NUT Exam 1: chapters 1, 2, 5
polysaccharides
...
RDA for protein and how to calculate
0.8g protein/kg of healthy body weight/day body weight in pounds divided by 2.2 = kg kg x 0.8 = RDA for protein ex: my current weight of 165 pounds 165/2.2*0.8=60 grams of protein
PORTIONS!
1/2 of the plate s/b vegetable; 1/4 of the plate s/b whole grains; 1/4 of the plate s/b lean meat and/or protein baseball and comp. mouse for veggies; CD and cassette tape for grains; deck of cards for meat golf ball = 2 tbsp of peanut butter; 4 dice = 1 oz of cheese
what amount of CHO is required to prevent ketosis?
50-100 grams of CHOs per day
Honey: appropriate age and reason
According to the American Acedemy of Pediatrics, children under 1 should not be given honey because honey can harbor spores of Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism and can produce life-threatening toxins.
2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - Physical Activity
Achieve physical fintess by including cardiovascular conditioning, stretching exercies for flexibility, and resistance exercises or calisthenics for muscle strentgh and endurance. Recommendation: Older adults. Participate in regular physical activity to reduce functional declines associated with aging and to achieve the other benefits of physical activity identified for all adults.
What does a person with insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome have an increased chance of? How much higher?
A person with insulin resistance/Metabolic Syndrome is twice as likely to suffer a MI (myocardial infarction e.g. heart attack) and/or CVA (Cerebrovascular accident e.g. stroke)
Plant Starch: Amylose and Amylopectin
Amylose (straight chain of glucose molecules) Amylopectin (branched chain of multiple glucose molecules
Percentage of total kcals from CHOs - Austin Peanut Butter Crackers: 23 grams of CHOs; 190 total calories
CHO g*4/total calories*100 23*4/190*100=48.2%
Which nutrient should provide the greatest % of total kcals/energy in the diet?
CHOs
3 energy-yielding nutrients
CHOs, Lipids, Protein (note: alcohol is energy yielding but NOT a nutrient)
DM: condition the 3 Poly's lead to
Extreme fatigue and unexplained weight loss
Foods in the "discretionary calories" category
Solid fats or added sugars (whole milk, cheese, sausage, biscuits, sweetened cereal, sweetened yogurt); Foods with added fats or sweeteners (sauces, salad dressings, sugar, syrup, and butter); Mostly fats, caloric sweeteners, and/or alcohol, such as candy, soda, wine, and beer; Foods that contain added oils such as canola oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil; some foods are naturally high in oil: nuts, olives, some fish, avocados
phytochemicals
May reduce the risk of certain cancers and/or heart disease fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds
Nutritional labeling - moderated by whom?
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Can ketones be used as an energy source for the body? Under what circumstances and harmful to who?
Yes, under extreme circumstances such as starvation; would be very harmful to a baby/infant
Insoluble Fiber benefits (re-cap)
increases GI transit time/provides bulk to stool - prevents constipation/promotes satiety/prevents diverticulitis/possible role in prevention of colon cancer.
dietary fiber
indigestible polysaccharide (insoluble and soluble)
dietary fiber, defined
indigestible polysaccharides, portion of ingested food (plants) that remains undigested as it enters the large intestine (colon)
What are "Tolerable Upper Intake Levels?" Karen calls them "upper toxicity levels"
maximum chronic taily intake levels of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Not all nutrients have an upper toxicity level.
Treatment for Type I DM
-Absolutely requires insulin therapy; -Complex CHOs and protein source; -Disclipined eating: 3 meals and 3 snacks -types of snacks: cheese and crackers; granola bar + protein source; plenty of soluble fiber; eliminate fat and sugars; magnesium is good; -exercise to burn extra glucose; -absolutely STAY AWAY from sugary foods
Treatment for Type II DM
-can often be treated without insulin therapy; -Complex CHOs and protein source; -Disclipined eating: 3 meals and 3 snacks -types of snacks: cheese and crackers; granola bar + protein source; plenty of soluble fiber; eliminate fat and sugars; magnesium is good; -exercise to burn extra glucose; -absolutely STAY AWAY from sugary foods
Name each food group from left to right and examples of each food (mypyramid.gov)
1) Grains (orange): bread, rice, wheat, quinoa, cereal, crackers, pasta; 2) Vegetables (green): broccoli; dry beans; peas; bell peppers; carrots; 3) Fruits (red): blueberries; peaches; mangoes; grapes; juices in moderation; bananas 4) Discretionary Calories (oils): olive oil; sunflower oil; canola oil; foods naturally high in oils: nuts, olives, some fish, and avocados 5) Milk (light blue): milk; yogurt; ice cream; swiss/cheddar/etc. cheese; cottage cheese; sour cream; whipped cream. Choose non-fat or low-fat as it has the same nutritional value but lower fat 6) Meat and Beans (purple): beef; pork; eggs; black/kidney/pinto beans; salmon/trout/tuna; clams/shrimp/crab; moderation; bake or grill it
#1 and #2 causes of death in the U.S.
1) cardiovascular/heart diseases; 2) cancers
3 functions of glucose/other CHOs
1) energy/fuel supply for the body; 2) gluconeogenesis 3) preventing ketosis If body doesn't get enough CHOs, the body will convert protein into glucose (a process called gluconeogenesis
2 functions of insulin
1) moves glucose out of the blood stream into cells; 2) glucose storage system -- stores as glycogen in liver. This returns glucose to normal levels if it gets too high.
Problems with high-fiber diets:
1) need lots of fluids; 2) low mineral absorption; 3) adds excess bulk and displaces nutrient-rich kcal intake in children, elderly and malnourished; 4) possible formation of phytobezoars
DM: major/acute symptoms a.k.a. the 3 Poly's
1) polyuria: excessive urination 2) polydipsia: excessive thirst 3) polyphagia (polyFASH'a): excessive hunger
3 parts of the body that absolutely require glucose to function
1) red blood cells; 2) brain; 3) central nervous system
Identify 3 characteristics of an "Essential Nutrient"
1) removal from diet has adverse health impact; 2) adding back to diet before permanent damage has been done restores health; 3) has a specific biological function (e.g. calcium for bone growth; beta-carotine for eyesight, water hydrates, etc.)
3 elements - foundation of a healthy diet
1) variety 2) balance 3) moderation
what is the normal fasting blood glucose range?
70-100 mg/100ml blood (after 12-hour fast)
AHA recommended AMDRs
<30% total kcals from fat; <7-10% from saturated
Identify the 6 classes of nutrients
CHOs, Lipids, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
2002 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)
CHOs: 45-65% of total kcals; Lipids: 20-35% of total kcals; Protein: 10-35% of total kcals
9-4-4-7 kcals/gram
Calories per gram of: Lipids: 9 kcal/gram; CHOs: 4 kcal/gram; Protein: 4 kcal/gram; Alcohol: 9 kcal/gram
Insulin resistance (poor blood glucose regulation) and DM
Can progress into Type II DM; diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: if 3 or more symptoms exist: 1) impaired blood glucose regulation (high fasting blood glucose); 2) abdominal obesity; 3) HTM (high blood pressure); 4) high blood triglycerides (TGs); 5) low blood HDL (<40 for males; <50 for females); 6) inflammation in blood vessels and increased blood clotting.
Nutrients, defined
Chemical substances in food that nourish the body by providing energy, building materials for body parts, and factors to regulate vital chemical processes in the body
American Cancer Society (AMA) guidance
Eat less fat Eat more fruits and veggies. Phytochemicals=good fiber=good cut down on smoked and salt-cured meats (ham, bacon, hot doges) to cut out nitrates Watch our weight - get exercise Sun - cover up between 10am and 3pm don't smoke
Fiber - analyzed
Fiber is an essential nutrient but effectively contains no kcals because it is not digested by the body. Because it's not digestible, it does not enter the blood stream, does not provide energy.
Animal Starch: Glycogen
Glycogen (storage form of glucose in liver and muscles). HIGHLY BRANCHED chain of multiple glucose molecules. Liver glycogen: readily available storage of glucose; Muscle glycogen: supplies glucose to muscles, esp. during high-intensity and endurance exercise
Insulin and Glucagon: the blood glucose balancers!
INSULIN is released when glucose is HIGHER than normal; GLUCAGON is released when glucose levels are LOWER than normal
lactose intolerance - symptoms and options for treatment
Lactose is a disaccharide bonded with a beta bond and more difficult for the human body to break down. The enzyme "Lactase" breaks up lactose in to monosaccharides; if lastase isn't present or working, it creates lactose intolerance. symptoms include diahhrea, upset stomach, gas, etc. Options: soy milk has no lactose; hard cheese; rice milk; yogurt with active cultures; lactose-free milk; supplement of the enzyme lactase
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - appropriate for individuals who are undernourished or with specific diseases?
NO
are "supplements" strictly regulated by the government?
NO
Do most adults consume adequate fiber in their daily diet?
NO. Average consumption is only half the DRI
Does fiber provide energy or kcals?
No. It is not digestible, does not get broken down in the bloodstream and therefore provides no energy or kcals.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - established fur use by a healthy individual or healthy population groups?
Population groups
pre-diabetes/DM diagnosis
Pre-diabetes diagnosed at >100-125 mg/100ml blood (fasting); DM diagnosed when glucose >126mg/100 ml blood.
Treatment of Hypoglycemia
Rapid delivery of a source of 15 grams of easily absorbed sugar such as four lifesavers, 4 teaspoons of sugar, or 1/2 can of regular soda or juice, can be repeated up to three times. If symptoms persist, an ambulance should be called. Cake, cookies, brownies are not effective as they are too slowly absorbed. Once acute symptoms have been treated, a healthy, complex CHO should be consumed. Ex: 1/2 sandwich.
Calorie, defined (SHORT)
The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water, 1 degree celcius
Nutrition, defined
The science of food; the nutrients, the substances therein, their action, interaction, and the balance in relation to helath and disease; and the process in which the organism (e.g. human body) ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food (waste) substances. -- AMA
2005 Dietary Guidelines for americans - weight management
To maintain body weight in a healthy range, balance calorie intake from foods and beverages with energy expended. To preven gradual weight loss over time, make small decreases in calorie intake from food and beverages and increase physical activity. Recommendations: Those who need to lose weight. Aim for a slow, steady weight loss by decreasing calorie intake while maintaining an adequate nutrient intake and icnreasing physical activity.
links to DM
Type I often has a genetic component but not required; Type I generally diagnosed during child hood; Type I generally NOT linked directly to obesity but can definitely make it worse or more difficult to manage and treat; Type II is VERY MUCH related to obesity, specifically fat stored in the abdominal area;
Diabetes Mellitus: Type I and Type II
Type I: total lack of insulin production; usually diagnosed in childhood. Type II: inefficient use of insulin (insulin resistance); and/or insufficient insulin production.
Psyllium
Type of dietary fiber found in the seeds of the plantago plant.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - what 2 countries are the DRIs designed for?
U.S. and Canada
define: "Calorie"
a calorie is a unit of measurement; specifically the calorie count of 1 oz of food that, when heated, raises the temperature of water by 1 degree F.
3 oz of cooked meat is the size of:
a deck of cards
"Health " claims approved by FDA for food labeling
a diet with enough calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis; A diet low in total fat may reduce risk of some cancers; A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease; A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol that also contains 25g/day of soy protein may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. The statement "one serving of (food name) provides ____ g of soy protein" must also appear as part of the health claim. Fatty acids from oils present in fish may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. A diet rich in whole-grain foods and/or other plant foods as well as low in total fat, saturdated fat, and cholesterol may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers.
2002 DRI for dietary fiber
adults 19-50 years: male 38g/day; female 25g/day adults >50 years (due to lower kcal intakes): male 30g/day; female 21g/day
What are the longterm complications of chronic diabetes metillus?
cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal damage
insoluble fiber
does not dissolve in water not metabolized by bacteria in the large intesting hastens the transit of waste products through the large intesting; provides bulk to the feces/stool easing elimination nad preventing constipation wheat bran: best insoluble fiber for increasing stool size; adds bulk to a meal helping to increase satiety (feeling of fullness); may aid in weight control; helps prevent diverticulitis; possible role in prevention of colon cancer (via dilution of potential carcinogenis substances and increased GI transit time);
soluble fiber
either dissolves or swells in water; are metabolized (fermented) by bacteria in the large intestine; inhibits absorption of cholesterol and bile acids (cholesterol-rich) from the small intestine; reduces blood cholesterol levels, especially when combined wiht a low fat diet - decreasing the risk for heart disease, stroke, and gallstones; helps to slow down glucose absorption, thus, improving maintenance of optimal blood glucose levels - especially important in diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia
Percentage of total kcals from fat - Austin Peanut Butter Crackers: 9 grams of fat; 190 total calories
fat g * 9 / total kcals*100 9*9/190*100=42.6%
phytobezoars
fiber pellets which may obstruct GI tract
Glucagon: hormone or enzyme? symthesized where?
glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas just as insulin is. Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are LOW; promotes breakdown of glycogen (glucose stored in the liver) into glucose for release into the bloodstream (outcome: blood glucose increases to normal level
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose (fructose and galactose are converted into glucose once they are in the body)
animal/human starch
glycogen
HYPERglycemia
high blood glucose hyper= high; gly= glucose; cemia= blood
zoochemicals
include omega 3 fatty acids, probiotics (healthy bacteria, as a food supplement they are often in the form of live cultures; probiotics live in the colon
diverticulitis
inflammmation of the diverticula (pouches protruding through the exterior wall of the colon) caused by acids produced by baceterial metabolism of food particles (nuts, seeds, hulls) inside the diverticula
insulin: hormone or enzyme? symthesized where?
insulin is a hormone that is made by the pancreas, and is released in response to HIGH blood glucose levels
Differentiate between MACROnutrients and MICROnutrients
macro: CHOs; Lipids; protein (and water); micro: vitamins and minerals
What is the treatment goal for DM?
maintain NORMAL blood glucose levels -- goal of 70-100mg/100 ml blood
Average U.S. dietary fiber intake
male: 17g/day female: 13g/day
soluble fiber: food sources
oats/oatmeal, barley, rice bran, legumes, root vegetables (e.g. carrots), some fruits (citrus, peeled apples, bananas), and psyllium seeds (plantain plant - used in commercial laxatives)
Define phytochemicals, zoochemicals, and role in prevention of chronic diseases
physiologically active compounds; not considered essential nutrients but provide significant benefits: research indicates reduced cancer risk among those who eat lots of fruits and vegetables; phyto and zoo have been linked to reduced risk of cv disease. Few phyto or zoo included in multivitamins or mineral supplements. Must maintain a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole-grain breads and cereals
disaccharides
sucrose (glu + fru), lactose (glu + gal), maltose (glu + glu)
Ingredient List - what order are the ingredients listed on a food label?
the ingredient contained the most is listed first; the one with the least is listed last
gluconeogenesis
production of new glucose molecules from protein sources. glu= glucose; neo= new; genesis= creation
Percentage of total kcals from protein - Austin Peanut Butter Crackers: 4 grams of protein; 190 total calories
protein g * 4 / total kcals * 100 4*4/190*100=8.4%
Soluble Fiber benefits (re-cap)
role in lowering blood cholesterol level and helping to maintain optimal blood glucose regulation (also delays gastric emptying)
Name several influences on Food Behavior
schedule; budget; education; taste/senses; culture; geographic considerations; marketing
glycogen is the
storage form of glucose in the body
insoluble fiber: food sources
wheat corn rice rye flaxseeds (ground) legumes vegetables with skins on
best insoluble fiber source for increasing stool size/bulk:
wheat bran
HYPOglycemia
LOW blood sugar hypo= low; gly= glucose; cemia= blood
phytochemical compounds and food sources
allyl sulfides: garlic, onions, leeks; Saponins: garlic, onions, licoric, legumes; Carotenoids (e.g. lycopene): orange, red, yellow fruits and vegetables, and egg yolks; Monoterpenes: oranges, lemons, grapefruit; capsaicin: chili peppers; Lignans: flaxsee, berries, whole grains; Indoles: cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, kale); isothiocyanates: cruciferous vegetables; phytosterols: soybeans and other legumes; cucumbers, other fruits and vegetables; flavonoids: citrus fruit, onions, apples, grapes, red wine, tea, chocolate, tomatoes; isoflavones: soybeans and other legumes; catechins: tea; ellagic acid: strawberries, raspberries, grapes, apples, bananas, nuts; anthocyanosides: red, blue, and purple plants (eggplant, blueberries); fructooligasoccharides: onions, bananas, oranges (small amounts); resveratrol: grapes, peanuts, red wine
plant starches (Grains and starchy vegetables)
amylose and amylopectin
Animal vs. vegetable fat
animal is saturated and solid at room temp; vegetable is unsaturated and liquid at room temp
