer in existence

Accreditation

process by which an institution programs policies and practices are reviewed by an external accrediting body to determine whether professional standards are being met

"PLA" =

process of granting college credit certification or advanced standing toward further education or training

American nurses association position paper

published a position paper stating that those licensed to practice nursing should be prepared in institutions of higher educational and that the minimum preparation for the professional nurse should be a baccalaureate degree. This potentially meant that the associate degree prepared nurse could not practice as RN's unless they had licensure requirements that were different from baccalaureate prepared nurses

Institute of medicine's future of nursing report

recommended strategies by which nurse could be maximally prepared to provide patient care in a reformed healthcare system

Brown report

recommended vocational education for practical nurse and recommend that education for RNs be in an institution of higher learning

Joint statement on academic progression for nursing students and graduates:

statement promoted seamless progression to higher degrees in nursing and access to advanced nursing degrees for every student and nurse

American nurses association position statement (ANA)

states that those licensed to practice nursing should be educationally prepared in institution of higher education

Burgess report

studied nursing practice and education and addressed the need for major changes in the profession and for the development of a more comprehensive education

Goldmark report

studied the field of nursing education and recommended minimal education standards

Ginzberg report

suggested it would be more economical for hospitals to eliminate diploma nursing programs and begin a 2 year course of study for student nurses in college