Nutr 132 - Chapter 5

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Which of the following types of fatty acids has no carbon-carbon double bonds?

Saturated fatty acid

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

chicken eggs ice cream

Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?

cholesterol

Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature because their ______ prevent them from packing closely together.

double bonds

What are the functions of the phospholipids in the body?

fat digestion, absorption, and transportation

Just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. Some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of ______.

fat-soluble vitamins essential fatty acids

Choose the food sources of alpha-linolenic acid—the essential omega-3 fatty acid.

walnuts flax seeds

True or false: Cholesterol is a component of some hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone.

True

True or false: Lipids are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

True

True or false: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.

True

True or false: The body is able to produce all of the phospholipids it needs in order to maintain normal physiological function.

True

Lipids yield ______ kcal per gram.

9

In what way are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

Both have a straight shape

Cholesterol _____ be made by the body.

Can

The body _____ produce all the phospholipids it needs.

Can

Essential fatty acids ______ be synthesized in the body.

Cannot

True or false: Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure.

False

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as

a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length.

alpha end

acid group (COOH)

The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are ______.

animal fats

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream

as part of lipoproteins.

The cholesterol manufactured by the body is used to make

bile acids and hormones

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

by the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbons on the fatty acid. by whether they are saturated or unsaturated.

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

Chylomicron

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following food items are high in saturated fatty acids?

cheeseburger butter coconut oil

What is most important when choosing the fat you consume daily?

choosing a healthy type of fat

HDL

contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body

What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?

corn oil and soybean oil

Regular consumption of fatty fish provides ______ and ______, which can be slowly synthesized in the body as long as the essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid is present in adequate quantities.

eicosapentaenoic acid docosahexaenoic acid

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

fatty acids phosphorus-containing molecule glycerol backbone

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

glycerol backbone three attached fatty acids

The three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of a triglyceride is

glycerol.

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols are all types of

lipids

what nutrient does not readily dissolve in water?

lipids

omega end

methyl group (CH3)

Essential fatty acids

must be obtained from the diet.

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?

peanut oil olive oil canola oil

The general molecular structure of a _______________ includes a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-containing group.

phospholipid

The carbon-hydrogen bonds present in lipids yield twice as much energy as ______.

proteins or carbohydrates

Which type of fatty acid is able to stack its fatty acids closely, producing a fat that is solid at room temperature?

saturated

Which of the following foods do not contain any cholesterol?

strawberries bagels

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

An omega-3 fatty acid is

unsaturated

Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ______ fatty acids.

unsaturated

What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

What is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?

An alcohol containing three carbons; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule

Long-chain fatty acids contain ______ or more carbon atoms.

12

Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid molecule?

Formation of cell membranes

What is the main difference between alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6)?

Linoleic acid contains double bonds starting at the sixth carbon; alpha-linolenic acid contains double bonds starting at the third carbon.

______ unsaturated fatty acids are similar to saturated fatty acids with regard to shape and function.

Trans

How does fat impact the flavor and texture of foods?

Fat carries the flavors in foods. Fat provides the texture in foods.

Choose the food sources of linoleic acid—the essential omega-6 fatty acid.

safflower oil sunflower oil nuts and seeds

What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?

salmon tuna sardines

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

sterols

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?

synthesis of certain hormones synthesis of bile acids incorporation into cell structures

oleic acid (omega-9)

first carbon-carbon double bond is at the NINTH carbon from the methyl end

linoleic acid (omega-6)

first carbon-carbon double bond is at the SIXTH carbon from the methyl end

alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

first carbon-carbon double bond is at the THIRD carbon from the methyl end

A triglyceride is composed of three fatty acids attached to a ________ backbone.

glycerol