Nursing Research Final

When appraising the introduction section of a research study, what will the reviewer look for? a. Completeness and quality of the study abstract b. Evaluation of a comprehensive review of the literature c. Significance of the research problem to practice d. Study purpose and design

a. Completeness and quality of the study abstract

What study design involves no intervention on the part of the researcher? Select all that apply. a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

a. Correlational b. Descriptive

A nurse understands the meaning of entering the world of nursing research to be? Select all that apply. a. A way of learning a unique language b. A way of using old experiences to learn c. A new way of experiencing reality d. A new way of learning multiple languages e. A way of incorporating new rules

a. A way of learning a unique language c. A new way of experiencing reality e. A way of incorporating new rules

Which group of nurses need expertise in the critical appraisal of research? Select all that apply. a. Practicing nurses b. Student nurses c. Retired nurses d. Nurse educators e. Inactive nurses

a. Practicing nurses b. Student nurses d. Nurse educators

Prior to initiating a research study, a researcher conducts a power analysis to determine the sample size necessary for a power level of 0.8 and an alpha of 0.05. The researcher will a. apply a quota sampling technique to improve generalizability. b. decrease the sample size to minimize costs. c. increase the sample size to avoid a type II error. d. use stratified random sampling to minimize error.

c. Increase the sample size to avoid a type II error

What is the focus of a critical appraisal of qualitative research studies? a. Completeness of the literature review b. Conceptual and operational definition of variables c. Integrity of study design and methods d. Validity of study measures

c. Integrity of study design and methods

A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the a. accessible population. b. elements of the population. c. sample population. d. target population.

c. Sample population

A researcher wishes to display scores representing the relationship between two variables. Which will the researcher use? a. Grouped data table b. Pie chart c. Scatterplots d. Z-score

c. Scatterplots

Why might Wikipedia be a questionable reference for a study citation? a. It does not contain factual information. b. It does not provide ideas for other resources. c. It is an online resource. d. It is an open, editable format.

d. It is an open, editable format

The goal of outcomes research is to a. determine the most cost-effective nursing interventions in patient care. b. examine the end results of patient care from various health interventions. c. help providers make end-of-life decisions about patient care. d. improve patient satisfaction with nursing care.

b. Examine the end results of patient care from various health interventions

Which of the following are true statements about critical appraisal of research proposals? Select all that apply. a. Conducted to improve student research projects b. To permit data collection in an institution c. To select the best studies for funding by local organizations only d. Reviewed for funding from selected government agencies, corporations, and foundations e. Government agencies develop their own format for reviewing and funding research projects.

b. To permit data collection in an institution d. Reviewed for funding from selected government agencies, corporations, and foundations

A study yielding negative results is withheld for publication for several years, contributing to which type of bias? a. Citation bias b. Location bias c. Outcome-reporting bias d. Time-lag bias

d. Time-lag bias

When conducting historical research about the experiences of women refugees from the Sudan, the researcher interviews women who served as nurses among this population. These nurses represent a. control group subjects. b. experimental group subjects. c. primary data sources. d. secondary data sources.

d. secondary data sources

The nurse reviews a study exploring experiences of nurses' decision-making processes regarding reporting a medical error. Which research method does this represent? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction

B. Description

A nurse researcher who wishes to use animals in a research study must include which elements in an animal use protocol? Select all that apply. a. Animal living conditions and veterinary care b. Assurances that animals will be kept alive c. Justification for the use of animals over humans d. Procedures to minimize pain and distress

a. Animal living conditions and veterinary care c. Justification for the use of animals over humans d. Procedures to minimize pain and distress

Which are components of evidence-based practice (EBP)? Select all that apply. a. Best research evidence b. Expert opinion consensus c. Patient needs and values d. Safe, cost-effective care

a. Best research evidence b. Expert opinion consensus d. Safe, cost-effective care

While critically appraising a quantitative research study, what will the reviewer assess when critiquing the title of the study? Select all that apply. a. Clarity of the title's focus b. All study variables and population c. Type of study conducted such as phenomenology and the variables d. Type of study conducted such as descriptive and the variables e. Key study variables and population

a. Clarity of the title's focus d. Type of study conducted such as descriptive and the variables e. Key study variables and population

Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? Select all that apply. a. Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables. b. Experimental research is the only type of quantitative research that is valid. c. Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible. d. Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies.

a. Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables c. Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible. d. Statistical test are employed with quantitative research studies

All nurses need to have expertise in which skill regarding research? a. Critical appraisal b. Interviewing techniques c. Literature review d. Statistical analysis

a. Critical appraisal

Which statements would the nurse researcher recognize as being true when critically appraising a framework? Select all that apply. a. Critical appraising a framework requires the identification and evaluation of the concepts, their definitions, and the statements linking the concepts. b. Study findings should not be linked back to the research framework. c. Researchers usually link the findings back to the framework and other literature in the results section of the research report. d. Researchers must judge the adequacy of the linkages of concepts to variables, measurement of research or dependent variables, and implementation of independent variables. e. The discussion section is where the critical appraisal guidelines are applied to frameworks that were derived from a grand nursing theory.

a. Critical appraising a framework requires the identification and evaluation of the concepts, their definitions, and the statements linking the concepts. d. Researchers must judge the adequacy of the linkages of concepts to variables, measurement of research or dependent variables, and implementation of independent variables. e. The discussion section is where the critical appraisal guidelines are applied to frameworks that were derived from a grand nursing theory.

A researcher conducts a study to examine the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight at age 6 months. Which type of measurement is used to measure the infants' weight? a. Direct b. Indirect c. Nominal d. Ordinal

a. Direct

Which of the following are true statements about the challenges to evidence-based nursing practice? Select all that apply. a. EBP requires synthesizing research evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are still limited in nursing. b. Systematic reviews and meta-syntheses conducted in nursing also are limited when compared with other disciplines. c. All healthcare agencies and administrators do not provide the resources or support necessary for nurses to implement EBP. d. More work is needed to promote the use of evidence-based guidelines with individual patients. e. Lack of support and resources for EBP include unlimited funds to support research projects.

a. EBP requires synthesizing research evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are still limited in nursing. d. More work is needed to promote the use of evidence-based guidelines with individual patients.

Which patient information requires de-identifying to maintain privacy? Select all that apply. a. E-mail addresses b. Full-face photographs c. State of residence d. Medical record numbers

a. Email addresses b. Full-face photographs d. Medical record numbers

A descriptive comparative study of blood vessel structures of placentas obtained at delivery from women who had pregnancy-induced hypertension to those of women who were normotensive through pregnancy would be an example of what level of IRB review? a. Expedited review b. Exempt from review c. Full review d. Final review

a. Expedited review

Which of the following are true statements about critical appraisal of outcomes studies? Select all that apply. a. Focus on similarity of the exposed cohort and unexposed (control) cohort b. Focus on adequacy and completeness of follow-up c. Focus on reliability and validity of the outcome measure(s) d. Focus on statistical and clinical insignificance of the study findings e. Focus on differences of the exposed cohort and unexposed (control) cohort

a. Focus on similarity of the exposed cohort and unexposed (control) cohort b. Focus on adequacy and completeness of follow-up c. Focus on reliability and validity of the outcome measure(s)

Which of the following are true statements about genomic research? Select all that apply. a. Genomic research is a promising area of science related to human disease and healing. b. Genomic research involves unethical challenges dues to the potential that the subject can be identified by the data. c. The Human Genome Project funded by NIH recognized from the onset the ethical and legal dilemmas of genomic research. d. Broad consent in the revised Common Rule was developed to address some of the unresolved issues in genomics research. e. De-identification of data and ownership of specimens are two of the unresolved issues in genomics research.

a. Genomic research is a promising area of science related to human disease and healing c. The Human Genome Project funded by NIH recognized from the onset the ethical and legal dilemmas of genomic research d. Broad consent in the revised Common Rule was developed to address some of the unresolved issues in genomics research e. De-identification of data and ownership of specimens are two of the unresolved issues in genomics research

According to the HIPAA privacy rules, which are covered entities that may use and disclose a limited data set to researchers for study? Select all that apply. a. Health plans b. Healthcare providers c. Institutional Review Boards d. Researchers

a. Health plans b. Healthcare providers

Which of the following are true statements about the research outcome addressing implications for nursing'? Select all that apply. a. Implications for nursing are the meanings of conclusions from scientific research for the body of nursing knowledge. b. Implications for nursing include replications or repeating the design with a different or larger sample using different measurement methods. c. Implications for nursing include the formation of hypotheses to further test the framework in use. d. Implications for nursing are restrictions or problems in a study that may decrease the generalizability of the findings. e. Implications for nursing provide specific suggestions for implementing the findings in nursing.

a. Implications for nursing are the meanings of conclusions from scientific research for the body of nursing knowledge e. Implications for nursing provide specific suggestions for implementing the findings in nursing

Which of the following are true statements about representativeness of a sample in quantitative research? Select all that apply. a. In quantitative research, you need to evaluate representativeness in terms of the setting, characteristics of the subjects, and distribution of values on variables measured. b. Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target population are different in as many ways as possible. c. The setting identified in a study does not influence the representativeness of the sample. d. Researchers who gather data from subjects across a variety of settings have a more representative sample of the target population than those limiting the study to a single setting. e. Studies that obtain data from large databases have less representative samples.

a. In quantitative research, you need to evaluate representativeness in terms of the setting, characteristics of the subjects, and distribution of values on variables measured d. Researchers who gather data from subjects across a variety of settings have a more representative sample of the target population than those limiting the study to a single setting.

Which of the following are true statements about informed consent? Select all that apply. a. Informed consent is the process of providing information to a potential subject and the opportunity to participate in the study. b. The process ends with the subject's signature on a document agreeing to be in a study. c. A potential subject's decision about whether to participate is the informing part of the process. d. Informed consent is incomplete or unethical unless all three elements are incorporated. e. The documentation of informed consent depends on the study's level of risk and the requirement of the IRB who approves the study.

a. Informed consent is the process of providing information to a potential subject and the opportunity to participate in the study e. The documentation of informed consent depends on the study's level of risk and the requirement of the IRB who approves the study

A researcher studying the effects of an intervention on symptoms measures the time from intervention to absence of symptoms and reports this in the number of days. This measure represents which level of measurement? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

a. Interval

Which of the following are true statements about a Likert scale? Select all that apply. a. It is designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects. b. It is the least commonly used of the scaling techniques. c. The original version of the scale included three response categories. d. Sometimes seven options are given on a response scale, sometimes only four. e. It usually consists of 10 to 20 items, each addressing an element of the concept being measures.

a. It is designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects d. Sometimes seven options are given on a response scale, sometimes only four e. It usually consists of 10 to 20 items, each addressing an element of the concept being measured

Which is true about an operational variable in quantitative research? a. It is developed so that the degree of its existence can be measured. b. It is often derived from a theoretical definition of a related concept. c. It is specific to the time and setting of the research study. d. It provides the theoretical meaning of a variable.

a. It is developed so that the degree of its existence can be measured

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and energy levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable in this study? a. Low-fat diet b. Obesity c. Self-esteem, weight, and energy levels d. Women over 40

a. Low-fat diet

Which of the following are characteristics of quantitative research methods? Select all that apply. a. Objective b. Cause and effect relationships c. Tests theory d. Develops theory and frameworks e. Numbers

a. Objective b. Cause and effect relationships c. Tests theory e. Numbers

When using the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, the nurse researcher critically appraises the research reports to determine their soundness. Which part of the model is this? a. Phase II: Validation b. Phase III: Comparative Evaluation c. Phase IV: Translation/Application d. Phase V: Evaluation

a. Phase II: Validation

Which of the following are true statements about qualitative research? Select all that apply. a. Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. b. Qualitative research findings make an indistinct contribution to evidence-based practice. c. Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants. d. Qualitative research is conducted in controlled settings to learn about a topic from the perspectives of the participants. e. Qualitative research process follows the same general steps as the quantitative research process, and is based on the same philosophical values and assumptions.

a. Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation c. Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants

Which is true about focus groups? a. Researchers may elicit the assistance of moderators who share common characteristics with the participants. b. A moderator or facilitator conducting a focus group will always be the researcher. c. Focus group leaders understand that they can alter the procedures or script developed by the researcher. d. The recommended size of a focus group is three to four participants.

a. Researchers may elicit the assistance of moderators who share common characteristics with the participants

When a nurse researcher develops a plan for conducting a quantitative study, the theory on which the study is based is described as? a. The framework b. The assumption c. The hypothesis d. The purpose

a. The framework

Which of the following are true statements about research problems? Select all that apply. a. The research problem in a study indicates the significance of the problem. b. The research problem in a study provides a background for the problem. c. A research problem is an area of concern where there is no gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice. d. All published studies include a clearly expressed problem, and the problem can be found in the first page of the report. e. The research problem is a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or focus of a study.

a. The research problem in a study indicates the significance of the problem b. The research problem in a study provides a background for the problem

Which of the following are accurate statements about the research setting when conducting research? Select all that apply. a. Three common settings for conducting nursing studies are natural, partially controlled, and highly controlled. b. All studies are strengthened by having more than one setting, making the sample more representative of the accessible population. c. The selection of a setting in quantitative and qualitative research is based on the purpose of the study, accessibility of the setting or sites, and number and types of participants available in the setting. d. Laboratories are considered a highly controlled setting in which experimental studies often are conducted. e. Conducting a study in a natural setting means that the researcher manipulates or changes the environment for the study.

a. Three common settings for conducting nursing studies are natural, partially controlled, and highly controlled. c. The selection of a setting in quantitative and qualitative research is based on the purpose of the study, accessibility of the setting or sites, and number and types of participants available in the setting. d. Laboratories are considered a highly controlled setting in which experimental studies often are conducted

What is the main purpose of a literature review in grounded theory research? a. To explain, extend, and support the framework used for the study b. To identify gaps in current knowledge about the research topic c. To place research findings in context of what is already known d. To support the need to study the selected research topic

a. To explain, extend, and support the framework used for the study

Which statement is true about validity? a. Validity evaluates an instrument for a specific group or purpose. b. Validity occurs when an instrument is valid across situations. c. Validity measures are absolute. d. Validity measures are independent of reliability.

a. Validity evaluates an instrument for a specific group or purpose

A researcher wants to study whether showing a video about car safety increases the likelihood of car seat use among a group of first-time parents. When obtaining informed consent, the researcher must include: Select all that apply. a. an assurance of anonymity. b. a statement of the research purpose. c. consent to incomplete disclosure. d. voluntary participation.

a. an assurance of anonymity c. consent to incomplete disclosure d. voluntary participation

A researcher has submitted a proposal to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to evaluate the effects of a new drug on newborn infants. In this case, members of the IRB should include: Select all that apply. a. an ethicist. b. a hospital pharmacist. c. a neonatologist. d. a pharmaceutical representative.

a. an ethicist b. a hospital pharmacist c. a neonatologist

A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called a. coding the data. b. describing the data. c. dwelling with the data. d. interpreting the data.

a. coding the data

A researcher tests a measurement tool's validity by administering it to a group of subjects who don't have health insurance and a group who have health insurance to examine attitudes about access to health care. The researcher is looking for evidence of validity from a. contrasting groups. b. convergence. c. divergence. d. readability.

a. contrasting groups

A researcher wishes to present data identifying pain scores for a group of subjects using a grouped frequency distribution table. Which is true about using this method? a. Each group must have equivalent ranges in scores. b. Ranges may overlap from one group to the next. c. Some data may not fit into any group. d. There should be no more than five groups of scores.

a. each group must have equivalent ranges in scores

Which of the following are accurate statements about the data collection process when conducting research? Select all that apply. a. The actual steps of collecting data are specific to each study and depend on the research design, sample, and measurement techniques. b. Study participants may be recruited only at the initiation of data collection, but not throughout the data collection period. c. It is not necessary for the researchers to specify the number and characteristics of subjects who decline to participate in the study. d. The key to accurate data collection in any study is consistency. e. Researchers build controls into their study plan to maximize the influence of intervening forces on the findings.

a. the actual steps of collecting data are specific to each study and depend on the research design, sample, and measurement techniques d. the key to accurate data collection in any study is consistency

Which of the following are true statements about middle range theories? Select all that apply. a. They may emerge from a grounded theory study. b. They are more abstract and wider in scope than grand nursing theories. c. Practice theories are a type of middle range theories that are more specific. d. Nurses providing patient care and nurse researchers find them less helpful. e. They are sometimes called substantive theories.

a. they may emerge from a grounded theory study c. Practice theories are a type of middle range theories that are more specific e. The are sometimes called substantive theories

A data set is found to approximate a normal curve and has a mean of 72.5 and a standard deviation of 10.8. In which range of numbers will 99% of the scores fall? a. 35.8 - 112.6 b. 44.6 - 100.4 c. 51.3 - 93.7 d. 61.7 - 83.3

b. 44.6 - 100.4

A nurse researcher understands that a search may identify thousands of references. In an effort to refine the search, which of the following are accurate statements? Select all that apply. a. Increasing the range of years you are searching is an effective strategy. b. Combining terms or searching for the terms only in the abstract will decrease the number of articles identified. c. It is not appropriate to limit the search to only full-text articles for undergraduate students. d. Narrowing a search tightly is an effective strategy to access more results. e. Some electronic databases allow you to limit the search to certain types of articles.

b. Combining terms or searching for the terms only in the abstract will decrease the number of articles identified. e. Some electronic databases allow you to limit the search to certain types of artickes.

A researcher is studying how anxiety affects coping with chronic disease and theorizes that measures to reduce anxiety will improve subjects' ability to cope with day-to-day demands of self-care. In this example, anxiety and coping are a. assumptions. b. concepts. c. philosophies. d. theories.

b. Concepts

Which of the following are accurate statements about critical appraisal of research following presentation and publication? Select all that apply. a. Nurses who attend research conferences note that critical appraisals and questions often precede presentations of studies. b. Critical appraisals assist researchers in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their studies and generating ideas for further research. c. Participants listening to critiques of studies always gain insight into the conduct of research. d. Experiencing the critique process can increase the conference participants' ability to evaluate studies. e. Published research critiques often decrease the reader's understanding of the study and the quality of the study findings.

b. Critical appraisals assist researchers in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their studies and generating ideas for further research d. Experiencing the critique process can increase the conference participants' ability to evaluate studies.

13. Which of the following are true statements about rigor in quantitative research? Select all that apply. a. A rigorously conducted quantitative study has precise measuring tools, a representative sample, and a loosely controlled study design. b. Critically appraising the rigor of a study involves examining the reasoning used in conducting the study. c. Logical reasoning is essential to the development of quantitative studies. d. A rigorously conducted quantitative study has precise measuring tools, and a tightly controlled study design. e. Precision is another aspect of rigor, which encompasses inaccuracy, detail, and order.

b. Critically appraising the rigor of a study involves examining the reasoning used in conducting the study c. Logical reasoning is essential to the development of quantitative studies

If a healthcare provider discloses information about a patient to a researcher for a study, the provider and the researcher must have a(n) a. agreement about the study's purpose. b. data use agreement. c. limited data set. d. written study proposal.

b. Data use agreement

What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture and cultural behavior? a. Grounded theory b. Ethnographic research c. Exploratory-descriptive d. Phenomenological

b. Ethnographic research

Which of the following are true statements about external validity? Select all that apply. a. External validity is concerned with the fit between the conceptual and operational definitions of variables and that the instrument measures what it is supposed to in the study. b. External validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study. c. External validity is focused on determining if the study findings are accurate or are the result of extraneous variables. d. Threats to external validity include mono-operation bias and inadequate definitions of constructs. e. Threats to external validity include interaction of selection and intervention, setting and intervention, and/or history and intervention.

b. External validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study e. Threats to external validity include interaction of selection and intervention, setting and intervention, and/or history and intervention.

The nurse researcher submits a proposal for an initial study to evaluate the effects of regular moderate exercise on asthma control scores in adolescents with asthma. To achieve increased control in the initial study, the researcher will do which of the following? Select all that apply. a. Ask subjects to keep track of time spent exercising in a journal. b. Have subjects exercise on treadmills in the clinic three times weekly. c. Choose subjects classified as having moderate intermittent asthma symptoms. d. Limit participants to adolescent males who have asthma.

b. Have subjects exercise on treadmills in the clinic three times weekly c. Choose subjects classified as having moderate intermittent asthma symptoms d. Limit participants to adolescent males who have asthma

Which of the following are true statements about randomized controlled trials (RCTs)? Select all that apply. a. The RCT design is noted to be the weakest methodology for testing the effectiveness of an intervention. b. In a RCT design, participants are randomized to the intervention and control groups to reduce selection bias. c. Blinding or withholding of study information from data collectors, participants, and their healthcare providers can enhance the potential for bias. d. RCTs may be carried out in a single setting or in multiple geographic locations to decrease sample size and obtain a more representative sample. e. RCTs, when appropriately conducted, are considered the gold standard for determining the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

b. In a RCT design, participants are randomized to the intervention and control groups to reduce selection bias e. RCTs, when appropriately conducted, are considered the gold standard for determining the effectiveness of healthcare interventions

The nurse understands that reading a research report requires the use of a variety of critical thinking and reading skills. Which of the following are true statements regarding skimming a research report? Select all that apply. a. Involves slowly reviewing the source to gain a broad overview of the content b. Involves scanning the abstract or introduction and discussion sections c. Involves reading the major headings along with one or two paragraphs under each heading d. Involves reexamining the conclusions and implications for practice from the study e. Involves making a preliminary judgment about the value of a source and whether to read the report in depth

b. Involved scanning the abstract or introduction and discussion sections d. Involves reexamining the conclusions and implications for practice from the study e. Involves making a preliminary judgement about the value of a source and whether to read the report in depth

Which generally is an advantage of using primary data in a research study? a. It allows researchers to conduct more longitudinal studies. b. It has greater specificity to the study purpose. c. It puts less burden on study participants. d. It reduces the cost of data collection.

b. It has greater specificity to the study purpose

Which of the following are true statements about the mixed-methods design strategy known as convergent concurrent strategy? Select all that apply. a. A strategy used when the researcher collects and analyzes quantitative data, and then collects and analyzes qualitative data to explain the quantitative findings. b. It is selected when a researcher wishes to use quantitative and qualitative methods to confirm, cross-validate, or corroborate findings using a single sample or two samples from the same population. c. A strategy used when the researcher collects quantitative and qualitative data at the same time, analyzes each set of data, and integrates the findings. d. It may be used when the researcher wants to expand on what is known about a phenomenon and the researcher does not want the content of the quantitative instruments to bias data collected qualitatively. e. Parallel design is often called exploratory sequential strategy because quantitative and qualitative data collection processes are conducted at the same time.

b. It is selected when a researcher wishes to use quantitative and qualitative methods to confirm, cross-validate, or corroborate findings using a single sample or two samples from the same population. c. A strategy used when the researcher collects quantitative and qualitative data at the same time, analyzes each set of data, and integrates the findings.

What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to EBP. b. It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior. c. It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that affect patient care. d. It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols.

b. It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior

Which method will a researcher use to evaluate a group of qualitative studies? a. Meta-analysis b. Meta-synthesis c. Mixed-methods systematic review d. Systematic review

b. Meta-synthesis

Which of the following are true statements about conducting the search (step 2) of the literature review? Select all that apply. a. Reading the articles and appraising, analyzing, and synthesizing the literature b. Obtaining full-text copies of relevant articles c. Developing an outline to organize information from the review d. Using a table to document the results of the search e. Clarifying the purpose of the literature review

b. Obtaining full-text copies of relevant articles d. Using a table to document the results of the search

A nurse researcher understands that to critically appraise the RCTs reported in nursing journals, specific guidelines are followed. To assess the quality of RCTs reports, which of the following are accurate statements? Select all that apply. a. The study has low internal validity. b. Outcomes are measured consistently with quality measurement methods. c. Study participants are drawn from a reference population through clearly defined criteria. d. The study is conducted in a laboratory setting. e. The intervention is clearly described and consistently implemented.

b. Outcomes are measured consistently with quality measurement methods c. Study participants are drawn from a reference population through clearly defined criteria e. The intervention is clearly described and consistently implemented

Which of the following are true statements about the characteristics of a quality sample in a qualitative research study? Select all that apply. a. Researchers ideally are able to recruit a large random sample so that the findings can be generalized to the target population. b. Researchers recruit purposive, network, and theoretical sampling methods. c. Researchers deliberately recruit fewer participants because they want to understand the identified research problem from the participant's perspective. d. The size of the sample will depend on when saturation of the data occurs. e. Sample size does not vary according to the qualitative method being used.

b. Researchers recruit purposive, network, and theoretical sampling methods c. Researchers deliberately recruit fewer participants because they want to understand the identified research problem from the participant's perspective d. The size of the sample will depend on when saturation of the data occurs

What is true about scientific rigor in qualitative nursing research? a. Studies are rigorous only when results are quantifiable. b. Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied. c. Scientific rigor is not applicable with qualitative studies. d. Scientific rigor is only used with random-controlled trials.

b. Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied

In a qualitative study to describe stages of grief, the researcher asks parents who have lost a child to cancer to describe their experiences with grief at specific time intervals after their children's deaths. Which assumption will the researcher make? a. Study subjects have knowledge about theoretical concepts about grief. b. Study subjects understand the concept of grief. c. Subjects will be able to articulate their feelings coherently. d. Subjects will be available for data collection at specific time intervals.

b. Study subjects understand the concept of grief

Which study exemplifies qualitative research? a. A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long-term care facility and correlates this data with whether or not residents are rooming together with their spouses b. A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents' descriptions of hunger in a long-term care facility c. A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility d. A study that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to eat on the residents' quality of appetite in a long-term care facility

c. A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility

Which of the following are true statements about the purpose of conducting critical appraisals of studies in nursing? Select all that apply. a. Critical appraisals are seldom conducted for a class project. b. Critical appraisals are often conducted before verbal presentations of studies. c. Critical appraisals are often conducted after a published research report. d. Critical appraisals are seldom conducted for article selection for publication. e. Critical appraisals are often conducted for selection of abstracts when studies are presented at conferences.

c. Critical appraisals are seldom conducted for article selection for publication e. Critical appraisals are often conducted for selection of abstracts when studies are presented at conferences

Which statements would the nurse researcher recognize as being true when using descriptive statistics? Select all that apply. a. The researcher might see analysis techniques identified as parametric or nonparametric. b. Descriptive statistics are conducted to examine relationships, make predictions, and determine causality or differences in studies. c. Descriptive statistics allow researchers to organize numerical data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight. d. Measures of central tendency that are commonly used in statistical analyses are the mode, median, and margin. e. Researchers report descriptive statistics in tables and in the narrative of the results section of their study.

c. Descriptive statistics allow researchers to organize numerical data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight e. Researchers report descriptive statistics in tables and in the narrative of the results section of their study

Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bonding patterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories about infant-parent bonding? a. Experimental b. Exploratory c. Grounded theory d. Quasi-experimental

c. Grounded theory

Which type of research uses a less formal method of reporting data? a. Ethnographic b. Grounded theory c. Historical d. Phenomenological

c. Historical

A researcher tests a measurement tool in a pilot study and notes a wide variance in scores. To improve the significance of the study's findings in subsequent studies, the researcher will a. apply quota sampling techniques. b. decrease the sample size. c. increase the sample size. d. use cluster sampling techniques.

c. Increase the sample size

Which is true about a correlational analysis technique? a. It is most desirable for small samples with homogeneous scores. b. It is used to determine cause and effect among sets of variables. c. It measures the relationship among variables. d. It usually involves comparing data from two subjects.

c. It measures the relationship among variables

Which database describes biomedical journals relevant to healthcare professionals deemed reputable by the National Library of Medicine and includes abstracts with links to some full-text sources? a. PubMed b. CINAHL c. MEDLINE d. Academic Search Complete

c. MEDLINE

To decrease the probability of systematic variation in a study to evaluate the effects of a teaching program on disease management, the researcher will use which sampling process? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Random sampling d. Systematic sampling

c. Random sampling

When a researcher analyzes data obtained from study variables for possible significant relationships among these variables, the researcher is testing the a. abstract ideas. b. conceptual definitions. c. relationship statements. d. study assumptions.

c. Relationship statement

A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of a. accuracy. b. precision. c. reliability. d. validity.

c. Reliability

Which statement is true regarding researchers who conduct studies using the exploratory-descriptive qualitative research approach? a. Researchers design studies to obtain information needed to develop a program or intervention for various groups of patients. b. Researchers are exploring an old topic or describing a situation. c. Researchers develop studies to provide information and insight into clinical or practice problems. d. Researchers often have a realistic orientation and are in search of useful information and practical solutions.

c. Researchers develop studies to provide information and insight into clinical or practice problems.

A researcher conducts a quasi-experimental study to determine whether there is improved weight gain among premature infants who are fed according to cue-based protocols. The researcher trained neonatal intensive care nurses to apply cue-based feeding to orally fed infants and notes a statistical difference in weight gain between infants fed according to cue-based protocols and those fed according to standard protocols. Which might be a threat to internal validity in this study? a. The concept of cue-based feeding is not well defined. b. The study sample is homogeneous. c. Some infants developed gastroenteritis. d. Not all nurses received cue-based protocol education.

c. Some infants developed gastroenteritis

Which of the following are accurate statements about study variables and research concepts? Select all that apply. a. Variables are qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that do not change or vary. b. Research concepts are usually studied in quantitative research, are at lower levels of abstraction than variables, and are not measured or manipulated. c. Some variables are manipulated; others are controlled. d. A dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. e. Operational definitions provide the theoretical meaning of a variable and are derived from a theorist's definition of a related concept.

c. Some variables are manipulated, others are controlled d. A dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain

A researcher will have greater success gaining approval for a research study involving pregnant women if which provision is put into place? a. Care is taken to maintain strict confidentiality of subjects. b. Consent is given by the pregnant women's significant others. c. Subjects may experience therapeutic effects from the intervention. d. Subjects receive financial rewards for participation in the study.

c. Subjects may experience therapeutic effects from the intervention

Which unethical study in previous history involved withholding a treatment from subjects to study the effects of a disease progression on subjects? a. The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study b. The Nazi Medical Experiments c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study d. The Willowbrook Study

c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

What is the purpose of qualitative research? a. To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies b. To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified c. To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective d. To establish causal relationships among subjective data

c. To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective

In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

c. experimental

The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to a. funding nursing rather than medical research. b. evaluating outcomes rather than process studies. c. increasing the status and funding for nursing research. d. supporting the dissemination of nursing research.

c. increasing the status and funding for nursing research.

A researcher who bases phenomenological research on Husserl's philosophy will a. incorporate personal biases into conclusions and discussion of the research. b. interpret subjects' experiences according to the researcher's own biases. c. place personal biases aside when considering and reporting research findings. d. use personal biases to look for hidden meanings in research data.

c. place personal biases aside when considering and reporting research findings

A reviewer reads through a study from beginning to end, noting whether the title and abstract are clear, if relevant terms are defined, and if the introduction, methods, results, and discussion are plainly identified. This represents which part of a critical appraisal? a. Analysis of the study methods b. Comprehension of the study outcomes c. Evaluation of the literature review d. Identification of the steps of the research process

d. Identification of the steps of the research process

A nurse researcher compares the outcomes of administration of a bronchodilator either via nebulizer or by metered-dose inhaler and collects data on subjects in a pediatric inpatient hospital unit. This is an example of which type of setting? a. Controlled b. Field c. Natural d. Partially controlled

d. Partially controlled

A nurse researcher conducts a study to determine whether women who breastfeed their infants experience better sleep in the first two postpartum months. This study will employ which type of research design? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Descriptive correlational d. Predictive correlational

d. Predictive correlational

What is the key construct in Donabedian's theory of outcomes research? a. Efficiency of healthcare delivery b. Healthy outcomes c. Professional accountability d. Quality of care

d. Quality of care

A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

d. Ratio

A nurse identifies an unusual incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in school-age children in a nearby community and conducts a study to examine exposure to a variety of water pollutants from a local industry. This is an example of a a. phenomenological study. b. qualitative study. c. prospective cohort study. d. retrospective cohort study.

d. Retrospective cohort study

A nurse uses a care map to guide nursing interventions for patients with COPD. This is an example of using a. evidence-based practice. b. practice patterns. c. practice styles. d. standards of care.

d. Standards of care

A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high school students. In this study, high school students represent the a. accessible population. b. elements of the population. c. sample population. d. target population.

d. Target population

After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) regulations were published in 1973, all research using human subjects was required to a. avoid using subjects who were ill, mentally impaired, or dying. b. obtain informed consent from all subjects prior to enrollment in a study. c. review only studies in which risk of harm to subjects is especially high. d. undergo full institutional review to examine risks and benefits to subjects.

d. Undergo full institutional review to examine risks and benefits to subjects

A researcher conducts a pilot study using a convenience sample of children with seizure disorders. A reviewer of this study's manuscript may conclude that the findings of this study a. are generalizable to most children with seizures. b. have little credibility; they are extremely biased. c. provide no useful information. d. should be replicated using a wider population.

d. should be replicated using a wider population